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100 Million Years of Antarctic Climate Evolution: Evidence from Fossil Plants 19 J Antarctica: A Keystone in a Changing World Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Antarctic Earth Sciences, Santa Barbara, California, August 26 to September 1, 2007, Alan K. Cooper, Peter Barrett, Howard Stagg, Bryan Storey, Edmund Stump, Woody Wise, and the 10th ISAES editorial team, Polar Research Board, National Research Council, U.S. Geological Survey ISBN: 0-309-11855-7, 164 pages, 8 1/2 x 11, (2008) This free PDF was downloaded from: http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12168.html Visit the National Academies Press online, the authoritative source for all books from the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, the Institute of Medicine, and the National Research Council: • Download hundreds of free books in PDF • Read thousands of books online, free • Sign up to be notified when new books are published • Purchase printed books • Purchase PDFs • Explore with our innovative research tools Thank you for downloading this free PDF. If you have comments, questions or just want more information about the books published by the National Academies Press, you may contact our customer service department toll-free at 888-624-8373, visit us online, or send an email to [email protected]. This free book plus thousands more books are available at http://www.nap.edu. Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. Permission is granted for this material to be shared for noncommercial, educational purposes, provided that this notice appears on the reproduced materials, the Web address of the online, full authoritative version is retained, and copies are not altered. To disseminate otherwise or to republish requires written permission from the National Academies Press. Antarctica: A Keystone in a Changing World http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12168.html Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Antarctic Earth Sciences Santa Barbara, California August 26 to September 1, 2007 Editors: Alan K. Cooper, Peter Barrett, Howard Stagg, Bryan Storey, Edmund Stump, Woody Wise, and the 10th ISAES editorial team *John Anderson Dieter Futterer Timothy Naish John Barron John Gamble Sandra Passchier Philip Bart John Goodge Stephen Pekar Donald Blankenship William Hammer Carol Raymond Frederick Davey Patricia Helton Carlo Alberto Ricci Michael Diggles Erik Ivins Michael Studinger Carol Finn Philip Kyle David Sugden Paul Fitzgerald Wesley LeMasurier Vanessa Thorn Fabio Florindo Paul Mayewski Terry Wilson Jane Francis This special International Polar Year volume is a joint effort of the Polar Research Board of the National Academies and the U.S. Geological Survey. The Polar Research Board is the U.S. National Committee to the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research, which is the official sponsor of the 10th ISAES. Publication of printed papers is by the National Academies Press and publication of electronic media is by the U.S. Geological Survey. Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Antarctica: A Keystone in a Changing World http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12168.html THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 FIFTH STREET, N.W. WASHINGTON, DC 20001 Note: This publication was overseen by two members of the Polar Research Board (PRB) who served as members of the 10th ISAES local organizing committee: Robin Bell, chair- person of the 10th ISAES Local Organizing Committee and Mahon C. Kennicutt II, U.S. delegate to the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and a vice president of SCAR. Funding support for this collaborative project was provided by the U.S. National Science Foundation’s Office of Polar Programs, the U.S. Geological Survey and SCAR. This book is a companion to the Online Proceedings of the 10th ISAES hosted by the USGS at http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1047/. International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-11854-5 International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-11854-9 Additional copies of this book are available from the National Academies Press, 500 Fifth Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20055; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313 (in the Washington metropolitan area); Internet, http://www.nap.edu. Copyright 2008 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America Front cover: Depicting change from greenhouse to icehouse times in Antarctica. Upper: Snowstorm on Seymour Island, Antarctic Peninsula. Image provided by Jane Francis. Lower: Middle Cretaceous forest on Antarctica; painting by Robert Nicholls, with per- mission for use by the artist and by the British Antarctic Survey who commissioned the painting and have it on display there. Back cover: Upper: Estimates skin-depth temperatures derived from the thermal IR channel of historical AVHRR data. Image is from NASA website: http://svs.gsfc.nasa. gov/vis/a000000/a003100/a003188/index.html. Lower: Predictions of ice-sheet volume changes and the effect of these changes on global sea levels. Models are from the paper by Miller et al. in this book, and are in turn based on work of Deconto and Pollard (Nature 421:245-249, 2003). Suggested citation: Cooper, A. K., P. J. Barrett, H. Stagg, B. Storey, E. Stump, W. Wise, and the 10th ISAES editorial team, eds. (2008). Antarctica: A Keystone in a Changing World. Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Antarctic Earth Sciences. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Antarctica: A Keystone in a Changing World http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12168.html The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Charles M. Vest is president of the National Academy of Engineering. The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine. The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Charles M. Vest are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council. www.national-academies.org Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Antarctica: A Keystone in a Changing World http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12168.html Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Antarctica: A Keystone in a Changing World http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12168.html 10TH ISAES EDITORIAL TEAM John Anderson, Department of Earth Sciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77251 USA, [email protected] Peter Barrett, Antarctic Research Centre, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand, [email protected] John Barron, U.S. Geological Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd., Menlo Park, California 94025 USA, [email protected] Philip Bart, Department of Geology and Geophysics, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 USA, [email protected] Donald Blankenship, Institute for Geophysics, The University of Texas at Austin, 10100 Burnet Road, Austin, Texas 78758 USA, [email protected] Alan Cooper, Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305 USA, [email protected] AND Emeritus scientist, U.S. Geological Survey, 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, California 94025 USA, [email protected] Frederick Davey, GNS-Science, 1 Fairway Drive, Lower Hutt, New Zealand, [email protected] AND Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale (OGS), Borgo Grotta Gigante 42/c, 34010 Sgonico, Trieste, Italy Michael Diggles, U.S. Geological Survey, 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, California 94025 USA, [email protected] Carol Finn, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver Federal Center, Denver, Colorado 80225 USA, cfi[email protected] Paul Fitzgerald, Department of Earth Sciences, Syracuse
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