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US Geological Survey Scientific Activities in the Exploration Of Prepared in cooperation with United States Antarctic Program, National Science Foundation U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Activities in the Exploration of Antarctica: 1995–96 Field Season By Tony K. Meunier Richard S. Williams, Jr., and Jane G. Ferrigno, Editors W 0° E 60°S Fimbul Riiser-Larsen Ice Shelf Ice Shelf Lazarev Brunt Ice Shelf Ice Shelf Weddell Larsen Sea Ice Shelf Filchner Ice Shelf ANTARCTIC 80 S T ° PENINSULA R Amery Ronne A Wordie Ice N Ice Shelf Ice Shelf Shelf S A N EAST West George VI T A Ice Shelf Sound R Amundsen-Scott 90°W WEST C 90°E T South Pole Station Abbot I ANTARCTICA C Ice Shelf M ANTARCTICA O Leverett Glacier U N T A Shackleton Glacier Ross IN Shackleton S Ice Shelf Ice Shelf Skelton Glacier Getz Taylor Glacier Ice Shelf Sulzberger McMurdo McMurdo Dry Valleys Ice Shelf Station Voyeykov Ice Shelf Cook Ice Shelf 0 1000 KILOMETERS W 180° E Open-File Report 2006–1114 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior DIRK KEMPTHORNE, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Mark D. Myers, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia 2007 For product and ordering information: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted material contained within this report. Contents Introduction......................................................................................................................................................................1 Scientific.Objectives.for.the.1995–96.Field.Season........................................................................................................3 Scientific.Accomplishments.............................................................................................................................................3 Aerial.Mapping.Photography.......................................................................................................................................3 Relative.and.Absolute.Gravity......................................................................................................................................3 Geodetic.Surveys..........................................................................................................................................................4 Hydrologic.Studies.......................................................................................................................................................5 Paleoclimate.Studies.....................................................................................................................................................5 Seismic.Studies.............................................................................................................................................................5 USGS,.NOAA,.and.Contractor.Personnel.in.Antarctica.in.1995–96.participating.in.USGS.Science.and.. Mapping.Projects.......................................................................................................................................................5 References.Cited..............................................................................................................................................................6 Relevant.Websites............................................................................................................................................................6 Acknowledgments............................................................................................................................................................6 Figures 1..Index.map.to.the.principal.geographic.features.of.Antarctica.and.locations.of.USGS.operations.in.the.. 1995–96.field.season................................................................................................................................................2 2..Cachet.depicting.Twin.Otter.aerial.photographic.surveys.of.outlet.glaciers,.penguin.rookeries,.and.mapping.. photography.for.geologic.studies..............................................................................................................................2 3..Cachet.depicting.the.repositioning.survey.of.South.Pole,.surveys.from.the.Shackleton.Glacier.Base.Camp,. .measurements.of.absolute.gravimetry,.and.establishment.of.Global.Positioning.System.(GPS).reference.. stations.at.McMurdo.Station.and.Amundsen-Scott.South.Pole.Station...................................................................2 U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Activities in the Exploration of Antarctica: 1995–96 Field Season By Tony K. Meunier Richard S. Williams, Jr., and Jane G. Ferrigno, Editors Introduction1, 2, 3, 4 The.U.S..Geological.Survey.(USGS).mapping.program.in.Antarctica.is.one.of.the.longest.continuously.funded. projects.in.the.United.States.Antarctic.Program.(USAP)..This.is.the.46th.consecutive.U.S..expedition.to.Antarctica.in. which.USGS.scientists.have.participated..The.financial.support.from.the.National.Science.Foundation,.which.extends. back.to.the.time.of.the.International.Geophysical.Year.(IGY).in.1956–57,.can.be.attributed.to.the.need.for.accurate. maps.of.specific.field.areas.or.regions.where.NSF-funded.science.projects.were.planned..The.epoch.of.Antarctic. exploration.during.the.IGY.was.being.driven.by.science.and,.in.a.spirit.of.peaceful.cooperation,.the.international. scientific.community.wanted.to.limit.military.activities.on.the.continent.to.logistical.support..The.USGS,.a.Federal. civilian.science.agency.in.the.Department.of.the.Interior,.had,.since.its.founding.in.1879,.carried.out.numerous.field- based.national.(and.some.international).programs.in.biology,.geology,.hydrology,.and.mapping..Therefore,.the.USGS. was.the.obvious.choice.for.these.tasks,.because.it.already.had.a.professional.staff.of.experienced.mapmakers.and. program.managers.with.the.foresight,.dedication,.and.understanding.of.the.need.for.accurate.maps.to.support.the. science.programs.in.Antarctica.when.asked.to.do.so.by.the.U.S..National.Academy.of.Sciences..Public.Laws.85–743. and.87–626,.signed.in.August.1958.and.in.September.1962,.respectively,.authorized.the.Secretary,.U.S..Department.of. the.Interior,.through.the.USGS,.to.support.mapping.and.scientific.work.in.Antarctica..The.USGS.mapping.and.science. programs.still.play.a.significant.role.in.the.advancement.of.science.in.Antarctica.today..Antarctica,.the.planet’s.5th. largest.continent.(13.2.million.km2.(5.1.million.mi2)),.it.contains.the.world’s.largest.(of.two).remaining.ice.sheet.and. it.is.considered.to.be.one.of.the.most.important.scientific.laboratories.on.Earth..This.USGS.open-file.report.provides. documentation.of.USGS.scientific.activities.in.the.exploration.of.Antarctica.during.the.1995–96.field.season..(Mullins. and.Meunier,.1995). Figure.1.shows.the.primary.geographic.locations.for.the.scientific.work.by.the.USGS.during.the.1995–96.field. season..Figures.2.and.3.are.facsimiles.of.the.two.cachets.for.the.field.season,.one.cachet.for.work.of.the.aerial.mapping. photography.program,.including.the.search.for.an.over-ice.route.to.the.Amundsen-Scott.South.Pole.Station.and.the. other.cachet.for.the.other.projects..Both.were.drafted.by.USGS.cartographer.and.artist.Kenneth.W..Murphy. 1.See.Open-File.Report.2006–1117,.U.S..Geological.Survey.Scientific.Activities.in.the.Exploration.of.Antarctica:.Introduction.to.Antarctica. (including.USGS.Field.Personnel:.1946–59).at.http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1117/.. 2.See.Open-File.Report.2006-1116,.U.S..Geological.Survey.Scientific.Activities.in.the.Exploration.of.Antarctica:.1946–2006.Record.of. Personnel.in.Antarctica.and.their.Postal.Cachets;.U.S..Navy.(1946–48,.1954–60),.International.Geophysical.Year.(1957–58),.and.USGS.(1960–2006). at.http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1116/. 3.See.Open-File.Report.2006–1113,.U.S..Geological.Survey.Scientific.Activities.in.the.Exploration.of.Antarctica:.2002–03.Field.Season.at.. http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1113/. 4.See.Meunier.(1979). 1 W 0° E Figure 1. Index map to the principal 60°S geographic features of Antarctica and Fimbul locations of USGS operations in the 1995–96 Riiser-Larsen Ice Shelf Ice Shelf field season (black dots). Lazarev Brunt Ice Shelf Ice Shelf Weddell Larsen Sea Ice Shelf Filchner Ice Shelf ANTARCTIC 80 S T ° PENINSULA R Amery Ronne A Wordie Ice N Ice Shelf Ice Shelf Shelf S A N EAST West George VI T A Ice Shelf Sound R Amundsen-Scott 90°W WEST C 90°E T South Pole Station Abbot I ANTARCTICA C Ice Shelf M ANTARCTICA O Leverett Glacier U N T A Shackleton Glacier Ross IN Shackleton S Ice Shelf Ice Shelf Skelton Glacier Getz Taylor Glacier Ice Shelf Sulzberger McMurdo McMurdo Dry Valleys Ice Shelf Station Voyeykov Ice Shelf Cook Ice Shelf 0 1000 KILOMETERS W 180° E Figure 2. Cachet depicting Twin Otter aerial photographic surveys of outlet glaciers, penguin rookeries, and mapping photography for geologic studies. Design by Kenneth W. Murphy, U.S. Geological Survey. Figure 3. Cachet depicting the repositioning survey of South Pole, surveys from the Shackleton Glacier Base Camp, measurements of absolute gravimetry, and establishment of Global Positioning System (GPS) reference stations at McMurdo Station and Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station. Design by Kenneth
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