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Tribunaux Militaires Internationaux Tribunaux militaires internationaux Répertoire numérique (BB/35/1-BB/35/907) Par C. Bertho Archives nationales (France) Pierrefitte-sur-Seine XXe siècle 1 https://www.siv.archives-nationales.culture.gouv.fr/siv/IR/FRAN_IR_002363 Cet instrument de recherche a été encodé par l'entreprise diadeis dans le cadre du chantier de dématérialisation des instruments de recherche des Archives Nationales sur la base d'une DTD conforme à la DTD EAD (encoded archival description) et créée par le service de dématérialisation des instruments de recherche des Archives Nationales 2 Archives nationales (France) INTRODUCTION Référence BB/35/1-BB/35/907 Niveau de description fonds Intitulé Tribunaux militaires internationaux Localisation physique Pierrefitte DESCRIPTION Présentation du contenu PLAN DE L'INTRODUCTION PROCES DE NUREMBERG. I. LES FONDEMENTS JURIDIQUES p. 1. II. LES INSTITUTIONS p. 4. 1. Le Tribunal militaire international p. 4. a. Bibliographie critique p. 5. b. Le procès p. 8. Les chefs d'accusation. Les accusés. Les juges. Les procureurs. 2. Les procès de l'O.C.C.W.C. p. 13. a. Bibliographie critique p. 14. b. Les institutions p. 15. c. Les différents procès p. 17. Procès de médecins. Procès de la Justice. Procès des S.S. et de la police. Procès des industriels et financiers. Procès des généraux. Procès des membres du gouvernement. III. LES FONDS D'ARCHIVES. p. 23. 1. Le rassemblement des fonds aux Archives nationales, T.M.I. et O.C.C.W.C. p. 23. Les magistrats et observateurs français. Les missions de conservateurs des Archives nationales. 2. Composition des fonds p. 25. a. Documents concernant le déroulement des procès, transcriptions et mémoires. p. 26. Rapports entre transcriptions et mémoires ou plaidoiries. Les différents types de mémoires et plaidoiries : la procédure du T.M.I. et de l'O.C.C.W.C. Les collections de mémoires. b. Les grandes séries documentaires : constitution et cotation p. 33. La collecte des renseignements lors de l'avance alliée. La sélection des documents pour les tribunaux. 3 Archives nationales (France) Les interrogatoires et les dépositions. Les principes de classement des séries documentaires. IV. LES INSTRUMENTS DE RECHERCHE p. 41. 1. Les procès proprement dits p. 41. a. Procès-verbaux des audiences p. 41. b. Séries documentaires p. 42. CONCLUSION p. 44. PROCES DE TOKYO I. LE PROCES p. 45. II. LES FONDS D'ARCHIVES p. 46. 1. Les documents se rapportant au déroulement des audiences. p. 47. 2. Les documents présentés comme preuves p. 48. a. La collecte des documents p. 48. b. Les documents déposés comme preuves p. 49. 3. Le jugement p. 49. 4. Les instruments de recherche p. 49. INTRODUCTION PROCES DE NUREMBERG I. Les fondements juridiques. La série BB/35 rassemble des fonds de provenance diverse qui concernent respectivement le procès international des grands criminels de guerre à Nüremberg, les procès de l'O.C.C.W.C. (Office of Chief of Counsel for War Crimes), les procès dit de Tokyo. Le procès du Tribunal militaire international s'est déroulé du 18 octobre 1945 au 16 octobre 1946 au palais de Justice de Nuremberg ; les procès de l'O.C.C.W.C., dans les mêmes lieux du 24 octobre 1947 au 31 décembre 1948 ; le procès de Tokyo du 29 avril 1946 au 16 avril 1948. Pourtant malgré ces différences de dates et de lieux, ces procès ont des bases juridiques et institutionnelles communes. Ils sont le produit de l'effort entrepris lors de la seconde guerre mondiale pour préparer les éléments de droit international nécessaires à la poursuite effective des criminels de guerre, ce qui n'avait été que très imparfaitement réalisé après la première guerre mondiale. Dès 1942, une conférence regroupant à Londres les représentants des neufs pays européens alors occupés par les allemands avait abouti à une déclaration dans laquelle ces neufs pays prévoyaient " de pourvoir dans un esprit de solidarité à ce que les coupables des crimes de guerre soient recherchés, jugés, et que les sentences soient exécutées" Punition des crimes de guerre ; déclaration inter-alliée signée au Palais de Saint-James à Londres le 13 janvier 1942 et documents annexes (publié par la Commission interalliée d'information, Londres, 1942). Le 7 octobre 1942 était créée la Commission des Nations Unies pour les Crimes de guerre Cette commission est généralement désignée dans les documents sous le sigle U.N.W.C.C. (United Nations War Crimes Commission). Elle recevait les accusations et publiait des listes de suspects recherchés pour crimes de guerre sans cependant conduire elle-même les recherches ou intenter des poursuites. cf. Telford TAYLOR, Les procès de Nuremberg, crimes de guerre et droit international, Dotation Carnegie pour la paix internationale, s.d., p. 14 et BB35 260 (b) et (c), documentation réunie par l'Office ainsi que les réunions de la Commission. qui se réunit pour la première fois en octobre 1943. Aux pays occupés présents à la conférence de Londres s'étaient joints de nombreux pays extra-européens engagés dans les hostilités, dont, essentiellement, les Etats-Unis. L'Union soviétique n'y était pas représentée. Cette Commission des Nations Unies joua par la suite un rôle important comme centre de collecte de renseignements. L'Union soviétique se joignit aux Etats-Unis et à la Grande Bretagne pour publier le 1er novembre 1943 à la Conférence de Moscou une "Déclaration sur les atrocités allemandes en Europe occupée". Cette déclaration prévoyait que les criminels convaincus d'avoir exercé leur activité dans un territoire détérminé seraient remis aux autorités locales pour être jugés selon les lois du pays. Quant aux "grands criminels de guerre" dont les crimes étaient "sans localisation géographique précise", il était prévu qu'ils seraient punis "par une décision commune des gouvernements 4 Archives nationales (France) alliés" ce qui était l'amorce des futurs tribunaux internationaux. Après la guerre vint le moment de mettre en pratique ces accords. Dans toute l'Europe libérée fut mis sur pied un réseau de tribunaux de statuts extrêmement divers dont les cours de la série BB/35 ne représentent qu'une part restreinte mais homogène. Dès 1945 en effet, d'importants échanges diplomatiques avaient lieu pour élaborer les institutions internationales nécessaires au jugement des grands criminels de guerre. Le juge Jackson, désigné le 2 mai 1945 par le président Truman comme représentant des Etats-Unis dans les négociations avec les autres nations pour la contitution d'un Tribunal militaire international présenta un rapport préparatoire le 6 juin 1945 Telford TAYLOR, Les procès de Nüremberg, ouv. cité, p. 17. Promulgé en France par le décret n°45-2267 du 6 octobre 1945 (J.O., 7 octobre) ; rectificatif au J.O. du 11 octobre. Malgré de nombreuses controverses, ce rapport fut repris dans l'ensemble par l'Accord signé le 8 août 1945 à Londres par les représentants de la Grande Bretagne, de l'URSS, de la France et des Etats-Unis. Cet accord, connu sous le nom d'Accord de Londres, prévoyait l'établissement à Nüremberg (l'une des rares villes d'Allemagne relativement épargnée par les bombardements où il était possible d'héberger un grand nombre de personnes) du Tribunal militaire international. Il était prévu au départ que ce tribunal pourrait juger toute une série de procès. Néanmoins, pour pouvoir juger sans avoir recours à la très lourde procédure du T.M.I. tous les suspects répondant à la définition de "grands criminels dont les crimes sont sans localisation géographique", les quatre commandants en chef des zones d'occupation promulguèrent le 20 décembre 1945 la loi de contrôle n°10 Publié au J.O. du Commandant en chef en Allemagne n°12, 11 janvier 1946. Celle-ci était destinée à donner une base juridique uniforme aux poursuites judiciaires menées "par des tribunaux appropriés" établis sous l'autorité des commandants de zones. Dans la pratique, les aléas du statut de l'occupation et les exigences de la politique de dénazification ont perturbé la mise en oeuvre d'une politique stable et simple. En effet, dès l'origine, les suspects avaient été déférés devant de simples tribunaux militaires en vertu d'ordonnances prises par les commandants en chef des armées d'occupation : instruction américaine du 20 août 1945 fondée sur une ordonnance du 18 septembre 1944, Warrant orders britanniques des 14 juin et 4 août 1945, ordonnance du commandant en chef français en Allemagne du 25 novembre 1945 Voir Jacques-Bernard HERZOG, Nüremberg, un échec fructueux ?, Paris, 1975, p. 60-61. Ces tribunaux militaires ne cessèrent pas forcément de fonctionner lorsque la loi n°10 du Conseil de Contrôle eût institué dans chaque zone des tribunaux militaires chargés théoriquement de juger selon la nouvelle législation internationale. En outre, la loi du 5 mars 1946, dite loi de dénazification, reprise par une directive du Conseil de contrôle du 12 octobre 1946, prévoyait que des ressortissants allemands ayant commis des crimes contre leurs compatriotes Ou contre des personnes sans nationalité. seraient déférés devant les juridictions allemandes autorisées à cet effet. Or toutes ces directives ne furent pas appliquées de la même manière dans chacune des zones d'occupation. Les tribunaux militaires de la zone d'occupation britannique ont continué à juger les infractions aux coutumes de la guerre en fonction des Warrant orders sans tenir compte de la loi de contrôle n°10. Dans la zone américaine l'application de la loi n°10 a été confiée exclusivement aux tribunaux militaires de l'O.C.C.W.C. et les juridictions allemandes ont été chargées de mettre en oeuvre des lois dites de dénazification. La loi de contrôle n'a pas été appliquée en zone d'occupation soviétique et, pour la zone d'occupation française, la complexité du système vient de ce que, si la loi de contrôle n°8 à 10 n'a été appliquée que par le Tribunal général militaire établi à Rastatt Les archives sont conservées à Colmar dépôt du ministère des Relations extérieurs - pour les procès Röcheling, voir BB 36 - , les lois de dénazification l'ont été simultanément par les tribunaux militaires français et les juridictions allemandes autorisées.
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