Anthony of Padua

For the Italian film, see Anthony of Padua (film). For 1.1 Early years others known as Saint Anthony, see Saint Anthony. Fernando Martins was born in Lisbon, Portugal.[2] While Saint Anthony of Padua (Portuguese: Santo Antó- fifteenth century writers state that his parents were Vi- nio), (born Fernando Martins de Bulhões; 1195 – 13 cente Martins and Teresa Pais Taveira, and that his fa- June 1231),[1] also known as Anthony of Lisbon, was ther was the brother of Pedro Martins de Bulhões, the an- cestor of the Bulhão or Bulhões family, Niccolò Dal-Gal a Portuguese Catholic priest and friar of the Francis- [2] can Order. He was born and raised by a wealthy fam- views this as less certain. His wealthy and noble fam- ily in Lisbon, Portugal, and died in Padua, Italy. Noted ily arranged for him to be instructed at the local cathedral by his contemporaries for his forceful preaching, expert school. At the age of fifteen, he entered the community of knowledge of scripture, and undying love and devotion Canons Regular at the Augustinian Abbey of Saint Vin- to the poor and the sick, he was the second-most-quickly cent on the outskirts of Lisbon. canonized saint after Peter of Verona. He was proclaimed In 1212, distracted by frequent visits from family and a Doctor of the Church on 16 January 1946. He is also friends, he asked to be transferred to the motherhouse of the patron saint of finding things or lost people. the congregation, the Abbey of Santa Cruz in Coimbra, then the capital of Portugal.[3] There the young Fernando studied theology and Latin.

1 Life 1.2 Joining the Franciscans

In Alvise Vivarini's painting, Anthony is distinguished from the others saints by his attributes, the book and the white lily stalk

After his ordination to the priesthood, Fernando was named guestmaster and placed in charge of hospitality for the abbey. While he was in Coimbra, some Francis- can friars arrived and settled at a small hermitage outside Coimbra dedicated to Saint Anthony of Egypt.[3] Fer- nando was strongly attracted to the simple, evangelical Church of Saint Anthony, in Lisbon, Portugal, the birthplace of lifestyle of the friars, whose order had been founded only Saint Anthony of Padua. eleven years prior. News arrived that five Franciscans had been beheaded in Morocco, the first of their order to be

1 2 1 LIFE killed. King Afonso ransomed their bodies to be returned Franciscan would be the homilist. In this quandary, the and buried as martyrs in the Abbey of Santa Cruz.[3] In- head of the hermitage, who had no one among his own spired by their example, Fernando obtained permission humble friars suitable for the occasion, called upon An- from church authorities to leave the Canons Regular to thony, whom he suspected was most qualified, and en- join the new Franciscan Order. Upon his admission to treated him to speak whatever the Holy Spirit should put the life of the friars, he joined the small hermitage in into his mouth.[5] Anthony objected but was overruled, Olivais, adopting the name Anthony (from the name of and his sermon created a deep impression. Not only his the chapel located there, dedicated to Saint Anthony the rich voice and arresting manner, but the entire theme and Great), by which he was to be known.[4] substance of his discourse and his moving eloquence, held Anthony then set out for Morocco, in fulfillment of his the attention of his hearers. Everyone was impressed with his knowledge of Scripture, acquired during his years as new vocation. However, he fell seriously ill in Morocco and set sail back for Portugal in hope of regaining his an Augustinian friar. health. On the return voyage the ship was blown off At that point, Anthony was sent by Brother Gratian, the course and landed in Sicily.[5] local Minister Provincial, to the Franciscan province of [5] From Sicily he made his way to Tuscany where he was Romagna, based in Bologna. He soon came to the at- assigned to a convent of the order, but he met with dif- tention of the founder of the order, Francis of Assisi. ficulty on account of his sickly appearance. He was fi- Francis had held a strong distrust of the place of theo- nally assigned to the rural hermitage of San Paolo near logical studies in the life of his brotherhood, fearing that Forlì, Romagna, a choice made after considering his poor it might lead to an abandonment of their commitment to health. There he had recourse to a cell one of the fri- a life of real poverty. In Anthony, however, he found a ars had made in a nearby cave, spending time in private kindred spirit for his vision, who was also able to provide prayer and study.[6] the teaching needed by young members of the order who might seek ordination. In 1224 he entrusted the pursuit of studies for any of his friars to the care of Anthony. 1.3 Preaching and teaching The reason St. Anthony’s help is invoked for finding things lost or stolen is traced to an incident that occurred in Bologna. According to the story, Anthony had a book of psalms that was of some importance to him as it con- tained the notes and comments he had made to use in teaching his students. A novice who had decided to leave took the psalter with him. Prior to the invention of the printing press, any book was an item of value. Upon noticing it was missing, Anthony prayed it would be found or returned. The thief was moved to restore the book to Anthony and return to the Order. The stolen book is said to be preserved in the Franciscan friary in Bologna.[7] Occasionally he took another post, as a teacher, for in- stance, at the universities of Montpellier and Toulouse in southern France, but it was as a preacher that An- thony revealed his supreme gift. According to historian Sophronius Clasen, Anthony preached the grandeur of Christianity.[6] His method included allegory and symbol- ical explanation of Scripture. In 1226, after attending the General Chapter of his order held at Arles, France, and preaching in the French region of Provence, Anthony re- turned to Italy and was appointed provincial superior of northern Italy. He chose the city of Padua as his location. Saint Anthony of Padua Holding Baby Jesus by Strozzi, c. 1625; In 1228 he served as envoy from the general chapter to the white lily represents purity Pope Gregory IX. At the Papal court, his preaching was hailed as a “jewel case of the Bible” and he was commis- One day, in 1222, in the town of Forli, on the occasion sioned to produce his collection of sermons, Sermons for of an ordination, a number of visiting Dominican friars Feast Days (Sermones in Festivitates). Gregory IX himself were present, and there was some misunderstanding over described him as the “Ark of the Testament”[8] (Doctor who should preach. The Franciscans naturally expected Arca testamenti). that one of the Dominicans would occupy the pulpit, for they were renowned for their preaching; the Dominicans, on the other hand, had come unprepared, thinking that a 3

Anthony of Padua with the Infant Jesus by Antonio de Pereda, detail

part of Padua), aged 35. According to the request of Anthony, he was buried in the small church of Santa Maria Mater Domini, probably dat- ing from the late 12th century and near a convent which had been founded by him in 1229. Nevertheless, due to his increased notability, construction of a large Basilica began around 1232 - although it was not completed until 1301. The smaller church was incorporated into struc- ture as the Cappella della Madonna Mora (Chapel of the Dark Madonna). The basilica is commonly known today as “Il Santo”. Various legends surround the death of Anthony. One holds that when he died, the children cried in the streets and that all the bells of the churches rang of their own accord. Another legend regards his tongue. Anthony is buried in a chapel within the large basilica built to honor him, where his tongue is displayed for veneration in a large reliquary along with his jaw and his vocal cords. When his body was exhumed thirty years after his death, it was found turned to dust, but the tongue was claimed to have glistened and looked as if it was still alive and moist; apparently a further claim was made that this was a sign of his gift of preaching.[9] On 1 January 1981 Pope John St Anthony holding Baby Jesus Paul II authorized a scientific team to study the saint’s re- mains and the tomb was opened on 6 January.[10]

1.4 Death 2 Saint and Doctor of the Church Anthony became sick with ergotism, a disease which is now known also under the name “Saint Anthony’s Fire”, and, in 1231, went to the woodland retreat at Anthony was canonized by Pope Gregory IX on 30 May 1232, at Spoleto, Italy, less than one year after his Camposampiero with two other friars for a respite. There [2] he lived in a cell built for him under the branches of a wal- death. nut tree. Anthony died on the way back to Padua on 13 “The richness of spiritual teaching contained in the Ser- June 1231 at the Poor Clare monastery at Arcella (now mons was so great that in [16 January] 1946 Venerable 4 3 VENERATION AS PATRON SAINT

is credited with many miracles involving lost people, lost things and even lost spiritual goods.[12][13]

3.1 North America

In 1691 Spanish missionaries came across a small Payaya Indian community along what was then known as the Yanaguana River on the feast day of Saint Anthony, 13 June. The Franciscan chaplain, Father Damien Massanet, with agreement General Domingo de Teran, renamed the St Anthony of Padua and St Francis of Assisi by Friedrich rivers in his honor, and eventually a mission built nearby Pacher. as well. This mission became the focal point of a small community that eventually grew in size and scope to be- come the seventh largest city in the country, the U.S. city Pope Pius XII proclaimed Anthony a Doctor of the of San Antonio, Texas. Church, attributing to him the title Doctor Evangelicus ["Evangelical Doctor"], since the freshness and beauty of In New York City, the Shrine Church of St. Anthony in the Gospel emerge from these writings.”[11] Greenwich Village, Manhattan celebrates his feast day, starting with the traditional novena of prayers asking for his intercession on the 13 Tuesdays preceding his 3 Veneration as patron saint feast. This culminates with a week-long series of services and a street fair. A traditional Italian-style procession is held that day through the streets of its South Village neighborhood, in which a relic of the saint is carried for veneration.[14]

El Greco's painting, 1580, shows the book with an image of the Christ child on the page. Miraculous Image of Saint Anthony, by Franciszek Lekszycki Anthony’s fame spread through Portuguese evangeliza- OFM, 1649, Przeworsk, Poland tion, and he has been known as the most celebrated of the followers of Saint Francis of Assisi. He is the patron Each year on the weekend of the last Sunday in August, saint of Padua and many places in Portugal and in the [12] Boston’s North End holds a feast in honor of Saint An- countries of the former Portuguese Empire. thony. Referred to as the “Feast of All Feasts”, Saint An- He is especially invoked and venerated all over the world thony’s Feast in Boston’s North End was begun in 1919 as the patron saint for the recovery of lost items, and by Italian immigrants from Montefalcione, a small town 3.3 Asia 5

near Naples, where the tradition of honoring Saint An- previous day, 12 June, is the Brazilian Valentine’s Day.) thony goes back to 1688. He is one of the saints celebrated in the Brazilian Festa Each year the Sandia Pueblo along with Santa Clara Junina (also known as the “Santo Antônio”), along with Pueblo celebrate the feast day of Saint Anthony with tra- John the Baptist and Saint Peter. ditional Native American dances In the town of Brusciano, Italy, located near Naples, an On 27 January 1907, in Beaumont, Texas, a church was annual feast in honor of Saint Anthony is held in late Au- gust. This tradition dates back to 1875. The tradition dedicated and named in honor of Saint Anthony. The church was later designated a cathedral in 1966 with the started when a man prayed to Saint Anthony for his sick formation of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Beaumont, son to get better. He vowed that if his son would become but was not formally consecrated. On 28 April 1974, healthy that he would build and dance a Giglio like the St. Anthony Cathedral was dedicated and consecrated by people of Nola do for their patron San Paolino during the Bishop Warren Boudreaux. In 2006 Pope Benedict XVI annual Fest Dei Gigli. The celebration has grown over the granted the cathedral the designation of minor basilica. years to include 6 Giglio towers built in honor of the saint. St. Anthony Cathedral Basilica celebrated its 100th an- This tradition has also carried over to America, specifi- niversary on 28 January 2007. cally the East Harlem area of New York where the im- migrants from the town of Brusciano formed the Giglio St. Anthony gives his name to Mission San Antonio de Society of East Harlem and have been holding their an- Padua, the third Franciscan mission dedicated along El nual feast since the early 1900s. Camino Real in California in 1771. In Poland he is the patron saint of Przeworsk. In local In Ellicott City, Maryland, the Conventual Franciscans Franciscan church is housed icon of Saint Anthony from of the St. Anthony Province dedicated their old novitiate 1649. Each Tuesday are celebrated traditional prayers house as The Shrine of St. Anthony which since 1 July with responsorium Si quaeris. 2004 serves as the official Shrine to Saint Anthony for the Archdiocese of Baltimore, the nation’s premier see. A large relic of Saint Anthony was donated to the Shrine 3.3 Asia in 1995 by the friars in Padua as well as copies of 13 origi- nal paintings detailing particularly important moments in the life of St. Anthony. The Shrine of Saint Anthony is modeled upon the “Sacro Convento” in Assisi, Italy and situated upon land once owned by Charles Carroll III, the only Catholic signer of the Declaration of Independence. In addition to daily Mass and regular confession sched- ule, the Shrine of St. Anthony also offers retreat spaces for outside guests and hosts an annual pilgrimage in mid- June in honor of the Feast Day of St. Anthony of Padua.

3.2 Brazil and Europe

Santo Antônio (Saint Anthony) Church in Teresópolis, Brazil

Saint Anthony is known in Portugal, Spain and Brazil as a marriage saint, because there are legends of him recon- St. Anthony of Padua in St. Joseph’s Church, Macao ciling couples. His feast day, 13 June, is Lisbon’s munici- pal holiday, celebrated with parades and marriages. (The Devotion to Saint Anthony is popular throughout all of In- 6 5 IN FILMS dia. In Uvari, in Tamil Nadu, India, the church of Saint Anthony is home to an ancient wooden statue that is said to have cured the entire crew of a Portuguese ship suf- fering from cholera. Saint Anthony is said to perform many miracles daily, and Uvari is visited by pilgrims of different religions from all over South India. Christians in Tamil Nadu have great reverence for Saint Anthony and he is a popular saint there, where he is called “The Miracle Saint.” Also in India, a small crusady known with the name of saint Anthony located in the village called pothiyanvi- lai, state of Tamil Nadu kanyakumari district near Then- gapattinam,where thousands of devotees attending every Tuesdays and Friday to receive his blessings, miracles and guidings directly from St.Anthonys soul entering in the body of a holy person for the last 34 years. The south- ern Indian state of Karnataka is also a holy pilgrimage center in honor of Saint Anthony (specifically located in the small village of Dornahalli, near Mysore). Local lore holds that a farmer there unearthed a statue that was later identified as being that of Saint Anthony. The statue was deemed miraculous and an incident of divine inter- vention. A church was then erected to honor the saint. Additionally, Saint Anthony is highly venerated in Sri Lanka, and the nation’s Saint Anthony National Shrine in Kochikade, Colombo, receives many devotees of Saint Giacomo Farelli - St. Antony of Padua Anthony—both Catholic and non-Catholic. In Siolim, a village in the Indian state of Goa, St. An- thony is always shown holding a serpent on a stick . This siderably larger than the book and some images even do is a depiction of the incident which occurred during the without the book entirely. construction of the church wherein a snake was disrupt- ing construction work. The people turned to St. Anthony • Anthony of Padua in Art for help, and placed his statue at the construction site. • The next morning, the snake was found caught in the cord An early work by Raphael, 1503, at the Dulwich Pic- placed in the statue’s hand.[15] ture Gallery, London, UK • Baby Jesus with St. Anthony of Padua, Elisabetta Sirani, 1656, Bologna, Italy 4 In art • Anthony of Padua with the Infant Jesus by Antonio de Pereda As the number of Franciscan saints increased, iconog- raphy struggled to distinguish Anthony from the others. • St Antony Reading by Marco Antonio Bassetti Because of a legend that he had once preached to the fish, this was sometimes used as his attribute. He is also often • Triptych of Saint Antonius by Ambrosius Benson seen with a white lily stalk, representing his purity (see • above). Other conventions referred to St. Anthony’s vi- Saint Anthony of Padua with the Infant Christ by sionary fervor. Thus, one attribute in use for some time Guercino, 1656, Bologna, Italy was a flaming heart. • Vision of Saint Anthony, by Alonso Cano In 1511, Titian painted three large frescoes in the Scuola del Santo in Padua, depicting scenes of the miracles from • St. Antony with Christ Child, from, Carinthia, in the life of Saint Anthony: The Miracle of the Jealous Hus- Austria. band, which depicts the murder of a young woman by her husband; A Child Testifying to Its Mother’s Innocence; and The Saint Healing the Young Man with a Broken Limb.[16] 5 In films Another key pattern has him meditating on an open book in which the Christ Child himself appears, as in the El • The 1931 silent film Saint Anthony of Padua di- Greco above. Over time the child came to be shown con- rected by Count Giulio Antamoro. 7

• He was played in the 1949 Italian film Anthony of [11] Pope Benedict XVI (10 February 2010). “GENERAL Padua by Aldo Fiorelli AUDIENCE”. Retrieved 13 June 2013.

• Umberto Marino's 2002 Sant'Antonio di Padova aka [12] Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Anthony of Padua, Saint". Saint Anthony: The Miracle Worker of Padua is an Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge Univer- sity Press. Italian TV movie about the saint.[17] While the VHS format is without English subtitles,[18] the DVD ver- [13] Novena to Saint Anthony to Find a Lost Article sion released in 2005 is simply called Saint Anthony and is subtitled.[19] [14] Shrine Church of St. Anthony Novena to Saint Anthony to Find a Lost Article • Saint Anthony, The faithful Knight. [15] Siolim The Village Everyone Loves | St.Mary’s Goan Community Dubai • Antonello Belluco’s 2006 Antonio guerriero di Dio aka Anthony, Warrior of God[20] is a biopic about [16] Rossetti Morosini, Sergio (March 1999). “New Findings the saint.[21] in Titian’s Fresco Technique at the Scuola del Santo in Padua”. The Art Bulletin. LXXXI (1).

[17] Sant'Antonio di Padova aka Saint Anthony: The Miracle 6 See also Worker of Padua at the Internet Movie Database. [18] VHS on Amazon.com. • List of Catholic saints [19] DVD on Amazon.com. • List of Latin nicknames of the Middle Ages: Doc- [20] DVD on Amazon.com with English subtitles. tors in theology [21] Antonio guerriero di Dio aka Anthony, Warrior of God at • Basilica of Saint Anthony of Padua the Internet Movie Database. • Marian doctrines of St. Anthony 8 References

7 Note • St. Anthony, Doctor of the Church, Franciscan Insti- tute Publications, 1973, ISBN 978-0-8199-0458-4 [1] Purcell, Mary (1960). Saint Anthony and His Times. Garden City, New York: Hanover House. pp. 19, 275–6. • Anthony of Padua, Sermones for the Easter Cycle, Franciscan Institute Publications, 1994, ISBN 978- [2] Dal-Gal, Niccolò (1907). “St. Anthony of Padua”. The 1-57659-041-6 Catholic Encyclopedia. 1. Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved 13 June 2011. • Attwater, Donald; John, Catherine Rachel (1993), The Penguin Dictionary of Saints (3rd ed.), New [3] Monti O.F.M., Dominic V., Francis and His Brothers: A York, New York: Penguin Books, ISBN 0-14- Popular History of the Franciscan Friars, Franciscan Me- 051312-4 dia, ISBN 978-0-86716-855-6 • Silva, José Manuel Azevedo (2011), Câmara Mu- [4] José Manuel Azevedo Silva (2011), p.1 nicipal, ed., A criação da freguesia de Santo António [5] Wintz O.F.M., Jack. “Anthony of Padua: The Italian dos Olivais: Visão Histórica e Perspectivas Actuais Years”, St. Anthony Messenger, Franciscan Media (PDF) (in Portuguese), Santo António dos Olivias (Coimbra), Portugal: Câmara Municipal de Santo [6] Foley, Leonard. “Who Is St. Anthony?". American António dos Olivais, retrieved 5 September 2011 Catholic. Retrieved 27 June 2011.

[7] Perry O.F.M., Norman. Anthony of Padua: The Story of His Life and Popular Devotions 9 External links

[8] Pope Benedict XVI (10 February 2010). “GENERAL • St. Anthony Basilica official website AUDIENCE”. Vatican City: Holy See. Retrieved 13 June 2013. • Representations of Anthony of Padua [9] “Skeleton of St Anthony goes on display to public more • “Saint Anthony of Padua” at the Christian Iconog- than 750 years after his death”. Daily Mail. 15 February raphy website 2010. Retrieved 29 March 2011. • “St Anthony of Padua - St Peter’s Square Colonnade [10] “When Anthony spoke again”. Messenger of Saint An- Saints” thony. Retrieved 21 March 2015. 8 10 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

10 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

10.1 Text

• Anthony of Padua Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_of_Padua?oldid=728585345 Contributors: Olivier, Cratbro, Tobias Conradi, JASpencer, PaulinSaudi, Fuzheado, Tpbradbury, Wetman, Jhobson1, Robbot, GeerBawks, Dominick, Marnanel, No Guru, Utcursch, Andycjp, Antandrus, JoJan, Necrothesp, Mike Rosoft, O'Dea, Discospinster, Rama, LindsayH, Arthur Holland, Bender235, Kbh3rd, El C, Joaopais, Just zis Guy, you know?, Pablo X, Bobo192, Vervin, Man vyi, Alansohn, Arthena, SlimVirgin, Wtmitchell, Mikeo, Azertus, Walshga, Dejvid, Velho, Woohookitty, PoccilScript, Hailey C. Shannon, Cbdorsett, John Hill, Pictureuploader, Bren- danconway, Clarkefreak, Prashanthns, Marudubshinki, RichardWeiss, Cuchullain, Seidenstud, Voretus, Ghepeu, The wub, SchuminWeb, RobertG, Awotter, Nihiltres, Crazycomputers, Ayla, Parutakupiu, Chobot, DVdm, Igordebraga, Roboto de Ajvol, YurikBot, Nighm, Phan- tomsteve, RussBot, Pshipley, Sarranduin, Tmulqueen, Rapomon, IanManka, NawlinWiki, Snek01, The Ogre, Grafen, Armindo, Stal- lions2010, Shinmawa, Jpbowen, Dbfirs, BOT-Superzerocool, Evrik, Everyguy, Chuckos, Cinik, 21655, Deville, Phgao, Thnidu, JBogdan, Staffelde, LeonardoRob0t, Shyam, Contaldo80, Allens, Katieh5584, Adso de Fimnu, NeilN, Attilios, SmackBot, Dweller, KnowledgeOf- Self, Mrgate3, Jacek Kendysz, Rouenpucelle, Peloneous, Used2BAnonymous, Gilliam, Carl.bunderson, Ludi, Durova, Chris the speller, NCurse, Alfion, CARAVAGGISTI, MyNameIsVlad, Chlewbot, Mistico, Nakon, Vina-iwbot~enwiki, Ohconfucius, Zeorymer, SashatoBot, Acitrano, Accurizer, RomanSpa, JHunterJ, BillFlis, Bwpach, Dl2000, ShakingSpirit, Iridescent, Sinaloa, Courcelles, Dlohcierekim, East- law, JForget, Fetofsbot2, Mctorres, Fsouza, Josephus Bavaricus, CWY2190, MAlanH, Balloonman, Funnyfarmofdoom, Cydebot, Aristo- phanes68, Njamesdebien, Alvesgaspar, A Softer Answer, Captainm, Shirulashem, Paddles, Thijs!bot, Epbr123, Biruitorul, N5iln, Mojo Hand, Marek69, Woody, Merkurix, Juxtatype, Orfen, Escarbot, Mentifisto, AntiVandalBot, Freddiem, Antique Rose, Crazyjim, Mod- ernist, MikeLynch, Res2216firestar, JAnDbot, XyBot, Gatemansgc, Husond, Ronjamin, Paulcantrell2, TAnthony, .anacondabot, Acrote- rion, Meeples, VoABot II, Hasek is the best, AMK1211, Skew-t, Markoff Chaney, S. Randall, Alekjds, Tlmclain, Witchinghour, DerHexer, Edward321, DancingPenguin, MartinBot, STBot, .lIl., Agricolae, R'n'B, Vox Rationis, VirtualDelight, Slugger, J.delanoy, Trusilver, Un- cle Dick, Paris1127, Nashville66, Johnbod, Skier Dude, Bewareofdog, Afaber012, Unicycle77, BoredTerry, Aram33~enwiki, Antony-22, The Discoverer, KylieTastic, DorganBot, Patriciamaier2, Kvdveer, Pdcook, Halmstad, SoCalSuperEagle, Wikieditor06, VolkovBot, Jeff G., Kevinkor2, Maile66, Bovineboy2008, Philip Trueman, TXiKiBoT, Oshwah, Vipinhari, A4bot, Dickstracke, Rei-bot, Aymatth2, John Carter, Iflyfish28, Martin451, Meters, FinnWiki, Joseph A. Spadaro, VanishedUserABC, Enviroboy, Sylent, Insanity Incarnate, Kevork- mail, AlleborgoBot, Quantpole, Swimgal223, FlyingLeopard2014, Dannywise~enwiki, SieBot, Tresiden, Dbelange, Caltas, Ulysses54, Anglicanus, Happysailor, Flyer22 Reborn, Arohemq, Wilson44691, JSpung, Oxymoron83, KoshVorlon, Bede735, OKBot, G.-M. Cu- pertino, Tetraktys-English, Susan118, Superbeecat, Denisarona, SlackerMom, WikiBotas, Church, Elassint, ClueBot, The Thing That Should Not Be, Joe12811, Ithunn, Rjd0060, Priyanke, XPTO, Arakunem, Mild Bill Hiccup, Hafspajen, CounterVandalismBot, Trade- water, Niceguyedc, Piledhigheranddeeper, I am a violinist, Auntof6, Excirial, Jusdafax, Erebus Morgaine, Pooperman78902, Nuclear- Warfare, Machiavelli88, Iohannes Animosus, Botsjeh, Mattblack1ca, Rui Gabriel Correia, Aitias, Lord Cornwallis, Mattissa, Schinle- ber, EstherLois, Falcone827, Ambrosius007, Hotcrocodile, BodhisattvaBot, Rror, Ost316, Good Olfactory, Surtsicna, Guoguo12, Ron- hjones, Lordtweedsmuir, CarsracBot, Glane23, Organic Cabbage, Numbo3-bot, Tide rolls, Lightbot, OlEnglish, Teles, Rojypala, Frehley, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Tohd8BohaithuGh1, Cflm001, THEN WHO WAS PHONE?, AnakngAraw, IW.HG, Roltz, Licor, Juliancolton Al- ternative, Treyjag, AnomieBOT, Marauder40, Mauro Lanari, Jim1138, Dwayne, Grolltech, Kingpin13, Sz-iwbot, Materialscientist, An- thony of the Desert, Bob Burkhardt, Neurolysis, ArthurBot, Xqbot, Beardieowner, Jayarathina, Alexlange, Capricorn42, Fofosfedera- tion, Purplebackpack89, Inferno, Lord of Penguins, Heffer W Cheese, Coretheapple, Anonymous from the 21st century, Pmlineditor, Micione, Omnipaedista, Silverije, SPKirsch, Shadowjams, Erik9, Haldraper, Ana Bruta, FrescoBot, Pepper, Argentino10, Andriyif, Louperibot, Pinethicket, DefaultsortBot, Hamtechperson, Bmclaughlin9, Pikiwyn, December21st2012Freak, Jauhienij, Julien1978, Cn- williams, Jeffrd10, Ammodramus, Reach Out to the Truth, Daniel the Monk, Pakinfocenter, MovieOutcast, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, Re- play123, Guerillero, Maynilad, RjwilmsiBot, TjBot, Tvalovich, Slon02, Skamecrazy123, EmausBot, Carocc, Wikipelli, Dcirovic, Weri- eth, PBS-AWB, LuzoGraal, Alan347, Medeis, Michaelenandry, Drcise, Aldiaz, Dmitry I. 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10.2 Images

• File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: MarkusMark • File:Alvise_Vivarini,_sacra_conversazione.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Alvise_ Vivarini%2C_sacra_conversazione.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Web Gallery of Art: Image Info about artwork Original artist: Alvise Vivarini • File:Anthony_pereda.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Anthony_pereda.jpg License: Public domain 10.3 Content license 9

Contributors: http://www.1st-art-gallery.com/Antonio-De-Pereda/St-Anthony-Of-Padua-With-Christ-Child.html Original artist: Anto- nio de Pereda • File:AntoniusGreco17.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/AntoniusGreco17.jpg License: Public do- main Contributors: [2] Original artist: El Greco • File:Coat_of_arms_Holy_See.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Coat_of_arms_Holy_See.svg Li- cense: Public domain Contributors: • Bruno Bernhard Heim, Heraldry in the Catholic Church: Its Origin, Customs and Laws (Van Duren 1978 ISBN 9780391008731), p. 54; Original artist: F l a n k e r • File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contribu- tors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Cudowny_Obraz_Swietego_Antoniego_w_Przeworsku.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/ Cudowny_Obraz_Swietego_Antoniego_w_Przeworsku.jpg License: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Szymon Maksy- milian Wilk • File:Flag_of_Portugal.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg License: Public do- main Contributors: http://jorgesampaio.arquivo.presidencia.pt/pt/republica/simbolos/bandeiras/index.html#imgs Original artist: Colum- bano Bordalo Pinheiro (1910; generic design); Vítor Luís Rodrigues; António Martins-Tuválkin (2004; this specific vector set: see sources) • File:Friedrich_Pacher_-_St_Anthony_of_Padua_and_St_Francis_of_Assisi_-_WGA16806.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia. org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Friedrich_Pacher_-_St_Anthony_of_Padua_and_St_Francis_of_Assisi_-_WGA16806.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Web Gallery of Art: Image Info about artwork Original artist: Friedrich Pacher (circa 1435 - After 1508) • File:Giacomo_Farelli_-_Sant'Antonio_da_Padova_con_Gesù_Bambino.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ commons/3/3c/Giacomo_Farelli_-_Sant%27Antonio_da_Padova_con_Ges%C3%B9_Bambino.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Sotheby’s London, 29 April 2010, lot 164 Original artist: Giacomo Farelli • File:Gloriole_blur.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg License: Public domain Con- tributors: Own work Original artist: Eubulides • File:Hildegard_von_Bingen_Liber_Divinorum_Operum.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/ Hildegard_von_Bingen_Liber_Divinorum_Operum.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: Creator:Hildegard von Bingen • File:Igreja_de_Santo_Antônio,_Teresópolis.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Igreja_de_ Santo_Ant%C3%B4nio%2C_Teres%C3%B3polis.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: https://www.flickr.com/photos/marinelson/ 7593765742/in/photolist-cz32Zy-5YZ8Nr-L3hvz-5YZ7VR-6doGP-5YZ7Ea-5YZ7hV-bp93d-4J7SeN-bp8KW-8g7L1V-6ghZ7-2axvdr-8gb32f-5YZ6LT-8g8baP-4QgPtC-3pTTf3-5Z4hZQ-6bRnK-2axy3n-4QgMGN-5Z4i7W-2axpxM-47W9m4-pDWxR-5Z4iiL-2aC1ih-bp8tx-4J3Lyn-8gaZMj-4J82zY-2aC1Ch-3pU6yo-bp8xb-8gbscU-pgHq7Y-8g7S8M-4819AQ-8UNZs9-4J7LJL-4qYSu3-bp8Fs-6x5gAM-DHnAmo-3pTJ47-3pPzBa-bsJ1Dm-bFCJU8-3pPbZ2 Original artist: Marinelson Almeida • File:Kirchenfenster_Böckweiler.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Kirchenfenster_B%C3% B6ckweiler.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: http://www.flickr.com/photos/11596438@N00/2435169073/sizes/o/in/ photostream/ Original artist: tiegeltuf • File:Oberzell_Alte_Kirche_Antoniusfigur.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Oberzell_Alte_ Kirche_Antoniusfigur.jpg License: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: Own work (own photograph) Original artist: Photo: Andreas Praefcke • File:P_vip.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/69/P_vip.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:S_ant_lisboa_2.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/S_ant_lisboa_2.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Carlos Luis M C da Cruz • File:Saint_Antony_of_Padua_holding_Baby_Jesus_mg_0165.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/ Saint_Antony_of_Padua_holding_Baby_Jesus_mg_0165.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work by Rama Original artist: Bernardo Strozzi • File:St._Anthony_of_Padua.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/St._Anthony_of_Padua.jpg License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: John Hill • File:Thomas_Aquinas_in_Stained_Glass.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Thomas_Aquinas_in_ Stained_Glass.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: Flickr Original artist: Eddy Van 3000 • File:Wikidata-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg License: Public domain Con- tributors: Own work Original artist: User:Planemad • File:Wikiquote-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Rei-artur • File:Wikisource-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Rei-artur Original artist: Nicholas Moreau

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