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Understanding National Rape Statistics

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Understanding National Rape Statistics Applied Research Understanding National Rape Statistics Dean Kilpatrick and Jenna McCauley With contributions from Grace Mattern olicy makers and those who serve sexual violence vic- “By maintaining an awareness of tims/survivors need accurate information about violence how and which respondents are against women to document the extent of the problem selected, how rape is defined by P and to develop effective public policy, criminal justice, public the study, which questions are health, and prevention programming. Those who seek such used to assess rape, how data is analyzed, and what information information are often frustrated because they are confronted is being presented, the reader with a confusing and often conflicting array of sexual violence is well-equipped to maneuver statistics that make it difficult to understand the extent of the through the various available problem and whether it is getting better, staying the same or information and walk away getting worse. The primary purpose of this paper is to provide with a clearer understanding of an overview of how estimates of sexual violence in the United the impact and burden of rape States are produced, with particular emphasis on major sources victimization in America.” of rape statistics at the national level. Although having good estimates of rape at the local and state levels would be particu- larly valuable for local and state programs, such information is generally lacking, so we will focus this review primarily on rape statistics at a national level. Also, we will focus primarily on the crime of rape as opposed to other types of sexual vio- lence. We will address rape among women and female children, as these cases compose the majority of rapes and therefore constitute the large majority of national estimates. Informa- tion contained in this report is meant for educative purposes, to either stand alone or be incorporated into broader training Applied Research papers synthesize and and education programming, and may prove useful to an array interpret current research on violence against of advocates in the arena of prevention of violence against women, offering a review of the literature women. and implications for policy and practice. As we will describe, rape statistics are generated from two The Applied Research initiative represents a collaboration between the National Resource sources: (1) cases reported to law enforcement and (2) vic- Center on Domestic Violence, the National timization surveys. Victimization surveys were developed by Sexual Violence Resource Center, and the criminologists in the late 1960s to measure crimes including Minnesota Center Against Violence and Abuse. those that are not reported to the police (e.g., Skogan, 1981; Sparks, 1982). They involve asking people a series of screen- ing questions designed to prompt respondents to remember and VAWnet is a project of the disclose various types of crime that they may have experienced. National Resource Center on This method gathers detailed information about any crimes Domestic Violence. disclosed including whether they were reported to law enforce- ment. We think it is useful for consumers of rape statistics September 2009 Page 1 of 14 Applied Research to ask themselves the following questions as they enced and two types are identified: (1) aggravated consider each source: sexual abuse by force or threat of force, and (2) aggravated sexual abuse by other means. Aggravated • What types of rape and other forms of sexual sexual abuse by force or threat of force is defined violence are being measured and/or reported (e.g., within the code as follows: when a person knowingly forcible rape only, other types of rape such as drug- causes another person to engage in a sexual act, or alcohol facilitated rape, attempted rape, other sexual attempts to do so, by using force against that person, violence)? or by threatening or placing that person in fear that they will be subjected to death, serious bodily injury • Among which group is rape being measured and or kidnapping. Aggravated sexual abuse by other to which groups are rape statistics generalized (e.g., means is defined as follows: when a person knowing- all adult women, female children and adolescents, ly renders another person unconscious and thereby all persons of all ages, college students, etc.)? Are engages in a sexual act with that other person; or ad- important groups excluded? ministers to another person by force or threat of force without the knowledge or permission of that person, • During which time frame are cases being mea- a drug, intoxicant, or similar substance and thereby, sured or reported (e.g., past year, past six months, (a) substantially impairs the ability of that person throughout childhood and adolescence, throughout to appraise or control conduct and (b) engages in a life time)? sexual act with that person. • Are statistics based on cases reported to law en- This definition has several important implications for forcement or from victimization surveys? what should be included in the assessment of rape. First, this definition includes more than just unwant- • If statistics and estimates are obtained from a vic- ed penile penetration of the vagina, and recognizes timization survey, what is the wording of screening that not all perpetrators are male, not all victims questions and how well do the questions capture the are female, and that rape may include other forms types of rape that should be measured? of penetration, such as oral and/or anal. Second, the definition acknowledges that unwanted sexual • What is the unit of analysis used for reporting the penetration should be recognized in both the instance rape statistics (e.g., number of rape cases, number of of being obtained by force/threat of force and the women raped in a given period of time, percentage instance of drug-alcohol facilitation/incapacitation. of women raped in a given period of time, number of Third, the definition highlights that statutory rape cases per 10,000 women)? (i.e., any type of non-forcible sexual penetration with a child) is a serious federal offense and should be Definitions and Terminology measured in national surveys in order to capture the full scope of the problem of rape. As noted during Federal Criminal Code Definition of Rape the discussion of individual national surveys that estimate the burden of rape, not all assessments of It is important to note that despite the traditional rape include the diverse range of unwanted sexual understanding that states had primary jurisdiction in experiences that are defined as rape by the Federal the matter of violent crimes, recent years have seen Criminal Code. an expansion of the Federal Criminal Code to cover many violent crimes, including rape. Although the Methods of Measurement of Rape Prevalence Federal Criminal Code of 1986 (Title 18, Chapter 109A, Sections 2241-2233) does not explicitly use Several general statistics are provided by national the term “rape,” aggravated sexual abuse is refer- data on rape, and it is helpful to make distinctions in Understanding National Rape Statistics (September 2009) Page 2 of 14 Applied Research terminology prior to a review of the findings from make the data seem somewhat confusing, differing individual studies. It is important to note that there forms of measuring rape are necessary to address dif- is a distinction between rape cases and rape victims. fering needs of service providers. A single rape victim may (and often does) have experienced multiple rape cases. Similarly, there is Key Terminology an important distinction to be made between rape prevalence and rape incidence. Prevalence refers to • Carnal Knowledge: (see UCR definition of rape); the proportion or percent of the population that has the act of a man having sexual bodily connections been raped at least once in a specific period of time. with a woman; sexual intercourse. “Lifetime” and “past-year” are common time frames used in the assessment of prevalence. Incidence • Drug-Alcohol Facilitated Rape: an incident in refers to the number of new cases of rape that occur which the perpetrator deliberately gives the victim in a specified period of time. Incidence is most often drugs or alcohol without her permission in an at- expressed as a victimization rate, or number of inci- tempt to get her high or drunk and then commits an dents per given number of people. Also worth noting unwanted sexual act against her involving oral, anal, is the difference between “reported (to authorities)” or vaginal penetration. and “unreported” cases of rape. Given that a majority of rape cases, 84% by recent national estimates (Kil- • Forcible Rape: unwanted sexual act involving oral, patrick et al., 2007), are not reported to the police, anal, or vaginal penetration that occurs as a result of there is a notable difference between rape estimates the perpetrator’s use or threat of use of force. based on cases reported to law enforcement versus unreported cases. • Incapacitated Rape: unwanted sexual act involv- ing oral, anal, or vaginal penetration that occurs after When thinking of the differences between incidence the victim voluntarily uses alcohol or drugs and is rates, past-year prevalence, and lifetime prevalence, passed out or awake but too drunk or high to consent it is important to consider that these estimates can or control her behavior. serve different functions for the reader. For instance, if a rape crisis center is interested in how many • Incest: non-forcible sexual intercourse between women they can reasonably expect to serve in a persons who are related to each other within the given year, past year prevalence (a person-based degrees wherein marriage is prohibited by law. estimate) may be most useful. However, one could also extrapolate from past year victimization rates • Incidence: an estimate that is based on the by applying these to the current population of their number of cases of rape occurring in a given period community.
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