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Copyright by Deirdre Gae Doughty 2013 Copyright by Deirdre Gae Doughty 2013 The Dissertation Committee for Deirdre Gae Doughty certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: Having a Baby the Natural Way: Primitive Bodies, Modern Women and Childbirth in Mid-Century America Committee: Laurie B. Green, Supervisor Judith G. Coffin Janet M. Davis Megan Seaholm Gunther Peck Having a Baby the Natural Way: Primitive Bodies, Modern Women and Childbirth in Mid-Century America by Deirdre Gae Doughty, B.A.; M.A. Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin May 2013 Dedication To my husband, Jeff, and to my children, William, James, and Henry, for the love, joy and support they have given me. Acknowledgements After so many years in the making, it gives me great pleasure to thank those who contributed to this project’s completion. Early in my graduate school career, Judy Coffin, Desley Deacon, Kevin Kenny, Gunther Peck and Jim Sidbury provided vital encouragement and, in their example of fine scholarship and through their excellent teaching, continuously challenged me and fundamentally shaped my approach to the study of history. Desley Deacon supplied early enthusiasm, crucial feedback and important direction for my dissertation, as did Gunther Peck and, later, David Oshinsky. More recently my work has benefitted from the insightful suggestions and correctives of Janet Davis and Megan Seaholm. My greatest thanks and gratitude, however, go to my supervisor, Laurie Green. Her generous commitment to students, myself included, is invaluable. In my case, she not only proved an incisive and challenging critic, but also an unfailing mentor and constant supporter. My work is immensely better for her involvement. I owe thanks to the Department of History at the University of Texas at Austin for awarding me grants and fellowships, including the John M. Curtis Dissertation Fellowship, which allowed me to focus on conducting research both in Austin and in London. I am also very appreciative of the Department for allowing me to chart a non-traditional path to the completion of my degree as I juggled growing family obligations and my scholarly career. I owe thanks, too, to the helpful and v professional staff at the Wellcome Library for the History and Understanding of Medicine in London, England; at the Columbia University Augustus C. Long Health Sciences Library; and at the Schlesinger Library at Harvard University. I am especially indebted to the InterLibrary Services staff at the Perry Castaneda Library at the University of Texas at Austin. They promptly and efficiently obtained for me the books that I could not find among UT’s amazing library holdings and also managed to track down obscure magazine articles, despite the fact that I often had only incomplete citations. I am also grateful for the friendship, camaraderie and perceptive criticism of the members of my dissertation writing groups: in S.C.I.P.S., Marian Barber, Lissa Bollettino, Sara Fanning, Sara Lucas and Rebecca Montes; and in a later dissertation group with Laurie Green, Leah Deane, Luritta Dubois, Kyle Shelton, Sarah Steinbock- Pratt and Cristina Salinas. Thank you to Brittany Smith who provided that all too rare and priceless service—childcare that was both absolutely dependable and also enriching and fun for my children—and in the process became a part of our family. I thank Claire Tobin, Billy Doughty, Jack Thompson, Jennifer Thompson and Justin Thompson for years of friendship, advice, support and good times. Billy also provided excellent childcare and Justin graciously welcomed me into his home on a research trip to NYC. My dear parents, Bill and Beverly Doughty, deserve special acknowledgement and appreciation. I cannot thank them enough. They not only unstintingly showered vi me with love and encouragement, but also nurtured and fed my curiosity and imagination and, by example, taught me the value of learning and the importance of perseverance and hard-work. Both of them contributed tangibly and intangibly to the project that follows. My father introduced me to the joys of history at an early age; he also designed and built the database I used for my research at the Wellcome Library. Childhood conversations with my mother inspired my lifelong interest in natural childbirth and her impressive diligence in completing two degrees as I was growing up showed me that successfully managing family and academic life was a possibility. She also provided essential childcare by accompanying me on my research trip to London. My three bright and exuberant children, William, Jamie and Henry, were each born as I was researching and writing this project. Though their arrival slowed my completion, they brought balance, new perspective and boundless joy to my life. I wouldn’t have done it any other way. My deepest debt is to my husband and true partner, Jeff Thompson. His keen intellect and sharp wit have enlivened and enriched my life and my work immeasurably; his unwavering encouragement has seen me through my most doubt-filled hours. His selfless and ongoing financial support of our family and his willingness, on numerous lengthy occasions, to cheerfully shoulder all household and parental responsibilities made the completion of this dissertation possible. I don’t know that I can ever repay what he has done for vii me, but I look forward to spending the rest of my life trying. To him and to our beautiful boys, I dedicate this work. viii Having a Baby the Natural Way: Primitive Bodies, Modern Women and Childbirth in Mid-Century America Deirdre Gae Doughty, Ph.D. The University of Texas at Austin, 2013 Supervisor: Laurie B. Green As childbirth shifted from home to the hospital in earnest in the late 1930s, many women, reacting against what they saw as a dehumanizing, assembly-line approach to labor began to search for an alternative method involving conscious delivery and an emphasis on a positive experience for the mother. Natural childbirth provided one such method and by the 1950s had become the basis of a burgeoning social movement, spawning childbirth education organizations across the United States and sparking an outpouring of both opposition and support in magazines, newspapers, and medical texts. Other scholars have generally analyzed these early stirrings of interest in alternative birthing practices in relation to what would later become the more activist and more explicitly feminist challenge to medicalized childbirth in the 1970s and 1980s. My dissertation moves beyond this focus to examine the origins of natural childbirth in late-nineteenth-century thinking on “primitive” and “civilized” birth and then looks at the ways that physicians, pundits, journalists and mothers themselves reinterpreted and shaped that thinking during the post WWII years in the United States. Using photographs and articles from ix medical journals and the popular press, along with hundreds of letters and surveys from natural childbirth participants, I focus on three running threads. One, I examine the ways that advocates of natural childbirth relied on ideas of “primitive” versus “civilized” or “modern” birth—ideas deeply imbued with notions of bodily difference and class status. On a related point, I also look at the ways that women’s experiences of childbirth discursively marked their level of civilization or modernity. Two, I examine the fact that natural childbirth proponents paradoxically both associated the method with concepts of “nature” and “primitivity” and stressed its derivation from and basis in “modern science.” I look at how this alliance with “modern” medicine constructed natural childbirth as a distinctly “modern” method. Three, I analyze the ways that the rhetoric and theory of natural childbirth reflected contemporary understandings of femininity, as well as the ways that popular media representations of, and women’s participation in, natural childbirth helped to complicate and reshape these cultural perceptions. x Table of Contents List of Figures ............................................................................................................................ xiii Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 1 Painless Parturition and the Overcivilized Woman: The Origins of Natural Childbirth ......................................................................................................... 24 Chapter 2 Modernizing “Civilized” Childbirth: American Childbirth Practice and Rhetoric in the 1920s and 1930s ............................................................................ 70 Chapter 3 Taking Labor Off the Assembly Line: Grantly Dick-Read and Natural Childbirth ........................................................................................................................ 113 Chapter 4 “Having a Baby the New Way: Natural Childbirth, Modernity and the Domestic Ideal” ............................................................................................................ 149 Chapter 5 “The Most Controversial Issue in Modern Medicine”: Responses to Natural Childbirth ....................................................................................................... 204 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................
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