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Silver prints of "photographs" may be o r d e r e d at additional charge by writing the O rder Department, giving t h e catalog number, title, author and specific pages you wish reproduced. University M icrofilm s 300 North Zeab R o a d Ann Arbor, Michigan 4 8 1 0 6 A Xerox Education C o m p a n y SCHOFIELD, Jr., Edmund Acton, 1938- £ FIELD AND LABORATORY STUDIES ON THE ECOLOGY AND | PHYSIOLOGY OF SELECTED ALGAE, MOSSES, AND LICHENS I FROM ANTARCTICA. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1972 || Botany § University Microfilms, A XEROX Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED. FIELD AND LABORATORY STUDIES ON THE ECOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF SELECTED ALGAE, MOSSES, AND LICHENS FROM ANTARCTICA DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillm ent of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Edmund Acton Schofield, J r ., B.A., M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 1972 Approved by Adviser Department of Botany PLEASE NOTE: Some pages may have indistinct print. Filmed as received. University Microfilms, A Xerox Education Company ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Some of the laboratory work reported herein was done in the Department of Biology, Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts, with support from the Office of Antarctic Programs, National Science Founda­ tion, Grant GA-36 to Dr. Vernon Ahmadjian. Most of the laboratory analyses and a ll of the fie ld studies were completed while the author was a graduate research assistant in the Department of Botany and Institute of Polar Studies at The Ohio State University. Financial support was provided by National Science Foundation Grant GA-840 to Dr. Emanuel D. Rudolph. Dr. Carroll W. Dodge, University of Vermont, Burlington, kindly identified a ll lichen specimens sent him; his ready cooperation was crucial to the success of this study. Dr. Stanley W. Greene, University of Birmingham, England, kindly id en tified the moss specimen, and Dr. Jacques S. Zaneveld, Old Dominion College, Norfolk, Virginia, identified specimens of algae. Mr. Keith A. J. Wise, now of the Auckland In stitu te and Museum, Auckland, New Zealand, donated many lichen specimens and aided greatly by suggesting collecting sites fo r lichens. His advice and companionship in the fie ld were invaluable. Messrs. Paul R. Theaker, Ray E. Showman, and Joseph B. Harvey assisted during the 1967-1968 and 1968-1969 fie ld seasons, and Mr. Harvey also aided with some o f the la te r laboratory work. Mr. Kelvin P. Rennell collected several specimens in West i 1 Antarctica and in V ictoria Land, including the specimen of Lecanora tephroeceta used in the nitrogen and temperature studies, and Drs. Yosio Kobayasi, National Museum of Science, Tokyo, and Emanuel D. Rudolph, The Ohio State University, donated specimens from Ross Island and Victoria Land. Mr. Robert C. Wood of The Johns Hopkins University kindly provided specimens of Xanthoria si piei from Cape Crozier; he also provided the aerial photograph of "Sugarloaf Ridge." Miss Beverley A. Temple aided in the inoculation procedures and generously lent her assistance in many other ways, while Mrs. Angharad Holmes and Mr. Henry Adelman provided invaluable guidance on the microkjeldahl analyses. The topographic maps o f Quadrats I and IV were produced by Messrs. K. Eissinger, R. Todd, F. BrownswortH, and K. Anderson, United States Geological Survey topographic engineer?. I wish to record my sincerest appreciation of their efforts in my behalf. The officers and men of U. S. Naval A ir Development Squadron Six (VX-6) provided excellent logistic support in the field. I wish specifically to acknowledge the assistance of Mr. R. Martin (PH 2) for his assistance with the aerial photography. The support of U. S. Navy Deep Freeze personnel is also gratefu lly acknowledged, p articularly that of Mr. J. K. T. Craig (PH 2) and Mr. H. Steiner (PH 2). I wish to reserve my special thanks to the s ta ff of the In stitu te of Polar Studies, who have assisted me in countless ways since the beginning of the 1967-1968 phase of the study, and for the Department of Botany, which has permitted me to use its fa c ilitie s for.much of the laboratory work and which underwrote a large proportion of the cost of preparing the dissertation. In particular, I wish to acknowledge the generous assistance and advice of Professor Emanuel D. Rudolph, Dr. Morris G. Cline, Dr. Gary B. Collins, and Dr. Roland L. Seymour, who read the dissertation at various stages in its development, and to Dr. John A. Schmitt, J r ., for approving financial assistance by the Botany Department fo r photography and Xeroxing. Mr. John F. Spletts- toesser assisted during all phases of the project in his capacity as Associate Director of the Institute of Polar Studies, and Mrs. Jeanne M. Peebles lent invaluable aid during the preparation of the dissertation. Mr. Herbert Mehrling prepared equipment and supplies for shipment to Antarctica for the last two field seasons. F in ally, I wish to acknowledge the patience and endurance of my two typ ists, Mrs. Kay Wagner and Miss Dorothy Amrine. Only they re ally know the full story. VITA November 26, 1938 ............................ Born - Worcester, Massachusetts 1962 .................................................... A. B. (Biology), Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts 1962-1963 ........................................... Teaching Assistant-Scholar, Depart­ ment of Biology, Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts 1963-1964 ............ Field Assistant, United States Antarctic Research Program 1964 . ........... ........................... M. A. (Biology), Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts 1965-1967 ............ Technical Editor, Reports Depart­ ment, B attelle Memorial In s titu te , Columbus, Ohio 1967-1972 ......... Graduate Research Associate, In s ti­ tute of Polar Studies, The Ohio State ■ University, Columbus, Ohio 1967-1968 .................... ...... Field Assistant, United States Antarctic Research Program 1968-1969 ................................ Field Assistant, United States Antarctic Research Program 1970 ............................................ Teaching Assistant, Department of Botany, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1972 .................... ............................ Assistant to the Director, Institute of Polar Studies, The Ohio State Uni­ versity, Columbus, Ohio (January through May) v PUBLICATIONS "Probable Damage to Tundra Biota through Sulphur Dioxide Destruction of Lichens." Biological Conservation 2(4): 278-280 (July 1970) (with Wayne L. Hamilton]"!! "Probable Damage to Arctic Ecosystems through A ir-Pollution Effects on Lichens." Science in Alaska (Proc. 20th Alaska Science Conference, College, Alaska, 24-27 August 1969), pp. 271-291 (with Wayne L. Hamilton). FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Botany Studies in Botany (Lichenology). Dr. Vernon Ahmadjian Polar Studies and Lichenology. Dr. Emanuel D. Rudolph Studies in Marine Botany. Dr. Richard C. Starr Studies in Ecology. Dr. Gareth E. G ilbert and Dr. Charles H. Racine Studies in Ecosystems Analysis and Modelling. U. S. International Biological Program Tundra Biome Program, Barrow, Alaska TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................................................................... i i VITA ....................... v LIST OF TABLES v iii ' LIST OF CHARTS ................................................... x LIST OF FIGURES .................................... X LIST OF GRAPHS . ......... ........................... xi LIST OF MAPS x iii INTRODUCTION . v. • ..................... 1 Purpose of the Present Study • Terrestrial Ecosystems ‘ Physical and Biogeography of Antarctica DESCRIPTION OF FIELD AND LABORATORY STUDIES . .......................... 13 Experimental