Quantitativeresearchfindingson inSouthAfrica StatisticsSouthAfrica PrivateBagX44 Pretoria0001 SouthAfrica

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E-mail:[email protected] Website:www.statssa.gov.za Quantitativeresearchfindingson RAPE inSouthAfrica

StatisticsSouthAfrica DrFMOrkin 2000 Head PublishedbyStatisticsSouthAfrica PrivateBagX44 Pretoria 0001

ISBN0-621-30161-2

©StatisticsSouthAfrica,2000

Thispublication,includingthedataonwhichitisbased,iscopyright.Apartfromusespermitted undertheCopyrightAct1978,nopartofitmaybereproducedorcopiedinanyformatorbyany process,andnoreproductionorcopymaybesold,withoutpriorpermissionorlicencefrom StatisticsSouthAfrica.

Authors: RosHirschowitz ChiefDirector,ResearchandDevelopment StatisticsSouthAfrica

SebleWorku DirectorateofAnalysis StatisticsSouthAfrica

MarkOrkin Head StatisticsSouthAfrica

StatsSALibraryCataloguing-in-Publication(CIP)Data

QuantitativeresearchfindingsonrapeinSouthAfrica/StatisticsSouthAfrica.-Pretoria: StatisticsSouthAfrica,2000 43p. Authors:RosHirschowitz,SebleWorku, MarkOrkin ISBN6-621-30161-2 1.Rape-SouthAfrica.2.Women-Crimeagainst.3.Research. I.StatisticsSouthAfrica. (LCSH16) AcompletesetofStatsSApublicationsisavailableattheStatsSAlibraryandthefollowing publiclibraries:

•NationalLibraryofSouthAfrica,PretoriaDivision •NationalLibraryofSouthAfrica,CapeTownDivision •LibraryofParliament,CapeTown •BloemfonteinPublicLibrary •NatalSocietyLibrary,Pietermaritzburg •JohannesburgPublicLibrary •EasternCapeLibraryServices,KingWilliam’sTown •CentralRegionalLibrary,Pietersburg •CentralReferenceLibrary,Nelspruit •CentralReferenceCollection,Kimberley •CentralReferenceLibrary,Mmabatho

Acknowledgements

StatsSAacknowledgesthefollowinginstitutionsandindividualsfortheircontributiontothe report:

•MsAnneLetsebe,DeputyDirectorGeneralandHeadofCabinetOfficeintheOfficeofthe President. •DrMarkShaw,DirectorofMonitoringandAnalysisintheDepartmentofSafetyandSecurity, andhiscolleagues. •DrLorraineGlanz,DirectorofCrimeStatisticsintheDepartmentofJustice,andher colleagues. •DrRachelJewkes,DirectoroftheWomen'sHealthResearchUnit,MedicalResearchCouncil, andhercolleaguesfromtheMedicalResearchCouncilandtheDepartmentofHealth. •DrChrisdeKock,Head:CrimeInformationAnalysisCentre,andhiscolleaguesoftheSouth AfricanPoliceServices. •TheDepartmentofCorrectionalServices. •MrTonyTrew,andhiscolleaguesintheGovernmentCommunicationandInformation System. •AlltheotherorganisationsthatmadetheirresearchavailabletoStatsSA. Contents

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Executivesummary Incidenceandprevalenceofrape1 Profileofthevictimsandvictim–offenderrelationships2 Outcomeofreportingrapetothepolice2 Internationalcomparison3 Reliabilityandvalidityofrapestatistics3

Chapter1:Introduction Background5 Defininganddistinguishingthecrimeofrape5 Difficultiesincollectingrapestatistics6 Availablesourcesofdata6 Structureoftherestofthereport7

Chapter2:Nationalandprovincialsurveys Thevictimsofcrimesurveyof19989 Violenceagainstwomeninthreeprovinces(1998)15 TheSouthAfricandemographicandhealthsurveyof199816

Chapter3:Statisticsfromregistersandotherrecords CrimeinformationanalysiscentreoftheSouthAfricanPoliceServices21 Riskfactorsassociatedwithrape24 Sentencesbeingservedbysexualoffenders27 Internationalcomparison27 Integration28

Chapter4:Localisedorsmallscalesurveys Changeandcontinuity:AsurveyofSowetointhelate1990s29 ViolenceagainstwomeninmetropolitanSouthAfrica29 Cityvictimsurveys30 Theroleofthepoliceinthepreventionofsexualviolence31 RapesurveillancethroughthedistrictsurgeonofficesinJohannesburg,1996-199832 Domesticviolenceagainstwomen:acloselookatintimatepartnerviolence33 Durbanmetropolitanstudy33 RapeCrisis-CapeTownstatisticsfor199833 Commonfindingsacrossthestudies34 Cautions34

AppendixA:Majorsurveys

AppendixB:Minorsurveys

References Listoffiguresandtables

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Figure1:PercentageofrespondentsintheVictimsofcrimesurvey whosaidthey wererapedinthefiveyearspriortothestudybyageatthetimeofthe interview(allfiguresareweighted)12 Figure2:Thedayofweekwhentherapeoccurred26

Table1:Numberandpercentageofwomensexuallyabusedorrapedbypopulation group(allfiguresareweightedtothepopulation)11 Table2:CircumstancesofrapeintheVictimsofcrimesurvey (allfiguresareweighted)13 Table3:Whetherornotaweaponwasusedintherapeepisode(allfiguresare weighted)13 Table4:Therateofreportingrapetothepoliceandreasonsfornotreporting (allfiguresareweighted)14 Table5:Numberandpercentageofwomenaged15–49yearseverraped,by populationgroupandage18 Table6:CasesofrapeorattemptedrapereportedtotheSouthAfricanPolice Servicesin199822 Table7: Outcomeof1998investigationsofcasesofrapeorattemptedrape reportedtotheSouthAfricanPoliceServices23 Table8:Numberandpercentageofvariouscategoriesofcrimesreportedin199823 Table9:Convictionratesofrapesorattemptedrapesreportedin199824 Table10:DatafromdocketstudyconductedbytheCrimeInformationAnalysis Centre25 Table11:Sentencedprisonersconvictedofsexualoffencesbyageandprovince, 199827 Table12:Rapestatisticsfromselectedcountries28 TableA1DatafromViolenceagainstwomeninthreeSouthAfricanprovinces 35 TableA2:DatafromtheSouthAfricandemographicandhealthsurvey:number andpercentageofwomenaged15–49yearswhowereeverraped,by populationgroupandprovince36 TableA3:DatafromtheSouthAfricandemographicandhealthsurvey:relationship ofoffendertovictimandrateofreportingtothepolice37 TableB1:Datafrom Changeandcontinuity:AsurveyofSowetointhelate1990s39 TableB2:DatafromViolenceagainstwomeninmetropolitanSouthAfrica 40 TableB3:DatafromCrimeinPretoria:resultsofacityvictimsurvey 41 TableB4:DatafromRapeCrisisCapeTownstatisticalreport1998 41 TableB5:Datafrom Rapesurveillancethroughdistrictsurgeonofficesin Johannesburg,1996-1998 42 PLEASETURNTHEPAGE Executivesummary

Incidenceandprevalenceofrape

Thisstudyprovidesanoverviewofavailableliteratureontheprevalenceandincidenceofrapein SouthAfrica,theresponseofthecriminaljusticesystemtosuchcrimesandthecharacteristicsof thosewhocommitrape.

ThereareindeedvariousstudiesofrapeinSouthAfricafromwhichrapestatisticsmaybe extracted,butnoneofthesestudieswerespecificallydesignedtomeasuretheprevalenceand/or incidenceofthiscrime.Thesestudies,althoughapproachedfromdifferentperspectivesand usingdiversemethods,comeupwithroughlysimilarpatternsortrendsassummarisedbelow.

Prevalencereferstohowmanycasesthereare,altogether,atagivenpointintime,forexample, howmanypeoplethereareinanycountryonthedayofapopulationcensus.Incidence,onthe otherhand,referstothenumberofcasesoveraspecifiedtimeperiod,forexample,thenumberof childrenper100000ofthepopulationthatwereborninagivenyear.

Internationally,allcrimesincludingrapearereportedasincidencestatisticsforagivenyear. Withinthatyear,theyarereportedasaproportionof100000ofthetotalpopulation.Inthisreport, StatsSAcontinuestofollowthisreportingmethod,ratherthananyother.Ittakespopulationsize intoaccount,andtheresultingincidenceofrapecanbecomparedtotheincidenceofothercrimes inSouthAfrica,forexamplecartheft,ortothesimilarlyreportedincidenceofrapeinother countries.

Itisinappropriatetoreportrapeoranyothercrimeinacountrysimplyoveratimeperiod,for example‘twowomanarerapedeveryminute’,withouttakingpopulationsizeintoaccount. Usingthismethod,ChinaoreventheUnitedStateswiththeirlargepopulationswouldhavemany morerapesperminutethancountrieswithsmallerpopulationssuchasSouthAfrica.

ThebestsourceofnationalincidencedataistheVictimsofcrimesurvey,conductednationally amongaprobabilitysampleof4000respondentsaged16yearsormorebyStatsSAforthe DepartmentofSafetyandSecurityin1998.Accordingtotheproportionofwomeninthisstudy whosaidtheywererapedduring1997,StatsSAcalculatedthat55000SouthAfricanwomen wererapevictimsin1997.Thisfiguretranslatesinto134womenrapedper100000ofthetotal populationin1997.(Sincesomewomenwererapedmorethanonce,theactualincidencewas143 per100000ofthepopulation.)Italso meansthatapproximately0,4%ofwomenaged16yearsor morewererapedin1997.

ThisfindingisofasimilarmagnitudetothatfoundintheViolenceagainstwomen study conductedinthreeprovinces(Mpumalanga,EasternCapeandNorthernProvince)in1998,bythe MedicalResearchCouncil,amongaprobabilitysampleof1300womenaged15to49years.

TheVictimsofcrimesurvey foundthat68womenper100000ofthepopulationsaidthattheyhad reportedtherapeincidenttothepolice(approximatelyhalfofthosewhosaidtheyhadbeen raped). SouthAfricanpolicestatisticsontheincidenceofrapereportedtothepolice,ascalculatedfor Interpol,whichincludeattemptedrapeandrapeofchildren,were120casesper100000ofthe populationin1996.Approximately40%ofreportedrapecasesarerapeofchildrenundertheage of18years.Whenthepolicestatisticsareadjustedaccordingly,theyyieldapproximately72 rapesorattemptedrapesofwomenovertheageof18yearsper100000ofthetotalpopulationin 1996.Thisissimilartothe68womenper100000ofthepopulationwhosaidthattheyhad reportedtherapeincidenttothepoliceintheVictimsofcrimesurvey.

Profileofthevictimsandvictim–offenderrelationships

Trendsacrosssurveystendtobesimilarregardingtheprofileofthevictimsofrapeandtheir relationshipwiththeoffenders,buttheactualproportionstendtodifferfromstudytostudy.We reportheremainlyfromtheVictimsofcrimesurvey, asthisisthemostcomprehensivesurvey coveringtheseissues.

•Victimsofrapetendtobeyoungerwomen,agedfrom16to25years(2,7%ofallwomeninthis agecategorysaidtheyhadbeenrapedinthefiveyearspriortotheinterviewofMarch1998, comparedwith1,8%ofallwomenagedbetween26and45yearsduringthistimeperiod), althoughrapeoccursinallagegroups. •Rapeamongwomenwasmorelikelytobeperpetratedbymenknowntothem.Thusamong womenwhosaidtheywererapedduringthefiveyearspriortotheinterviewofMarch1998, 34,6%wererapedbyrelativesormenwhowereintimatewiththevictims.Theproportionwho saidthattheywererapedbyastrangerwas24,4%,butthispercentagetendstoincreasewith theageofthewoman. •Amongthoserapesreportedtothepoliceahigherproportion(55,3%)weresaidtohavebeen committedbystrangers,accordingtotheRapesurveillanceproject oftheUniversityofSouth Africa(Unisa). •TheVictimsofcrimesurvey foundthat88,1%ofrapeswerecarriedoutbyasingleperpetrator. Inmostcases,womenwererapedwiththethreatofphysicalinjury,andoftenwiththeuseof knives(68,0%)oratgunpoint(16,5%).Almosthalfofallrapes(47,3%)occurredinsidethe homesofvictims. •Findingsfromtherapedocketsanalysisshowthat,ofthosecasesreportedtothepolice, occurredmorefrequentlythantheaverageonSaturdays(23,7%ofallreportedcases), particularlybetween19h00and01h00.

Outcomeofreportingrapetothepolice

•SeveralstudiesconfirmtheVictimsofcrimesurvey findingthatapproximatelyhalfofall respondentswhoexperiencedrapereportedtheincidenttothepolice. •Policestatisticsshowthat47,6%oftherapecasesreportedtothepolicewerereferredtocourt afterinvestigation.But,ofthecasesreferredtocourt,45,6%werewithdrawnincourt,anda further4,5%settledoutofcourt. •Ofthe22121reportedcasesthatwenttocourt,onlyafifth(19,8%)resultedintheconviction oftheaccused. •DataobtainedfromtheDepartmentofCorrectionalServicesshowthatamongprisonersjailed forsexualoffences,9,2%wereundertheageof20,31,6%wereagedbetween20and25years, and59,2%wereolderthan25yearsofage.

Internationalcomparison

•TheSouthAfricanpolicestatisticsmentionedearlier(120casesper100000reportedtothe police,includingattemptedrapeandrapeofchildren)arehigherthanthereportedratesin neighbouringAfricancountries,forexample,Botswana(68)andSwaziland(59)per100000 ofthepopulationin1996.Theyare,infact,thehighestamongInterpolmembers.

Reliabilityandvalidityofrapestatistics

•Thedatausedforthissummaryweredrawnfromseveralsources,basedonstudiesusing considerablydifferentmethodsofdatacollectionandwithverydifferentobjectives,andnot specificallyfocusedontheincidenceofrape. •Scientificallysoundtechniquesofdatacollectionandanalysiswerenotusedinsomecases.In severalcases,thestudieswerebasedonsmallsamplesizes. •Eveninthosemoregeneralsurveyswithrelativelylargenumbers,theactualnumberofrape victimstendedtobetoosmallforconclusivefindings.Forexample,theactualnumberof femalerespondentsinthesampleof4000adultsfortheVictimsofcrimesurvey whosaidthey hadbeenrapedin1997wasrathersmall. •Itisrecommendedthatascientificallydesignedstudyofsufficientlylargesamplesize focusingonlyonrapebecarriedoutthroughoutthecountry. PLEASETURNTHEPAGE Chapter1 Introduction

Background

Thisstudyprovidesanoverviewofavailableliteratureontheprevalenceandincidenceofrapein SouthAfrica,theresponseofthecriminaljusticesystemtosuchcrimesandthecharacteristicsof thosewhocommitrape.

Prevalencereferstohowmanycasesthereare,altogether,atagivenpointintime,forexample, howmanypeoplethereareinanycountryonthedayofapopulationcensus.Incidence,onthe otherhand,referstothenumberofcasesoveraspecifiedtimeperiod,forexample,thenumberof childrenthatwerebornper100000ofthepopulationinagivenyear.

Thisreviewfocuseson quantitativeratherthanqualitativeresearch.Thelattertypeofresearch coversmanyimportantaspectsofrapeanditsconsequences,forexampletheexperienceofthe victim,theextentoftrauma,extentofconfidinginothersorseekingcounsellingetc.Butthese researchfindingsarenoteasilyquantifiable,thereforetheyareexcludedfromthisreview,which focusesonrapestatistics.

Defininganddistinguishingthecrimeofrape

Inthissection,wedistinguishbetweenrapeandotherformsofviolenceagainstwomen.Rapehas beendefinedinvariouswaysincludinglegal,psychological,sociologicalandsubjective definitions.Itisthereforenecessarytodefinethetermrape,asitisusedinthisdocument.All definitionsaretakenfromSexualoffences:Thesubstantivelaw (SouthAfricanLaw Commission,1999).

Firstlywelookatgender-basedviolence,whichtheUnitedNationsdefinesas:

Anyact…thatresultsin,orislikelytoresultinphysical,sexualorpsychologicalharmor sufferingtowomen,includingthreatsofsuchacts,coercionorarbitrarydeprivationof liberty,whetheroccurringinpublicorprivatelife.

Differentcategoriesofthiscrimeinclude:,sexualassaultandrape.Abusecantakevarious formsincludingeconomic,emotional,physicalorsexual.

Sexualabuseisconsideredtobeanyunwantedphysicalinvasionofanindividual’sbodythatis sexualinnature.Thisabuserangesfromtouchingandkissing,throughtoforcedoralsex,forced sexualpenetrationorrapeandbeingforcedtoperformprostitutionandbestialacts.

Sexualassault,inlegaltermsisdefinedastheunlawfulandintentionalapplicationofforceto anotherperson,ormakingthepersonbelievethatsuchforcewillimmediatelybeapplied,with theintenttocommitthesexualact.

Rape,accordingtoSouthAfricanlaw,‘consistsinamanhavingunlawful,intentionalsexual intercoursewithawomanwithoutherconsent.Sexualintercoursepresupposespenetrationofthe femalesexualorganbythemale’spenis’.(SouthAfricanLawCommission,1999,p.69).At present,inexistinglegislation,theoffenceisgenderspecificinthatitcanonlybecommittedbya man,andthevictimcanonlybeawoman.Adiscussionisunderwayregardinghowthisdefinition shouldbechangedsoastofullycoversexualcrimesandrapeagainstmen.

Inthispaper,rapeisdefinedinaccordancewithSouthAfricalaw.However,itfocusesonthe subjectiveexperiencesoffemalevictims.Thevictims’statementsregardinghavingbeenraped aretakenasthemaincriteriainidentifyingthisoffence.

Difficultiesincollectingrapestatistics

Rapeisatraumaticexperienceandasensitiveissue,andmaybeunder-reportedtofieldworkers duringasurveynomatterhowcarefullydesignedthesurveyis.Thisriskcanbeminimisedby givingsensitivitytrainingtofieldworkersbyqualifiedpeople,forexamplecounsellors.Butit remainsdifficulttoascertaintheextentofunder-reportinginaparticularsurvey.Thevalidityof resultsinanysurveycan,however,betestedagainstothersurveyswithsimilarresearch designs.

Anotherproblemconcernstheinterpretationofwhatisseenasrapebythevictim.Extensive qualitativeresearchsuggeststhatwomenoftendonotdescribeforcedintercourseasrapewhen acurrentorpreviousintimatepartner(boyfriendorhusband)istheperpetrator.

Theextentofunder-reportingofthiscrimeremainsdifficulttodeterminethroughouttheworld. ButthereisnothingtosuggestthatitishigherinSouthAfricathaninothercountries.

Availablesourcesofdata

Theanalysisinthispaperisbasedonthefollowingsources:

Nationalandprovincialstudies •TheVictimsofcrimesurvey byStatisticsSouthAfrica,1998 •ViolenceagainstwomeninthreeSouthAfricanprovinces bytheMedicalResearchCouncil, 1999 •TheSouthAfricandemographicandhealthsurvey1998,bytheMedicalResearchCounciland theDepartmentofHealth

Statisticsfromregistersandotherrecordedsources •Crimeinformationanalysiscentre(CIAC)oftheSouthAfricanPoliceServices: Quarterly crimereport3/98, bytheSouthAfricanPoliceServices •DataobtainedfromtheDepartmentofCorrectionalServices •DataobtainedfromtheSouthAfricanPoliceServices •DataobtainedfromtheInternationalCriminalPoliceOrganisation

Localisedorsmall-scalesurveys •Changeandcontinuity:asurveyofSowetointhelate1990s bytheDepartmentofSociology oftheUniversityoftheWitwatersrand •ViolenceagainstwomeninmetropolitanSouthAfrica,July1997toFebruary1998 bythe InstituteforSecurityStudies •CrimeinPretoria/Johannesburg/Durban/CapeTown:Resultsofacityvictimsurvey,July 1997toFebruary1998 bytheInstituteforSecurityStudies •Preventionofsexualviolence:asocialauditoftheroleofthepoliceintheSouthMetropolitan LocalAuthority,1998 bytheSouthernMetropolitanLocalCouncil •RapesurveillancethroughdistrictsurgeonofficesinJohannesburg,1996-1998 bytheHealth andPsychologyUnitoftheUniversityofSouthAfrica •Domesticviolenceagainstwomen:acloselookatintimatepartnerviolence,1998,bythe MedicalResearchCouncil •TheDurbanmetropolitanpilotstudy,bytheMedicalResearchCouncil,undertakenin1996 •RapeCrisisStatisticsReport1998,byRapeCrisisCapeTown.

Thesesurveysandstudiesarediscussedbelowinrelationtotheirmethodologies,results, strengthsandlimitationsastheyrelatetotheaimofthisreviewofmeasuringtheextentofrapein SouthAfrica.

Structureoftherestofthereport

InChapter2,themostimportantfindingsfromnationalandprovincialsurveyfindingsare discussed,whileinChapter3,thefocusisonstatisticsandresearchfromtheDepartmentsof SafetyandSecurity,JusticeandCorrectionalServices.Chapter4examinessmallerscalesurveys orlocalstudies,andwaysinwhichtheyareinter-relatedandsupportthefindingsoftheearlier, nationalorprovincialstudies. PLEASETURNTHEPAGE Chapter2 Nationalandprovincialsurveys

Inthischapter,thethreelargestsurveysinthecountryaskingvictimsaboutrapeareexamined. Theseare:TheVictimsofcrimesurveyof1998conductedbyStatisticsSouthAfrica, againstwomeninthreeSouthAfricanprovincesbytheMedicalResearchCouncil,1998,and The SouthAfricandemographicandhealthsurveyof1998 bytheMedicalResearchCouncilandthe DepartmentofHealth.

Allthreesurveysarebasedonnationalorprovincialprobabilitysampling.However,noone surveyfocusesonlyonrape,andnonewerespecificallydesignedtomeasuretheextentofrapein thecountry.

Thevictimsofcrimesurveyof1998

Thissurveyisthemostcomprehensibleofallsurveysonthecrimeofrapethatispresently available.Wethereforediscussitinsomedetailbelow.

Methodology

TheVictimsofcrimesurvey isthefirstnationwidehousehold-basedsurveyoftheexperiencein SouthAfricaofbeingavictimofcrime.ItwasconductedbyStatisticsSouthAfrica.Thesurvey wascommissionedbytheSecretariatforSafetyandSecurityandwasjointlyfundedbytheand theUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme(UNDP),withtechnicalassistancefromtheUnited NationsInterregionalCrimeandJusticeResearchInstitute(Unicri)andresearchersand consultantsfromStatisticsSweden.ThefieldworkforthesurveywasconductedinMarch1998.

Theinformationwasobtainedbymeansofface-to-faceinterviewsamongmembersof households.Thesampleconsistedof4000peopleaged16yearsandabove.Itwasdrawninthree stages:firstlyaprobabilitysampleof800enumeratorareas(EAs)wasdrawnfromthesampling frameof86000EAs,asdemarcatedforthe1996populationcensus.Thissamplewasstratified explicitlybythe42policedistrictsofthecountry.Secondly,withineachofthe800EAs,five householdswereselectedforinterviewing,usingsystematicsampling.Lastly,onerespondent aged16yearsormorewasselectedtobeinterviewedineachofthefivehouseholdsineach sampledEA.Thispersonwaschosenusingatableofrandomnumbers.

The1996populationcensusformedthebasisforweightingthedata.Twodifferentsetsofweights wereused:householdandindividualweights.Rapewasregardedasanindividualcrime;thusthe weightingprocedureforhouseholdsisnotrelevanthere.Crimescommittedagainstindividuals wereweightedtothepopulationofindividualsaged16yearsormore.Factorsusedtocalculate individualweightswereasfollows:populationgroup,age,genderandestimatedpopulation growthsincethecensus.

Theaimof thesurveywastoprovidestatisticsoncrimefromthepointofviewofthevictim includingboththosecrimeswhichwerenotreportedtolawenforcementagenciesandthose whichwerereported.Forthepurposeofthispaper,wehavefocusedonanswersgiventothe questionsaskedonsexualabusegenerally,andonthesubjectiveassessmentofwhetherornotthe crimewasperceivedtoberapebythevictim.

Results

Overallfindingsregardingrapeamongwomen Table1indicatesthat2,1%ofwomenaged16yearsormoreacrosspopulationgroups (N=337000)reportedthattheyhadbeensexuallyabusedatleastoncebetweenthebeginningof 1993andMarch1998.

Furtherbreakdownindicatesthat: •2,7%ofcoloured,2,7%ofIndian,2,2%ofAfricanand0,9%ofwhitewomenaged16yearsor morereportedsexualabuseduringthistime period. •Amongthosewhohadbeensexuallyabused,82,3%(N=277000)describedtheeventasrape. •Oneinfive(19,9%)ofrespondentswhohadbeenrapedduringthefiveyearspriortothe interviewsaidthattheeventtookplacesometimeduring1997.Thistranslatesto134women per100000ofthepopulationin1997.Ifwetakeintoaccountthenumberofwomenwhosaid theyhadbeenrapedmorethanonceduring1997,thenumberofincidentsbecomes143per 100000ofthepopulationin1997. •Morethanhalf,i.e.56,2%ofthisnumber,hadreportedthisincidenttothepolice.Thisfigure translatesto68 per100000ofthepopulation(excludingchildrenundertheageof16years). •Thetablefurthershowsthat65,4%ofallwomeninthestudywhowereraped(N=181000) saidthatthiseventtookplacebetween1993and1996. •Another3,4%oftherapedrespondentssaidthattheeventtookplacein1998,beforetheMarch interview. •Amongwomenwhohadbeenraped,8,9%saidthattheywererapedonmorethanone occasion. •Relativelyfew(2,4%)respondentsdidnotspecifywhentheincidenttookplace. Table1:Numberandpercentageofwomensexuallyabusedorrapedbypopulationgroup (allfiguresareweightedtothepopulation)

African Coloured Indian White Total N % N % N % N % N % Womensexuallyabusedinthepastfiveyears Yes 265584 2,2 41672 2,7 13515 2,7 15799 0,9 336570 2,1 No 11978352 97,8 1497693 97,3 485345 97,3 1812663 99,1 *15819278 97,9 Unspecified 4920 0,0 0 0,0 0 0,0 0 0,0 4920 0,0 Total 12248856 100,0 1539365 100,0 498860 100,0 1828462 100,0 16155848 100,0 Amongsexuallyabusedwomen,thoseraped inthepastfiveyears Yes 218253 82,2 36203 86,9 6758 50,0 15799 100,0 277012 82,3 No 47331 17,8 5469 13,1 6758 50,0 0 0,0 59558 17,7 Total 265584 100,0 41672 100,0 13516 100,0 15799 100,0 336570 100,0 Amongthoseraped,yearofrape 1993–1996 148465 68,0 26029 71,9 6758 100,0 0 0,0 181252 65,4 1997 49637 22,7 5410 14,9 0 0,0 0 0,0 55047 19,9 **1998 9492 4,3 0 0,0 0 0,0 0 0,0 9492 3,4 Morethanonce 4101 1,9 4764 13,2 0 0,0 15799 100,0 24664 8,9 Unspecified 6557 3,0 0 0,0 0 0,0 0 0,0 6557 2,4 Total 218252 100,0 36203 100,0 6758 100,0 15799 100,0 277012 100,0 *Includingunspecifiedpopulationgroup **JanuarytoMarch Source:StatisticsSouthAfrica(1998), Victimsofcrimesurvey

Therelationshipbetweenageandriskofbeingraped Althoughtheexactageatthetimeofrapewasnotrecorded,Figure1showsthatrapevictimswere morelikelytobeyoungwomenagedbetween16and25yearsatthetimeoftheinterview.

Amongwomenagedbetween16and25years,2,7%saidthattheyhadbeenrapedinthefiveyears priortotheinterview.Amongthoseaged65yearsormore,however,only0,3%wererapedduring thistime.

Thesepercentagesshouldbetreatedwithextremecaution,sincethesamplesizeineachage categoryissmall.Nevertheless,theydoindicateatrend. Figure1:PercentageofrespondentsintheVictimsofcrimesurvey whosaidtheywere rapedinthefiveyearspriortothestudy,byageatthetimeoftheinterview(allfiguresare weighted)

Agegroups

16–25 2,7

26–45 1,8

46–55 0,9

56–65 1,2

65+ 0,3

Allgroups 1,7

0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5

Percentages

Source:StatisticsSouthAfrica(1998), Victimsofcrimesurvey

Circumstancesinwhichtherapetookplace Table2showsthat: •Relativesofvictimsorintimatescommitted34,6%ofallrapes;casualacquaintances17,3% andothersknowntothevictim,8,9%,while24,4%ofallvictimsdidn’tknowtheirattackers and13,4%knewthembysightonly. •Sixty-fourpercentofrapesoccurredeitherathomeornearhome,while16,7%occurredin openspacesoralleys. •Asmanyas88,1%ofrapeswerecommittedbyloneoffenders,and11,9%oftherapeswere committedbymorethanoneperson.

Useofaweapon •Table3indicatesthatmorethanhalfoflone-offenderattacks(56,1%)involvedtheuseofa weapon. •Rapesinvolvingmultipleoffendershadanevengreaterpercentageofweaponsusedinthe attack.Amongrapeswithtwoormoreoffenders,87,2%usedaweapon. •Amongoffendersthatusedweapons,68,0%usedknivesorsharpobjectstothreatentheir victims,16,5%usedgunsand5,9%usedotherobjects. Table2:CircumstancesofrapeintheVictimsofcrimesurvey (allfiguresareweighted)

N Relationshipofoffendertovictim Acquaintanceofthevictim 47900 17,3 Relativeorintimate 95894 34,6 Otherknownperson 24605 8,9 Refusedtosay 3969 1,4 Didnotknowtheoffender 67595 24,4 Knownbysightonly 37050 13,4 Total *277013 100,0 Placeofincident Ownresidence 131039 47,3 Nearownresidence 46318 16,7 Publicplace 15069 5,4 Openspace/Alley 46397 16,7 School/College/University 5410 2,0 Car/Taxi/Train 22828 8,2 Other 9952 3,6 Total *277013 100,0 Numberofoffenders One 244112 88,1 Two 17504 6,3 Threeormore 15396 5,6 Total 277012 100,0 *Duetoroundingasaresultofweightingtothepopulation,totalsmaydifferslightlyfromeachother. Source:StatisticsSouthAfrica(1998), Victimsofcrimesurvey

Table3:Whetherornotaweaponwasusedintherapeepisode(allfiguresareweighted)

Useofweapon Yes No Total N % N % N % Numberofoffenders One 136853 56,1 107259 43,9 244112 100,0 Twoormore 28690 87,2 4210 12,8 32900 100,0 Total *165543 59,8 111469 40,2 277012 100,0 Typeofweapon,inthoserapeswhereaweapon wasused Gun 27325 16,5 Knifeorothersharpobject 112565 68,0 Other 9762 5,9 Unspecified 15892 9,6 Total *165544 100,0 *Duetoroundingasaresultofweightingtothepopulation,totalsmaydifferslightlyfromeachother. Source:StatisticsSouthAfrica(1998), Victimsofcrimesurvey1998 Reportingrapetothepolice Table4showsthat: •Morethanhalf(56,2%)oftherapevictimssaidtheyhadreportedtheoffencetoalaw enforcementagency. •Themostcommonmainreasonsfornotreportingthecrimetothepolicewerethatthevictims fearedreprisals(33,3%),orthatthevictimsfeltthatthepolicewouldnotbeabletosolvethe crime(9,6%),orelseembarrassment(9,2%). •Amongvictimsinthesurveywhoreportedthecrimetothepolice,52,0%saidthatthe perpetratorswerearrested,while35,1%saidthattheoffenderswerenotarrested.The remaining12,9%didnotanswerthequestion.

Crimestatisticsobtainedfromthepoliceindicatethattheincidenceofreportedrapeissimilarto thesesurveyfindings.Forexample,accordingtopolicestatistics,takingonlywomen18years andabove,theincidenceofreportedrapewas73per100000ofthetotalpopulationduring1996. ThefiguresofreportedrapeobtainedfromtheVictimsofcrimesurvey for1997giveasimilar proportionifchildrenareexcludedfromthereportedstatistics,andthedenominatorremainsthe totalpopulation.

Table4:Therateofreportingrapetothepoliceandreasonsfornotreporting (allfiguresareweighted)

N % Reportingtothepolice Yes 155697 56,2 No 121315 43,8 Total 277012 100,0 Mainreasonsfornotreporting Fearofreprisals 40364 33,3 Fearofbeingblamed 5524 4,6 Embarrassment 11138 9,2 Beliefthatthepolicewouldfailtosolvethecrime 11600 9,6 Thoughtthatthepolicewouldnottaketheincidentseriously 4407 3,6 Couldnotidentifytheperpetrator 7594 6,3 Other 25526 21,0 Unspecified 15163 12,5 Total 121316 100,0 Whethertheperpetratorswerearrested,amongthosewhoreportedthecrime Yes 80885 52,0 No 54707 35,1 Unspecified 20105 12,9 Total 155697 100,0 Source:StatisticsSouthAfrica(1998). Victimsofcrimesurvey1998 Strengthsandlimitationsofthestudyinrelationtorape

Thissurveyhasthefollowingstrengths: •Itisnationalincoverage,basedonprobabilitysampling. •Itisahouseholdsurveywithface-to-faceinterviews. •Ithasclearlydefinedterms.

Thissurveyhasthefollowinglimitations: •Thesamplesizemaybetoosmallforgeneralisingaboutarareevent. •Itisageneralsurveyoncrime. •Onlypeopleaged16yearsandabovewereinterviewed,sothattheextentofthecrimeofrape amongchildrenaged15yearsorlessremainsunknown.

Violenceagainstwomeninthreeprovinces(1998)

Althoughitcoversonlythreeprovincesandthesamplesizeisrelativelysmall,thesurvey: Violenceagainstwomeninthreeprovinces,conductedbytheMedicalResearchCouncilin1998, givessome(butnotcomplete)supporttothefindingsoftheVictimsofcrimesurvey.Thetableon whichthissectionisbasedisgiveninAppendixA(TableA1).

Wediscussthemethodologyindetailbelowtoindicatesomeofitsstrengthsandweaknessesin relationtothecollectionofrapestatistics,andthenfocusontheresults.

Methodology

Thesurveywasconductedin1998intheEasternCape,MpumalangaandtheNorthernProvince bytheMedicalResearchCouncil(MRC)andwassponsoredbytheDepartmentofArts,Culture, ScienceandTechnology.Thesurveywasdoneamongrandomlyselectedwomenagedbetween 18and49from2232sampledhouseholds.Thefinalnumberinterviewedwas1300womenoutof the1447householdswithaneligiblewoman.

ThesamplingframeineachprovinceconsistedoftheEAsdemarcatedforthe1996census.Each provincewasstratifiedintourbanandruralareas.EAsweresampledwithprobability proportionaltothenumberofhouseholds(PPS).Fourteenurbanhouseholdsand28rural householdswereselectedfromthe2stratarespectively.ThePPStechniquetogetherwith stratificationensuredthatthesamplewasapproximatelyself-weightingwithineachprovince.

Theaimofthestudywastodescribetheprevalenceofphysical,sexual,financialandemotional abuseofwomen,andtoidentifyhealthproblemsencounteredbyabusedwomenandthehealth serviceswhichtheyused. Results

Overallfindingsregardingrapeamongwomen Basedonaquestionregardingexperiencesofbeingforcedorpersuadedtohavesexagainsther willbythreatening,holdingherdownorhurtingherinsomeway,thesurveyfoundthefollowing: •Approximately1%ofthewomenwhowereinterviewedstatedthattheyhadbeenrapedin 1997.Thisproportionishigherthanthatfoundcountrywideinthe Victimsofcrimesurvey (0,4%). •Asmallproportionof0,7%ofwomeninterviewedinEasternCape,asagainst1,1%ofwomen interviewedinNorthernProvinceand2,0%ofwomeninterviewedinMpumalanga,saidthat theywererapedin1997. •Overall,ofwomenthatreportedbeingrapedsometimeintheirlifetime,23,5%saidthatthey wererapedin1997.

Strengthsandlimitationsofthestudyinrelationtorape

Thissurveyhasthefollowingstrengths: •Itisbasedonprobabilitysampling. •Itisbasedonface-to-faceinterviews. •Itisasurveythatspecificallyfocusesonviolenceagainstwomen.

Thissurveyhasthefollowinglimitations: •Itisbasedononlythreeprovincesduetologisticalandfinancialconstraints. •Onlywomenaged18to49yearswereinterviewed. •Thesampleofwomenactuallyrapedwasverysmallfordecisiveconclusionstobedrawn.

TheSouthAfricandemographicandhealthsurveyof1998

TheSouthAfricandemographicandhealthsurveyof1998(SADHS)confirmssomebutnotallof thefindingsofboththesurveysreviewedabove,i.e.theVictimsofcrimesurvey,and Violence againstwomeninthreeSouthAfricanprovinces.

Methodology

TheSouthAfricandemographicandhealthsurvey(SADHS) wasconductedbytheMedical ResearchCouncilandtheDepartmentofHealthin1998.Thesurveywasfundedbythe DepartmentofHealthwithtechnicalaswellasfinancialassistancefromMacroInternationaland USAID.Threequestionnaireswereadministered,i.e.ahouseholdquestionnairewhichwas mainlyusedasascreeninginstrument,aquestionnaireforalladults,andanotherforallwomen agedbetween15and49yearsinthesampledhouseholds.Inthisreport,wefocusmainlyonthe last-mentionedquestionnaire,i.e.theoneforwomen. Thesamplingforthe1998SADHSwasdoneintwostages.Inthefirststage,enumeratorareas (EAs)wereselectedonthebasisoftheprincipleofprobabilityproportionaltosizeaccordingto thenumberofhouseholdsresidingintheEA,usingthepreliminaryresultsofthe1996population census.ThesecondstageconsistedofthedivisionoftheEAsintourbanandnon-urbanstrata. Thus,SADHSisalsoanationalsurvey.

Atotalof12860householdswereselectedforthesample.Inthesehouseholds,12327women wereidentifiedasbeingeligibletoanswerthequestionnaireapplyingtowomenaged 15to49 years.Butonly11735womenwereactuallyinterviewed.Thedatahavebeenweightedtothe 1996populationcensus.Atthisstage,onlypreliminaryresultsofthesurveyhavebeenreleased. Thesedatainthepreliminaryreportareunweighted.

Thesurveycoveredmanyissues,includinginformationonfertility,childhoodmortalityrates, maternalandchildhealth.Onesectionofthequestionnairewasdevotedtoquestionsonviolence againstwomen,includingrape.

Thequestionsonrapewerephrasedtomeasureitsprevalenceratherthanitsincidence.Women wereaskedwhetherthey hadeverbeenraped,ratherthanwhetherornottheyhadbeenraped duringaspecifictimeperiod.

Results

ThetableshowingthemainfindingsisincludedhereinthetextasTable5,buttheothertables fromtheSADHSreportaregiveninAppendixA(TablesA2andA3),inordertomakethisreview easiertofollowandlessrepetitive.

Prevalenceofrape Table5showsthatnationally4,0%ofwomenaged15to49yearsreportedhavingbeenrapedat somestageduringtheirlife. •Womenundertheageof35weremorelikelytoreportthattheyhadbeenrapedatsomestage duringtheirlifetimethanwomeninotheragegroups. •Amongwhitewomeninterviewedinthesurvey,7,3%reportedbeingraped.Thiswasthe largestpercentagewithineachpopulationgroup,followedbycoloureds(6,0%). •Whencalculatedasaproportionofthetotalnumberofwomenwhohadreportedbeingraped (N=471),Africanwomenrepresentedthelargestproportion(66,7%),followedbycoloured women(19,5%),thenwhite(11,4%)andIndianwomen(2,1%).

AsfarasprovincialbreakdownsareconcernedMpumalangareportedthehighestpercentage ofwomeneverraped,andNorthWestthelowest.Thisfindingshouldbetreatedwithcaution sincethereported numbersofwomenwhohadeverbeenrapedareverysmallincertain provinces. Table5:Numberandpercentageofwomenaged15to49yearseverraped,bypopulation groupandage

African Coloured Indian White Total N % N % N % N % N % Womeneverraped Yes 314 3,5 92 6,0 10 2,5 55 7,3 471 4,0 No 8669 96,4 1437 93,7 383 97,5 691 91,5 11180 95,3 Unspecified 10 0,1 4 0,3 0 0,0 9 1,2 23 0,2 Total 8993 100,0 1533 100,0 393 100,0 755 100,0 *11735 100,0 Ageofrespondentinyearsbywhetherornottheyhadeverbeenraped 15-19 Yes 85 4,5 20 7,2 2 3,2 6 5,2 113 4,8 No 1823 95,4 256 92,8 61 96,8 110 94,8 2250 94,8 Unspecified 2 0,1 0 0,0 0 0,0 0 0,0 2 0,1 Total 1910 100,0 276 100,0 63 100,0 116 100,0 *2373 100,0 20-24 Yes 71 4,2 18 7,6 1 1,6 6 8,1 96 4,6 No 1631 95,7 218 91,6 60 98,4 67 90,5 1985 95,2 Unspecified 2 0,1 2 0,8 0 0,0 1 1,4 5 0,2 Total 1704 100,0 238 100,0 61 100,0 74 100,0 *2086 100,0 25-29 Yes 44 3,2 18 6,7 2 4,1 11 10,7 75 4,1 No 1334 96,7 251 93,0 47 95,9 91 88,3 1732 95,6 Unspecified 2 0,1 1 0,4 0 0,0 1 1,0 4 0,2 Total 1380 100,0 270 100,0 49 100,0 103 100,0 *1811 100,0 30-34 Yes 39 3,2 14 6,6 2 3,2 17 14,3 72 4,5 No 1171 96,7 197 93,4 61 96,8 101 84,9 1574 97,4 Unspecified 1 0,1 0 0,0 0 0,0 1 0,8 5 0,3 Total 1211 100,0 211 100,0 63 100,0 119 100,0 *1616 100,0 35-39 Yes 37 3,1 7 3,1 0 0,0 4 3,2 49 3,0 No 1171 96,9 220 96,5 57 100,0 117 94,4 1574 96,7 Unspecified 1 0,1 1 0,4 0 0,0 3 2,4 5 0,3 Total 1209 100,0 228 100,0 57 100,0 124 100,0 *1628 100,0 40-44 Yes 19 2,1 10 5,9 1 1,9 9 7,9 39 3,1 No 891 97,8 160 94,1 52 98,1 103 90,4 1212 96,6 Unspecified 1 0,1 0 0,0 0 0,0 2 1,8 4 0,3 Total 911 100,0 170 100,0 53 100,0 114 100,0 *1255 100,0 45-49 Yes 19 2,8 5 3,6 2 4,3 2 1,9 28 2,9 No 648 97,0 135 96,4 45 95,7 102 97,1 936 96,9 Unspecified 1 0,1 0 0,0 0 0,0 1 1,0 2 0,2 Total 668 100,0 140 100,0 47 100,0 105 100,0 966 100,0 GrandTotal 8993 1533 393 755 *11735 *Numbersdonotnecessarilyaddtothetotalsbecauseofmissingvalues. Source:MedicalResearchCouncilandDepartmentofHealth(1999), SouthAfricademographicandhealth survey1998:preliminaryreport Circumstancessurroundingtheevent Regardingcircumstancessurroundingtheevent,thefollowingpointsarenoteworthy. •Aratherlargeproportionofrespondents(65,6%)didnotspecifytheirrelationshipwiththe offender. •Amongthosethatspecifiedthisrelationship(N=162),19,8%saidthattheperpetratorswere strangersorrecentacquaintances,while37,7%saidthattheyweretheirschoolteachersor principals.Closetothreeintenwhoansweredthequestion(29,6%)saidthattheperpetrator wasarelativeorsomeoneclosetothem. •ThesefindingsarenotdirectlycomparablewiththeVictimsofcrimesurvey sincethe categoriesdifferfromeachother.Nevertheless,theyindicatethatthepersoncommittingthe rapeislikelytobewellknowntothevictim.

Alargepercentageofthosewhoindicatedthattheyhadbeenrapedatsomestageduringtheir lifetime(73,8%)didnotspecifywhetherornotthecrimehadbeenreportedtothepolice. •Amongthosewhodidanswerthequestion,64,1%saidthattheyhadreportedtheincidentto thepolice,and35,9%thattheyhadnotreportedit. •Thisproportionishigherthanthe56,2%whosaidthattheyhadreportedtheeventtothepolice intheVictimsofcrime survey.Butthelargeproportionofunspecifiedcases(73,8%)may indicatethatthesefindingsshouldbetreatedcautiously.Nevertheless,thereissome,albeit tentative,supportthatmorethanhalfofrapecasesarereportedtothepolice.

Strengthsandlimitationsofthestudyinrelationtorape

Thissurveyhasthefollowingstrengths: •Itisanationwidesurvey,basedonprobabilitysampling. •Itemployedface-to-faceinterviews.

Thissurveyhasthefollowinglimitationsinrelationtomeasuringrapeincidence: •Thequestionsthatwereaskedwerenotdesignedtocalculatetheincidenceofrapeovera specifictimeperiodortherateofreportingtothepolice.Instead,theyweredesignedto measurerapeprevalencesincewomenwerereportingwhetherornottheyhadeverbeen raped,evenasachild. •Byfocusingonlyonwomenagedbetween15and49years,italsodoesnottakeintoaccount rapeamongyoungerchildrenorolderwomen. PLEASETURNTHEPAGE Chapter3 Statisticsfromregistersandotherrecords

DatafromtheSouthAfricanPoliceServices(SAPS),andtheDepartmentsofCorrectional Services(DCS)andJustice,asintegratedbytheCrimeInformationAnalysisCentre(CIAC)of theSouthAfricanPoliceServices,willbeusedinthischapter.Thesestatisticsaddtoour understandingofhowreportedcasesofrapearedealtwithbythedepartmentsconcerned.We examinetheproportionofcasesreported,thecourtactionstakenandtheextentofconvictions. Thechapteralsoexaminesthedifferencesinthenumberofreportedcasesper100000ofthe populationinagivenyearinvariouscountries.

CrimeinformationanalysiscentreoftheSouthAfrican PoliceServices

Thestatisticspresentedbelowreflectthreedifferentsetsofdata: •thenumberofcasesreportedtothepolice, •thenumberofcasesdealtwithandfinalisedbythepolice,and •thenumberofcasesfinalisedincourt.

Thepolicerecordsandthecourtcasesreportedherearenotnecessarilythesame.Forexample,a casethatisreportedtothepoliceduring1998mayonlybesolvedduring1999andfinalisedin courtduring2000.Alsoitshouldbenotedthatthereisasignificantbacklogofcasesinthejustice system,withsomerapecasestakingaslongastwoyearstobefinalisedincourt. Rapecasesreportedtothepolice

Table6indicatesthatamongcasesofrapeandattemptedrapereportedtothepolicein1998, 59,7%involvedwomenvictimsaged18yearsormore,whiletheremaining40,3%involved femalechildrenaged17yearsoryounger.Thisgivesavolumeofreportedrapefor1998of70 womenaged18andaboveper100000ofthepopulation.

Childrenareexcludedforcomparativereasons.Wedonothaveincidencestatisticsonchildrape fromanysurveyagainstwhichtocomparetheextentofreportedchildrapeinpolicestatistics. Thisdoesnotimplythatchildrapeisnotanextremelyseriousoffencethatdemandstheattention oftheauthorities.

ComparisonswiththeVictimsofcrimesurvey for1997andpolicestatisticsfor1998showthat thereisasimilaritybetweenthetwodatasets.TheVictimsofcrimesurvey showedareportingrate of68per100000populationamongwomen16yearsandabove.Policestatisticsshowareporting rateof70per100000populationamongwomenaged18yearsandabove.(Thisincludes attemptedrape,butthedefinitionsacrossthestudiesdonotnecessarilycoincide.)

Table6:CasesofrapeorattemptedrapereportedtotheSouthAfricanPolice Servicesin1998

Volumeof reportedrapeper Ageofvictimat 100000ofthe timeofrapein years N % population,1998 0–17 19836 40,3 47,1 18+ 29444 59,7 69,9 Total 49280 100,0

Outcomeof1998investigationsamongcasesreferredtothepolice

Table7showsthatin1998thepolicehadhandled46476recordedrapecases. •Alargeproportionofreportedcasesofrapewerereferredtocourtafterinvestigation(47,6%). •Closetooneinfivecases(18,2%)werewithdrawnbeforetheyreachedcourt.Thisusually happensinthosecaseswherethevictimisactuallyknowntotheoffender. •Amongcasesthatwerereferredtocourt,onlyafifth(19,8%)resultedinconvictionofthe accusedperson. •Alargepercentageofcasesarewithdrawnafterbeingreferredtocourt(45,6%). •Approximatelyhalfthecaseswherethetrialwascompleted(4382 of8701cases)resultedina conviction. Table7:Outcomeof1998investigationsofcasesofrapeorattemptedrapereportedto theSouthAfricanPoliceServices

N Outcomeofpoliceinvestigations Casesreferredtocourt 22121 47,6 Caseswithdrawnbeforereachingcourt 8456 18,2 Unsolvedcases 15037 32,4 Unfoundedcases 862 1,9 Total 46476 100,0 Outcomeofcourtcases Guilty 4382 19,8 Notguilty 4319 19,5 Withdrawnduringcourtproceedings 10103 45,6 Casessettledoutofcourt 998 4,5 Other 2319 10,5 Total 22121 100,0

Crimesreportedin1998

Table8indicatestheextentofrapereportinginrelationtothereportingofothercases. Amongallreportedcasesofcrimein1998,rape(includingattemptedrape)accountedfor4,4%of cases.

Table8:Numberandpercentageofvariouscategoriesofcrimesreportedin1998

Reportedcrimeinbroadcategories N % Illegalstrikes 64 0,0 Intercoursewithagirlundertheprescribedageand/orafemale‘imbecile’ 474 0,0 Publicviolence 1093 0,1 Crueltytowardsandill-treatmentofchildren (excludingsexualoffences,assaultandmurder) 2083 0,2 Abduction 3090 0,3 4196 0,4 Indecentassault 4851 0,4 Culpablehomicide 13140 1,2 Murder 24875 2,2 Attemptedmurder 29418 2,6 Crimeninjuria 40202 3,6 Rape(includingattempts) 49280 4,4 Otherrobbery 62111 5,6 Robberywithaggravatingcircumstances 88319 7,9 Burglary:businesspremises(includingattempts) 94102 8,4 Commonassault 199313 17,8 Assaultwiththeintenttoinflictgrievousbodilyharm 234056 20,9 Burglary:residentialpremises(includingattempts) 266817 23,9 Total 1117484 100,0 Convictionratesforarangeofcrimescomparedwithconvictionratesforrape

Table9showsthatraperankslastonthelistofcrimesintermsofconvictionrates(50,4%)among thosereportedcasesresultinginaprosecutionafterinvestigation.Thehighestconvictionrates areobtainedfordrunken-driving,drug-relatedcrimes,commonassaultsandhousebreaking. •Onlyoneoutof11(8,9%)ofallreportedrapecases(thosethatareprosecutedandthosethat arenot)endupintheconvictionoftheperpetratorwhereashalf(53,3%)ofcasesfrom drunken-drivinganddrug-relatedcasesresultinconviction. •Wehavealreadyseen,however,thataconsiderablepercentageofcasesarewithdrawnbefore theyreachcourtorduringcourtproceedings.

Table9:Convictionratesofrapesorattemptedrapesreportedin1998

Casesresultinginaconvictionasa Casesresultinginaconviction proportionofcasesthatwere *% asaproportionofreported *% prosecutedin1998 casesin1998 Drunkendriving 93,3 Drug-related 53,3 Drug-related 90,7 Drunkendriving 53,3 Commonassault 81,2 Murder 15,7 Housebreaking 80,5 Assault 12,6 Cartheft 75,1 Commonassault 9,7 Assault 72,0 Rape 8,9 Car-hijacking 67,2 Housebreaking 5,2 Murder 63,9 Robbery 2,6 Robbery 63,0 Cartheft 2,3 Rape 50,4 Car-hijacking 1,9 *Thepercentagesstandontheirown.

Riskfactorsassociatedwithrape

WenowreportonastudyinGautengconductedbyexaminingpolicedockets.Thisstudy confirmssomeofthetrendsreportedinthesurveysdescribedinChapter2.

Backgroundtothestudy

Initsthirdquarterlycrimereportof1998,theCIACoftheSouthAfricanPoliceServices highlightedcertainriskfactorsassociatedwiththeactofrapeandtheprofilesofbothvictimsand perpetrators.

Thecentreundertookanin-depthdocketstudypertainingtorape(adocketistherecordofa policeinvestigation).Informationwascollectedusingaformcontainingquestionstobe answeredfromthecontentsofthesedockets. A10%sampleofallrapecasesreportedtotheSAPSinGautengduring1996wasrandomly drawn.However,only44%ofthesesampledrecordscouldbeprocessed,duetocertainpractical problems.Forexample,docketsstillbeinginvestigatedcouldnotbemadeavailableforresearch anddocketswerepoorlycompleted.Atotalof538dockets,involving549victimsand757 suspects,wereanalysed.Thevastmajority,i.e.87,0%ofvictimsinthisstudy,wereAfrican,while 5,3%werecoloured,0,5%Indianand6,8%white.

Docketsdealingwithattemptedrapewereexcludedfromthestudy.

Results

Table10showsthatwomenagedbetween19and24yearswerethemostvulnerableagegroup,at thehighestriskofbeingraped.ThisconfirmstheearlierfindingsofChapter2,forexamplethose oftheVictimsofcrimesurvey, thatyoungwomenaremorelikelytobevictimsofrape. •Thetablealsoshowsthatmajorityofoffenders(57,1%)wereunknowntotheirvictims.This findingisinlinewiththeearlieronecitedinChapter2thatwomenaremorelikelytoreport rapethathasbeencommittedbystrangers,ratherthanwhenithasbeencommittedbysomeone whomthevictimknows.Nevertheless,attackscommittedbypeopleknowntotheirvictims accountfor38,9%ofallthesereportedrapes. •Theanalysisshowedthatthelargestproportionofreportedrapeshappenedattheoffender’s residence(30,9%),followedbyopenspaces(27,0%)andtheresidenceofthevictim(14,5%).

Table10:DatafromdocketstudyconductedbytheCrimeInformationAnalysisCentre

Ageattimeofrapeinyears N % Placeofoccurrence N % Under11 54 9,8 Victim’sresidence 80 14,5 12–14 49 8,9 Rapist’sresidence 170 30,9 15–18 103 18,8 Friend/Familymember’shome 34 6,2 19–24 148 27,0 Placeofentertainment 5 0,9 25–30 72 13,1 Street 23 4,2 31–40 76 13,8 Openspace 149 27,0 41–50 31 5,6 Parking/Taxirank/Busstop 4 0,7 51+ 8 1,5 Other 57 10,3 Unspecified 8 1,5 Unspecified 29 5,3 Total 549 100,0 Total *551 100,0 Raceofvictim *N % Relationshiptooffender N % African 478 87,0 Stranger 435 57,1 Coloured 29 5,3 Acquaintance 177 23,2 Indian 3 0,5 Relativeorintimate 61 8,0 White 37 6,8 Familyfriend/Neighbour 59 7,7 Unspecified 2 0.4 Unspecified 23 3,0 Other 7 0,9 Total 549 100,0 Total *762 100,0 *Sometotalsexceedthenumberofvictimsandsuspectssincemorethanonevictimorsuspectcouldhavebeen involvedincases. Source:CrimeInformationAnalysisCentre(CIAC)oftheSouthAfricanPoliceServices, Quarterlycrimereport3/98 Figure2indicatesthatthebulkofrapecasesoccurredoverweekends,withthehighestproportion ofcasesoccurringonSaturdays(23,2%),followedbySundays(20,3%).Thesmallest proportionsofcaseswerereportedonTuesdays(6,3%)andWednesdays(5,4%).

Figure2:Thedayofweekwhentherapeoccurred

Days

Monday

Tuesday 6,3

Wednesday 5,4

Thursday 7,2

Friday 14,5

Saturday 23,2

Sunday 20,3

Overaperiodoftime 8,6

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Percentages

Source:CrimeInformationAnalysisCentre(CIAC)oftheSouthAfricanPoliceServices, Quarterlycrimereport3/98

Strengthsandlimitationsofthisanalysisinrelationtootherrapestatistics

Thestudyhasthefollowingstrength: •Itanalysesthelevelofreportedrape,andtheprofileofthevictimsandperpetratorsfroma sourcebasedonpolicerecords.Theseconfirmthetrendsfoundinsurveysandotherdata sources.

Thestudyhasthefollowinglimitations: •Itonlydealswithreportedrapes,andhencecannotbeusedforgeneralisationtoallrapes. •Thequalityandcompletenessofalargenumberofpolicedocketswereinadequate. Sentencesbeingservedbysexualoffenders

ThedatadiscussedinthissectionwerefurnishedbytheDepartmentofCorrectionalServices. However,itwasnotpossibletogetdatafromthisdepartmentforprisonersconvictedspecifically ofrape.

Table11indicatesthefollowing: •Altogether,in1998,therewere11569prisonersservingsentencesforsexualoffences. •Amongtheprisonersconfinedforsexualoffences,9,2%wereundertheageof20years, 31,6%werebetween20to25yearsand59,2%wereabove25years. •Gautengaccountedforthelargestpercentageofprisonersincustodyforsexualoffences (20,6%),followedbyWesternCape(17,3%).

Table11:Sentencedprisonersconvictedofsexualoffencesbyageandprovince,1998

Ageofprisoner N % Province N % Gauteng 2383 20,6 WesternCape 2000 17,3 NorthWest 1651 14,3 KwaZulu-Natal 1584 13,7 EasternCape 1351 11,7 FreeState 1052 9,1 Under20 1067 9,2 Mpumalanga 800 6,9 20–25 3652 31,6 NorthernCape 444 3,8 Over25 6850 59,2 NorthernProvince 304 2,6 Total 11569 100,0 Total 11569 100,0 Source:DepartmentofCorrectionalServices

Internationalcomparison

Inordertoobtaininternationalcomparisonsoftheincidenceofrapecasesper100000ofthe population,werefertothe1996InternationalCriminalPoliceOrganisation(ICPO)Interpol report.Thereportindicatestheextentofreportedrapein120countriesthatareInterpolmembers. Itshouldberememberedthatthedefinitionofcrimesmaydifferfromcountrytocountry,aswell asthemethodologyusedtocollectdata,andhenceInterpolcautionsagainsttheuseofthese figuresforthepurposesofcomparisons.Nevertheless,tostudypatternsofrapeacrosstheworld, wehaveselected threegroupsofcountriesasexamplesoftheextentofreportedrapeintheworld. Thesegroupsaredevelopedcountries,countrieswithasimilareconomicprofiletoSouthAfrica andneighbouringAfricancountries. •Table12showsthatSouthAfricahadthehighestnumberofreportedrapecases(119,5per hundredthousandpeople)ofallselectedcountriesin1996.Allfiguresincludeattemptedrape aswellasrapeofchildren.(Thisreadershouldhoweverbearinmindthatabsolute comparisonsarenotpossibleforthereasongivenabove,andSouthAfricamaynotnecessarily havethehighestnumberofreportedrapes.) •Ifweincludeonlywomen18yearsandolderthevolumeofreportedrapeinSouthAfricain 1996was73per100000ofthepopulation.Thefiguresobtainedfromthe Victimsofcrime survey in1998giveasimilarproportionifchildrenareexcluded.

Table12:Rapestatisticsfromselectedcountries

Country Casesofrapereported Volumeofreportedrape tothepolice per100000population SouthAfrica 50481 119,5 Gabon 1744 105,1 Botswana 1101 68,5 Swaziland 573 59,4 Namibia 830 50,5 UnitedStates 95769 36,1 NewZealand 1287 35,0 2792 23,3 Argentina 7150 21,7 1608 18,2 Venezuela 3460 16,2 France 7191 12,4 514 11,7 Chile 1571 10,8 Bulgaria 767 9,1 EnglandandWales 4594 8,8 Korea 1811 4,0 1259 3,2 1139 2,9 Uganda 247 1,2 Source:InternationalCriminalPoliceOrganisationICPO-Interpol(1996), InternationalCrimeStatistics

Integration ThedatadiscussedsofarindicatethatthereisindeedarelativelyhighrateofrapeinSouthAfrica. Forexample,134womenper100000ofthepopulationwererapedin1997.Morethanhalfof theserapecaseswerereportedtothepolice.Rapescommittedbystrangersaremorelikelytobe reportedtothepolicethanthoseinwhichthevictimknowstheperpetrator.Manycasesare withdrawneitherbeforetheyreachcourt,orevenaftertheyarebroughttocourt,particularly thosecaseswherethevictimknowstheoffender.

Rapevictimstendtobeyoung,oftenbelowtheageof25years.Rapeismorelikelytooccurover theweekend,particularlySaturdays.Itismostlikelytooccureitherintheperpetrator’sorthe victim’sresidence. Chapter4 Localisedorsmallscalesurveys

Asummaryofaseriesofsmallerorlocalquantitativesurveysconcerningrapethathavebeen conductedinSouthAfricainrecentyearsisgiveninthischapter.Forthetablesonwhichthis chapterisbased,thereaderisreferredtoAppendixB.

ThesestudiessupportatleastsomeofthefindingsoftheVictimsofcrimesurvey, intrends,ifnot inactualproportions.Wepointoutthesimilaritiesanddifferences,andwherepossiblethe reasonsforthedifferences,andthelessonstobelearnedfromthesesurveysinrelationto collectingrapestatistics. Changeandcontinuity:AsurveyofSowetointhelate1990s

InJanuary1997,theDepartmentofSociologyoftheUniversityofWitwatersrandconducteda wide-rangingsurveyamongresidentsofSoweto.

Themainpurposeofthisstudywastogiveaninsightintothesocio-economicconditionsand demographicaspectsoflifeinSoweto.Questionswereaskedonhousingconditions,health, educationandcrime,includingrape.

•Thisstudyfoundratherlowraperates,perhapsbecausethequestionwasaddressedto householdheads,mostofwhomweremale. •Accordingtothestudy,femalerespondentswereatleastfivetimesmorelikelythanmale respondentstoadmitto,andreport,therapeofamemberoftheirhouseholdin thelastfive years. •Overall,rapewasthesingleformofcrimeorviolencethatworriedrespondentsthemost.

Thelessontobelearnedfromthissurveyinrelationtoraperesearchisthatrespondentbiasisan importantfactortotakeintoaccountwhenundertakinghouseholdsurveys.Itisdifficulttoobtain accuraterapestatisticsthroughproxyrespondents.

ViolenceagainstwomeninmetropolitanSouthAfrica

ThiswasarathersmallcitysurveydonebytheInstituteforSecurityStudies(ISS)duringJulyand August1998.Thestudyfocusedspecificallyonabusedwomenattendinginterventionagencies inthecitiesofDurban,CapeTownand Johannesburg.Altogether,269abusedwomenwere selectedfromallidentifiablehelpingagenciesinthesecities.

Thestudyaimedtoinformpeopleconcernedwithviolenceagainstwomenaboutintervention strategies,ratherthantoreportontheactualincidenceofviolenceagainstwomenorrape.It focusedontheimpactofviolenceagainstwomen,aswellastheirexperienceswithservice providers.Neverthelessitgivessomeindicationoftrendsregardingrapeprevalence.More importantly,italsogivesanindicationofwherethecrimetookplace,bywhomandatwhatageit wascommitted,supportingsomeofthefindingsoftheVictimsofcrimesurvey. •Thestudyrevealedthat70,6%ofwomenparticipatinginthesurveyexperiencedsexualabuse and57,2%reportedhavingbeenrapedduringtheirlifetime.Thesehighfiguresincomparison toothersurveysareduetothefactthatthissurveyfocusedspecifically onwomenwhohad beenabusedandwereattendinghelpingagencies. •Nearly7outof10sexuallyabusedvictimswerelessthan30yearsoldwhenthefirstabuse occurred. •Thevastmajority(81,3%)ofwomeninthesurveyknewtheirabusers.Onlyoneineight (12,4%)abuserswerestrangerstotheirvictims. •Thesurveyalsoshowsthatvictimsofsexualabuseweremostlyvictimisedintheirhomes (40,1%).Theabuser’shomewasthesecondmostfrequentlyusedvenuefortheoffence.

Cityvictimsurveys

AseriesoffourseparatesurveyswasconductedbytheInstituteofSecurityStudies(ISS)in Pretoria,Johannesburg,DurbanandCapeTown,fromJuly1997toFebruary1998.Thesesurveys wereinitiatedtogainanunderstandingofthepatternsofcrimeandviolenceindifferent communitieswithineachofthemetropolitanareas.Asimilarquestionnairewasadministeredin allfourcities.Thesurveytooktheformofastreetsurvey,basedonquotasampling.

Respondentswereaskedwhetherthey,orinthecaseofcertaincrimes,membersoftheir household,hadbeenavictimofcrimeoverthefiveyearperiodpriortotheinterview.Thesurvey allowedforeightcategoriesofseriouscrimes,amongwhichsexualincidentssuchasrapewere included.

WepresentthefindingsofthePretoriaandJohannesburgsurveyshereasexamplesofthetypeof informationthatmayingeneralbeobtainedfromthismethodology.Thesesurveysconfirmsome ofthetrendsfoundintheVictimsofcrimesurvey.

ThePretoriasurvey

InthePretoriasurvey,asampleof2547peoplewereinterviewedbetweenAprilandMay1998, amongwhich904werewomen.

•Thenumberofrespondentswhoreportedsexualassaultinthesurveywassmall(N=34),since only3,8%ofwomenwhowereinterviewedreportedthattheywerevictimsofsexualassaultin thefiveyearspriortothesurvey.Justoverhalfofthesevictimsofsexualassaultdescribedthe incidentasrape. •Inthissurvey,13victimsknewtheirassailantsbyname,8bysightonlyand9didn’tknowtheir attackers.Ofthosewhoknewtheirattackers,nearlyhalfofthemknewtheirattackers intimately. •Thelargestnumberofattackstookplaceinsidethevictim’sortheperpetrator’shomes(N=12), orinplacesofentertainment(N=9). •Amongthosewhogavetheexactdayofoccurrence,12victimssaidtheoffencewas committedovertheweekend,and10saidithadoccurredduringweekdays.Themostlikely timewasbetweensixintheeveningandmidnight. •Actualweaponswereusedinrelativelyfewcases.Inmostcases,theoffender(s)usedphysical strength. •Morethanhalfthevictimsinthisstudyreportedtheoffencetothepolice. •Amongrespondentsthatdidnotreportthemattertothepolice,reasonsgivenwerefearof reprisals,embarrassmentandthebeliefthatthepolicewouldnotdoanythingaboutsuch crimes.

TheJohannesburgsurvey

MajorfindingsfromtheJohannesburgsurvey aresummarisedasfollows: •Closeto57%ofrapevictimsknewtheiroffendersbyname,while20%knewtheiroffenders bysight.Approximately23%ofsurvivorswerevictimisedbycompletestrangers. •Closeto32%ofrapeswerecommittedinsidethevictim’shomesandabout40%neartheir homes. •Amongwomeninthesurveywhosaidtheyhadbeenraped,52%saidtheyreportedthecrime tothepolice,substantiatinginprinciplethefindingsofthe Victimsofcrime surveyreportedon earlier.

Thesesurveyssupporttheoverallfindingsthatrapeoffendersareusuallyknowntothevictim, thattheyarelikelytotakeplaceinthevictims’homesandthatmorethanhalfofrapecasesare actuallyreportedtothepolice.

Theroleofthepoliceinthepreventionofsexualviolence

ThisstudywasundertakenintheJohannesburgSouthernMetropolitanLocalCouncil(SMLC)in 1998inaspecificattempttofindcommunity-basedsolutionstoproblemsrelatedtosexual violenceinthearea.Itwasimplementedbymeansoftheco-ordinatedeffortsofNGOs,oneof whichwastheAgencyforCommunityInformationEmpowermentandTransparency(CIET), andgovernmentagencies.

Thesurveysourcesvariedfromhouseholdstoindividualsinthestreet,toserviceproviders coveringthearea,andyouthsatthenearestschool.Sevenkindsofquestionnaireswereused.In thestudy,3971women,2060men,1471youth,91policeofficers,9magistratesand prosecutors,and88serviceworkerswereinterviewed.Thesurveywasdesignedtogive indicativeratherthandefinitivefindings. •Oftherapevictimsidentifiedinthesurvey,24,0%hadbeenrapedmorethanonceintheyear priortothesurvey. •NearlyonehalfofrapesintheSouthhappenedinsidethehomeorinaneighbour’shouse. Otherimportantplacesofrapeincidentswereidentifiedasstreets,shops,taxisandopenfields, whichsupportsthefindingsofotherstudies. •Closeto60%ofrapistswereknowntotheirvictims.Theywerefamilymembers(27,0%)or relatives,friendsoracquaintances(33,0%).Only39%ofrapistswerestrangerstotheir victims. •Sevenintenrapevictims(69,0%)reportedtheincidenttothepolice,supportingtheprevious findingsofareportingrateofmorethanhalfthevictims.

Rapesurveillancethroughdistrictsurgeonofficesin Johannesburg,1996-1998

ThisprojectwasaninitiativeundertakenbytheUniversityofSouthAfrica’s(UNISA)Health PsychologyUnittomeasuretheextentofconfirmedrapeinclinics.Datawascollectedfrom victimsofrapeattheHillbrowMedico-LegalClinicfromJanuary1996toDecember1998,the medico-legalclinicinLenasiaHospitalfromFebruary1996toDecember1998andthemedico- legalclinicattheChrisHaniBaragwanathHospitalfromJanuary1996toJuly1997.

Datawascapturedusingasurveillancequestionnairethatwascompletedalongsidethe mandatoryJ88formwheneverarapevictimappearedfortreatmentatany ofthethreecentres mentionedabove.Staffmemberswerereluctanttocompletethequestionnaire.Asaresult,the Hillbrowcliniccouldtrackonly34%ofallcasesseenattheclinic,Lenasiahospital,25%and Baragwanath,3%.Thesefindingsarethusmerelyindicative,sincecoveragewasvery incomplete. •Amongreportedcases,youngwomenaged15to25experiencedthehighestvictimisation rate. •Victimsattendingtheclinicsweremorelikelytoberapedbystrangers(55,3%)thanbypeople knowntothem. •Mostrapeincidentswherevictimscametothemedico-legalcentrestookplaceinopenspaces oralleys.Closeto43%oftotalrapesoccurredwithinahome,ofwhich29,1%tookplaceatthe rapist’shome.Otherplacesincludehotelrooms,publictoiletsandtransportterminals. •Themajorityofrapeincidentsinvolvedasingleoffender(73,0%).Loneoffendersweremore likelytobeknowntotheirvictims.Ofrapesinvolvingmorethanoneperpetrator,inthe majorityofcasesperpetratorswerestrangerstotheirvictims. •Inmorethanhalfofthecases,theoffenderhadaweapon,themostcommonbeingaknife, followedbyafirearm.Otherweaponsincludedrocksandchains. •Mostrapesoccurredovertheweekend.Moreover,mostrapesoccurredafterdarkorafter workinghours.Raperatesattainedtheirpeakbetween18h00and22h00. Domesticviolenceagainstwomen:acloselookatintimate partnerviolence

Thisstudywasconductedamong412womenattheMitchellsPlainCommunityHealthCentrein CapeTown,apublicservicecentreprovidingmainlyprimaryhealthcare.Theaimofthestudy wastodeterminetheextentandprofilesofintimatepartnerviolenceamongwomenattendingthe healthcentre.DatawerecollectedfromDecember1997toFebruary1998.Informationwas obtainedfromeveryfifthwomanaged15yearsandolderwhoattendedthehealthcentreforany reason.

Thedatacollectionprocesshadtwostepswheretwoquestionnaireswereadministered:a screeningquestionnaire,toidentifywomenthathadsufferedabuseineithertherecentpastorin thedistantpast,andthenafurtherandmoredetailedquestionnaireadministeredtothosewomen whohadreportedabuse. •Womenwhoexperiencedsomesortofsexualabuseweremorelikelytobeabusedbytheir relativesortheirintimatepartners. •Relativelyfewabusedwomenreportedthemattertothepolice.Thissupportsearlierfindings thatsexualabusecommittedbypartnersorrelativesislesslikelytobereportedtothepolice thanwhenthesecrimesarecommittedbystrangers.

Durbanmetropolitanstudy

Thiswasapilotstudywhichsurveyedonestatefacility(AddingtonHospital)andoneprivate facility(EntabeniHospital)inordertoobtainatraumaprofilewithintheDurbanmetropolitan area.

DatawereobtainedfromthetraumaunitsofthetwohospitalsforfourweeksinDecember1995 andfourweeksinAugust1996.AtEntabenihospital,allpatientswithphysicaltraumaduring thesetwomonthswereincludedinthestudy,whichgaveatotalof524cases.Becauseofthehigh volumeofpatientsattendingthetraumaunitatAddingtonhospitaleveryday,theweekhadtobe dividedintofoursix-hourperiods.TheAddingtonsamplesizewas961cases. •Closeto4%ofallassault-relatedinjurieswereduetorape. •Theaverageageofvictimswas15years,withanagerangeof4to61years.

RapeCrisisCapeTownstatisticsfor1998

DataobtainedfromthevictimsupportorganisationRapeCrisisCapeTownwillbeusedhereas anexampleofinformationobtainedfromclientsseekinghelpfromthistypeofcentreinthenon- governmentalsector. •Youngvictimsbetweentheagesof18and25yearsformedthehighestproportionofvictims attendingtheclinic,andalargeproportionwerelessthan18yearsofage. •Morethan56%ofvictimswhocameforcounsellingknewtheirattackers.Almost30%ofthe rapistswerestrangers. •Nearlytwo-thirdsofvictimsreportedthatasingleoffenderrapedthem. •Amongthewomenthatwentforcounselling,morethanhalf(52,2%)saidtheyhadreported thecrimetothepolice.

Commonfindingsacrossthestudies

•Fromthesesurveysonecanconcludethefollowing: •Rapeismorelikelytooccuramongyoungerwomenundertheageof25or30years. •Theperpetratorismorelikelytobesomeonewhoisknowntothevictim. •Theincidentismorelikelytotakeplaceinthehomeofthevictimortheperpetrator. •Asingleperpetratorislikelytocommitmostrapes.Wheretherearemultipleperpetrators,they aremorelikelytobestrangers. •Rapesoccurringinpublicplacesaremorelikelytobecommittedbystrangers. •Thosewhoarealreadyinabusiverelationshipsaremorelikelytoberapedthanthosewhoare not. •Rapestendtooccuroverweekends.Theyarealsomorelikelytooccurintheevenings,after 18h00. •Inthemajorityofrapecases,aweaponsuchasaknifeislikelytobeused. •Morethanhalfofthevictimsacrossthesestudiesreportedtheincidenttothepolice. •Thevictimismorelikelytoreportarapecommittedbyastrangertothepolicethanone committedbysomeonewhoisknowntoher.

Cautions

Whenlookingatfiguresfromcertainsmall-scalestudies,forexamplethoseconductedamong womenattendingmedico-legalclinicsorcounsellingcentres,itisnotpossibletogeneralisefrom suchstatisticstotheentirepopulation.Thesestudiesdonotdealwitharepresentativesampleof thepopulationasawhole.Itisalsonotpossibletogeneralisefromlocalisedstudies,forexample thoseinaparticularpartofthecountry,totheentirepopulation,sincedifferentpartsofthe countrymayhavevaryingprofiles.Onlyindicativetrendscanbeisolatedinsmall-scaleorlocal studies,ratherthangeneralisablefindings.

Weneedtobearinmindtheaimsofeachsuchstudy,thekindofinformationthatcanbeobtained fromitinrelationtoitsaims,andthewayinwhicheachsamplewasdrawn. AppendixA: Majorsurveys

TableA1:Datafrom ViolenceagainstwomeninthreeSouthAfricanprovinces

EasternCape Mpumalanga Northern Total Province N % N % N % N % Womenwhowererapedin1997 Yes 3 0,7 9 2,0 5 1,1 17 1,3 No 400 99,3 444 98,0 454 98,9 1298 98,7 Total 403 100,0 453 100,0 459 100,0 1315 100,0 Womenwhowereeverraped Yes 18 4,5 31 6,8 23 5,0 72 5,5 No 385 95,5 422 93,2 436 95,0 1243 94,5 Total 403 100,0 453 100,0 459 100,0 1315 100,0 Womenwhoeverhadanattemptedrape Yes 9 2,2 20 4,4 7 1,5 36 2,7 No 394 97,8 433 95,6 468 98,5 1295 97,3 Total 403 100,0 453 100,0 475 100,0 1331 100,0 Womenrapedin1997whoreportedittothepolice Yes 1 33,3 2 22,2 1 20,0 4 23,5 No 2 66,7 7 77,8 4 80,0 13 76,5 Total 3 100,0 9 100,0 5 100,0 17 100,0 Womenwhoexperiencedattemptedrapein1997 Yes 1 16,7 4 40,0 5 27,8 10 29,4 No 5 83,3 6 60,0 13 72,2 24 70,6 Total 6 100,0 10 100,0 18 100,0 34 100,0 Source:MedicalResearchCouncil(1999), ViolenceagainstwomeninthreeSouthAfricanprovinces TableA2:DatafromtheSouthAfricandemographicandhealthsurvey:numberand percentageofwomenaged15to49yearswhowereeverraped,bypopulationgroup andprovince

African Coloured Indian White Total Province N % N % N % N % N % Gauteng Yes 49 6,0 0 0,0 0 0,0 19 10,5 68 6,5 No 767 93,7 32 100,0 21 100,0 160 88,4 980 93,1 Missing 3 0,4 0 0,0 0 0,0 2 1,1 5 0,5 Total 819 100,0 32 100,0 21 100,0 181 100,0 1053 100,0 WesternCape Yes 12 5,4 44 7,5 0 0,0 4 4,1 60 6,6 No 211 94,6 536 91,8 5 100,0 94 95,9 846 93,0 Missing 0 0,0 4 0,7 0 0,0 0 0,0 4 0,4 Total 223 100,0 584 100,0 5 100,0 98 100,0 910 100,0 NorthWest Yes 18 2,1 2 6,9 1 12,5 1 2,6 22 2,4 No 833 97,9 27 93,1 7 87,5 37 97,4 904 97,6 Missing 0 0,0 0 0,0 0 0,0 0 0,0 0 0,0 Total 851 100,0 29 100,0 8 100,0 38 100,0 926 100,0 KwaZulu-Natal Yes 44 3,2 5 17,2 8 2,5 8 8,8 65 3,6 No 1325 96,7 24 82,8 314 97,5 79 86,8 1742 96,1 Missing 1 0,1 0 0,0 0 0,0 4 4,4 5 0,3 Total 1370 100,0 29 100,0 322 100,0 91 100,0 1812 100,0 EasternCape Yes 61 2,5 8 3,8 0 0,0 6 5,5 75 2,7 No 2349 97,5 205 96,2 11 100,0 102 93,6 2667 97,2 Missing 0 0,0 0 0,0 0 0,0 1 0,9 1 0,0 Total 2410 100,0 213 100,0 11 100,0 109 100,0 2743 100,0 FreeState Yes 18 2,2 1 3,7 0 0,0 5 5,1 24 2,6 No 788 97,5 26 96,3 2 100,0 94 94,9 910 97,2 Missing 2 0,2 0 0,0 0 0,0 0 0,0 2 0,2 Total 808 100,0 27 100,0 2 100,0 99 100,0 936 100,0 Mpumalanga Yes 73 6,7 0 0,0 1 14,3 6 28,6 80 7,1 No 1020 93,2 4 100,0 6 85,7 15 71,4 1045 92,8 Missing 1 0,1 0 0,0 0 0,0 0 0,0 1 0,1 Total 1094 100,0 4 100,0 7 100,0 21 100,0 1126 100,0 NorthernCape Yes 2 0,7 32 5,2 0 0,0 6 5,1 40 3,9 No 303 99,3 583 94,8 0 0,0 110 93,2 996 96,0 Missing 0 0,0 0 0,0 0 0,0 2 1,7 2 0,2 Total 305 100,0 615 100,0 0 0,0 118 100,0 1038 100,0 NorthernProvince Yes 37 3,3 0 0,0 0 0,0 0 0,0 37 3,3 No 1073 96,4 0 0,0 17 100,0 0 0,0 1090 96,5 Missing 3 0,3 0 0,0 0 0,0 0 0,0 3 0,3 Total 1113 100,0 0 0,0 17 100,0 0 0,0 1130 100,0 Grandtotal 8993 1533 393 755 *11735

*Numbersdonotnecessarilyaddtothetotalsbecauseofmissingvalues Source:MedicalResearchCouncilandDepartmentofHealth(1999), SouthAfricademographicandhealth survey1998:preliminaryreport TableA3:DatafromtheSouthAfricandemographicandhealthsurvey: relationshipof offendertovictimandrateofreportingtothepolice

African Coloured Indian White Total N % N % N % N % N % Relationshipofoffendertovictim Boyfriend/Husband 14 4,5 4 4,3 0 0,0 1 1,8 19 4,0 Brother 3 1,0 0 0,0 1 10,0 4 7,3 8 1,7 Familyfriend/Lodger 2 0,6 3 3,3 1 10,0 7 12,7 13 2,8 Father 2 0,6 0 0,0 0 0,0 2 3,6 4 0,8 Landlord/Farmer 0 0,0 1 1,1 0 0,0 0 0,0 1 0,2 Man/Boyfrom neighbourhood 2 0,6 1 1,1 0 0,0 1 1,8 4 0,8 Othermalerelative 7 2,2 3 3,3 2 20,0 5 9,1 17 3,6 Schoolteacher/Principal 46 14,6 10 10,9 0 0,0 5 9,1 61 13,0 Stepfather/Mother’sboyfriend 2 0,6 1 1,1 0 0,0 0 0,0 3 0,6 Stranger/Recent acquaintance 21 6,7 7 7,6 2 20,0 2 3,6 32 6,8 Unspecified 215 68,5 62 67,4 4 40,0 28 50,9 309 65,6 Total 314 100,0 92 100,0 10 100,0 55 100,0 471 100,0 Reportingtothepolice Policeonly 45 14,9 12 14,1 1 11,1 9 18,4 67 15,0 Policeandotherhelp 4 1,3 2 2,4 0 0,0 2 4,1 8 1,8 Notreported 33 10,9 4 4,7 0 0,0 5 10,2 42 9,4 Unspecified 221 72,9 67 78,8 8 88,9 33 67,3 329 73,8 Total *303 100,0 *85 100,0 *9 100,0 *49 100,0 *446 100,0 *Missingvalueswereexcluded Source:MedicalResearchCouncilandDepartmentofHealth(1999), SouthAfricademographicandhealth survey1998:preliminaryreport PLEASETURNTHEPAGE AppendixB: Minorsurveys

TableB1:Datafrom Changeandcontinuity:asurveyofSowetointhelate1990s

Male Female Total Reportingofrapebyrespondentsduringtheinterview Nooneraped 99,5 97,1 98,7 Onememberraped 0,5 2,7 1,2 Twomembersormoreraped 0,1 0,2 0,1 Total 100,0 100,0 100,0 Typeofcrimethatworriedrespondentsmost Murder 28,0 23,1 26,4 Rape 31,8 38,8 34,1 Hijackingorcartheft 15,8 8,8 13,6 Burglary/Robbery 12,8 15,0 13,5 Assault/Taxiviolence 5,8 5,8 5,8 Domesticviolence 3,1 5,7 4,0 None/Unsure 2,4 2,6 2,5 Other 0,3 0,2 0,2 Total 100,0 100,0 100,0 Source:DepartmentofSociology,UniversityoftheWitwatersrand(1999), Changeandcontinuity:asurveyof Sowetointhelate1990s TableB2:Datafrom ViolenceagainstwomeninmetropolitanSouthAfrica

N % Womeneversexuallyabused Yes 190 70,6 No 77 28,6 Prefernottoanswer 2 0,7 Total 269 100,0 Womeneverraped Yes 154 57,2 No 111 41,3 Prefernottoanswer 4 1,5 Total 269 100,0 Yearofsexualabuseamongwomenwhoweresexuallyabused Before1997 108 56,0 In1997 27 14,0 In1998 25 13,0 Overaperiodoftime 20 10,4 Prefernottoanswer 13 6,7 Total *193 100,0 Ageofvictimatlastincident Under10 13 8,1 10-19 40 25,0 20-29 57 35,6 30-39 38 23,8 40-49 10 6,3 50-59 2 1,3 Total **160 100,0 Placewheresexualabuseoccurred Victim’shome 108 40,1 Abuser’shome 65 24,2 Friend/Familyofvictim’shome 5 1,9 Friend/Familyofabuser’shome 16 5.9 Public(outdoors) 48 17,8 Public(indoors) 27 10,0 Total 269 100,0 Perpetratorofsexualabuse Intimateorrelative 114 59,1 Extendedfamily 12 6,2 Colleague 10 5,2 Acquaintance 7 3,6 Stranger 24 12,4 Friend 14 7,3 Prefernottoanswer 12 6,2 Total ***193 100,0

*Reflectsthenumberofwomenwhowereabletorecallandwillingtoreport Source:InstituteforSecurityStudies(1999). ViolenceagainstwomeninmetropolitanSouthAfrica:astudyon impactandservicedelivery TableB3:Datafrom CrimeinPretoria:resultsofacityvictimsurvey

N % N % Womensexuallyassaulted Yes 34 3,8 No 870 96,2 Total 904 100,0 Descriptionoftheincidentamongsexuallyassaultedwomen Weaponused

Physicalstrength/Noweaponused 24 70,6 Rape 19 55,9 Knife 5 14,7 Attemptedrape 11 32,4 Gun 4 11,8 Offensivebehaviour 4 11,8 Other 1 2,9 Total 34 100,0 Total 34 100,0 Ageatassaultinyears Raceofvictims 18-25 8 23,5 African 23 67,6 26-40 15 44,1 Coloured - - 41-60 10 29,4 Indian - - 60+ 1 2,9 White 11 32,3 Total 34 100,0 Total 34 100,0 Placeofincident Yearofassault Residence 12 35,3 Placeofentertainment 9 26,5 1993 5 14,7 Street 8 23,5 1994 10 29,4 Publictransportfacility 1 2,9 1995 1 2,9 Openspace 1 2,9 1996 3 8,8 Other 1 2,9 1997 9 26,5 Unspecified 2 5,9 1998 6 17,6 Total 34 100,0 Total 34 100,0 Source:InstituteforSecurityStudies(1998), CrimeinPretoria:resultsofacityvictimsurvey

TableB4:Datafrom RapeCrisisstatisticalreport1998

Ageatrapeinyears N % Rapistknowntosurvivor N % Under18 66 26,5 18–25 73 29,3 26–35 67 26,9 Yes 140 56,2 35+ 36 14,5 No 74 29,7 Notspecified 7 2,8 Notspecified 35 14,1 Total 249 100,0 Total 249 100,0 Numberofrapists Reportingtothepolice One 164 65,9 Yes 130 52,2 Multiple 58 23,3 No 82 32,9 Notspecified 27 10,8 Notspecified 37 14,9 Total 249 100,0 Total 249 100,0 Source:RapeCrisisCapeTown(undated), RapeCrisisstatisticalreport1998 TableB5:Datafrom RapesurveillancethroughdistrictsurgeonofficesinJohannesburg, 1996-1998

Yearofrapeandplacewhere itwasreported N % Raceofvictim N % Hillbrow: Jan96–Dec98 1008 71,9 African 1069 80,0 Lenasia: Feb96–Dec98 268 19,1 Coloured 136 10,2 Baragwanath: Jan96–Jul97 122 8,7 Indian 24 1,8 Placeunspecified 3 0,2 White 108 8,1 Total 1401 100,0 Total *1337 100,0 Offender Offender Relationshiptooffender N % Ageofvictiminyears known% unknown% Total Stranger 718 55,3 Knownbysight 285 21,9 Relativeorintimate 199 15,3 Under12 57,4 42,6 100,0 Neighbour 40 3,1 13-19 53,8 46,2 100,0 Familyacquaintance 19 1,5 20-30 38,4 61,6 100,0 Co-worker 11 0,8 31-40 36,0 64,0 100,0 Other 27 2,1 41-50 35,0 65,0 100,0 Total 1299 100,0 51+ 16,7 83,3 100,0

Numberof Typeofweapon Placeofincident N % perpetrators N % used **N % Knife 307 50,9 Victim’shome 165 14,2 Firearm 213 35,3 Rapist’shome 337 29,1 One 943 73,0 Bluntinstrument 33 5,5 Openspaceoralley 417 36,0 Two 176 13,6 Bottle 26 4,3 Car 45 3,9 Three 83 6,4 Screwdriver 11 1,8 Other 194 16,8 Fourormore 90 7,0 Other 59 9,8 Total *1158 100,0 Total *1292 100,0 Total ** **

Dayofincident N % Timeofincident N % Monday 171 12,8 06h00–12h00 195 16,1 Tuesday 128 9,6 Wednesday 133 9,9 12h00–18h00 240 19,8 Thursday 128 9,6 Friday 220 16,4 18h00–22h00 410 33,8 Saturday 318 23,7 Sunday 242 18,1 22h00–06h00 369 30,4 Total *1340 100,0 Total *1214 100,0 *Totalsexcludeunspecifiedresponsesinallrelevantcategories **Multipleresponses Source:UNISA,InstituteforSocialandHealthSciences(undated), Rapesurveillancethroughdistrictsurgeonofficesin Johannesburg,1996-1998:evaluationandpreventionimplications References

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