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Wilderness Visitor Experiences: Progress in Research and Management; 2011 April 4-7; Missoula, MT

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Wilderness Visitor Experiences: Progress in Research and Management; 2011 April 4-7; Missoula, MT Wilderness Visitor Experiences: United States Department Progress in Research and Management of Agriculture Forest Service Rocky Mountain 2011 April 4-7; Missoula, MT Research Station Proceedings RMRS-P-66 July 2012 Cole, David N., comp. 2012. Wilderness visitor experiences: Progress in research and management; 2011 April 4-7; Missoula, MT. Proc. RMRS-P-66. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 219 p. Abstract The workshop was convened to celebrate and review 50 years of research on wilder- ness visitor experience and its influence on wilderness stewardship. These proceedings are organized in three sections. The first section contains 12 papers that review literature or describe empirical research about wilderness visitor experiences. The second section provides three papers on management frameworks and the perspectives of planners and managers. The third section consists of five papers on wilderness experiences and the future. Keywords: management frameworks, recreation management, research methods, solitude, technology, visitor density, wilderness experience The Compiler David N. Cole is Research Geographer with the Aldo Leopold Wilderness Research Institute Rocky Mountain Research Station, Forest Service, Missoula, Montana. He holds a Ph.D. in geography from the University of Oregon and an A.B. in geography from the University of California, Berkeley. His research interests are in wilderness restoration, the management of visitor use, and the integration of the social and ecological sciences in wilderness and park planning and management. You may order additional copies of this publication by sending your mailing information in label form through one of the following media. Please specify the publication title and number. Publishing Services Telephone (970) 498-1392 FAX (970) 498-1122 E-mail [email protected] Web site http://www.fs.fed.us/rmrs Mailing Address Publications Distribution Rocky Mountain Research Station 240 West Prospect Road Fort Collins, CO 80526 Cover photo by David N. Cole. Preface • Is “solitude” still relevant? • How much discretion do wilderness managers have to The Wilderness Visitor Experience Workshop was held at follow public opinion? the Lubrecht Experimental Forest near Missoula, MT, April 4-7, • How should management respond to constantly evolving 2011. The science and management of wilderness visitors is technology? now more than half a century old. Much has been learned over this period. And yet it seems that enthusiasm for recreation A third topic involved a concern that experiences were not being effectively stewarded and that one barrier in this regard research generally and for wilderness visitor science specifi- was ineffective interaction between scientists and managers. cally has been waning recently. With the 50th Anniversary of Specific questions included: The Wilderness Act approaching in 2014, it seemed timely to celebrate and capture what has been learned over the past 50 • What are the barriers to more effective stewardship of years. We also wanted to revitalize this research tradition and visitor experiences? prepare for the next half century of visitor experience research • Why don’t managers more explicitly manage visitor and stewardship. experiences? For three days, twenty-one scientists and managers gave • How can managers and scientists work better to improve presentations and discussed important topics. The original idea wilderness stewardship? for the workshop was to comprehensively survey the breadth • How can research be better integrated across disciplines? of research on wilderness visitor experience, such that these proceedings would provide a state-of-knowledge on this topic. At the opening session of the workshop, Dr. Robert Lucas Indeed, a number of the papers produced are comprehensive was honored for his pioneering work and leadership in wilder- reviews. Some participants, however, chose to present empirical ness visitor research. As a Forest Service scientist, Bob either papers, without comprehensive reviews, and others presented conducted or commissioned most of the early wilderness visitor original essays suggesting important avenues for wilderness research conducted. He was Project Leader at the Lake States research. The result is a collection of reviews, empirical research Experiment Station from 1960 to 1967, where he worked pri- and personal essays that provide a rich (if not comprehensive) marily on the Boundary Waters Canoe Area. Then he moved overview of the past, present and future of wilderness visitor to Missoula, where he was Project Leader of the Wilderness experience research. Management Research Unit until his retirement in 1988. To Prior to the workshop, a number of driving issues and ques- celebrate Bob’s work, he was presented with a plaque that read tions emerged. A number revolved around the issue of the “Presented to Bob Lucas, Pioneering Wilderness Scientist. nature of wilderness experiences and their stewardship. Specific Your work on wilderness visitors serves as a foundation and questions under this topic included: inspiration for generations to come. April 2011. Participants in the Wilderness Visitor Experience Workshop.” • Are wilderness experiences unique? These proceedings are organized into three sections. The first • How are high quality wilderness experiences best de- section contains a collection of research reviews and empirical scribed? research. A number of these papers are devoted to understand- • What are we managing for? ing the nature of the visitor experience in wilderness, either for a • Do we manage wilderness conditions regardless of the representative sample of visitors or for subsets of visitors, such experiences people seek? as those who participate in wilderness experience programs. • What attributes most influence experience quality and Several papers are concerned with traditional subjects such how should we define thresholds for these attributes? as privacy/solitude in wilderness. Several others deal with • How can management protect against threats and/or technology in wilderness. The second set of papers includes enhance experiences? two papers by the planners/managers who participated in the • How much should managers intervene to manage for workshop and an overview of frameworks useful in managing “ideal” experiences? the wilderness experience. The final section consists of papers concerned with the future of wilderness management. A second set of issues concerned whether or not The Wil- Financial support for the workshop was provided by the derness Act should be consider a living document that evolves Aldo Leopold Wilderness Research Institute, Rocky Mountain over time. Specific questions included: Research Station, USDA Forest Service and The Wilderness • How should we resolve differences between legal man- Institute, School of Forestry, University of Montana. In addition dates and public preferences? to workshop participants, I acknowledge the contributions of • How are socio-cultural meanings of wilderness and ex- Sarah Potenza and Laurie Yung. perience preferences changing? i ii Contents I. Reviews and empirical research ..................................................1 Wilderness Visitor Experiences: Lessons from 50 Years of Research . 3 David N. Cole, Daniel R. Williams Continued Wilderness Participation: Experience and Identity as Long-term Relational Phenomena . 21 Jeffrey J. Brooks, Daniel R. Williams Immediate Conscious Experience in Wilderness: A Phenomenological Investigation . 37 Troy E. Hall, David N. Cole Visitors’ Conceptualizations of Wilderness Experiences . 50 Erin Seekamp, Troy Hall, David Cole Wilderness Naturalness, Privacy, and Restorative Experiences: An Integrative Model . 62 William E. Hammitt Wilderness Experiences as Sanctuary and Refuge from Society . 70 William T. Borrie, Angela M. Meyer, Ian M. Foster The Effect of Use Density and Length of Stay on Visitor Experience in Wilderness . 77 David N. Cole, Troy E. Hall Wilderness Experience Quality: Effects of Use Density Depend on How Experience is Conceived . 96 David N. Cole, Troy E. Hall The Impact of Technology on the Wilderness Experience: A Review of Common Themes and Approaches in Three Bodies of Literature . 110 John Shultis The Influence of Hand-Held Information and Communication Technology on Visitor Perceptions of Risk and Risk-Related Behavior . 119 Steven R. Martin, Kristen Pope Wilderness Experience Programs: A State-of-the-Knowledge Summary . 127 Chad P. Dawson; Keith C. Russell Wilderness at Arm’s Length: On the Outside Looking in at Special Provisions in Wilderness . 134 Alan E. Watson iii II. Management Perspectives and Frameworks .....................................147 Planning for Wilderness Experiences: Challenges and Strategies . 149 Kerri Cahill Humans Apart From Nature? Wilderness Experience and the Wilderness Act . 152 Mark Fincher Frameworks for Defining and Managing the Wilderness Experience . 158 Robert E. Manning III. Wilderness Futures .........................................................177 Potential Roles of Research in Enhancing the Performance of Management in Securing and Maintaining High Quality Visitor Experiences in Wilderness . 179 Stephen F. McCool Research Needs for a Better Understanding of Wilderness Visitor Experiences . 188 Stephen F. McCool, Chad P. Dawson Managing for Wilderness Experiences in the 21st Century: Responding to the Recent Wilderness Critique . 193 Joseph W. Roggenbuck Creating Public Memory of
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