Pollution Status Assessment of Haora River, Tripura

1.0 Introduction :

Rivers are natural water bodies having various beneficial uses for mankind. Even after enactment of Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act as early as in 1974, water quality continues to deteriorate in the country. Rivers, streams and ground water are severely polluted. The amount of pollutants that find their way into water sources are way above receiving water bodies’ natural assimilative capacity. Surface water pollution is increasingly becoming a source of conflict among upstream and downstream water users because the later suffer the effects of upstream pollution. Quantity of water available for specific uses will decline with pollution. When quality deteriorates, water loses its economic value. For example, with progressive quality deterioration, water uses may successively shift from drinking water to bathing water, water for livestock, agriculture and industrial uses and so on. Pollution also creates water scarcity in regions which otherwise have abundant water resources.

2.0 Background:

Haora river is the lifeline of Agartala city because it fulfills the major demand of drinking water as well as water for other purposes of the entire population of Agartala city. It also fulfills the total demand of the families who reside near the banks of the river from Champaknagar to Bangladesh border area. Haora is one of the ten major rivers of Tripura. The river originating from the eastern side of the Baramura range flows westerly through the alluvial plains and passes by the southern embankment of the capital city of Agartala before finally flowing down into Bangladesh. The flow length of the river is 53 kms in Indian territory and basin area is 570 sq.kms. The annual flow of this river is 36,032 m3. Agartala Municipal Council and Public Health Engineering Department uses the water of this river daily for community use. The intake wells are situated near Jogendranagar and Gandhighat.

The water of Haora river is the main source of drinking water for the people of Agartala and its surrounding areas from Champaknagar to Bangladesh border. Previously the river water was pollution free due to less anthropogenic interferences. Presently, the number of inhabitants on the banks of the river is increasing very fast. As the inhabitants of the river bank belong to the section Below the Poverty Line, they have to make kaccha latrines on the bank of the river and their excreta flow directly into the river. Due to this, the river water quality has deteriorated to an alarming condition.

Tripura State Pollution Control Board 1 3.0 State Profile :

Tripura is one of the smallest states of North East India. The State of Tripura is situated in the eastern part of India and surrounded by Bangladesh on the West, South and North. Its Northeastern and Eastern boundaries are demarcated by Assam and Mizoram respectively. The state lies between 22056’ to 24032’ North latitudes and 91009’ to 92020’ East longitudes with an aerial extent of 10,491.69 sq. km. The population of the state as per the 2001 census data is about 31,91,168.

3.1 Administrative Setup :

The state has four administrative districts namely i) West Tripura ii) South Tripura, iii) North Tripura iv) Dhalai, 15 Sub-Divisions, 40 Blocks and 14 Towns including Nagar Panchayats. Agartala is the state Capital and Udaipur, Kailashahar and Ambassa are the District Headquarters.

3.2 Climate:

The state is characterized by humid sub-tropical climate with three distinct seasons such as summer, monsoon and winter. The climate warms up generally from the middle of March and this condition persists up to May. Generally the average maximum temperature is 350C whereas average minimum temperature is 100C. The average annual rainfall recorded is about 261cm. Humidity is generally high throughout the year. In the Summer season relative humidity is between 50% to 74% whereas in the rainy season it is over 85%.

3.3 Drainage :

The flow in a river helps in dilution of effluents and in self purification. The drains are divided into three categories – ‘high’, ‘medium’, & ‘low’. This is done to differentiate the different drains according to their dilution capacity, which may be based on the flow characteristics in a particular district.

In Tripura there are no rivers having high flow. The State is drained by as many as 10 rivers which originate in the hill ranges and flow either in a northerly or westerly direction through the narrow valleys. These rivers are Longai, Juri, Deo, Manu, Dhalai, Khowai, Haora, Gomti, Muhuri and Feny. However, all rivers are rain-fed and ephemeral in nature, their flow is directly related to rainfall.

Tripura State Pollution Control Board 2 3.4 Flood:

All the rivers draining the State originate in the hill ranges and are prone to flood during the rainy season. Whenever the intensity of the rainfall exceeds the normal the river discharge rises. The volume of water rushing down from the catchment areas cannot be accommodated within the river banks. As a result, the rivers overtop the banks and flood the low lying areas.

Flood level of the Haora river indicates that the danger level is 10.48 m whereas the extreme danger level is 10.78 m. The highest flood level of this river was observed as 11.08 m.

3.5 Physiography:

Tripura is characterized as a hill state. Physiographically, the area represents the western fringe of the typical ‘ridge and valley’ (structural) province of the late tertiary fold mountain belt, commonly known as the Indo Burma Range (Purbachal Range).The general altitude of the State varies from 780 m above mean sea level in the North-East to 15 m above mean sea level in the west. Five ridges, namely the Jampui, the Sakhantang, the Longtarai, the Atharamura and the Baramura traverse the State from North to South.

4.0 Objective :

The Objective of the study is to assess the water quality and the pollution load of the entire stretch of the Hoara river due to the dumping of human excreta, domestic sewage, Industrial effluent directly into the river.

5.0 Methodology :

In order to assess the water quality of Hoara river, a scientific team of Tripura State Pollution Control Board collected water samples from seven locations covering the whole stretch of Haora river during January 2004 & analysed different parameters of water quality in the Laboratory of the Board.

The Physico-Chemical quality of surface water was analysed using the standard methods given in APHA (American Public Health Association).

The team has also carried out an extensive survey from Champaknagar to Bangladesh border to quantify the number of toilets

Tripura State Pollution Control Board 3 situated on the banks of Haora river from which human excreta is directly drawn into the river and observed the total number of people who used the identified toilets.

During the survey the TSPCB team has considered only those families whose toilets are situated on the banks of the river.

6.0 Study Areas :

As a result of human interferences through out the river, it is difficult to select the locations on a river. For physico-chemical analysis of the present study, the seven locations were selected covering the entire stretch of Haora river as given in Table-1.

Table-1

Sl. Name of the location Reason for selection No 1 Champaknagar, West Tripura. Bathing ghat 2 Mohanpur, West Tripura. Bathing ghat 3 Chandrapur,West Tripura. Bathing ghat 4 Aralia,West Tripura. Intake point 5 Gandhighat,West Tripura. Intake point 6 Dashamighat,West Tripura. Bathing ghat & Immersion ghat 7 Rajnagar,(Indo-Bangla border area), Down stream to Bangladesh West Tripura.

For the quantification of the toilets present on the banks of Haora river, the following locations were surveyed covering the entire river bank from Champak nagar to Bangladesh Border of the Haora river as given in Table 2.

Table -2 Sl. Locations Bank of the Number of river families No. surveyed 1 Chandrasadhupara,Champaknagar North bank 39 2 Chandrasadhupara,Champaknagar South bank 4 3 ChintaramKobraPara, Champaknagar North bank 5 4 Champaknagar Bazar North bank 6 5 Dhurlav Das Para, Champaknagar North bank 3 6 Harichandra Para, Champaknagar South bank 35 7 Khamar Bari, Champaknagar North bank 4

Tripura State Pollution Control Board 4 8 Joynagar, Jirania North bank 13 9 Madhya Para, Jirania North bank 34 10 Daksin Majlishpur North bank 5 11 Ranirbazar North bank 5 12 Bridhyanagar, Ranirbazar North bank 2 13 Munda Para, Khayerpur North bank 12 14 Khayerpur North bank 3 15 Chandpur(Trinath) North bank 47 16 West Champamura South bank 8 17 Kashipur North bank 18 18 Madhya Kashipur North bank 8 19 Daksin Kashipur North bank 13 20 Puratan Agartala South bank 22 21 Palli Samaj, Puratan Agartala South bank 3 22 Khayerpur South bank 15 23 North Champamura South bank 5 24 Balda Khal, West Champamura South bank 52 25 Chandrapur North bank 13 26 Daksin Chandrapur North bank 21 27 Aralia South bank 27 28 Collegetilla North bank 23 29 Uttar Jogendranagar South bank 42 30 Kata Shala South bank 42 31 Purba Pratapgarh South bank 18 32 Pratapgarh South bank 17 33 Ramthakur Palli, Town Pratapgarh North bank 10 34 Adarsha Palli, Collegetilla North bank 15 35 RamkrishnaPalli, MadhyaPratapgarh South bank 11 36 Surendra Palli, Madhya Pratapgarh South bank 23 37 Thakur Palli, Paschim Pratapgarh South bank 39 38 Trinath Colony, Town Pratapgarh North bank 61 39 Pratap Sangha, Paschim Pratapgarh South bank 17 40 Janakalyan Sangha, Paschim Pratapgarh South bank 5 41 Town Bordowali South bank 16 42 Howrah Nutan Palli, Town Pratapgarh North bank 52 43 Umesh Ch. Bandyopadhaya Palli, Gangail North bank 28 Road

Tripura State Pollution Control Board 5 44 Bhattapukur South bank 14 45 Balurchar, Bhattapukur South bank 52 46 Dakshin Joynagar South bank 44 47 Joypur North bank 28 48 Rajnagar North bank 41 49 Pashchim Joynagar North bank 48 50 Dashamighat, Gangail Road North bank 6 51 Shamshan Ghat, Gangail Road North bank 71 Total 1145

7.0 Observations:

7.1 Physico- Chemical & Bacteriological Observations :

The observation of Physico- Chemical & Bacteriological characteristics of Haora river water of seven locations are given in tables 3 &4.

Temperature : Water temperature showed variation at different sites. Minimum temperature were recorded 28oC at Champaknagar and Chandrapur whereas maximum temperature was recorded 31oC at Dashamighat.

pH : From the tables 3&4, it was observed that the pH value of water samples of Haora river were within the standard limit. Observed pH values ranged from 7.30 to 8.05 at different stations. Maximum pH value (8.05) was found at Champaknagar and minimum pH value (7.30) was found at Dashamighat.

Conductivity : From the observation it was found that there were a wide variation of conductivity between Champaknagar, Mohanpur and Chandrapur, Aralia, Gandhighat, Dashamighat & Rajnagar (Boarder area). The maximum Conductivity value (210 µ mho/cm) was found at Champaknagar. In case of Chandrapur, Aralia, Gandhighat, Dashamighat & Rajnagar (Boarder area) stations the value of conductivity ranged from 129 µ mho/cm to 141 µ mho/cm.

Turbidity : Turbidity showed a wide amplitude of variation at all the study points. The minimum value observed was 14 NTU at Mohanpur and maximum was 44 NTU at Gandhighat, shown in tables 3&4 at pages 10&11

.

Tripura State Pollution Control Board 6 Colour : From the result table it was observed that the colour of water samples of Howrah river were within the standard limit. The observed values ranged from 2.1 1/m to 6.2 1/m at different stations.

Total Suspended Solid : From the tables 3 & 4 at pages 10&11 it was seen that the value of Total Suspended Solid ranged from 20 mg/l to 64 mg/l at different stations. The maximum value of Total Suspended Solid (64 mg/l) was observed at Champaknagar and Gandhighat.

Total Dissolved Solid : In contrast to total suspended solid, fluctuations in total dissolved solid showed a narrow variations at different sites of the river system. The maximum & minimum value of total dissolved solid were 110 mg/l & 88 mg/l at Champaknagar and Chandrapur respectively.

Alkalinity : An examination with regard to values of alkalinity indicate that there were wider fluctuations between Champaknagar(120.7 mg/l), Mohanpur (91.96 mg/l) & Chandrapur (68.97 mg/l), Aralia (73.57 mg/l), Gandhighat (66.67 mg/l), Dashamighat (68.97 mg/l), Rajnagar(71.27 mg/l). The maximum alkalinity was observed at Champaknagar (120.7 mg/l) and the minimum alkalinity was found at Dashamighat (66.67 mg/l).

Dissolved Oxygen : From the tables 3 & 4, a significant observation was drawn in case of Dissolved Oxygen (DO) of the water samples of Haora river at different stations. It was found that the DO of Champaknagar (6.7 mg/l), Mohanpur (7.16 mg/l) and Chandrapur (6.84 mg/l) were above the standard limit (BIS: 6 mg/l) whereas the observed value of DO at Aralia (5.83 mg/l), Gandhighat (4.21 mg/l), Dashamighat (3.8 mg/l) and Rajnagar( Boarder area) (3.13 mg/l) were below the standard limit. The variation of DO value of all the stations are graphically represented at fig-2.

Bio-chemical Oxygen Demand : From the tables 3 & 4 it is seen that except the water sample of Mohanpur, the Bio-chemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) values of all the stations exceed the standard limit ( BIS: 3 mg/l). The maximum BOD value (19.11 mg/l) was found at Dashamighat. The variation of BOD value of all the stations are graphically represented at fig-3.

Chemical Oxygen Demand : There were wider variation of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) value between Champaknagar (14 mg/l), Aralia (19 mg/l) & Mohanpur (9 mg/l), Chandrapur (11 mg/l), Gandhighat (23 mg/l), Dashamighat (33 mg/l), Rajnagar (Boarder area) (18 mg/l). The maximum

Tripura State Pollution Control Board 7 COD was observed at Dashamighat (33 mg/l) and the minimum COD value was observed at Mohanpur (9 mg/l).

Total Coliform : The bacteriological contamination (Total Coliform) at most of the stations of Haora river excessively exceeded the permissible limit. Total Coliform showed a wide amplitude of variation at all the study points and it ranged from 210 MPN/100 ml to 1800 MPN/100 ml. The standard limit for Total Coliform is 500 MPN/100 ml. The variation of Total Coliform value of all the stations are graphically represented at fig-1.

Sulphate : The observed Sulphate content of the water samples of all the stations ranged from 8.8 mg/l to 10.46 mg/l. The sulphate content of the water samples of all the stations are much lower than the standard limit. The standard limit of sulphate prescribed by BIS is 400 mg/l.

Total Hardness : From the tables 3&4, it is observed that the Total Hardness of the water sample of Haora river are within the standard limit (300 mg/l). The maximum value of Hardness was found at Champaknagar (107.8 mg/l) and minimum value was found at Gandhighat (53.9 mg/l).

Calcium : From the tables 3&4, it was observed that the value of Calcium of the water samples of Haora river were within the standard limit ( BIS: 75 mg/l). The maximum value of Calcium was found at Champaknagar (23.58 mg/l) and minimum value was at 9.82 mg/l at Gandhighat & Rajnagar(Boarder area) respectively.

Chlorides : The Chloride content of the water samples of all the stations were much lower than the standard limit. The standard limit of Chloride prescribed by BIS is 250 mg/l.

Arsenic : Arsenic is absent in the water samples of all the stations of Haora river.

Oil & Grease : It may be seen in tables 3&4 that the Oil & Grease were found at Champaknagar(8 mg/l), Mohanpur (7 mg/l), Chandrapur (4 mg/l), Dashamighat(4 mg/l), Rajnagar (Boarder area)( 3 mg/l). Oil & Grease were nil at Gandhighat and Aralia. The maximum value of Oil & Grease was found 8 mg/l at Champaknagar, the observed value of Oil & Grease exceed the standard limit( BIS:0.1 mg/l) in five stations.

Tripura State Pollution Control Board 8 7.2 Field Survey :

To assess the dependency of families who reside on the banks of the Haora river and the dumping of human excreta into the Haora river, team carried out an extensive survey from Champaknagar to Bangladesh Border to quantify the number of toilets situated on the bank of Haora river. During this survey, the team has also assessed the total no of people who use the identified toilets, the river water directly for drinking , bathing, washing and other purposes.

The observation of field survey are given in tables 5&6.

ƒ From the table 5, it was observed that 1145 families(6654 individuals) reside on the banks of Haora river from Champaknagar to Bangladesh Border.

ƒ It was observed from the table 6 that 90 families(622 individuals) are taking drinking water directly from the river and rest 1055 families(6032 individuals) use the river water for bathing, washing and other purposes.

ƒ From the table 6, it may be observed that 1095 numbers of kaccha latrines are present on the banks of Haora river of which 1032 numbers of kaccha latrines directly discharge human excreta into the river and during flood human excreta from the remaining 63 numbers of kaccha latrines(Dug well) also flows into the river.

ƒ It was seen that only 36 numbers of pacca latrines are located on the banks of Haora river but their outlets were drawn directly into the river.

ƒ During survey 5 number of families were identified who did not have any latrine. They used open area for their latrine purposes.

ƒ Form the table 5 it can be roughly estimated that if an individual generates 1 Kg excreta per day, then the total amount of excreta that goes into Haora river everyday is 6654x1=6654 Kg.

Note : The complete survey report is given in Appendix

Tripura State Pollution Control Board 9 Physico – Chemical & Bacteriological Results of Surface Water Samples of Haora River, Tripura, During January 2004. Date of collection of the Samples: 14.01.04 Table-3 Sl Parameters S1 S2 S3 S4 Standard No (SW) 1 Temperatures (0C) 28 29 28 29 - 2 Velocity(m/s) 0.477 0.53 0.48 0.31 -

3 Discharge(m3/s) 25.95 3.07 4.39 19.6 - 4 Total Suspended 64 20 30 24 - Solid (mg/l) 5 Total Dissolved Solid 110 106 88 98 500 (mg/l) 6 Volatile Solid(mg/l) 64 70 62 67 - 7 Fixed Dissolved 46 36 26 31 - Solid (mg/l) 8 pH 8.05 7.85 7.41 7.36 6.5-8.5 9 Colour (1/m) 4.8 2.1 3.7 6 10 10 Turbidity (NTU) 28 14 22 36 - 11 Conductivity 210 171 129 141 - (µ mho/cm) 12 Alkalinity (mg/l) 120.7 91.96 68.97 73.57 - 13 DO (mg/l) 6.7 7.16 6.84 5.83 6 14 BOD (mg/l) 3.44 2.4 3.8 4.66 3

15 COD (mg/l) 14 9 11 19 - 16 Total Coliform 350 210 460 750 500 MPN/100 ml 17 Sulphate (mg/l) 10.46 8.8 9.2 9.7 400 18 Hardness (mg/l) 107.8 78.4 68.6 58.8 300 19 Calcium (mg/l) 23.58 15.72 11.79 11.79 80.10

20 Magnesium (mg/l) 11.91 9.53 9.53 7.15 24.28

21 Oil & Grease (mg/l) 8 7 4 Nil 0.1 22 Phosphate (mg/l) 0.054 0.016 0.020 0.034 -

23 Arsenic (mg/l) Nil Nil Nil Nil 0.05 24 Chloride(mg/l) 4.78 4.78 4.78 4.78 250

Locations :

S1 : Champaknagar, Haora River, West Tripura S2 : Mohanpur, Haora River, West Tripura S3 : Chandrapur, Haora River, West Tripura S4 : Aralia, Haora River, West Tripura

Tripura State Pollution Control Board 10 Physico - Chemical & Bacteriological Results of Surface Water Samples of Haora River, Tripura, During January 2004. Date of collection of the Samples: 14.01.04 Table-4 Sl Parameters S5 S6 S7 Standard No (SW) 1 Temperatures (0C) 29 31 30 - 2 Velocity(m/s) 0.31 0.26 0.17 -

3 Discharge(m3/s) 6.26 7.16 2.07 - 4 Total Suspended 64 36 26 - Solid (mg/l) 5 Total Dissolved Solid 100 104 98 500 (mg/l) 6 Volatile Solid(mg/l) 58 66 64 - 7 Fixed Dissolved Solid 42 38 34 - (mg/l) 8 pH 7.52 7.30 7.32 6.5-8.5 9 Colour (1/m) 6.2 6.2 3.6 10 10 Turbidity (NTU) 44 33 27 - 11 Conductivity 129 133 133 - (µ mho/cm) 12 Alkalinity (mg/l) 66.67 68.97 71.27 - 13 DO (mg/l) 4.21 3.8 3.13 6 14 BOD (mg/l) 7.31 19.11 17.34 3

15 COD (mg/l) 23 33 18 - 16 Total Coliform 1350 1800 1600 500 MPN/100 ml 17 Sulphate (mg/l) 9.9 8.98 9.5 400 18 Hardness (mg/l) 53.9 63.7 58.8 300

19 Calcium (mg/l) 9.82 11.79 9.82 80.10 20 Magnesium (mg/l) 7.15 8.34 8.34 24.28 21 Oil & Grease (mg/l) Nil 4 3 0.1

22 Phosphate (mg/l) 0.015 0.030 0.018 - 23 Arsenic (mg/l) Nil Nil Nil 0.05

24 Chloride(mg/l) 4.78 4.78 4.78 250

Locations :

S5 : Gandhighat, Haora River, West Tripura S6 : Dashamighat, Haora River, West Tripura S7 : Rajnagar (Boarder area), Haora River, West Tripura

Tripura State Pollution Control Board 11 Tripura State Pollution Control Board 12 Compilation Table of Field Survey

Table- 6

Sl. Location No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of family dumping No. family family family family Excreta into the river surveyed taking uses uses Directly During By Scattered DW Kaccha Pacca flood outlet directly latrine latrine from the river 1 Chandrasadhu Para, Champaknagar 43 43 43 Nil 8 35 Nil Nil 2 Chintaram Kobra Para, Champaknagar 5 5 3 Nil 3 Nil Nil 2 3 Champaknagar Bazar 6 1 5 1 Nil 5 1 Nil 4 Dhurlav Das Para, Champaknagar 3 Nil 3 Nil Nil 3 Nil Nil 5 Harichandra Para, Champaknagar 35 35 35 Nil 35 Nil Nil Nil 6 Khamar Bari, Champaknagar 4 Nil 4 Nil 4 Nil Nil Nil 7 Joynagar, Jirania 13 6 12 Nil 4 8 Nil 1 8 Madhya Para, Jirania 34 Nil 25 9 23 2 9 Nil 9 Daksin Majlishpur 5 Nil 5 Nil 5 Nil Nil Nil 10 Ranirbazar 5 Nil 5 Nil 5 Nil Nil Nil 11 Bridhhanagar, Ranirbazar 2 Nil 2 Nil 2 Nil Nil Nil 12 Mundapara, Khayerpur 12 Nil 12 Nil 12 Nil Nil Nil 13 Khayerpur 18 Nil 18 Nil 18 Nil Nil Nil 14 Chandpur(Trinath) 47 Nil 47 Nil 47 Nil Nil Nil 15 West Champamura 8 Nil 8 Nil 8 Nil Nil Nil 16 Kashipur 18 Nil 18 Nil 18 Nil Nil Nil 17 Madhya Kashipur 8 Nil 8 Nil 8 Nil Nil Nil 18 Daksin Kashipur 13 Nil 13 Nil 13 Nil Nil Nil 19 Puratan Agartala 22 Nil 22 Nil 22 Nil Nil Nil 20 Palli Samaj, Puratan Agartala 3 Nil 3 Nil 3 Nil Nil Nil

Tripura State Pollution Control Board 1 21 North Champamura 5 Nil 5 Nil 5 Nil Nil Nil 22 Balda Khal, West Champamura 52 Nil 52 Nil 52 Nil Nil Nil 23 Chandrapur 13 Nil 11 1 11 Nil 1 1 24 Daksin Chandrapur 21 Nil 14 7 14 Nil 7 Nil 25 Aralia 27 Nil 27 Nil 27 Nil Nil Nil 26 Collegetilla 23 Nil 19 4 19 Nil 4 Nil 27 Uttar Jogendranagar 42 Nil 42 Nil 40 2 Nil Nil 28 Kata Shala 42 Nil 41 1 37 4 1 Nil 29 Purba Pratapgarh 18 Nil 18 Nil 18 Nil Nil Nil 30 Pratapgarh 17 Nil 17 Nil 17 Nil Nil Nil 31 Ramthakur Palli, Town Pratapgarh 10 Nil 10 Nil 10 Nil Nil Nil 32 Adarsha Palli, Collegetilla 15 Nil 12 3 12 Nil 3 Nil 33 Ramkrishna Palli, Madhya Pratapgarh 11 Nil 11 Nil 11 Nil Nil Nil 34 Surendra Palli, Madhya Pratapgarh 23 Nil 19 4 19 Nil 4 Nil 35 Thakur Palli, Paschim Pratapgarh 39 Nil 37 2 37 Nil 2 Nil 36 Trinath Colony, Town Pratapgarh 61 Nil 61 Nil 61 Nil Nil Nil 37 Pratap Sangha, Paschim Pratapgarh 17 Nil 8* Nil 8 Nil Nil Nil 38 Janakalyan Sangha, Paschim Pratapgarh 5 Nil 5 Nil 5 Nil Nil Nil 39 Town Bordowali 16 Nil 16 Nil 13 3 Nil Nil 40 Howrah Nutan Palli, Town Pratapgarh 52 Nil 52 Nil 52 Nil Nil Nil 41 Umesh Ch. Bandyopadhaya Palli, Gangail 28 Nil 28 Nil 28 Nil Nil Nil Road 42 Bhattapukur 14 Nil 14 Nil 14 Nil Nil Nil

Tripura State Pollution Control Board 2 43 Balurchar, Bhattapukur 52 Nil 50 2 50 Nil 2 Nil 44 Dakshin Joynagar 44 Nil 43 Nil 43 Nil Nil 1 45 Joypur 28 Nil 28 Nil 28 Nil Nil Nil 46 Rajnagar 41 Nil 41 Nil 40 1 Nil Nil 47 Pashim Joynagar 48 Nil 46 2 46 Nil 2 Nil 48 Dashamighat, Gangail Road 6 Nil 6 Nil 6 Nil Nil Nil 49 Shamshan Ghat, Gangail Road 71 Nil 71 Nil 71 Nil Nil Nil Total 1145 90 1095 36 1032 63 36 5

Note :

DW- Drinking Water

* Among the 17 families, 13 families shared 4 toilets.

Tripura State Pollution Control Board 3 Compilation Table of Field Survey

Table-5

Sl. Locations Bank of the Number Population Discharge of river of human No. families excreta(approx) surveyed Kg/day into the river 1 Chandrasadhupara, North bank 39 322 322 Champaknagar 2 Chandrasadhupara, South bank 4 35 35 Champaknagar 2 ChintaramKobraPara, North bank 5 26 26 Champaknagar 3 Champaknagar Bazar North bank 6 34 34 4 Dhurlav Das Para, North bank 3 17 17 Champaknagar 5 Harichandra Para, South bank 35 170 170 Champaknagar 6 Khamar Bari, Champaknagar North bank 4 46 46 7 Joynagar, Jirania North bank 13 93 93 8 Madhya Para, Jirania North bank 34 245 245 9 Daksin Majlishpur North bank 5 40 40 10 Ranirbazar North bank 5 23 23 11 Bridhyanagar, Ranirbazar North bank 2 11 11 12 Munda Para, Khayerpur North bank 12 46 46 13 Khayerpur North bank 3 22 22 14 Chandpur(Trinath) North bank 47 228 228 15 West Champamura South bank 8 50 50 16 Kashipur North bank 18 114 114 17 Madhya Kashipur North bank 8 55 55 18 Daksin Kashipur North bank 13 90 90 19 Puratan Agartala South bank 22 115 115 20 Palli Samaj, Puratan Agartala South bank 3 9 9 21 Khayerpur South bank 15 72 72 22 North Champamura South bank 5 27 27 23 Balda Khal, West South bank 52 338 338 Champamura 24 Chandrapur North bank 13 69 69

Tripura State Pollution Control Board 1 25 Daksin Chandrapur North bank 21 132 132 26 Aralia South bank 27 144 144 27 Collegetilla North bank 23 92 92 28 Uttar Jogendranagar South bank 42 267 267 29 Kata Shala South bank 42 244 244 30 Purba Pratapgarh South bank 18 91 91 31 Pratapgarh South bank 17 98 98 32 Ramthakur Palli, Town North bank 10 59 59 Pratapgarh 33 Adarsha Palli, Collegetilla North bank 15 73 73 34 RamkrishnaPalli, South bank 11 63 63 MadhyaPratapgarh 35 Surendra Palli, Madhya South bank 23 120 120 Pratapgarh 36 Thakur Palli, Paschim South bank 39 232 232 Pratapgarh 37 Trinath Colony, Town North bank 61 411 411 Pratapgarh 38 Pratap Sangha, Paschim South bank 17 78 78 Pratapgarh 39 Janakalyan Sangha, Paschim South bank 5 26 26 Pratapgarh 40 Town Bordowali South bank 16 80 80 41 HowrahNutan Palli, Town North bank 52 294 294 Pratapgarh 42 Umesh Ch. Bandyopadhaya North bank 28 135 135 Palli, Gangail Road 43 Bhattapukur South bank 14 88 88 44 Balurchar, Bhattapukur South bank 52 307 307 45 Dakshin Joynagar South bank 44 283 283 46 Joypur North bank 28 171 171 47 Rajnagar North bank 41 236 236 48 Pashim Joynagar North bank 48 170 170 49 Dashamighat, Gangail Road North bank 6 31 31

50 Shamshan Ghat, Gangail North bank 71 432 432 Road Total 1145 6654 6654

Tripura State Pollution Control Board 2 8.0 Conclusions :

The water quality of the Haora river under study has confirmed that the pollution load of up stream of Haora river is less as compared to down stream. The pollution load specially of Bio-Chemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Total Coliform increases and Dissolved Oxygen (DO) decreases towards down stream. From the study it is revealed that untreated sewage, human excreta( approx.6654 Kg/day) are directly discharged into the Haora river everyday from 1095 numbers of kaccha latrines of 1145 households on the river banks. It is also seen that Bacterial contamination including pathogens and solid wastes from different sources like cremation ground etc. are discharged directly into the river in the Urban areas.

It can therefore be concluded that the downstream of Haora river that lies around Agartala is heavily polluted and the water of this river is not suitable for drinking, bathing and other domestic uses. To keep the river living and useful it is necessary to take some conservation work early.

Tripura State Pollution Control Board 3 Tripura State Pollution Control Board 1