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A DIACHRONIC EXAMINATION OF THE ERECHTHEION AND ITS RECEPTION Alexandra L. Lesk, B.A., M.St. (Oxon.), M.A. Presented to McMicken College of Arts and Sciences and the Department of Classics of the University of Cincinnati in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2004 Committee: C. Brian Rose (Chair) Jack L. Davis Kathleen M. Lynch J. James Coulton Abstract iii ABSTRACT “A Diachronic Examination of the Erechtheion and Its Reception” examines the social life of the Ionic temple on the Athenian Akropolis, which was built in the late 5th century B.C. to house Athens’ most sacred cults and relics. Using a contextualized diachronic approach, this study examines both the changes to the Erechtheion between its construction and the middle of the 19th century A.D., as well as the impact the temple had on the architecture and art of these successive periods. This approach allows the evidence to shed light on new areas of interest such as the Post-Antique phases of the building, in addition to affording a better understanding of problems that have plagued the study of the Erechtheion during the past two centuries. This study begins with a re-examination of all the pertinent archaeological, epigraphical, and literary evidence, and proposes a wholly new reconstruction of how the Erechtheion worked physically and ritually in ancient times. After accounting for the immediate influence of the Erechtheion on subsequent buildings of the Ionic order, an argument for a Hellenistic rather than Augustan date for the major repairs to the temple is presented. -
The Pedestal of the Athena Promachos 109
THE PEDESTALOF THE ATHENA PROMACHOS fr IHE FOUNDATIONS of the base of the Athena Promachos statue which once stood on the Acropolis of Athens lie about forty meters to the east of the Propy- laea and almost on.the axis of that great building (Figure 1).1 Fig. 1. The Athena Promachos As the Promachos statue was erected to commemorate the battle of Marathon, or possibly the Persian Wars in general, it is likely that the dedicatory inscription referred to this fact and that trophies won in the battles against the Persians were 1 When E. Beule wrote his great book L'Acropole d'Athe'nes, he reported (III, p. 307) as an already established fact the assignment of certain foundations and rock cuttings to the pedestal of the Promachos monument; compare also W. judeich, Topographie von Athen2, pp. 234-235; G. Lippold, R.E., s.v. Pheidias, cols. 1924-1925; C. Picard, Mai el d'Archeologie Grecql e, II, pp. 338-342. W. B. Dinsmoor assigned (A.J.A., XXV, 1921, p. 128, fig. 1) a fragment of an ovolo moulding to the capping course of the pedestal; compare also L. Shoe, Profiles of Greek Mouldings, p. 19 and plates C, 2, and IX, 6; G. P. Stevens, H:esperia, V, 1936, pp. 495, note 3, and 496, fig. 46. G. P. Stevens examined in detail the architectural remains (Hesperia, V, 1936, pp. 491-499, and figs. 42-49), and the present report is a continuation of his study based on the attribution by A. E. Raubitschek of two inscribed blocks to the lowest marble course of the pedestal (A.J.A., XLIV, 1940, p. -
The Parthenon, Part I: from Its Multiple Beginnings to 432 BCE"
1 THE FORTNIGHTLY CLUB Of REDLANDS, CALIFORNIA Founded 24 January 1895 Meeting Number 1856 March 13, 2014 "The Parthenon, Part I: From its Multiple Beginnings to 432 BCE" Bill McDonald Assembly Room, A. K. Smiley Public Library 2 [1] (Numbers in red catalog the slides) Fortnightly Talk #6 From Herekleides of Crete, in the 3rd century BCE: “The most beautiful things in the world are there [in Athens}… The sumptuous temple of Athena stands out, and is well worth a look. It is called the Parthenon and it is on the hill above the theatre. It makes a tremendous impression on visitors.” Reporter: Did you visit the Parthenon during your trip to Greece?” Shaq: “I can’t really remember the names of the clubs we went to.” Architects, aesthetes, grand tour-takers from England, France and Germany all came to Rome in the 3rd quarter of the 18th century, where they developed on uneven evidence a newly austere view of the classical world that in turn produced the Greek revival across northern Europe and in America. Johann Joachim Winckelmann (1717 – 1768) [2], a self-made scholar of ancient Greek language and texts, was their unofficial high priest. In 1755 Winckelmann arrived for the first time in Rome, where thanks not only to his brilliant publications but also to a recent and, shall we say, a timely conversion to Catholicism, he was admitted by papal authorities to the Vatican galleries and storerooms (his friend Goethe said that Winckelmann was really “a pagan”). His contemporaries in Rome saw Greek civilization as a primitive source for Roman art, and had never troubled to isolate Greek art from its successor; Winckelmann reversed that, making Greek art and 3 architecture, especially sculpture—and especially of the young male form that he especially admired—not only distinctive in its own right but the font of the greatest Western art. -
Lecture 05 Greek Architecture Part 2
Readings Pages 54-60, A World History of Architecture, Fazio, Michael, Moffet & Wodehousecopoy Pages 60– 65 Great Architecture of the World ARCH 1121 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURAL TECHNOLOGY Photo: Alexander Aptekar © 2009 Gardner Art Through the Ages Classical Greek Architecture 480 – 431BCE: Known as the Classical Period in Greek History Assertion that human intelligence puts man above the rest of nature Architecture began in the service of religion 7th century BCE – 1st efforts to create proper shapes and design Beauty = Gods Secret of beauty lay in ratios and proportions Invented democracy and philosophy Created works of art in drama, sculpture and architecture Greek Architecture 480 – 431BCE Temples first built with wood, then stone w/ terra cotta tiles Purely formal objects Greeks pursued the beauty through architecture and materials The home of the Gods Became the principal ornaments in the cities, generally on hills or other prominent locations www.greatbuildings.com www.greatbuildings.com Temple of Hephaestus megron Athenian Treasury Classical Orders In classical Greek architecture, beauty lay in systems of the ratios and proportions. A system or order defined the ideal proportions for all the components of the temples according to mathematical ratios – based on the diameter of the columns. What is an order? An order includes the total assemblage of parts consisting of the column and its appropriate entablature which is based on the diameter of the column. Temple of Hera II (Poseidon) 450 BCE The column is vertical and supports the structure. Its diameter sets the proportion of the other parts. The entablature is horizontal and consists of many elements. -
Serbian Students' Perception of Greek Cultural
10th International Scientific Conference “Science and Higher Education in Function of Sustainable Development” 06 – 07 October 2017, Mećavnik – Drvengrad, Užice, Serbia SERBIAN STUDENTS’ PERCEPTION OF GREEK CULTURAL TOURISM Kristina Radicevic Business-Technical College of Vocational Studies, Uzice, SERBIA [email protected] Marija Djordjevic Business-Technical College of Vocational Studies, Uzice, SERBIA [email protected] Milos Djokic Business College of Vocational Studies, Leskovac, SERBIA [email protected] Tamara Milunovic Business College of Vocational Studies, Leskovac, SERBIA [email protected] Abstract: Cultural Tourism is the subset of tourism concerned with a country or region's culture, specifically the lifestyle of the people in those geographical areas, the history of those people, their art, architecture, religion(s), etc. Tourism of Athens traces its roots to the ancient times. Purpose of this paper is to represent cultural landmarks of Athens. Key words: Greece, Athens, tourism, culture 1.INTRODUCTION Cultural tourism has a long history, and with its roots in the Grand Tour is arguably the original form of tourism, and it’s also one of the forms of tourism that most policy makers seem to be betting on for the future. Greece has been a major tourist destination and attraction in Europe since antiquity, for its rich culture and history, which is reflected in large part by its 18 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, among the most in Europe and the world as well as for its long coastline, many islands and beaches. Tourism in Greece traces its roots to the ancient times. Cultural exchange took place between the Greek colonies of Magna Graeca and the young Roman Republic before Rome's rise to dominance of the Western Mediterranean. -
Archaic and Classical Cult Statues in Greece
ARCHAIC AND CLASSICAL CULT STATUES IN GREECE THE SETTING AND DISPLAY OF CULT IMAGES IN THE ARCHAIC AND CLASSICAL PERIODS IN GREECE By SHERR! DAWSON, B.A. A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements For the Degree Master of Arts McMaster Uni versity © Copyright by Sherri Dawson, June 2002 MASTER OF ARTS (2002) McMaster University (Classical Studies) Hamilton, Ontario TITLE: The Setting and Display of Cult Images in the Archaic and Classical Peri ods in Greece. AUTHOR: Sherri Dawson, B. A. (Uni versity of Alberta) SUPERVISOR: Dr. Gretchen Umholtz NUMBER OF PAGES: xii, 257. 11 ABSTRACT The focus of this thesis is on ancient archaic and classical Greek cult statues and how their placement reflects both the role of the statues themselves and the continuity in worship. Greek sanctuaries generally exhibited a strong continuity of cult in terms of building successive temples directly on top of the remains of their predecessors. The sanctuary of Hera on Samos and the sanctuary of Apollo at Didyma are two such sanctuaries in Asia Minor that exhibit this type of continuity even though their early temples were replaced by large superstructures. The temple of Athena Nike in Athens is another example of continuity, since the larger Classical temple was built on the same site as the archaic one. The Athenian Parthenon, the temple of Zeus at Olympia, the Classical Heraion at Argos and the Classical temple of Dionysos on the south slope in Athens, however, were not built on the same site as the archaic temples. -
Athens in the Age of Pericles, 462–429 BC
Qualification Accredited GCSE (9–1) Prescribed Source Booklet ANCIENT HISTORY J198 For first teaching in 2017 Athens in the Age of Pericles, 462–429 BC Version 1 www.ocr.org.uk/gcseancienthistory Prescribed Sources Booklet Overview of the depth study The relationship Contextual background for the rising tensions between between Athens Athens and Sparta including refusal of Athenian help This depth study continues the time-frame covered in the period study to look and Sparta and supressing the helot revolt, construction of the Long at how Athens changed during the Age of Pericles. The contextual background Pericles’ Foreign Walls and Athens’ growing power; Athens as a leader in to this depth study tracks the relationships between Athens and its allies and Policy the Greek world: the aftermath of the Persian Wars, the between Athens and Sparta and the creation of a radical democracy. This Delian League and Athenian Empire; the significance depth study involves gaining an understanding of the workings of Athenian ascribed to the Megarian degree by Aristophanes; democracy and the political, cultural and religious context which allowed moving the Delian League treasury to Athens; Pericles’ Introduction Pericles to claim in his Funeral Oration that “Athens was an education to Greece”. strategy during the Archidamian War and its impact Students will also analyse how Athenians saw themselves as well as the role and including the plague. position of women in society at this time. Pericles and the The importance of Pericles’ building programme; -
Topography of Athens and Attica Graduate Seminar: Fall 2019
CS 9532A: TOPOGRAPHY OF ATHENS AND ATTICA GRADUATE SEMINAR: FALL 2019 Course Info: Meetings: Monday, 2:30-5:30pm, STVH 2166 Instructor: Dr. Catherine Pratt Lawson Hall 3211 [email protected] Office Hours: Tuesday 11:30-12:30 (and by appointment) Course Description: This course is a comprehensive overview of the topography, monuments, and material culture of ancient Athens from the Bronze Age to the early modern era with a focus on the time of her greatest power and influence during the 6thand 5thCs. BCE. The archaeological evidence will be examined within the social, political, and historical contexts of the city in both the private/domestic and public (secular/sacred) spheres. This course will also take into consideration the greater Attic territory and the fluctuating relationships between city and countryside over time. The course will begin with an overview of the topography of the city and countryside in different periods: the palatial Bronze Age, the development of the polis in the Archaic period, the effects of changing politics in the sixth and fifth centuries, the city during the Empire, and the gradual decline of the fourth and third centuries BCE. Classes will be composed of lecture and student presentations. The student presentations during the first half of the course will be based on a particular monument or site relevant to the topic of the week. The second half of the course will focus on problems of Athenian and Attic topography and will consist mainly of formal student reports that ideally will coincide with the student’s research paper. COURSE COMPONENTS AND GRADE BREAKDOWN: Class participation: 20% All students are expected to come to class prepared to discuss the material and respond to lectures and each other. -
The Acropolis of Athens
The Erechtheion OPERATING RULES Please be informed that the following is strictly prohibited: The Ionic building on the north side of the Acropolis plateau (Law 3028/2002 and Official was named Erechtheion after the mythical king of Athens Erech- Government Gazette 88/B/23.1.2004) theus. Construction began either before 431 BC or after 421 • to collect, remove or damage any kind of object, including ancient THE ACROPOLIS BC and was completed in 406 BC following an interruption and contemporary works of art as well as any natural item, caused by the Peloponnesian War. • to consume food or beverages, Its peculiar shape is the result of the uneven terrain and the • to smoke, OF ATHENS need to house the age-old Sacred Tokens. It was dedicated • to produce litter of any kind, to the cults of Athena Polias as well as Poseidon Erechtheus, • to behave, dress or act in a way not compatible with the nature Hephaestus and the hero Boutes. On the north side of the edifice of the archaeological site/museum, a magnificent propylon is formed, whereas the south side is • entrance to people under the influence of substances (intoxicants, dominated by the famous Prostasis (porch) of the Maidens narcotics etc.), ( Korai) or Caryatids which constitutes the overground part of the • entrance to pets, except for dogs accompanying people with tomb of the mythical king of Athens Cecrops. disabilities, On the west side the Erechtheion was connected to the Pan droseion, • entrance to all vehicles, except for emergency vehicles and those a sanctuary dedicated to the daughter of Cecrops, Pandrosos. -
Silver in Greece
Silver Production in City/State of Ancient Athens Maxwell K. Boots, B.Sc. (Hon), PhD. Introduction. Much of what follows was sourced from the internet, however I remain responsible for the conclusions. During earlier research into the origins of silver and gold smithing, I came across many references about the first known “owl” coins that were minted in Greece from silver, commencing c580 BCE. Although these were not the first coins, they rekindled an interest in the silver history of Greece, especially about the geology of the mines in south- eastern Greece. The first known coins were made by the Lydians c700BCE (modern day-Western Turkey) using naturally occurring Electrum. Over 50 years ago I had sat through a lecture on the economic geology and processing of silver ores from the Laurion area of present day Greece, which is centered about 60km to the southeast of Athens. The Greeks appear to have the first real evidence of mining and processing on an intensive scale from their silver mines at Laurion which is an eastern sea port situated on a bay overlooking the island of Makronisos (in ancient times: Helena). The town is also known as Lavrio, Laureion or Laurium. Other small villages and towns of this area include Thoricus, Kamareza, Maronsa and Sounian. History of the mines. Although the start of silver mining in the Laurion area is not accurately known, it was probably commenced before the 3rd millennium BCE. This date has been ascertained because lead found in Egypt and dated to that time has been found to have the same isotope ratios, thus it originated from the Laurion area. -
The Sanctuary of Artemis Brauronia on the Athenian Akropolis
THE SANCTUARY OF ARTEMIS BRAURONIA ON THE ATHENIAN AKROPOLIS (PLATES 81-86) THE AREA to the southeast of the Propylaiaon the Athenian Akropolis has been examined by Friedrich Versakis1and Gorham Phillips Stevens2 and identified as the Sanctuary of Artemis Brauronia. Most of the evidence available for an architectural reconstructionconsists of rock cuttings and the lowest courses of masonry located in the eastern and southeastern regions of the sanctuary. These remains have recently been re-examined; the result of the new study is the observation of previously unnoted features and the identificationof several architecturalphases within the sanctuary.The dual purpose of this study is to present new evidence and to offer a new architectural interpretation;the physical data will be presented first, followed by an analysis and a reconstructionof the plan.3 PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION The eastern side of the sanctuaryis defined by a north-south wall that runs from the northeast corner of the sanctuaryto the south wall of the Akropolis (P1. 82:a, b). The northern 28.64 m. of its length consist of a bedrock socle and eight ashlar blocks of limestone which remain in situ. South of this, where the Akropolis bedrock slopes downward more steeply toward the south, the visible portion of the wall consists of limestone blocks set on limestone foundations. At its northern end the bedrock socle is 0.72 m. wide; 0.75 m. from its northern end it is cut down to the level on which the first six limestone blocks are bedded (P1. 82:c). Its smoothly dressed western face extends 2.30 m. -
Ancient Greece Alexandros of IKTINOS 447–438 B.C
Ancient Greece Epigonos (?), Dying Gaul, 230 B.C. Alexandros of Antioch‐on‐the‐Meander, Venus de Milo, 150‐120 B.C. IKTINOS and KALLIKRATES , Parthenon, 447–438 BCE The Greek World Artistic Periods • Geometric (900‐600 B.C.) • Archaic (600‐480 B.C) • Early & High Classical (480‐400 B.C.) • Late Classical (400 – 323 B.C.) • Hellenistic (323‐30 B.C.) No other culture has had as far‐reaching or lasting an influence on art and civilization as that of ancient Greece. Geometric Period • Dates: ca. 900–600 BC; named because of the prevalence of geometric designs and patterns in the works of art. • Conceptual (stylized) representation of human figures. • Krater – ancient wide-mouthed bowl for mixing wine and water • Amphora – ancient Greek two-handled jar used for general storage purposes, usually wine or oil Krater vs Amphora DIPYLON PAINTER, Geometric amphora with Geometric krater, from the Dipylon cemetery, mourning scene, from the Dipylon cemetery, Athens, Greece, ca. 740 BCE Athens, Greece, ca. 750 BCE. Mantiklos Apollo, statuette of a youth dedicated by Mantiklos to Apollo, from Thebes, Greece, ca. 700–680 BCE Hero and centaur (Herakles and Nessos?), from Olympia,Greece, ca. 750–730 BCE Archaic Period • Dates: ca. 600 - 480 B.C. • Gradual change from Geometric style to the Archaic style. • It was influenced by the flowing forms and animals in Mesopotamian art. • There was a growing emphasis on the human figure. In a series of bands, reminiscent of geometric vases, native animals (boars) appear next to exotic lions and panthers as well as creatures inspired by eastern creatures like the sphinx and lamassu.