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Birth Pangs: Maternity, Medicine, and Feminine Delicacy in English Canada, 1867-1950

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Birth Pangs: Maternity, Medicine, and Feminine Delicacy in English Canada, 1867-1950 Wilfrid Laurier University Scholars Commons @ Laurier Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive) 2016 Birth Pangs: Maternity, Medicine, and Feminine Delicacy in English Canada, 1867-1950 Whitney L. Wood Wilfrid Laurier University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholars.wlu.ca/etd Part of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine Commons Recommended Citation Wood, Whitney L., "Birth Pangs: Maternity, Medicine, and Feminine Delicacy in English Canada, 1867-1950" (2016). Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive). 1816. https://scholars.wlu.ca/etd/1816 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by Scholars Commons @ Laurier. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive) by an authorized administrator of Scholars Commons @ Laurier. For more information, please contact [email protected]. BIRTH PANGS: MATERNITY, MEDICINE, AND FEMININE DELICACY IN ENGLISH CANADA, 1867-1950 by Whitney Wood Honours Bachelor of Arts (History) Lakehead University, 2009 Master of Arts (History) Lakehead University, 2010 A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Arts in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History February 2016 Wilfrid Laurier University Waterloo, Ontario, Canada © Whitney Wood 2016 Abstract The pain women experience in giving birth is a universal, cross-cultural, biological reality. The ways women experienced these pains, as well as the ways they were perceived by physicians and depicted in wider medical discourses, however, are historically and culturally specific. In late nineteenth and early twentieth century English Canada – a key period in terms of both the medicalization of birth and the professionalization of obstetrics – the dominant medical perception of the female body held that white, middle-class, and urban-dwelling women were particularly “delicate” and sensitive to pain for a variety of reasons. Drawing on a broad range of archival and print sources including medical textbooks, course calendars, lecture notes, professional medical journals, popular advice literature, diaries, and private correspondence, this dissertation unpacks the medical construction of the “delicate woman”, examining the evolution of these ideas and their impact. I argue that the variety of gendered, class- based, and racialized distinctions that underpinned the construction of female “delicacy” and sensitivity to pain were inseparable from turn-of-the-twentieth century social and cultural tensions. Medical rhetoric and perceptions of the delicate woman – as well as the increasingly pathological views of both pregnancy and birth that were inherently connected with this particular construction of the female body – contributed to a new type of birth experience for many women during these transformative decades. While the growing popularity of natural childbirth ideologies in the 1940s and 1950s represented some of the first substantial and organized opposition to the medicalization of childbirth that had been ongoing since the second half of the nineteenth century, proponents of natural birth ultimately continued to articulate conservative views of the female body, birth, and the doctor-patient relationship. i Acknowledgements In completing this project, I have been incredibly fortunate to have the support of excellent scholars, generous funding organizations, and an always encouraging group of friends and family. First and foremost, my greatest thanks go to my supervisor, Cynthia Comacchio. Since taking me on as a PhD student in the Fall of 2010, Cindy has been an enduring source of guidance and advice, reading countless funding applications, conference papers, and chapter and article drafts, and providing me with feedback that always seemed to strike the perfect balance of kindness, encouragement, and frankness. Cindy had faith in my abilities even when it was near impossible to see the light at the end of the tunnel, and pushed me to finish this dissertation in time to move on to new opportunities. I absolutely cannot thank her enough. Over the past five years, it has also been a pleasure to work alongside my two committee members, Wendy Mitchinson and Tracy Penny Light. As her scholarship has played a major role in inspiring my own research into the history of childbirth, Wendy’s involvement with this project was a natural choice, and I was thrilled to learn that she was willing to join my committee. Her feedback at critical junctures was invaluable in shaping the trajectory of this study, and her willingness to read funding applications and provide letters of reference has been greatly appreciated. Tracy Penny Light has been an ongoing source of enthusiasm and support since my time as a first year PhD student in her “History of Medicine” doctoral seminar. She has been a joy to work with over the past five years, and I appreciate both her keen historical insight on the issues I explore in this dissertation, and her broader passion for teaching and lifelong learning, which has done much to inspire my own work in the classroom. I look forward to the chance to work alongside these inspiring women in the years to come. Many thanks also go to Penelope Ironstone and Mona Gleason for their willingness to serve on my dissertation examination committee. Outside of the Tri-University Graduate Programme, I continued to benefit from the support and guidance of a growing group of academics. At Lakehead University, Kristin Burnett, Geoff Hudson, and Patricia Jasen continued to support both me and my work in various ways. Special thanks go to Geoff for inviting me back to Thunder Bay to share my ideas with the Northern Ontario School of Medicine History of Health and Medicine Group. Throughout my time as a PhD student, Jane Nicholas provided a great deal of enthusiasm and support, writing reference letters and offering me a chance to ii work with her on her own projects. While I was unfortunate to leave Waterloo just as she arrived, I look forward to continuing to collaborate with her in the years to come. This work has been funded by a Canada Graduate Scholarship from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (2010-2013), as well as two Ontario Graduate Scholarships (2013-2014 and 2014-2015). Several travel and research awards from Wilfrid Laurier University helped defray the costs of research trips and presenting my work at conferences. A Michael Smith Foreign Study supplement provided me with the opportunity to spend a SSHRC-funded semester as a Visiting Researcher at Birkbeck, University of London in the Fall of 2012. While this experience allowed me to work alongside the brilliant scholars affiliated with the Birkbeck Pain Project, I am most grateful for the fact that it introduced me to Joanna Bourke. Joanna became a great supporter of both me and this study, and I am thrilled to be moving on to work with her and the recently reformed Birkbeck Trauma Project as a postdoctoral fellow. Several other scholars were generous in offering advice and criticism with respect to particular chapters of this study. Parts of Chapter 4 have been published in the Canadian Bulletin of Medical History as “‘The Luxurious Daughters of Artificial Life:’ Female ‘Delicacy’ and Pain in Late-Victorian Advice Literature.” My thanks go out to Shannon Stettner and Tracy Penny Light, along with the two anonymous CBMH reviewers, for their thoughtful feedback on this portion of the work. An early version of Chapter 5 was published in the 2014 anthology Pain and Emotion in Modern History, edited by Rob Boddice. Similar thanks go out to Rob and the attendees at Birkbeck’s “Pain as Emotion, Emotion as Pain” workshop in October 2012 for their interest and advice on the work that forms this chapter. Finally, I benefitted from the enthusiasm of several audiences at the Canadian Society for the History of Medicine, American Association for the History of Medicine, and Perceptions of Pregnancy Conferences, who gave feedback on drafts of Chapters 1 and 6. Special thanks go to members of the CSHM for their consistent and helpful feedback at Annual Meetings. This process would have been near impossible without the support of friends and family. While it was my pleasure to work alongside a great group of Canadian historians that entered the Tri-University Graduate Programme in the Fall of 2010, Katrina Ackerman, Andrea Gal, and Michelle Filice deserve special thanks for always being open to coffee and lunch dates, vent sessions, and celebrations throughout the past five years. iii Katrina, in particular, was a huge supporter during “the final push” to get the draft finished. Thanks also go to my fellow historian of pain, Kate Walker, for sharing my love of bad television and remaining a great “conference buddy” over the years. Outside of my own field, my fellow academics and homebrewers Brian Adams, Marine Cuisiner, Matt Asmussen and Susan Howett offered the most welcome distractions in the form of many a “brew weekend” – special thanks have to go to Mike for handling all the cleanup afterwards. Of course, I need to thank my own families for their ongoing support. The Asmussens – Brenda and Kim, Matt and Susan, and Christina – have welcomed me into their family and their home more times than I can count, and I am happy to be able to add my own dissertation to the growing stack under their coffee table. My parents, Carol and Dan, and my sisters, Madison and Hillary, have been nothing but encouraging throughout this entire process. Though visits were sometimes few and far between, they regularly enquired as to my progress, asked what I had on my plate in terms of “homework,” and, perhaps most importantly, cheered me on and encouraged me to finish. My Mom deserves special mention for reading every word of this dissertation and much of what I have written over the past five years. My “Grammy,” Maybelle Weberg (1929-2010), was here to see the beginnings of this process, but not the end.
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