L'architettura Tra Eteronomia E

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L'architettura Tra Eteronomia E L’ARCHITETTURA TRA ETERONOMIA E DOSSIER AUTOGENERAZIONE Luigi Alini, [email protected] Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile e Architettura, Università degli studi di Catania, Italia Introduzione «Non ho mai lavorato nell’esal- atelier di Brera del 1988 e gli interni dell’Hotel Gallia del 1989. tazione tecnocratica, alla risolu- “La vera architettura si autogenera”1: un approccio che si conso- zione di un problema costruttivo e basta. Ho sempre cercato di lida negli anni della collaborazione con Raúl Villanueva in Ve- interpretare lo spazio della vita dell’uomo» (Vittorio Garatti). nezuela e trova compimento a Cuba nel progetto delle Scuole Vittorio Garatti (Milano, 6 aprile 1927) è certamente uno degli d’Arte, dove Garatti ricorre ad una pluralità di strumenti non ultimi testimoni di una stagione “eroica” dell’architettura italia- confinabili rigidamente al mondo dell’architettura. na. Nel 1957 si laurea in architettura al Politecnico di Milano Nel 1957 a Caracas entra in contatto con Ricardo Porro e Ro- con una tesi che propone il ridisegno di una porzione del centro berto Gottardi. Sarà Ricardo Porro, rientrato a Cuba nel 1960, storico di Milano: l’area compresa fra piazza della Scala, via Bro- a coinvolgere Vittorio Garatti e Roberto Gottardi nel progetto letto, via Filodrammatici ed i giardini dell’ex edifico Olivetti di delle Escuelas Nacional de Arte. via Clerici. I tre giovani architetti saranno protagonisti di una felice stagio- Sono gli anni in cui Ernesto Nathan Rogers si afferma come una ne de “l’architettura della Rivoluzione”, saranno attraversati da delle principali personalità della cultura milanese. Garatti fa quell’energia “rivoluzionaria” che Ricardo Porro ha definito “re- propria la critica espressa da Rogers all’omologazione del “lin- alismo magico”. guaggio” razionalista a favore di un’architettura che recupera le Come ricorda Garatti: «fu un momento speciale. Progettammo implicazioni del luogo e della cultura materiale. La responsabili- le Scuole utilizzando un metodo elaborato in Venezuela. Si par- tà sociale dell’architettura, le connessioni tra architettura e altre tiva dall’analisi del contesto, inteso non solo come realtà fisica. forme di espressione artistica, sono le invarianti di tutta l’attivi- Studiammo poeti e pittori cubani. Wifredo Lam fu un grande tà di architetto, artista e grafico di Garatti. Sarà Ernesto Nathan riferimento. L’opera di Lezama Lima, ad esempio, è richiamata Rogers ad offrirgli la possibilità di sperimentare precocemente con evidenza nel piano della Scuola di Balletto. Fummo pervasi queste “contaminazioni”: nel 1954, insieme a Giuliano Cesari, dallo spirito della rivoluzione». Raffaella Crespi, Giampiero Pallavicini e Ferruccio Rezzonico, La contaminazione tra saperi e discipline, il convincimento che progetta l’allestimento della mostra sugli strumenti musicali alla l’architettura è una disciplina “parassitaria” sono alcuni dei temi X Triennale di Milano. Gli allestimenti temporanei saranno un al centro della conversazione che segue, dalla quale emerge con ambito privilegiato nel quale Garatti continuerà a sperimentare forza un metodo di lavoro che riconosce all’architettura un com- e integrare tra loro le qualità di artista, grafico e architetto. Esem- pito di “trasformazione sociale”, più precisamente un’arte con pi significativi di questo approccio sono le Scuole d’Arte a Cuba un fine sociale. Garatti sovente cita la definizione di architettura del 1961-63, il Complesso residenziale di Cusano Milanino del proposta da Porro: «l’architettura è la cornice poetica entro la 1973, l’Attico Cosimo del Fante del 1980, gli allestimenti per i ne- quale si svolge la vita dell’uomo». gozi Bubasty del 1984, la residenza Camogli del 1986, la sua casa Per Garatti l’architettura è un processo di autogenerazione e, in ARCHITECTURE Introduction tecture that recovers the implications of sano Milanino in 1973, the Attico Co- «I have never worked in the techno- the place and of material culture. The simo del Fante in 1980, the fittings for BETWEEN cratic exaltation, solving a constructive social responsibility of architecture and the Bubasty shops in 1984, the Camogli HETERONOMY AND problem and that’s it. I’ve always tried connections between architecture and residence in 1986, his house atelier in to interpret the space of human life» other forms of artistic expression are Brera in 1988 and the interiors of the SELF-GENERATION (Vittorio Garatti). the invariants of all the activity of the Hotel Gallia in 1989. Vittorio Garatti (Milan, April 6, 1927) architect, artist and graphic designer of True architecture generates itself1: an is certainly one of the last witnesses of Garatti. It will be Ernesto Nathan Rog- approach that was consolidated over one “heroic” season of Italian architec- ers who will offer him the possibility of the years of collaboration with Raúl ture. In 1957 he graduated in archi- experiencing these “contaminations” Villanueva in Venezuela and is ful- tecture from the Polytechnic of Milan early: in 1954, together with Giuliano filled in Cuba in the project of the Art with a thesis proposing the redesign of Cesari, Raffaella Crespi, Giampiero Schools, where Garatti makes use of a a portion of the historic centre of Mi- Pallavicini and Ferruccio Rezzonico, plurality of tools that cannot be rigidly lan: the area between “piazza della Sca- he designs the preparation of the ex- confined to the world of architecture. la”, “via Broletto”, “via Filodrammatici” hibition on musical instruments at the In 1957, in Caracas, he came into con- and the gardens of the former Olivetti 10th Milan Triennale. The temporary tact with Ricardo Porro and Roberto building in via Clerici. These are the installations will be a privileged area in Gottardi. Ricardo Porro, who returned years in which Ernesto Nathan Rogers which Garatti will continue to experi- to Cuba in 1960, will be the one to established himself as one of the main ment and integrate the qualities of art- involve Vittorio Garatti and Roberto personalities of Milanese culture. Ga- ist, graphic designer and architect with Gottardi in the Escuelas Nacional de ratti endorses the criticism expressed each other. Significant examples of this Arte project. by Rogers to the approval of the Ration- approach are the Art Schools in Cuba The three young architects will be the alist “language” in favour of an archi- 1961-63, the residential complex of Cu- protagonists of a happy season of the 21 ISSN online: 2239-0243 | © 2020 Firenze University Press | http://www.fupress.com/techne TECHNE 21 2021 32 DOI: 10.36253/techne-10977 quanto tale, non può trovare compimento all’interno della sua cui spesso parla Luciano Semerani. Quest’immagine probabil- specificità disciplinare: l’autonomia disciplinare è una contrad- mente è riemersa quando ho progettato la scuola del balletto. Da dizione in termini. L’architettura non può essere autoreferenzia- questa è nata l’idea di una promenade sulle coperture per osser- le, si autogenera proprio perché trova fuori da sé il senso della vare il paesaggio. sua responsabilità sociale. Nessuna concessione alle tendenze, all’autoreferenzialità, alla “oggettivizzazione dell’architettura”, L.A. Ti sei iscritto alla Facoltà di Architettura del Politecnico di alla sua spettacolarizzazione. Garatti, come Eupalino di Valery, Milano nell’A.A. 1946-47. rifugge dalle “architetture mute” e predilige invece le architetture V.G. Ai primi anni ho frequento poco le lezioni. Potrei definirmi che cantano. un autodidatta. Pensa cosa era Milano e l’Italia di quegli anni. L’impatto con l’Università non fu positivo, restai deluso della Un Dialogo di Luigi Alini Luigi Alini. Cominciamo con qualità degli studi. con Vittorio Garatti qualche dato personale. Vittorio Garatti. Sono nato a L.A. Hai avuto una intensa frequentazione con gli artisti che gra- Milano il 6 aprile del 1927. vitano intorno a Brera, cosa che hai considerato sempre di grande Il mio amico Emilio Vedova mi diceva che la vita si potrebbe rilevanza per la tua formazione. considerare come una sequenza di incontri con persone, luoghi, V.G. Nel 1948 ho conosciuto Ilio Negri, un grafico. Sempre a fatti. Brera vi era un gruppo di artisti (Morlotti, Chighine, Dova, Nella mia vita un ruolo rilevante l’ha avuto il nonno scultore, da Crippa) che frequentavano il Caffè Brera, conosciuto come Bar lui ho ereditato la capacità di percepire la qualità dimensionale della Titta. Grazie a queste frequentazioni ho avuto modo di am- dello spazio, la sua plasticità, la visione spaziale. pliare la mia conoscenza. Come sai, sostengo che esistano gli appuntamenti della vita e le L.A. La tua formazione giovanile è avvenuta in una fase dramma- “fulminazioni”. L’uscita della rivista Dada per me fu una vera ful- tica della storia del nostro paese. Vivere a Milano negli anni della minazione grazie alla quale ho avuto modo di scoprire il lavoro guerra non deve essere stato facile. di Kurt Schwitters, Theo Van Doesburg, il valore dell’immagine V.G. Ad ottobre del 1942 a Milano ci fu uno dei più tragici bom- e della tridimensionalità. bardamenti che la città abbia subito. Una bomba scoppiò davanti all’Accademia di Brera, dove vi erano gli uffici della Dalmine. L.A. Con Ilio Negri collaborate a diversi progetti. Con un gruppo di ragazzi andammo sui tetti. Guardammo la cit- V.G. Nel 1955 abbiamo realizzato la grafica del marchio Lago- tà dall’alto, con i tetti parzialmente distrutti. Quest’immagine me stina, poi impiegata anche per l’allestimento della mostra alla la porto ancora dentro, è parte di quel “museo della memoria” di Fiera Campionaria di Milano. Abbiamo lavorato insieme anche architecture of the Revolution, they art with a social purpose. Garatti often Vittorio Garatti. I was born in Milan carry this image inside me, it is part of will be crossed by that “revolutionary” cites Porro’s definition of architecture: on April 6, 1927. that museum of memory that Luciano energy that Ricardo Porro has defined architecture is the poetic frame within My friend Emilio Vedova told me that Semerani often talks about.
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