and J . Berg for providing powders of xenoliths from the 0 kilometers 300 McMurdo Volcanic Province and unpublished data for these samples. I Victoria Land 0 miles 200 Mc rdo Station 0 GlIB? --BGB Byrd Glacier h East Antarctic Ice Sheet + 80.S RB Ross Ice Shelf

Byrd Glacier1 -7 MRB BGB References Nimrod Glacier Berg, J.H., R.A. Hank, and R.I. Kalamarides. 1985. Petrology and Marsh Glacier geochemistry of lower crustal basic granulites from the Erebus Vol- canic Province, Antarctica. 1985. Antarctic Journal of the U.S., 20(5), 22-23. Beardmore Shackleton Glacier Glacier Borg, S.C., and D.J. DePaolo. 1990. Isotopic imaging of deep conti- nental lithosphere. Systematics and applications downunder (ab- stract). 7th International Conference on Geochronology, Cosmochronology, and Isotope Geology, Canberra, Australia, Sep- IAntarcScaS Outcrop area: tember 1990. (Abstracts, Vol. 27.) Canberra: Geological Society of ______outh Pole Transantarctic ______+ Mountains Australia. Borg, S.C., and D.J. DePaolo. In press. A tectonic model of the Ant- arctic Gondwana margin with implications for southeastern Aus- Figure 3. This map of the Transantarctic Mountains in the vicinity tralia: Isotopic and geochemical evidence. Tectonopliysics. of the Ross Ice Shelf shows our working hypothesis for the dis- Borg, S.C., D.J. DePaolo, E.D. Wendlandt, and T.G. Drake. 1989. tribution of lower crustal provinces. This interpretation is based Studies of granites and metamorphic rocks, Byrd Glacier area. Ant- on the inferences from the isotopic compositions shown in figure arctic Journal of the U.S., 25(5), 19-21. 2 and on our inference from field work that the entire north side of Borg, S.C., D.J. DePaolo, and B.M. Smith. 1990. Isotopic structure the Byrd Glacier is equivalent to the Miller Range Block (Borg et and tectonics of the central Transantarctic Mountains. Journal of Geo- al. 1989). This distribution of provinces is consistent with a mini- physical Research, 95(135), 6,647-6,667. mum of about 120 kilometers of right-lateral offset on a strike-slip Stuckless, J.S., and R.L. Ericksen. 1976. Strontium isotopic geochem- fault beneath the Byrd Glacier. The three crustal provinces defined istry of the volcanic rocks and associated megacrysts and inclusions by the circa 500 million-year-old granitoids are: MRB, Miller Range from Ross Island and vicinity, Antarctica. Contributions to Mineralogy Block; BGB, Beardmore Glacier Block; GHB, Gabbro Hills Block. and Petrology, 58, 111-126.

Mesozoic and Cenozoic Transantarctic Mountains appear to be a rift-margin uplift re- lated to extensional tectonism within the Antarctic Plate during structural patterns in the the Mesozoic and Cenozoic (Fitzgerald et al. 1986; Stern and Transantarctic Mountains, ten Brink 1989). Structural analysis of brittle fault arrays and igneous dike swarms of Jurassic and Cenozoic age was carried southern Victoria Land out in the Transantarctic Mountains in southern Victoria Land during the 1989-1990 field season (figure 1). Displacement di- rections during rifting are being reconstructed from the re- TERRY WILSON J. gional orientation patterns of these structures. The field party, including Michael Gibson (geologist), Chuck Byrd Polar Research Center Kroger (mountaineer), and me, was deployed to Marble Point and on 7 November 1989 and traversed to Granite Harbor by snow- Department of Geology and Mineralogy Ohio State University mobile. Structural observations were made at all coastal ex- Columbus, Ohio 43210 posures along the southern margin of Granite Harbor, and westward along Mackay Glacier at Mount England, Mount Suess, and Pegtop Mountain. We then traversed southward The Transantarctic Mountains represent a major intracon- to examine coastal exposures between Cape Roberts and Mar- tinental mountain belt developed along the crustal boundary ble Point and inland exposures across the Wilson Piedmont between the subcontinents of East and West Antarctica. The Glacier at Mount Doorly. In December 1989, field work was

1990 REVIEW 31 I. 50 km N=81.

Figure 1. A. Location of the study area in the Transantarctic Mountains of southern Victoria Land; box shows approximate area of figure lB. B. Geologic sketch map of study area. [Black denotes exposed basement rocks beneath the Kukri peneplain (dashed line); stipple denotes Beacon and Ferrar Supergroup rocks. AH denotes Allan Hills; CH denotes Coombs Hills; SM denotes Shapeless Mountain; OR denotes Olympus Range; MF denotes Mount Fleming; BH denotes Beacon Heights; PM denotes Pegtop Mountain; MS denotes Mount Suess; ME denotes Mount England; GH denotes Granite Harbor; SC denotes Spike Cape; and DS denotes Doorly Spur; TAM denotes Transantarctic Mountains; and km denotes kilometers.] Lower hemisphere stereographic projections show representative structural data from the study area. [A-D show Jurassic faults and dikes; E-H show Cenozoic faults. A, C, and E-H show great circle traces of fault planes; dots are striae on fault planes; arrows show motion of hanging wall above fault plane. B and D show contoured pole to en echelon segments of Ferrar dike planes and great circles indicating average dike orientations.]

conducted from helicopter-deployed camps at Allan Hills, the sense of displacement can be determined. Striated mesos- Coombs Hills, and Mount Fleming. Three additional field days copic fault planes were found at every locality visited in the were carried out with helicopter support at Shapeless Moun- study area. Offset markers including bedding in Beacon strata, tain, the Olympus Range, and in the Beacon Heights area. compositional layering in metasedimentary rocks, and gneissic This study focused on mesoscopic fault arrays, which can banding, pegmatite veins and mafic inclusions in granitic rocks be used to define regional strain and paleostress patterns where (figure 2), were used to determine displacement sense wher- the slip direction on the fault plane is marked by striae and ever possible. Where markers were absent, displacement sense

32 ANTARCTIC JOURNAL The Ferrar dikes occur in en echelon arrays (figure 3) that form two prominent swarms with north-northwest to north-north- east and east-northeast to east-west trends at all localities (fig- JA^ ure 1). Mutual crosscutting and abutting relations indicate that emplacement of these subperpendicular swarms overlapped in time. Well-developed slickenfibers on dike margins and along planes extending from the tips of en echelon dike segments indicate that the dikes dilated penecontemporaneous fault planes. Mesoscopic normal faults are present at all localities, and the association of these faults with dolerite dikes, clastic dikes, and volcanic breccias indicates they are Jurassic in age. The normal faults occur in two conjugate sets striking north- northwest/south-southeast and east-northeast/west-southwest (figure 1). These orientation patterns indicate that the Jurassic faults and dikes formed in a triaxial strain field in which ex- tension occurred in both northeast-southwest and northwest- southeast horizontal directions, and shortening occurred in the vertical direction. The northeast-southwest extension direction is consistent with formation of the dominant trend of the Transantarctic Mountains and associated offshore rift basins in the Jurassic. Structures transverse to the Transantarctic Mountains trend may also have formed at this time in response to the along-axis component of extension. The triaxial strain regime is not compatible with the translational motions pro- posed for this period. Renewed rifting commenced in the Eocene, associated with initiation of Transantarctic Mountains uplift as dated by apatite fission-track ages in southern Victoria Land (Gleadow and Fitz- gerald 1987) and faulting and volcanism in the Terror Rift within .0• the offshore Victoria Land Basin (Cooper, Davey, and Beh- rendt 1987). Faults in exposures along the Transantarctic Mountains front in southern Victoria Land have consistent north-northeast to northeast strikes and moderate dips to the southeast and, less commonly, to the northwest (figure 1). The Figure 2. Mesoscopic normal fault offsetting pegmatite vein in Lar- faults have dominantly normal dip-slip displacement, with sen Granodiorite at Cape Geology, Granite Harbor. Pencil is parallel subordinate oblique-slip displacement with normal and right- to striae on polished fault surface. lateral components. Superposed striae on some faults indicate subsequent right-lateral strike-slip motion. Fault arrays along the major transverse morphologic break in the Transantarctic Mountains marked by Granite Harbor and Mackay and New was determined from intersection relations of minor fractures Glaciers consist of northeast-southwest to east-west striking with the fault plane, tool marks, or accretionary fiber steps on conjugate fault sets with normal or normal-oblique displace- the fault surface, and from the arrangement of bridge struc- ments (figure 1). This suggests that the area represents a major tures between en echelon strands of a fault zone (Gamond 1987; cross-strike graben structure, consistent with the interpreta - Petit 1987). The magnitude of fault displacement, where de- tions of Gunn and Warren (1962) and Fitzgerald (1987). Because monstrable, ranged from a few centimeters to a few meters all of these faults occur in areas where Fitzgerald (1987) has but may be significantly greater across prominent fault zones documented Cenozoic offsets of fission-track profiles, these in granitic rocks where markers are absent. patterns are inferred to reflect the geometry of Cenozoic rifting. The widespread emplacement of Ferrar dolerite sills and The systematic clockwise rotation of the faults with respect to dikes along with the extrusion of the Kirkpatrick Basalts along the north-northwest Transantarctic Mountains trend indicates the length of the Transantarctic Mountains indicates that the a significant component of right-lateral shear displacement along area was the site of crustal extension associated with the initial the Transantarctic Mountains, reflecting a markedly oblique fragmentation of the Gondwanaland supercontinent in the Jur- opening direction during Cenozoic rifting (Withjack and Ja- assic (Kyle, Elliot, and Sutter 1981; Elliot in press). It has been mison 1986). suggested that major translational motion accompanied crustal These structural results from southern Victoria Land sub- extension between East and West Antarctica at this time (Schmidt stantially modify the established view of the kinematics of and Rowley 1986; Grunow, Kent, and Daiziel 1987; Elliot in rifting associated with uplift of the Transantarctic Mountains. press). To test these kinematic scenarios, a systematic inves- Jurassic fault arrays and dike swarms document extension both tigation of orientation patterns and intersection relations of perpendicular and parallel to the trend of the Transantarctic Jurassic Ferrar dolerite dikes and associated faults was carried Mountains. The principal structural trends in the Transan- out at exposures along the plateau margin of the Transantarctic tarctic Mountains and in associated offshore basins of the Ross Mountains, where dike swarms had been reported by earlier embayment may thus have been established during Jurassic workers (Grapes, Reid, and McPherson 1974; Korsch 1984; rifting. Cenozoic fault patterns, in contrast, indicate extension Pyne 1984; Bradshaw 1987). oblique to the Transantarctic Mountains trend. Cooper, Davey,

1990 REVIEW 33 - 94116- - .... .-

Figure 3. East-northeast-trending swarm of Jurassic Ferrar dikes (large arrows) cutting subhorizontal Beacon strata at Mount Aeolus in the Olympus Range; small arrow on flank of Mount Aeolus marks a north-northwest dike of a subperpendicular swarm. and Hinz (in press) suggested that a reorganization of plate Fitzgerald, P.C. 1987. Uplift history of the Transantarctic Mountains in the motions in the Eocene caused a modification of the regional Ross Sea sector and a model for their formation. (Doctoral dissertation, stress regime within the Antarctic Plate that was associated University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.) with the onset of Transantarctic Mountains uplift and reacti- Fitzgerald, P.C., M. Sandiford, P.J. Barrett, and A.J.W. Cleadow. 1986. vated rifting and volcanism in the western Ross Sea. My struc- Asymmetric extension associated with uplift and subsidence in the Transantarctic Mountains and Ross embayment. Earth and Planetary tural data suggest that this event involved transtensional Science Letters, 81, 67-78. reactivation and oblique extension in the Transantarctic Moun- Gamond, J.F. 1987. Bridge structures as sense of displacement criteria tains, producing pull-apart structures rather than renewed in brittle fault zones. Journal of Structural Geology, 9(5/6), 609-620. spreading perpendicular to the earlier rift trend. The regional Gleadow, A.J.W., and P.C. Fitzgerald. 1987. Uplift history of the extent of the Jurassic and Cenozoic structural patterns docu- Transantarctic Mountains in the Dry Valleys area, southern Victoria mented in southern Victoria Land and the applicability of the Land, Antarctica, from apatite fission-track ages. Earth and Planetary proposed kinematic models to the Transantarctic Mountains Science Letters, 82, 1-14. as a whole will be established during the 1990-1991 field season Crapes, RH., D.L. Reid, and J.G. McPherson. 1974. Shallow dolerite in the Beardmore Glacier area. intrusion and phreatic eruption in the Allan Hills region, Antarctica. This research was supported by National Science Founda- New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 17(3), 563-577. Crunow, AM., D.V. Kent, and I.W.D. Dalziel. 1987. Mesozoic evo- tion grant DPP 88-16932. lution of West Antarctica and the Weddell Sea Basin: New paleo- magnetic constraints. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 86, 16-26. Gunn, B.M., and C. Warren. 1962. Geology of Victoria Land between the Mawson and Mulock Glaciers, Antarctica. New Zealand Geological References Survey Bulletin, 71, 1-157. Korsch, R.J. 1984. The structure of Shapeless Mountain, Antarctica, Bradshaw, M.A. 1987. Additional field interpretation of the Jurassic and its relation to Jurassic igneous activity. New Zealand Journal of sequence at Carapace Nunatak and Coombs Hills, south Victoria Geology and Geophysics, 27, 487-504. Land, Antarctica. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 30, Kyle, P.R., D.H. Elliot, and J.F. Sutter. 1981. Jurassic Ferrar Super- 37-49. group tholeiites from the Transantarctic Mountains, Antarctica, and Cooper, AK., F.J. Davey, and J.C. Behrendt. 1987. Seismic stratig- their relationship to the initial fragmentation of Gondwana. In M.M. raphy and structure of the Victoria Land Basin, western Ross Sea, Cresswell and P. Vella (Eds.), Gondwana Five. Rotterdam: Balkema. Antarctica. In A.K. Cooper and F.J. Davey (Eds.), The antarctic con- Petit, J.P. 1987. Criteria for the sense of movement on fault surfaces tinental margin, geology and geophysics of the western Ross Sea. CPCEMR in brittle rocks. Journal of Structural Geology, 9(5/6), 597-608. Earth Science Series, 5B, 27-76. Pyne, A.R. 1984. Geology of the Mt. Fleming area, South Victoria Cooper, AK., F.J. Davey, and K. Hinz. In press. Crustal extension Land, Antarctica. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 27, and origin of sedimentary basins beneath the Ross Sea and Ross Ice 505-512. Shelf, Antarctica. In M.R.A. Thomson, J.A. Crame, and J.W. Thom- Schmidt, D.L., and P.D. Rowley. 1986. Continental rifting and trans- son (Eds.), Geological evolution of Antarctica. Cambridge: Cambridge form faulting along the Jurassic Transantarctic rift, Antarctica. Tec- University Press. tonics, 5, 279-292. Elliot, D.H. In press. Jurassic to Early Cretaceous evolution of Ant- Stern, TA., and U.S. ten Brink. 1989. Flexural uplift of the Transant- arctica. In M.R.A. Thomson, J. A. Crame, and J. W. Thomson (Eds.), arctic Mountains. Journal of Geophysical Research, 94, 10,315-10,330. Geological evolution of Antarctica. Cambridge: Cambridge University Withjack, MO., and W.R. Jamison. 1986. Deformation produced by Press. oblique rifting. Tectonophysics, 126, 99-124.

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