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6:33:20 OCA PAD AMENDMENT - PROJECT HEADER INFORMATION 02/21/90 Active Project #: E-20-608 Cost share #: Rev #: 1 Center # : 10/31-6-T5234-OAO Center shr #: OCA file #: Work type : RES Contract#: STD AGRMT Mod #: ADMIN. Document : AGR Prime #: Contract entity: GTRC Subprojects ? : N Main project #: Project unit: CE Unit code: 02.010.116 Project director(s): SAUNDERS F M CE (404)894-2265 Sponsor/division names: GWINNETT CTY WATER DEPT Sponsor/division codes: 300 / 046 Award period: 890901 to 920831 (performance) 920831 (reports) Sponsor amount New this change Total to date Contract value 0.00 450,000.00 Funded 0.00 450,000.00 Cost sharing amount 0.00 Does subcontracting plan apply ?: N Title: ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY & RECLAMATION - RESEARCH & MONITORING STUDIES PROJECT ADMINISTRATION DATA OCA contact: Brian J. Lindberg 894-4820 Sponsor technical contact Sponsor issuing office MR. A.R. SEIBENHENER, DIRECTOR MS. KARI MANNING, ADMIN. ASSISTANT (404)822-7171 (404)822-7171 .WATER POLLUTION CONTROL DIVISION GWINNETT COUNTY PUBLIC UTILITIES BUTTON GWINNETT ANNEX 75 LANGLEY DRIVE LAWRENCEVILLE, GA 30245 LAWRENCEVILLE, GA 30245 Security class (U,C,S,TS) : U ONR resident rep. is ACO (Y/N): N Defense priority rating : N/A N/A supplemental sheet Equipment title vests with: Sponsor X GIT 7,LN Administrative comments - ADMINISTRATIVE CORRECTION - PROJECT NUMBER HAS BEEN CHANGED FROME-20-842 -0; TO E-20-608. .„ - GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY OFFICE OF CONTRACT ADMINISTRATION Li I NOTICE OF PROJECT CLOSEOUT Closeout Notice Date 03/07/96 Project No. E-20-608 Center No. 10/24-6-R6894-0A0_ Project Director SAUNDERS F M School/Lab CIVIL ENGR Sponsor GWINNETT CTY WATER DEPT/ Contract/Grant No. STD AGRMT Contract Entity GTRC Prime Contract No. 1 Title ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY & RECLAMATION - RESEARCH & MONITORING STUDIES Effective Completion Date 920831 (Performance) 920831 (Reports) Date Closeout Actions Required: Y/N Submitted Final Invoice or Copy of Final Invoice Y Final Report of Inventions and/or Subcontracts Y Government Property Inventory 8 Related Certificate Y Classified Material Certificate N Release and Assignment N Other N Comments Subproject Under Main Project No. Continues Project No. Distribution Required: Project Director Y Administrative Network Representative Y GTRI Accounting/Grants and Contracts Y Procurement/Supply Services Y Research Property Managment Y Research Security Services N Reports Coordinator (OCA) Y GTRC Y Project File Y Other N N NOTE: Final Patent Questionnaire sent to PDPI. School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Assessment of Impacts of Metals from GeoiTi a Institute (.'y Technology (...;corQ is institute (if Technology Wastewater Treatment Effluents on oeorg 111S/ flute of recimology Yellow River in Gwinnett County (.Teorgia Institute echnolog Georgia ins/1/WV uJ led17101()g:y )0171-?.. ICI Institute (..y Technology Katherine Rene Heflin (....K,org la Institute Technology Georgia Institute of' Technology (leo Q.la Institute Qf •TechnolQgy F. Michael Saunders, Ph.D. Georgia last ute of 'Technology Georgia Instil ute I i'ch nology ins/kale ( learn ology Submitted to 161 ins/i7 TCb11010y Gwinnett County Public Utilities Gporgia IliSlitule l lechn.ology Lawrenceville, Georgia Geoi g. ía Iii/ / utc (:)1. Technology Geo ía Ins/flute rechnolo,u January 1996 Ct.,: •1()!cf.: GIT-CEE/EnvE-96-4 ABSTRACT Pursuant to the Water Quality Act of 1987, the State of Georgia adopted stringent metal standards for the state's water bodies, based on the Environmental Protection Agency's water quality criteria. The objective of this study was to critically examine trace metals discharged to Yellow River by the Yellow River/Sweetwater Creek and Jackson Creek Water Reclamation Facilities (WRFs) and assess their impacts. When this research was undertaken in September 1990, NPDES permits for the two Gwinnett County facilities were being reviewed for 1991 metals limits under Georgia Rules and Regulations for Water Quality Control. Grab samples of effluent from the respective facilities and grab samples of the Yellow River stream (at the Killian Hill Road EPD trend-monitoring station) were collected and analyzed for total recoverable metals by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy. The metals analysis included silver, cadmium, chromium, copper, nickel, lead and zinc. Turbidity and particle- size distributions were measured for in-stream samples to relate in-stream metals concentrations to solids content. Sampling was conducted from September, 1990 through May, 1992. Several quality control/quality assurance measures were incorporated into this study to evaluate the validity of the analytical data. These data showed that analytical results were precise and accurate; data for zinc demonstrated the highest variability and scatter. Metals concentrations were determined with 95 percent confidence, and critical metals for each of the sampling sites were identified, based on current (1994) water quality standards and proposed NPDES limits. For the Yellow River in-stream samples, the selected critical metals were silver (1.1 pg/L average), copper (2.8 pg/L average), lead (1.2 pg/L average), and zinc (50 pg/L average). Cadmium, copper and lead concentrations in Yellow River correlated to stream flow, turbidity and particle concentration, suggesting that these metals were attributed by stormwater runoff and/or river bed scouring. The critical metals for the Yellow River/Sweetwater Creek WRF effluent samples were silver (0.50 pg/L average), lead (2.8 pg/L average) and zinc (72 pg/L average). For the Jackson Creek WRF, silver (0.31 pg/L average), cadmium (2.2 pg/L average) and zinc (330 pg/L average) were the critical metals. Total recoverable metals results showed that minimal metals are being discharged to the Yellow River by the two Gwinnett County facilities studied. In that only a portion of total recoverable metals is bioavailable, this issure needs to be pursued with respect to facility discharges. The Yellow River/Sweetwater Creek WRF is meeting existing NPDES limits for zinc. While no significant concern exists based on results of this study, further examination of the bioavailable (as opposed to total recoverable) metals is recommended, with primary focus on silver, cadmium, lead and zinc. TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract Table of Contents ii List of Tables List of Figures vii Chapter 1: Introduction 1 1.1 Objective 2 1.2 Description of Sites Studied 3 1.3 Literature Review 12 Chapter 2: Background 27 2.1 Metals in Natural Water 31 2.2 Ecotoxicology 39 2.3 Water Quality Legislation 46 2.4 General Principles of Atomic Absorption 59 Chapter 3: Instrumentation 65 3.1 Hollow Cathode Lamp 67 3.2 HGA-2200 Furnace Assembly 69 3.3 HGA-2200 Power Supply/Controller 73 3.4 Model 703 AA Spectrophotometer 77 3.5 Deuterium Arc Background Corrector 84 3.6 Model 56 Strip Chart Recorder 86 3.7 Hach Turbidimeter 88 3.8 Brinkmann Particle Size Analyzer 89 Chapter 4: Experimental Procedures 91 4.1 Glassware, Materials and Reagents 92 4.2 Wash Procedure 94 4.3 Dilution Water 95 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS --continued Chapter 4: Experimental Procedures --continued 4.4 Sample Collection 96 4.5 Sample Preparation for GFAA 98 4.6 Metals Standards 101 Chapter 5: Quality Control 106 5.1 Digestion Blank 108 5.2 Duplicate Samples 110 5.3 Spiked Samples 111 5.4 Standard Reference Materials 115 5.5 Tap Water Samples 118 Chapter 6: Analytical Methods 119 6.1 HGA-2200 Operating Parameters 121 6.2 Spectrometer Operating Instructions 124 6.3 Method of Direct Comparison 129 6.4 Method of Standard Additions 134 6.5 Determination of Metal Concentration 136 6.6 Statistical Analysis 138 Chapter 7: Results 141 7.1 Calibration Compilations 145 7.2 Sample Determinations 159 7.3 Metals and Solids Comparisons ... 187 Chapter 8: Quality Assurance 195 8.1 Detection Limits 196 8.2 Laboratory Contamination Levels 203 8.3 Tap Water Samples 207 8.4 Accuracy 209 8.5 Precision 216 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS --continued Chapter 9: Conclusions 231 References 235 Appendices Appendix A: Georgia Water Quality Standards and Respective NPDES Permit for the Yellow River/Sweetwater Creek and Jackson Creek Water Reclamation Facilities; Excerpts A-1 Appendix B: EPA Guidelines Method 3020; Acid Digestion of Aqueous Samples and Extracts for Total Metals for Analysis by GFAA Spectroscopy B-1 Appendix C: Certification for Standard Reference Material, SRM 1643c C-1 Appendix D: Yellow River Daily Flow Data, 10/89 through 9/92, United States Geological Survey Station Number 02206500 (at Killian Hill Road) D-1 Appendix E: Particle Size Distribution Analytical Data Sheets E-1 Appendix F: Sample Analytical Data Sheets F-1 iv LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1 Georgia Water Quality Standards and NPDES Permit Limits (pg/L) 4 Table 1.2 Comparison of Jackson Creek WRF Samples 11 Table 1.3 Anthropogenic Trace Metals: Sources and Loadings . 13 Table 1.4 Leading Causes and Sources of Impaired Waters in the United States 15 Table 1.5 Predicted (TOXCHEM) versus Observed Metals Concentrations (pg/L) 25 Table 2.1 Trends Based on Linear Solvation Energy Relationships 43 Table 2.2 EPA's Water Quality Criteria and Other Characterizations (Gold Book, 1986): Ag, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn 51 Table 2.3 Drinking Water Limits for Ag, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn 52 Table 4.1 Elemental Stock and Working Standards 102 Table 5.1 SRM 1643c: Certified Concentrations of Analytes . 116 Table 5.2 091891 QCSTD: Prepared Analyte Concentrations . 117 Table 5.3 Tap Water Samples 118 Table 6.1 HGA-2200 Operating Parameters 121 Table 7.1 Analytical Schedule 142 Table 7.2 Absolute GFAA Analytical Sensitivity (10 -10 g) at 0.03 Absorbance 147 Table 7.3 Metals Concentration Results for Field Samples . 160 Table 7.4 Flow Data (mgd) 180 LIST OF TABLES --continued Table 7.5 Metals/Solids Correlation Data Set for Yellow River In-Stream (YRKH) Samples (01/30/92 - 05/29/92) 188 Table 7.6 Yellow River Correlation Matrix for Variables (Flow, Particulates, and Metals Concentrations) .
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