economic The book that will unleash a musical revolution-
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" ...without any doubt an excellent initiative.It is particularly important to raise the question of Re istration tuning in connection with bel canto technique, g since today's high tuning misplaces all register shifts, and makes it very difficult for a singer to have the sound float above the breath.... What is true for the voice, is also true for instruments." BOOK I: -CarloBergonzi Introduction and Human Singing Voice
From Tiananmen Square to Berlin, Beethoven's Ninth Symphony was chosen as the "theme song" of the revolution for human dignity, because Beethoven's work is the highest expression of Classical beauty. Now, for the first time, a Schiller Institute team of musicians and scientists, headed by statesman and philosopher Lyndon H. LaRouche, J r., presents a manual to teach the uni versal principles which underlie the creation of great works of Classical musical art.
Book I focuses on the principles of natural beauty $30 plus $4.50 shipping and handling which any work of art must satisfy in order to be Foreign postage: beautiful. First and foremost is the bel canto vocal Canada: $7.00; for each additional book add $1.50 Mexico: $10.00; for each additional book add $3.00 ization of polyphony, sung at the "natural" or South America: $11.75; for each additional book add $5.00 "scientific" tuning which sets middle C at approxi Australia & New Zealand: $12.00; for each additional book add $4.00 Other countries: $10.50; for each additional book add $4.50 mately 256 cycles per second. 'Copious musical examples are drawn from the Classical musical liter Schiller Institute, Inc. p.o. Box 66082, Washingron, D.C. 20035-6082 ature to show how the natural registration of each (202) 544-7018
species of singing voice, along with natural tuning, or call Ben Franklin Booksellers, 107 S. King St., is the composer's indispensable "raw material" for Leesburg, VA 22075. Phone (703) 777-3661; fax (703) 771-8287; toll free (8oo) 453-4108 the rigorous creation of poetic ironies without which Visa and MasterCard accepted. Virginia residents'please add no work of art can rightly be called "Classical." 4.5% sales tax. Founder and Contributing Editor: Lyndon H. LaRouche, Jr. Editorial Board: Melvin Klenetsky, Antony Papert, Gerald Rose, Dennis Small, Edward From the Associate Editor Spannaus, Nancy Spannaus,. Jeffrey Steinberg, Webster Tarpley, Carol White, Christopher White Senior Editor: Nora Hamerman T he Special Report which forms a substantial art of this week's Associate Editor: Susan Welsh J Managing Editors: John Sigerson, expanded issue gives a unique historical and political view of Sudan, Ronald Kokinda and its battle against the British Empire going back more than 100 Science and Technology: Carol White years. As Lyndon LaRouche, Jr. emphasizes in bis introduction to Special Projects: Mark Burdman Book Editor: Katherine Notley the report, the survival of all of sub-Sahara Africa today depends Advertising Director: Marsha Freeman upon whether Sudan, Nigeria, and the Republic of South Africa can Circulation Manager: Stanley Ezrol defeat the British oligarchy's genocide policy. INTELLIGENCE DIRECTORS: Agriculture: Marcia Merry The report was commissioned by LaRouche in December 1994, Asia and Africa: Linda de Hoyos when he and his wife, Helga Zepp-LaRouche, returned from a visit Counterintelligence: Jeffrey Steinberg, Paul Goldstein to Khartoum. There they met with President Omar Hassan Al Bashir Economics: Christopher White and several government ministers, religious leader Dr. Hassan Ab European Economics: William Engdahl Thero-America: Robyn Quijano, Dennis Small dullah al-Turabi, and scholars at the University of Khartoum. The Law: Edward Spannaus LaRouches visited the defensive lines of Sudanese resistance to the Russia and Eastern Europe: Rachel Douglas, Konstantin George British in the 1880s and 1890s. They saw the $pot where British Kathleen Klenetsky United States: Gen. Charles "Chinese" Gordon was killed by Sudanese troops in INTERNATIONAL BUREAUS: 1884, and the plaque on the wall commemorating that historicevent. Bangkok: Pakdee Tanapura, Sophie Tanapura Bogota: Jose Restrepo Why is Sudan such a target for the British? Bonn: George Gregory, Rainer Apel Buenos Aires: Gerardo Teran Most important, it is a sovereign nation-statel It has the largest Copenhagen: Poul Rasmussen territory of any nation in Africa (one-fourth the �ize of the United Houston: Harley Schlanger Lima: Sara Madueno States). Although poor as a result of colonial rule py the British, it is Mexico City: Hugo L6pez Ochoa a natural "breadbasket," capable of growing enou · h food for its own Milan: Leonardo Servadio f New Delhi: Susan Maitra needs and for export. The people of Sudan have . unique quality, a Paris: Christine Bierre multi-religious, multi-ethnic, multi-"racial" char cter, rooted in the Rio de Janeiro: Silvia Palacios , Stockholm: Michael Ericson history of the region since ancient times. "The Idistinctively anti Washington, D.C.: William Jones racialist character of the leading institutions ofl Sudan is a most Wiesbaden: Giiran Haglund gratifying feature experienced by the visiting str�ger to Khartoum," ElR (ISSN 0273-(314) is published weekly (50 issues) commented LaRouche. It is precisely a racialist Wlicy of divide and except for the second week of July, and the last week of December by ElR News Service Inc., 317 Pennsylvania rule, exploiting tribalist divisions among the intdnded victims, that Ave., S.E., 2nd Floor, Washington, DC 2()()()3. (202) 544-7010. For subscriptions: (703) 777-9451. is characteristic of British efforts to destroy SudaIll. EIITOfI"II He/lllqlUU1en: Executive intelligence Review Sudan's ruling circles are resisting the Britishrgameplan, but the Nachrichtenagentut GmbH, Postfach 2308, D-6S013 Wiesbaden, Otto von Gucricke Ring 3, D-65205 crucial policy battleground now is in Washington. There are signs Wiesbaden, Federal Republic of Germany Tel: (6122) 9160. Executive Directors: Anno HeUenbroich, that President Clinton is breaking with London's policy; EIR' s read Michael Liebig . In DenllflU"l: EIR, Post Box 2613, 2100 Copeobagen 0E, ers should mobilize to make sure that he does. Tel. 35-43 60 40 In Merleo: E1R, Francisco Dfaz Covarrubias 54 A·3 Colonia San Rafael, Mexico DF. Tel: 705-1295. /aptUI.ubseripliDn '_I: O.T.O. Resean:h Corporation, Takeuchi Bldg., 1-34-12 Takatanobaba, Sbinjuku-Ku, Tokyo 160. Tel: (03) 3208·7821. Copyright © 1995 EIR News Service. All rights reserved. Reproduction in whole or in part without permission strictly prohibited. Second-class postage paid at Washington D.C., and at an additional mailing offices. Domestic subscriptions: 3 months--$125, 6 months--$225, I year-$396, Single issue-$\O Postmaster: Send aU address changes toElR, P.O. Box 17390, Washington, D.C. 20041-0390. •
ITillContents
Interviews Special Report
66 Jaime Miranda Pehiez 18 Kissinger's NSSM-200 The president of the Cajeme policy of genocide Agricultural Credit Union (UCAC) and coordinator of the Permanent 19 The history of the Nile Forum of Rural Producers (FPPR) region in Sonora is a nationally respected The use which modem British Mexican farm leader. imperialismhas made of Egypt in its subjugation of Sudan rests on a historical contact-conflictgoing A Departments scene in Juba, Sudan, October 1994. back 6,000 years, a fact fully appreCiated by the geopolitical 80 Editorial 4 Republic of Sudan resists masterminds of imperial policy in You can't fool all the people all the British genocide the Near East. time. The survival of every nation in sub Sahara Africa depends upon the 28 Why the British hate success of three nations in Sudan: the Mahdia's war continuing resistance to the British against London Photo and graphic credits: monarchy's ongoing attempts to Cover, The British have never fully bring about the bloody destruction EIRNS/Webster Tarpley. Page 5, recovered from their experience of their present governments: 32, EIRNS/George Gregory. Pages with the Mahdist state, which lasted Nigeria; the Republic of South 11, 14, 22, 26, 29, 35, 36, 39, 42, until 1898. 52, 55, EIRNS/John Sigerson. Page Africa; and Sudan. An introduction 13 (Castro), United Nations/Sam by Lyndon H. LaRouche, Jr. 34 The potential of the Nile Lwin. Page 13 (Kissinger), EIRNS/ River system StuartLew is. Pages 41, 44, 9 Kissinger at Chatham Courtesy of Sudanese Ministry of House: making policy 36 Vast resources exist for Information. Page 46, Sudanese behind the back ofV.S. economic development Ministry of Culture and Presidents in Information. Page 59, EIRNS. Sudan Page 63, British Overseas Suda$ has at least 81 million 10 Setting the 'Arc of Crisis' Development Administration. hectates which could easily be aflame cultivated-more than half the The Bernard Lewis Plan. culti\lated acreage-base of the United States. This could 12 Horn of Africa: the British potentially produce crops sufficient setup and the Kissinger to feed almost all of Africa. switch Since World War II, the countries 38 The Jongiei Canal of the Hom of Africa-Ethiopia, Somalia, Sudan, Egypt, and 40 Nu lexes can make new Dj ibouti, and now Eritrea-have p wat,r, power resources been victims of British balance of A key concept of Lyndon power geopolitics. LaRouche's "Oasis Plan."
16 How Kissinger sabotaged 43 Sud n emphasizes better Sudanese food a education independence Why Operation Breadbasket is still 4S Sudan's political system waiting. today •
Volume 22, Numijer24, June9, 1995
Economics National
47 Britain's 1930s apartheid 64 Mexico's physical economy 74 Clinton focuses on peace policy in southern Sudan enters meltdown phase and development in Ireland The British colonials created a The $50 billion international Nothing less thanhis strong completely artificial divide in "rescue package" put together last personal engagement, bringing to Sudan, between north and south, January to try to contain Mexico's bear the power of the U. S. imposing the harshest form of financial mudslide, coupled with a Presidency, could have brought the apartheid on the southern savage escalation of IMF "shock reluctant British to the negotiating population, denying them access to therapy ," has yielded what EIR has table and mediated the tense education and economic repeatedly warned must happen if relationship between the Ulster development. there is no turnaround in policy. Unionists and Sinn Fein. And not without political cost for the 49 British family helps ignite 66 Currency Rates President himself. two continents The case of E. Evans-Pritchard and 67 Greenie 'poison' threatens 76 Congressional Closeup his son. Germany 78 National News 52 Idi Amin: London stooge 66 The 'free market' is a against Sudan mental disease Jaime Miranda Pelaez gives the 53 Baroness Chalker's agricultural producers' perspective Ugandan mercenary on the Mexican collapse. The case of Yoweri Museveni. 68 Business Briefs 56 Baroness Cox readies a new Crusade Caroline Cox and her "Christian Solidarity International" continue International the tearful displays of concern over "human rights violations" to justify 70 Balkan provocation British land-grabs and mass escalates British war on murder, which were a mainstay of United States 1800s' British imperialism. London's drive for an Entente Cordiale has run into some serious 58 Who's out to destroy problems, as the Balkan war Sudan? escalates. A flow- chart of the organizations doing the footwork for the British 72 International Intelligence oligarchy and company. TIillSpecial Report
Repuhlicof Sudan resists British genocide by Lyndon H. LaRouche, Jr.
I The survival of every nation throughout all of sub-Sahara Africa depends upon the success of threenations of Africa in continuing resistance to the British monarchy's ongoing attempts to bring about the bloody destr"4ction of their present govern ments. These threenations are, in West Africa, Nigeria; in South Africa, President Nelson Mandela's Republic of South Africa; and, ih East Africa, Sudan. If any of these three governments is successfully destroyed on London's stridently per sisting orders , that entire region of Africa will be destroyed; if two of those three governments are overturned, all of sub-Sahara AJirica is doomed to the kind of genocide which the British monarchy and its puppet, Uganda's bloody dictator Yoweri Museveni, have already bestowed upon RfNanda, and are currently con ducting in Burundi. The subject of this report is some crucial background on the current situation and crucial strategic role of the present governmerjt of Sudan. To situate today's developments, we begin with the role of Henry KiSSinger in unleashing the bloody destruction of Ethiopia and Somalia, during his "ipcamation" as U.S. Secretary of State. I Below, in this introductory portion of th¢ Special Report, we reference
1. In his keynote address to London Chatham House's publiC conference of May 10, 1982, cele brating the 200th anniversary of the founding of the British Foreign (and foreign-intelligence) Service, by the consummately evil Jeremy Bentham, Kissing¢r referenced his "incarnation" in the U.S. government, under Presidents Nixon and Ford. (This report of the speech is based upon an official transcript of the address issued by the offices of CSIS based at Georgetown University; see excerpts in this issue, p. 9.) In that address, Kissinger bragged loudly that he had worked sometimes behind the backs of those Presidents, blindly carrying out British foreiglI service policy, rather than U.S.A. policy. He explained, that on the traditional issues separating President George Washington from Britain's King George III, and President Franklin Roosevelt f"IUnPrime Minister Winston Churchill, he, Kissinger, had always taken the side of Churchill's imperial Britain, against the anti-colonialist tradition of the United States. Key to the entirety of Henry Kissi�ger's career, during the past 45 years, is that he belongs to a special category of British spy firstidentified publicly by Prime Minister William Pitt the Younger. Pitt, in describing the Sultan of Zanzibar (now part of Tanzania), referred to that
4 Special Report EIR June 9, 1995 :-
Lyndon LaRouche meets students in the library of the African University of Khartoum, December 1994. Writes LaRouche: "Sudan is everything which HenryA. Kissinger is not: both poor and lovable. It is a hard-working country, expressing a distinctively greater sense of sovereign and constructive self reliance than is customaryaround this planet today."
the widely underestimated significance of the ecumenical in Oklahoma City. Vnder the cl· lrculms.ta of the British approach to Sudan which was made by Pope John Paul II. oligarchy's perception that time is out on all options, The urgency of the needed shift in V.S. policy toward every active crucial strategic issue the world is on Sudan and Nigeria, is to be seen in the recent utterances of an accelerated schedule. The V.S. s in Africa policy, such London establishment figures as Sir Peregrine the cases of London-targetted and Sudan included, 2 Worsthorne . During the most recent weeks , since the auc must be viewed accordingly. tioning of London's key Warburg bank , and the new , disas
trous round in the bankrupting of Lloyd's insurance cartel, How Kissinger fits in on oJuuau policy leading spokesmen for the British financieroligarchy , such as One of the leading issues in Africa today, is the Lord William Rees-Mogg and Worsthorne , have abandoned question, to what degree will the of the United States earlier pretenses, now to confess, that, as EIR has warned, continue to be corrupted by policy-shaping, as has the present international monetary-financial system is been the case since the of Kissinger and Zbig- doomed to an early collapse. For this reason , says the niew Brzezinski at the U.S. Security Council? Worsthorne whose step-father sponsored Hitler's appoint Today , that problem is typified the case of a Republi- ment as Germany's Chancellor, the world must move to a can member of Congress from Virginia, Frank system of dictatorships very soon. Wolf, whose somewhat influential policy is steered It was in this context, that Rees-Mogg and related figures to the last punctuation-mark by a of imperial witches publicly pre-orchestrated and then exploited the mass-mur from the British House of Lords. first of these is the derous bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building present British Colonial Office and present official butcher of Africa, the same Lynda Chalker who
gentleman as an "agent of British influence";that is the identity of the Henry cherishes such familiars as her President Museveni A. Kissinger, whose bloody paws figureprominently in the suffering of East of Uganda, the latter employed Africa (in particular) during the past quarter-century. The British intelli such enterprises as genocide in and war against gence service's ownership of Kissinger, reposes, to the present day, in the Sudan. The second is the L>""VJJI"<'� Caroline Cox, a most institution at which Kissinger spoke publicly, in 1982, and, more recently, March 29, 1995: Chatham House, the Royal Institute for International Af House of Lords. On fairs (RIIA).
2. Peregrine Worsthorne, "The Right-Wing Path to Oppression," London 3. Officially titled, with characteristic understatement, "Overseas Sunday Telegraph, May 21, 1995. Development" office.
EIR June 9, 1995 Special Report 5 Sudan policy, Wolf appears to be , so far, a most suggestible "Trilby" under the hypnotic direction of the two sulfurous ladies from London. Frank Wolf' s case is signVi! cant, but otherwise only an aspect of a more general nee1 to free U.S. policy-shaping in Africa-and elsewhere-ffom London's corrupting in fluence. The problem is better �nderstood by focussing upon the Kissinger-Brzezinski tratlition within U.S. foreign policy. The origin of every bl . Y folly which United States foreign policy has committedJ! in East Africa, in particular, has been the direct result of the U.S. government's acting as a dupe of London. AmO g the notable U.S. foreign intelligence service figures w 0 have contributed a notably disastrous role to this effect, are a pair of products from a post-World War II Britishl intelligence nest at Harvard University, the so-called "Wi ton Park" branch-unit there , under the direction of a certain Professor William Yandell Eliott: Henry A. Kissinger a?d Zbigniew Brzezinski . Re specting the subject addressed in the pages of this present Special Report, the importan e of the role played by that pair is located under the rubricl adopted by National Security Adviser Brzezinski, as the u.s. "Horn of Africa Policy." Brzezinski merely continued the same policy �hich had become operationa under Secretary of State Kis smger. 1177-80 That "Horn of Africa" policy was a subsidiary feature of a larger strategic plan also set into operation under Kis singer and Brzezinski. BrzezinskiI termed it, for public rela tions purposes, the "Arc of Crtsis" policy; behind the diplo matic draperies, it was better Rnown as "The Bernard Lewis Plan" brought into the Nation I Security Council and State Department under Kissinger. The key to that smelly mass of tangled U.S. Africa, Mi dIe East, Central Asia, and South Asia policies which inooming President Bill Clinton found stashed in the White House closet, is the legacy of the influence of London' s Be ard Lewis over Kissinger and Brzezinski . Lewis, lately tUCKed� away at Princeton, is the I conduit through which the "trc of Crisis" and "Clash of Civilizations" doctrines were inserted into the foreign policy establishment of the United S�ates. On Lewis himself. When I mentioned Bernard Lewis's role in the British intelligence 'service to World Jewish Con gress leader Nahum Goldman now more than a decade ago, Goldman praised Lewis's comFtence as an Arabist scholar, and indicated that he had enforsed Lewis's qualifications respecting the then-pending appointment to British intelli gence's Arab Bureau, then lleaded formally by Sir John Bagot Glubb Pasha. In that �st, Lewis was set up as what German tradition terms a salonfiihig spokesman for a set of mass-murderous policy-concdctions run through the Arab Bureau apparatus. Lewis's "seconding" to th I U.S.A., provided the special
6 Special Report EIR June 9, 1995 channel used to launder those British intelligence doctrines South strategic conflict, instead. Who is to serve as the into the U.S. "think-tank" establishment. From there, British plausible adversary for such a shift of "balance of power" agent-of-influence Kissinger picked them up and pushed orchestration, away from the virtuailly demised East-West them forward , beginning London's orchestration of the dis conflict, to a North-South conflict? The billion-odd actual crediting of incumbent Secretary of State William Rogers or nominal Muslims, extended chiefly across a sweep from through the "Black September" massacres.4 By 1975, the the Moros of the Philippines in the Bast, through South and "Bernard Lewis Plan," later known as Brzezinski's "Arc of Central Asia, and across the broad' width of Africa, from Crisis," or "Islamic Fundamentalism Card" doctrine, was Sudan, through northern Nigeria, and on to the Atlantic fully installed and operational. Secretary Kissinger's swap coast. ping of Ethiopia and Somalia assets with Moscow, leading That is an old game of "divide and rule," which the into the ensuing war which destroyed both Horn of Africa waning imperial financier-maritime power of Venice embed nations, was the leading signal of the British Arab Bureau's ded in its clone, the Anglo-Dutch financier oligarchy. As intent to unleash genocide, and dismemberment of existing Lord Palmerston reminded the Parliament: The British mon states, throughout an arc which circled up from the Asian archy has no permanent allies, only permanent interests. Subcontinent, through Iran, into Turkey and the Arab Venice survived as long as it did, by pitting its leading Middle East, and thence down into the Horn of Africa. adversaries against one another, allying with the number Wilton Park veteran Brzezinski, in his 1977-80 "incarna two power against the number one to weaken the latter, and tion," continued that mass-murderous policy. then allying with the latter to weaken the former ally. Thus, That defines the general circumstance in which London London orchestrated World War 1;5 thus, London put Adolf has situated its threats to crush and dismember both Kenya Hitler into power in Germany, and supported Hitler for and Sudan today. So far, at last report, Congressman Frank long enough to build up Germany to fight a war of mutual Wolf is among those influentialU. S. figures currentlyduped devastation with Soviet Russia. into working for the wrong side. London's difficulties in implementing the new "divide and rule" scenario, this "Clash of Civilizations," are two. 'The Clash of Civilizations' First, to plant in the minds of govetnments and peoples in In the case of Sudan, and also Nigeria, there is a second the northerly stretches of this planet, the compelling delusion aspect of Bernard Lewis's advocacies which comes to the that Islam is generically "the adversary." Second, to provoke fore. Prof. Samuel P. Huntington's "Clash of Civilizations," and otherwise induce Islamic forces; to play the part of that places him as a surrogate for London's, and Princeton's, "adversary" in a credible fashion. That is key to the role of now-aging Lewis. The person of the internationally influen London's agents inside the U.S.A., in orchestrating the tial Dr. Hassan al-Turabi, a key figure of Sudan today, is 1994-95 escalation of campaigns of �arassment and vilifica verymuch in the eye of London's Arab Bureau and its own tion against the Nation ofIslam led bf Minister Louis Farrak version of the "Clash of Civilizations" doctrine. han. That is relevant to understand the special attention The "Clash of Civilizations" doctrine is to be viewed as which London and its dupes have focussed upon the person a rewarmed version of the "Arc of Crisis." The rewarming of Sudan's Dr. Hassan al-Turabi. echoes the 1989-91 disintegration of the Soviet system, and Dr. Turabi represents a sophisticated movement within London's efforts to shift the application of those political Islam, centered within Sudan and Egypt, a movement typi energies earlier devoted to an East-West conflict, to a North- fied by those among it who have demonstrated themselves qualified to assume the functions of1government with a rare quality of selection of focus upon the most crucial policy 4. During his early days as National Security Adviser under President Nixon, Kissinger's efforts to discredit Secretary of State Rogers assumed the form Issues. of an obsession. Screaming like a jilted maenad, Kissinger roamed the Anyone who applies Zbigniew Brzezinski's catch-phrase White House corridors, brandishing his latest batch of cabled receipts from of "Islamic fundamentalism" to thei movement with which his British intelligence sources in London. Rogers did not realize that what Dr. Hassan al-Turabi is associated, is making a fool of seemed to him the impossible scenario described by Kissinger could come himself. The Vatican circles around Pope John Paul II appear true, on condition that London was not merely predicting the events, but orchestrating the relevant behavior of the principal relevant players on the to have grasped the truth of the matter. That issue, as I have Middle East stage at that time. Kissinger's insatiable lust for power, money, seen it, as I have articulated it within earlier editions of and certain other things, not necessarily in that order, must have been a EIR, and elsewhere, and as I have discussed it with relevant significant motivating factor in Kissinger's ranting campaign against persons and circles, including circ1es among Christianity, Rogers. London's employment of Kissinger's perversemotives was a differ Islam, and the Mosaic heritage generally, is the following. ent matter; London's target was the "Rogers Plan" for seeking Middle East, Arab-Israeli peace. London, to this day, will do anything to prevent peace between Israelis and Palestinians from being consolidated in the Middle 5. See "London Sets the Stage for a New Tri�le Entente," EIR, March 24, East. 1995.
EIR June 9, 1995 Special Report 7 • It is my carefully fonnulated judgment, that to bring our is key to the future East-West resurrection of East and West imperilled global civilization into peaceful, just, and more Africa. The Nile defines the sepse of the north-south devel prosperous condition, it is necessary to mobilize an ecumeni opmental corridor, from Alexapdria, on the Mediterranean, cal community of principle among those who share the mes to the Cape of Good Hope. In dIe vicinity of what is called sage of the first chapter of Moses's Genesis, those whom still, for no good reason, "La¥e Victoria," Africa has the the Muslims recognize as "the people of the Book." This means to manage the flow of r-vater, north and south, in a is not to reject those who do not share that specific tradition; way which defines, at a relat�ely minimum cost, one of it is, rather, to assemble a core creative force which is the great potential-growth regipns of this planet. needed as a global catalyst, to bring about the required As a matter of the general qtaracter of the nation, Sudan conditions of justice and peace for all peoples. All that need is everything which Henry A.; Kissinger is not: both poor be set down, for such an ecumenical accord, is set forth in and lovable. It is a hard-wo�king country, expressing a the first chapter of Genesis: Creation is good; men and distinctively greater sense of sOfereign and constructiveself women, made in the image of God, are the best, the noblest reliance than is customary aroqnd this planet today. It is an beings in Creation. Man is made in the image of God, by extremely underpopulated naqon, in which a little good virtue of that efficient creative power which is the gift, added can do a great deal of 800d. existing as potential to be awakened, within each human Sooner or later, perhaps sQoner, the presently strained individual. relations between Sudan and �e government of Egypt will Those who walk in the Mosaic tradition, and who see be reversed. One would hope tJ1.atthe foreign policy practice the peril building up throughout the planet today, must view of the United States would co�tribute to that result. in such tenns those, in Sudan and elsewhere, who in the Some, among those who �ave not made the relevant name of Islam, seek to do good for peoples, and to define calculations, might deceive the�selves, that that could mean that good in the manner such an accord implies. that the management of the w.er of the Nile will represent Without the quality of motivating "fire in the belly" the general basis for a solutioq for the internal problems of which such an ecumenical accord implies, what must be Egypt's economy. There is nqt sufficient flow through the done with this imperilled planet of ours can not be done. That Nile to accomplish that, as the sharing of the waters of the estimation should be received as a very carefully considered, Jordan River and its adjoining �cquifers could not solve the very rigorously fonnulated estimate of the strategic situa problems of Israel and Palestine. Large-scale desalination tion. Thus, has Pope John Paul II conducted his efforts for must be introduced throughou� the Middle East; otherwise, justice and peace; so, did the Egyptian religious co-thinkers there are no just economic s Special Report EIR June 9, 1995 8 .. 1. Sudan : A Bull's-Eye in Kissinger's Arc of Crisis Kissingerat ChathamHouse: lIlaking policy behind theback of U.S. Presidents The fo llowing are excerpts fr om "Reflection on a Partner out a pejorative adjective in front' of it-the "outmoded" ship: British and American Attitudes to Postwar Foreign balance of power, the "discredited" balance of power.... Policy," an address by Henry A. Kissinger in commemora Roosevelt, on his return from the Crimean Conference in tion of the bicentenary of the Office of Foreign Secretary, 1945, told the Congress of his hope that the postwar era May 10, 1982, Royal Institute of International Affairs (Cha would "spell the end of the system of unilateral action, the tham House), London. exclusive alliances, the spheres of influence, the balances of power, and all the other expedients that have been tried for All accounts of the Anglo-American alliance during the Sec centuries-and have always failed.". . . ond World War and in the early postwar period draw attention Americans from Franklin RooselVelt onward believe that to the significantdifferences in philosophy between Franklin the United States, with its "revolutionary" heritage, was the Roosevelt and Winston Churchill reflecting our national his natural ally of peoples struggling against colonialism; we tories .. ..Many American leaders condemned Churchill as could win the allegiance of these �w nations by opposing needlessly obsessed with power politics, too rigidly anti and occasionally undermining our European allies .... Soviet, too colonialist in his attitude to what is now called Churchill, of course, resisted these American pressures, as the Third World, and too little interested in building the did the French and some other European powers for a longer fundamental new international world order toward which period than did Britain .. .. American idealism has always tended. The British undoubt American attitudes until quite literally the recent decade edly saw the Americans as naive, moralistic, and evading have embodied a faith that historical experience can be tran responsibility for helping secure the global equilibrium. The scended, that problems can be solved permanently, that har dispute was resolved according to American preferences mony can be the natural state of mankind ....Disillusion in my view, to the detriment of postwar security. ment was inevitable. Fortunately, Britain had a decisive influenceover Ameri The ease and informality of the ¥\nglo-American partner ca's awakening to maturity in the years following. In the ship has been a source of wonder-and no little resentment 1940s and '50s our two countries responded together to the to Third World countries.Our postwar history is littered with geopolitical challenge of the Soviet Union and took the lead Anglo-American "arrangements" and"understandings," some in creating the structures of western cooperation . . . times on crucial issues, never put into formal documents.. .. The disputes between Britain and America during the The British were so matter-oMactly helpful that they Second World War and afterwere, of course, not an accident. became a participant in internalAmlerican deliberations, to a British policy drew upon two centuries of experience with degree probably never before practiced between sovereign the European balance of power, America on two centuries of nations. In my period in office, the British played a seminal rejecting it. . . . Where Americans have tended to believe part in certain American bilateral negotiations with the Soviet that wars were caused by the moral failures of leaders, the Union-indeed, they helped draft the key document. In my British view is that aggression has thrived on opportunity as White House incarnation then [as national security adviser1, much as on moral propensity, and must be restrained by some 1 kept the British Foreign Office better informed and more kind of balance of power. closely engaged than 1 did the American State Department Britain has rarely proclaimed moral absolutes or rested her [emphasis added]. . . . faith in the ultimate efficacy of technology. . . . Philosophical In my negotiations over Rhodesia I worked froma British ly, she remains Hobbesian: She expects the worst and is rarely draft with British spelling even when I did not grasp the disappointed. In moral matters Britain has traditionally prac distinction between a working paper and a Cabinet-approved ticed a convenient form of ethical egotism, believing thatwhat document. The practice of collaboration thrives to our day, was good for Britain was best for therest. . . . with occasional ups and downs, but even in the recent Falk In American discussion of foreign policy . . . the phrase lands crisis, [there is] an inevitable! return to the main theme "balance of power," was hardly ever written or spoken with- of the relationship. I EIR June 9, 1995 Special Report 9 dox populations against each other. The war resulted in the Bernard Lewis Plan de facto partitioning of LebanQn by Israel and Syria. Today, the nation-state of Lebanon, n 10 Special Report ElK June 9, 1995 Bernard Lewis's Arc of Crisis Iranian Azerbaijan, from which it had been separated in the 22. Tajikistan: Russianlmanipulated civil war early 1800s, could spark a Turkish-Iranian war. may aid separate British effortsto r anize territorialconflict between the Iranic Tajiks and Turki Uzbeks. 17. Armenia-Azerbaijan: Continuing war over Nagorno-Karabakh creates conditions for Caucasus 23. China: Turkish-suppo Turkic-ethnic separat wide conflict,drawing in Russia and Turkey. ism in Xinjiang province is meant �o aid British efforts to split off neighboring Tibet (ethniclllly non-Chinese), and Chechnya: The Russian invasion and destruc 18. fragment China generally. ! tion of the ethnic region has set into motion a guerrilla war S of indefinite duration. 24. Pakistan: Karachi riots are meant to split off the Sind; Pakistan is to be divided �nto a southern Baluchi Iraq is being subjected to continued effortsto divide 19. state that would also include part of �eighboring Iran, a Pun it into a northern Kurdish area, a southern Shiite area, and a jabi state, and the reunificationof tie Pushtun region into a I central Baghdad area. new Pushtunistan carved out of Afg�anistan. 20. Western Iran: Plans are under way to unify 25. Kashmir: Long-stand ng Indo-Pakistani con the Turkmen ethnic region of northwest Iran with neigh flictingclaims on Kashmir are being�I aggravated by a British boring Turkmenistan. supported Kashmir independencem pvement, and feed plans to foster an Indo-Pakistani nuclear ar . 21. Mghanistan: The civil war will split the 't country into three parts: a Tajik entity in the north, an Uzbek 26. Sri Lanka: The Tamil jrigers, supplied through central entity, and a Pushtun entity in the south, to incorpo international drug connections wit� Stinger-type missiles, rate part of Pakistan. have renewed war for the secession �f northern Sri Lanka. EIR June 9, 1995 Special Report 11 • Horn of Africa: theBri tish s t-up and theKis singer switch by Linda de Hoyos Throughout the postwar period, the countries of the Hom of The result has been the political fracturing and economic Africa-Ethiopia, Somalia, Sudan, Egypt, and Dj ibouti, and decimation of the countries of tHe region. The primarytarget now Eritrea-have been victims of the British balance of of Kissinger's mid- 1970s Horn of Africa "switch" of spon power geopolitics practiced by Henry Kissinger and his men sorship from the Ethiopia of Erperorl Haile Selassie to the tors at the Royal Institute of International Affairs . The bal Somalia of President Siad Barrel�as Ethiopia. A nation of 30 ance of power stratagem for the region involves two phases. million people, Ethiopia was a primeob jective of Kissinger's In the immediate postwar period, the British colonialists ac National Security Memorandu� 200 for forced population quiesced to exit from the region as colonial administrators, reduction. Perhaps even more �angerous to the British oli but as in every other region under British imperial rule, they garchs and their partners, was that Ethiopia had produced an leftbehind a carefully designed mechanism to ensure perpet intellectual elite that was among the most competent in all of ual war among the former colonial countries. In the 1960s Africa. After years of war and f�mine under a violently anti and 1970s, these regional conflicts-apparently between the intellectual Marxist regime, Et . opia-now minus its former countries in the Hom of Africa themselves-were used as coastal territory Eritrea-is stj ggling to revive itself, with entry points for superpower sponsorship and proxy war. In little aid from foreign donors. R flectingthe degree to which the case of the Hom of Africa, Kissinger et al. held no partic the elites of the country have r linquished even the concept ular loyalty to any one grouping, but switched proxy partners of their nation, the new consti ution of Ethiopia, voted up at will to ensure the maximum instability. May 7, grants the right of any ne region to secede at will and was heralded by London' Financial Times under the headline "Ethiopia Buries the Mrican Nation State." FIGURE 1 Newly independentEritrea h ak quickly slippedinto thestatus Horn of Africa, 1995 of a British puppet-state, targetidg Sudan along with Ugandan President Y oweri Museveni, the �archerlord in East Africaun der the direct sponsorship of Lady � ynda Chalker, BritishMinis ter of Overseas Development (see article, page 53). In Somalia, the nation-statd is in an advanced stage of disintegration, as the region in the north-formerly British Somaliland-has carved itself0utI as a separate state, and the remainder of Somalia's postw territory is now rippedwith clan warfare , in the wake of the 1990 Anglo-Americanover throw of President Siad Barre .1 In this regional context, th next target of Kissinger's o Addis Ababa geopolitical game is Sudan, whibh despite the British set-ups for continual war in the south, has maintained its political ETHIOPIA and economic sovereignty. , \. . V The British set-up r'·�7-'/ ,. INDIAN ..- - �, --_r I � �,'b-�i;' 1946: The mechanism for tHe Hom of Africawars (1964 UGANDA\ . A·-\·...... I' 0 OCEAN and 1977-78) began (in modetn history at least) in 1946 ') c:. MogadIshu with the so-called Bevin Plan. the plan was named after its KENYA architect and staunch advocate ,I then-British Foreign Secre tary ErnestBev in. The idea was to create "Greater Somalia." o Nairobi D Area inhabited by Somalians According to the plan, the formJr Italian Somaliland, British Somaliland, the Ogaden, and thb NorthernFrontier District, 12 Special Report EIR June 9, 1995 Cuba's Fidel Castro (left) and British agent of influenceHenry Kissinger (right). Kissinger and company held no particular loyalty to any one grouping in the Horn of Africa, switching alliance partners in order to create maximum instability. . all of which were at that time under British military adminis separated from Ethiopia." Haile had already an- tration, were to be brought together in a single unit as a nexed Eritrea. United Nations trusteeship under British administration . The 1960: Somalia was granted full independence. The new Bevin plan implied the unity of all Somali territories, except Somalia had pro-West leanings, but J..as not permitted to join the part controlled by France. The Bevin plan was enthusias any "clubs" such as the British COIhmonwealth or franco tically adopted by the Somali Youth League , the firstpolitical phone organizations. Somalia also had close relations with party in Italian Somaliland , with the slogan: "Unity of all Nasser's Egypt. I Somali Territories." Somalis are a homogeneous people, 1963: Britain announced it was tItansferring the whole of with the same language (Somali) and religion (Islam). How the Somali-inhabited Northwest Frohtier District to Kenya, ever, as in so many other cases, the British manipulation was which itself was scheduled to attain independence in Decem- to build up an "identity" for a particular language or ethnic ber 1963 . group of people-in this case, the Somalis; attach that "iden 1963: On March 14, Somalia severedI diplomatic relations tity" to a geopolitical goal-in this case, the retrieval of the with Britain. Later that year, the SomAlia governmentre jected Ogaden and Northwest Frontier into a single Somalia; and an offerof more than $10 million in !military assistance, ex then deny the goal . tended by the United States, West qermany, and Italy, be 1948: Britain ceded the Ogaden region , which is mostly cause it was considered inadequate, and because of the politi Somali-inhabited, to Ethiopia. cal conditions attached to it. Instead, �he governmentdecided 1949: The Somali Youth League opted for U.N. trustee to accept a larger Soviet military aid offer, estimated at $30 ship for the south , but with Italian administration. million. Somalia also received aid ftom Egypt. 1955: Britain ceded to Ethiopia the Haud and Reserved 1964: War erupted between Somalia and Ethiopia over Area, a pastureland primarily used by Somalis . the Ogaden; Ethiopia retains Ogaderl. 1956: Somalia was given self-rule, with Abdullahi Isa 1965: Sources of external militafy assistance to Hom of Mohamud, leader of the SYL, prime minister. Africa countries in the region were ks follows: Ethiopia re 1959: On Aug. 25 , during a visit to the Ogaden, Ethiopi ceived military assistance from the pnited States, Sweden, an Emperor Haile Selassie said: "We remind you , finally, Norway , India, Israel, and Britain; �omalia from Italy, the that all of you are by race, color, blood and custom, members Soviet Union, the United Arab Republic , and Britain. of the great Ethiopian family. . . . As to the rumors of a 1967: In June, the Six Days War broke out between Egypt Greater Somalia, we consider that all the Somali peoples are and Israel; Egypt was defeated. I economically linked with Ethiopia, and therefore , we do In December, the Yemen Peoplel' s Democratic Republic not believe that such a state can be viable standing alone, (South Yemen) was formed from a artition of Yemen after EIR June 9, 1995 Special Report 13 FIGURE 2 FIGURE 3 Horn of Africa, 19605 Horn of Africa, 005,[-'I\.I:S51 IRAN LI BVA SA U D I , ARABIA ARABIA - --- ,- -,-,," I� -- ' � I CHAD _, , ,>' 'l SUDAN SUDAN , � co _�/r , l,� l, - ' CENTRAL - " CENTRAL " AFRICAN REP. \ AFRICAN REP. \ , , ZAIRE , �----...... ZAIRE AND'" ... � Soviet allies partners in '- " and BURUNDIx:,Jt:. .... Treaty of Aden military alliance 'I TANZANIA a long civil war in Yemen against the British and Saudis. and the German Democratic , was aborted, 1969: In January , the Revolutionary Command Council, 1972: Ethiopian Emperor Selassie helped to medi led by the 27-year-old colonel Muammar Qaddafi , came to ate the end to the civil war in Sudan. power in Libya in a coup against King Mohammad Idris. That February , Libya assl(Imc!d That May, Col. Gaafar Mohamed Nimeiri came to power Amin regime in Uganda. in Sudan with a military coup, with a leftist coalition. 1969: On Oct. 15, Somali President Abdiraship Ali The Kissinger switch Shwermake was assassinated by his security guard , while 1974: Drought and >allll1l1 Koran had disappeared, and Somalia headed into the socialist On Sept. 12, Haile ..."" a"".", was overthrown in a pro- camp. In the ensuing period, Barre picked up the idea ofjuche American military coup with of Henry Kissinger. (self-reliance) from North Korea, and built "education The grouping that came to was largely pro-American, camps" for the civil service. A National Security Service was but pro-Soviet forces grew stronger, as the United also created, with Soviet trainers . Many Soviet experts also States shifted toward Somalia. worked in the Ministry of Defense, since Somalia got most The Soviet Union a summit in Aden with So- of its military equipment from the U.S.S.R. malia, Ethiopia, and Yemen, Cuba's Fidel Castro at- 1970: On Oct. 15, President Gamal Abdel N asserofEgypt tending. died, to be succeeded by President Anwar Sadat. 1975: Henry Kissinger launchedI the era of "shuttle diplo 1971: In February , Idi Amin came to power in Uganda, macy" between Israel and Egypt and other Arab countries, with British and Israeli sponsorship . 1976: Egypt abrogated its reaty of Friendship with the In July, an attempted coup against President Nimeiri in U.S.S.R. in March . f Sudan by communists, with the backing of the Soviet Union In December, East Ge an Foreign Minister Oskar 14 Special Report EIR June 9, 1995 Fischer visited Ethiopia. Late 1977-early 1978: The Soviet Union airlifted into 1977: In February, Col. Mengistu Haile Mariam over Ethiopia more than 10,000 Cuban tJ!oops from Angola via threw the Ethiopian government with a military coup. The Tanzania; more than 15,000 Cuban troops from Cuba; more Mengistu regime was comprised of young officers, numbers than 10,000 Soviet, East German, Czech, and Hungarian of whom were graduates of the University of Chicago. Men military advisers and technicians; � hundreds of security gistu was himself the son of a slave-mother of one of the police advisers from Russian and E�t German contingents ruling princely families of Ethiopia. The first meeting Men in South Yemen. The Russians alsd airlifted in $1 billion gistu had, after wiping out Ethiopia's top military leadership, worth of military equipment, including T -54 tanks. Five top was with the Cuban ambassador. Soviet generals were brought in to command the counteras In early March, 1,000 officers and soldiers of the East sault against Somalia. German defense forces reorganized Ethiopia's Defense Min 1978: Somali forces were expelled from Ethiopia earlyin istry and command structure. the year. Then Russian forces in Ethi6pia turned on Eritrean In July, Somalia, now largely in the U.S. camp, overran secessionists in Ethiopia, and against the Tigre rebels on the the Ogaden as the second Ethiopian-Somali war broke out. border with Sudan. In the fall of 1977, Ethiopia asked for direct military In September, the Camp Davicl accords were signed assistance from the Soviet Union. among Egypt, Israel, and the United States. On Nov. 18, Somalia declared its Treaty of Friendship 1981: Moscow set up the Treaty of Aden, a tripartite with the Soviet Union "invalid." Somalia demanded that all military alliance among South Yemen, Libya, and Ethiopia, Soviet military experts and civilian technical staff leave the that autumn. country. Somalia severed relations with Cuba. 1982: Mengistu, working closely with Libya, gave sup In November, Egyptian President Sadat addressed the port to various groups fighting against the Somali central Israeli Knesset. government in Mogadishu and the SlJdanese centralgovern In December, more than 1,000 opponents of the Soviet ment in Khartoum. Libya was reportedto be supporting cer takeover of Ethiopia were executed by the Mengistu regime. tain opposition groups in Sudan, and luP to 30,000 dissidents The Mengistu regime then instituted a Pol Pot-type of reign received training and instruction in 1):ipoli. of terror to murder Ethiopia's intelligentsia. 1983: Civil war broke out again in southernSudan. Special Reports JEIIm Can Europe Stop the World !Depression? Comprehensive, book-length Ly ndon LaRouche's proposal for the documentation assembled by European Productive 1lia�e of infrastruc ture, the engine for global recovery. Order ElK's intelligence and research #9 1 -004. $100. staffs. Satanism: Crime Wave of the '90s? Order #90-00I. $100. NarCo-Terrorism Explodes in Chiapas, Mexico. Order #94-00I. $100. The Libertarian ConspiracY: to Destroy America's Schools. precursbrs of the New Russia's Future: Dictatorship, Chaos, or Age education reforms of the 1990s. Order #94-004. $250. Reconstruction? Order #8�. $250. I Stop the New World Order-Hitler in Blue Helmets. Order #94-005. 250. * refer October Surprise. The true story of Iran Firsttwo digitsof the ordernumber to year of publication. Contra. Order #92-00I. $100. Order from: Depression of the '90S: America's Crisis. Order #92-003. $150. News Service Bush's Surrender to Dope, Inc. Narco P.J];III&,o. Box 17390, Washington, 2004 1 -0390 terrorism in Colombia. Order #91-00 1 . p.C. $100. Please include order number. Posta�e and handling EIR June 9, 1995 Special Report 15 II. Kissinger's Policy of Genocide for Africa How Kissinger sabotaged I Sudanese fo od independence by Joseph Brewda In 1974, in the aftennath of the Kissinger-run Arab-Israeli war, greatly increased interest in Sudan. oil war, the Sudanese and Egyptian governments announced The Saudi program, which was de facto put under the con plans to build the Jonglei Canal on the White Nile in southern trol of King Faisal's trusted relative, Prince Mohammed al Sudan. The canal would increase Nile water annual Faisal, envisioned a 20-year plan, involving $6 billion of in throughputby at least 7% through draining some of the vast vestments-dubbed "Operation Breadbasket." The Saudis southern Sudanese swamps, while opening millions of acres offeredto create several large firmsto produce food for export. of fonner swamp land to agriculture in the first phase of the These included companies that would have produced 45 mil program. Blessed with rich soil, plentiful water, and an ideal lion eggs, 7 million chickens, 45,000 tons of milk, 15,000 climate, it was long known that Sudan could not only become tons of fruit, and 20,000 tons of fodder, annually. The plan food self-sufficient, but even become the breadbasket for the also envisioned increasing wheat production to make Sudan entire Mideast and African continent, if it were supplied with at first self-sufficient, and then a grain exporter to the entire modem technology. The canal typified the kind of develop region. This latter scheme was opposed by the World Bank ment program that was needed. and International Monetary Fund, since it called for taking The idea of draining the swamps and using the water to prime cotton-growing land and using it for food production. increase the Nile's flow had been proposed as far back as 1893, just before Britain occupied the country. In 1912, British say no British engineer William Willcocks outlined the firstdetailed The Sudanese effort to derelop food independence flew technical scheme, which he said would increase the Nile's in the face of longstanding British policy to prevent any such annual flow by over 7 billion cubic meters . But the British eventuality. Worse, the policy meant that the nations targeted governmentre jected Willcocks's proposal, and a half-dozen by Secretary of State Henry K�singer's 1974 National Secu subsequent proposals, as "too expensive." By the time of rity Study Memorandum 200 apdrelated British anti-popula Sudan's independence in 1956, nothing had been done. tion schemes, would be free of the type of food blackmail But in 1976, the Sudanese and Egyptian governments that Anglo-American policy demanded. signed a contract with a French engineering consortium to According to NSSM-2oo, Egypt, Ethiopia, and Nigeria begin the construction of the canal. The Sudanese authority were three of the 13 countries where, Kissinger et al . be established to oversee its construction, also planned to devel lieved, population growth most threatened U. S. (and British) op the entire, previously inaccessible canal region, through national security. Direct action was required. providing modem health care, sanitation, and employment • On March 25, 1975, King Faisal of Saudi Arabia was for its 250,000 inhabitants, as well as introducing new kinds assassinated, shortly after a diplomatic clash with Secretary of crops and the use of animal vaccines and drugs. Discus of State Kissinger. The assailall1twas a deranged nephew who sions were also under way to bring in more than a million had a strange circle of friends �n Colorado and California. Egyptian peasants to supply the workforce for related agricul • On Feb. 13, 1976, MurtalaMohammed, the President tural projects elsewhere in the underpopulated country . of oil-rich Nigeria, was killed l>yanother deranged assailant. Around the same time, and in apparent agreement with Murtala Mohammed, who was an open opponent of Kissing the Sudanese development program, Saudi King Faisal and er, had unified the country aftbr the tragic Biafran war, and other suddenly rich oil-sheiks established a large-scale ag was committed to using Nigeria's oil resources to develop ricultural investment finn which proffered funds for food the country and region both ibdustrially and agriculturally. export projects in Sudan. The rapid and profitable expansion His successor, Gen. Oluseguq Obasanjo, reversed this poli of Sudanese agriculture in the 1960s had already demonstrat cy. In March 1995, Baroness Chalker, British Minister of ed the projects' feasibility, and talk of retaliatory food boy Overseas Development, and the Royal Institute of Interna cotts against the Arab states, in the aftennath of the 1973 tional Affairs attempted to reimpose Obasanjo on Nigeria in 16 Special Report EIR June 9, 1995 another attempted coup. modern agriculture and communicat!ions, the Royal Geogra • On Sept. 12, 1974, Ethiopian Emperor Haile Selassie phers complained, would forever , change these peoples' was overthrown soon afterhe had negotiated an end of the primitive way of life . war in southernSudan . In 1977, Col. Mengistu Haile Mariam In May 1983, the British raised a new insurrection in took power, and, aided by a group of military officers linked southern Sudan that has continued! to this time. Since its to the U.S. and British Communist parties, slaughtered the independence from Britain in 1956, �udan has suffered from leadership of the country. In 1977, Somalia and Ethiopia sporadic southern rebellions of grea1!eror lesser intensity run went to warover the disputed Ethiopian province of Ogaden, by the British out of Uganda, Ethiopia, or Kenya, and with creating the conditions for the 1984 famine . Over a million the aid ofIsrael. From a 1972 peace sbttlement until 1983 , the peopledied as a result. situation had been quiet. Suddenly, Ii new civil war erupted. Faisal was the main foreign sponsor of Operation Bread The leader of the new rebellion, Dr. John Garang de basket, and following his murder, his successors not only Mabior had been a Sudanese Army intelligence officer who lost interest in continuing it, but actively moved to sabotage had received advanced training at Ft. Benning, Georgia. In the plan. By 1981, only $15 million had been spent in Sudan 1981, Garang had completed his Ph.D. thesis at Iowa State on the plan out of the $6 billion promised, and that mostly University on the effect of the canal on the indigenous peo for fe asibility studies and consulting. Meanwhile, Sudan had ples of the south. Garang is from the Dinka tribe of southern been lured into acquiring a huge short-term debt, in part in Sudan, whose traditional pastoral way of life was allegedly a futile attempt to attract petrodollars through developing threatened by the canal. infrastructure that would only be of use if the plan were From the beginning, the prime targets of the new rebel actually implemented. lion were the canal worksite and Chevron oil rigs then being In 1980, Sudan had reluctantly given in to pressure from constructed to extract Sudan's vast but completely untapped the International Monetary Fund and abandoned its drive for petroleum deposits. By November 1 �83, attacks by Garang's wheat self-sufficiency. The IMF claimed that Sudan should followers on foreign workers at the canal site forced the rather import wheat, which it supposedly would be able to suspension of all work on the project. Similar attacks forced afford by growing cotton for export, on lands formerly used the suspension of all oil exploration and extraction. for wheat production. On March 3, 1984, Garang officlially announced the for By late 1981, the IMF demanded massive austerity in mation of the Sudanese People's Liberation Army (SPLA) to the country , while the Saudis treacherously made further lead the rebellion. He specificallylabeled the constructionof investment in the dying plan contingent on Sudan's honoring the canal as a primary reason for th� insurgency, right at the IMF conditionalities. Among the conditionalities were the beginning of his speech: "The genetctl exploitation, oppres prohibition of spare tractor part imports . Tractor "grave sion, and neglect of the Sudanese people by successive Khar yards" were scavenged for parts to keep a dwindling number toum regimes took peculiar forms in Ithe southern third of our of machines in the fields. Rather than turning Sudan into country. Development schemes that were implemented in the the region's breadbasket, the Saudi investment scheme had south were those that did not benefit the local population, instead become the means to cripple its development. such as the extraction of oil from lJentiu via the Chevron projects and extraction of water via theJonglei Canal." In an Target: Jonglei April 1985 speech, he bragged that po company would ever But despite this sabotage, the Sudanese effort to build the agree to restart digging the canal, "u.llessthe SPLA gives the Jonglei Canal, which had been decided upon prior to any green light." Saudi involvement in Sudanese development, continued. Despite Garang's self-identified"socialist" rhetoric , the Work on the canal had begun in 1978. By 1983, 51% of the SPLA was rapidly joined by former Sudanese ForeignMinis 360-kilometer canal had been built. The completion of the ter Mansour Khalid, an old friendof George Bush since the canal, projected to be finished bythe mid- 1980s, would have days they were ambassadors to the lJnited Nations. Khalid, vastly increased Sudanese food production, even without any who is the real brains behind the ret>ellion, helps direct the other foreign investment. United Nations Development Progratn officein Kenya today. Action to stop it was not slow in coming. The office plays a central role in pnividing arms and related In October 1982, the Royal Geographic Society, patron aid to the SPLA, working in close c�rdination with several ized by Her Majesty the Queen, sponsored an international non-governmental organizations cOordinated by Baroness conference in opposition to the canal entitled "The Impact of Chalker's Overseas Development Administration and the the Jonglei Canal in the Sudan." According to the conference Royal Household directly. The Ro�al Geographic Society, speakers , the canal would drastically affect the climate, de the Royal African Society, and Pri$e Philip's World Wide stroy the fish of the region, and most importantly, cause Fund for Nature, are among the to� organizations running "dramatic changes in the lifestyle of the Nilotic peoples" the rebellion who are overtlyoppos� to the canal project out living in the disease-infested swamps. The introduction of of professed concernfor wildlife or �ndigenous peoples. ElK June 9, 1995 Special Report 17 Kissinger's fears Among Kissinger's fears was the fear that leaders of underdeveloped countries might realize that population re duction programs are intended to undermine their develop ment potential: NSSM-200 "There is also the danger that some LDC [Lesser Devel Kissinger's oped Countries] leaders will see developed country pressures for family planning as a form of economic or racial imperial policy of genocide ism; this could well create a serious backlash. . . . It is vital that the effort to develop and strengthen a commitment on by Joseph Brewda the part of the LDC leaders not be seen by them as an industri alized countrypolicy to keep their strength down or to reserve On Dec . 10, 1974, the U.S. National Security Council under resources for use by 'rich' countries. Development of such a the direction of Henry Kissinger prepared a then-classified perception could create a serious backlash adverse to the 200-page study entitled "National SecurityStudy Memoran cause of population stability. . . . dum 200: Implications of Worldwide Population Growth for "The U . S. can help to minimize charges of an imperialist U.S. Security and Overseas Interests ." motivation behind its support of population activities by re The study was adopted as U.S. policy in November 1975, peatedly asserting that such support derives from a concern and outlines a covert plan to be implemented over generations with: (a) the right of the individual to determine freely and which would lower the population growth rate throughout responsibly their number and spacing of children . . . and the former colonial sector. Contrary to public propaganda, (b) the fundamental social and economic development of the study argues that population growth in former colonies poor countries. . . . would increase the political, economic, and military strength "Beyond seeking to reach and influencenational leaders, of those former colonies. improved worldwide support fQr population-related efforts NSSM 200 focuses on 13 "key countries" where there is should be sought through increased emphasis on mass media a "special U.S. political and strategic interest" which requires and other popUlation education and motivation programs by imposing a policy of population control or reduction, precise the U.N., USIA [U.S. Information Agency], and USAID ly in order to prevent those countries from becoming more [U. S. Agency for International Development] . We should powerful. give higher priorities in our informationprograms worldwide These countries are: India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Nige for this area and consider expansion of collaborative arrange ria, Mexico, Indonesia, Brazil, the Philippines, Thailand, ments with multilateral institutions in population education Egypt, Turkey, Ethiopia, and Colombia. The study stresses programs ." that even if population reduction programs are put in place there, "population growth rates are likely to increase ap Food as a weapon preciably before they begin to decline." Therefore these While Kissinger thought such efforts might be effective, countries will become more important unless other factors he also outlined steps to force countries to adopt population intervene. reduction measures if persuasion proved ineffective. The pri mary weapon seized upon was restricting foodaid . The hit list "There is also some established precedent for taking ac For example: count of family planning perfoIlmance in appraisal of assis Nigeria: "Nigeria falls into this category . Already the tance requirements by AID and consultative groups. Since most populous country on the continent, with an estimated population growth is a major determinant of increases in food 55 million people in 1970, Nigeria's population by the end demand, allocation of scarce PL 480 resources should take of this century is projected to number 135 million. This account of what steps a country is taking in populationcontrol suggests a growing political and strategic role for Nigeria, as well as food production. In these sensitive relations, how at least in Africa south of the Sahara." ever, it is important in style as well as substance to avoid the Egypt:"The large and increasing size of Egypt's popula appearance of coercion .. .. tion is, and will remain for many years, an importantconsid "Mandatory programs may be needed . . . we should be eration in the formulation of many foreign and domestic considering these possibilities now. . . . Will we be forced policies not only of Egypt but also of neighboring countries." to make choices as to whom we'can reasonably assist, and if Brazil: "Brazil clearly dominated the continent demo so, should popUlation efforts be a criterion for such graphically." The study warns of a "growing power status assistance? . . . Is the U.S. preparedto accept foodrationing for Brazil in Latin America and on the world scene over to help people who can't/wom't control their population the next 25 years." growth?" 18 Special Report EIR June 9, 1995 III. Sudan's History and Present Geography I The historyof the Nile regioq by Muriel Mirak-Weissbach The rich history of Sudan presents many paradoxes , primary Egypt in its subjugation of Sudan-personified,for example, among them, the paradox of its relationship to Egypt. by the figure of U.N. Secretary General Boutros Boutros Throughout ancient history, the culture of dynastic Egypt Ghali, grandson of the infamous Anglo-Egyptian opera and that of the Nubians were intertwined, at times in conflict, tive-therefore rests on a historical contact-conflict going at times at peace. During the periods of peaceful coexistence, back 6,000 years, a fact fully appreciated by the geopolitical if not actual alliances, both cultures prospered, the arts and masterminds of imperial policy in the Near East. When Egypt literature flourished,regardless of which nation was the ruler. controlled Sudan under Ottoman su+:rainty, Britain was the It was in fact under the reign of a Sudanese pharaoh, Piankhy power behind the scenes. Egypt invaded and conquered Su (or Piye), in the XXVth dynasty, that Egyptian culture, dan in 1821 and ruled it until 1882, when Britain officially which had fallen into decay, was renewed; monuments were stepped in to assert hegemony in Egypt, and, through Egypt, built, and a great age in sculpture was inaugurated. When, over Sudan. The brief period of independent Sudan under the however, outside forces invaded, as in the case of the Assyr Mahdia, from 1881 to 1898, represented an unprecedented ians, Egypt and Sudan were set against each other. Egypt's break with this tradition of British rule by proxy. continuing efforts to subjugate Sudan led to repeated inva The historical record, documented through archaeologi sions and conquests, each time driving the Sudanese power cal research, shows that although the Egyptian and Sudanese into retreat, in rump kingdoms, moving further south. The cultures overlap and at times merge, thereis a cultural identi Sudanese, regardless of the pressures, held on to their inde ty reaching back millennia which lies at the root of the fierce pendence, albeit in reduced form . spirit of independence which characterizes modern-day The use which modern British imperialism has made of Sudan. Main developments, characteristics Dynasties and cultures Date (in Nubia-Sudan, unless noted) Nubia-Sudan Egypt Prehistoric Period 6000 B.C. Khartoum Mesolithic Hunting, fishing pottery Khartoum Mesolithic: This people, living 8,000 years ago, produced pottery which is con 'dered the first ever. It appears in a hunting and gathering society, which had established settlements before dev loping agriculture. Fishing and hunting were carried out with the aid of stone knives and barbed-bone spears. The po,� ery has a characteristic design made by catfish spines, which makes the surface look like that of a basket. They buried their dead in recumbent position. 5000 B.C. Neolithic South Nubia Black-topped red pottery Khartoum Neolithic: Here the pottery is burnished, mainly red, but with a black top. Mussel shell was used instead of catfish spine, to make the basket-like pattern. Barbless fish-hooks were also made from m�ssel shells. Stone axes and adzes were produced. Granite mace-heads as well as "gouges," which were used to t1ollow out tree-trunks for boats, were also produced. The Fayum Neolithic culture, which existed at the same time (4&. 3900 B.C.), a thousand miles north of Khartoum, had advanced arrowheads. This culture also domesticated anima�s, cultivated and stored wheat, wove cloth, and had burnished pottery. EIR June 9, 1995 Special Report 19 Main developments, characteristics Dynasties and cultures Date (in Nubia-Sudan, unless noted) Nubia-Sudan Egypt Archaic Period 3100 B.C. Strengthening of central authority Wars in Sinai 3100-2800 B.C. A-Group (north) "Ta-Seti" (Land Trade with Egypt, Near East, in gold, of the Bow) jewelry The A-Group: Here the earliest copper tools in Sudan were found. These people were known as the residents of "Ta Seti" to the Egyptians, which means the "Land of the Bow," because of their expertise in archery. Egypt invades, rules north A-Group as colony Independent Nubia south of third cataract 3000 B.C. Cedar imported from Lebanon 2900 B.C. 2800 B.C. II 2700 B.C. Old KingdoIll 2650? B.C. III Step pyramid at Saqqara 2600 B.C. Great pyramid at Giza for King Khufu (Cheops) 2SOO B.C. IV 2400 B.C. V Growth Of regional princes Foreign trade increases 2300 B.C. VI Collapse of central government Regional princes recover local powers First Intermediate Period 2200-2040 B.C. 2200-1700 B.C. Pan-grave culture Bowmen in Egyptian service 2100 B.C. VII, VIII, IX, X Collapse of central authority Decline of trade 2000 B.C. XI Kings of Thebes reestablish central authority Trade expands on Red Sea, East African coast 2000-1500 B.C. C-Group, north Cattle, farming, trade with Egypt, pottery The C-Group: Sometime between the 6th and the 11th dynasties, this group of people from south of the second cataract entered Lower Nubia. The C-Group seems ethnically related to the A-Group. They farmed on the Nile River banks, raised cattle and goats, and carried on peaceful commerce with Egypt. Their pottery, which shows similarities to that of the A-Group, has a sophisticated zig-zag deSign. They dressed in leather garments and wore ornaments of stone, bone, and shell. They buried their dead in graves inside stone-lined chambers, some of which had chapels. Middle Kingdonl 1900 B.C. XII Pyramid building Irrigated agriculture at Fayum Depression Conquest of Nubia to second cataract to Semna Egypt builds forts in Lower Nubia (Kingdom of Kush) The Egyptian occupation of Nubia by the 11th dynasty began under Amenemhat I (2000-1970 B.C.), whose mother may have been Nubian, and was finished under his son Senusret I. Fourteen massive forts were built along the Nile by the occupiers. The forts were used for defense, but were also trading posts. 2000-1550 B.C. Kerma culture 20 Special Report EIR June 9, 1995 Main developments, characteristics Dynasties and cultures Date (in Nubia-Sudan, unless noted) Nubia-Sudan Egypt Second Intermediate Period 1780-1 580 B.C. 1700 B.C. XIII, XIV Kush Kingdom with capital at Kerma Collapse of royal authority 1600 B.C. XV, XVI Kerma kings ally with Hyksos, rule Hyksos invasion, with chariots northern Egypt together The Kush Kingdom, which had its capital at Kerma, is known as the Kerma culture. Excavations at the Western and Eastern Deffufa have shown that the Kerma culture buried its kings on golden beds, placed under mounds of earth; often wives and others were buried together with the ruler, indicating widespread human sacrifice. It has been mooted that those buried here were Egyptian governors-general. This has been questioned, on the grounds that burial practices were not Egyptian. Products of the Kerma culture include black-topped red pots, elegant beds with inlaid ivory patterns, copperdaggers with ivory handles, and blue-glazed faience, which was used in tiles, beads, models, figures, bracelets, and so forth. Quartz objects were made with a blue glaze cover. New Kingdom 1580-1 050 B.C. Nubia under Egyptian rule 1550 B.C. XVII Theban kings drive out Hyksos 1500 B.C. Theban war against Kush Kerma destroyed, Kush Kingdom falls Valley of the Kings rock tombs The inscription by Ahmes, son of the first king of the XXVIII dynasty, Ebana, relates how "after His Majesty had destroyed the Asiatics, he went upstream ...to overthrow the NUbians." Ahmes's successor, Amenophis I, "ascended the river to Kush, in order to extend the frontier of Egypt." His successor Tuthmosis I (1530-1520 B.C.) pushed further to extend Egyptian occupation to the whole of Dongola Reach. 1400 B.C. XVIII Standing army Conquest of Palestine, Syria and Nubia to fourth cataract completed Egyptians reoccupy second cataract, build forts in Nubia "King's Son in Kush" Despite repeated attempts to rebel against the Egyptian conquerers, the Nubians of northern Sudan acquiesced to occupation. Many temples were built, at Buhen, Deir al Bahri, Sai Island, Faras, Uronarti, Sulb, and Sesibi. 1300 B.C. XIX 1200 B.C. Ramses II: statues and temples War with Hittites of Turkey Exodus of Israelites under Moses XX War with Libyans 1100 B.C. Under the 19th dynasty, Nubia was an integral part of the Egyptian Empire, ruled by a viceroy known as "King's Son in Kush," who collected tribute and delivered it to the king personally. Most of the administration were Egyptians. Cultural integration followed. Alongside Amun-Re, who was the main diety, other gods included the ram god Khnum, the goddesses Satet and Anuket, and Dedun, the hawk-god, similar to Horus. Nubia exported gold, in rings, ingots, and dust, to Egypt, as well as ebony, gum, ivory, copper,stones, ostrich feathers and eggs, perfumes, oils, cattle, leopards, giraffes, dogs, and baboons. EIR June 9, 1995 Special Report 21 FIGURE 1 RGURE 2 I Egypt, Kush, and Meroe: 1500 B.C.-350 A.D. Christian kingdoms, 600-1 500 A.D. MEDITERRANEAN SEA MEDITERRANEAN SEA , J , , , ...... ! st Cataract Bagrash . 2nd Cataract 3rd Cataract 22 Special Report EIR June 9, 1995 Main developments, characteri icS Dynasties and cultures � Date (in Nubia-Sudan, unless noted) Nubia-Sudan Egypt Late Period 1 000 B.C. XXI Palestine and Nubia break away from Egyptian Empire 900 B.C. 800 B.C. XXII Dynasty founded by Libyan mercenaries of Egyptian army XXIII, XXIV Dynasties of Delta princes 750-270 B.C. Kingdom of Kush: Napatan Period 724 B.C. Kushite King Piye (Piankhy) conquers Egypt, becomes pharaoh of Egypt and Nubia with capital at Napata Piankhy (751-716 B.C.), "raging like a panther," conquered Egypt "like a cloudburst," taking Hermopolis and Memphis, and exacted tribute from the Delta princes. Piankhy was known for his compassion, his power, his religious conviction, and his great love for horses, demonstrated by his having eight horses buried near his tomb. Piankhy's brother Shabako (707-696 B.C.) completed the process of incorporating Egypt into the Kush Kingdom, and moved his capital from Napata to Thebes. Shabako was "King of Kush and Misr" (Egypt). Piankhy's son Shebitku succeeded Shabako and ruled from 696-683 B.C. 700 B.C. XXV Kushite dynasty, capital Thebes 690-664 B.C. Kushite King Taharka Literature and arts revived Taharka, who ruled from 688-663 B.C., was the greatest of the 25th dynasty kings. He is the only Kushite king mentioned by name in the Bible. His mother travelled from Nubia to Memphis, over 1,200 miles, to attend his coronation. According to an inscription, she "rejoiced exceedingly after beholding the beauty ofHis Majesty [Taharka) ... crowned upon the throne of Upper and Lower Egypt." Taharka's reign was prosperous, owing in part to the record harvests that came after unusually heavy rains. Taharka probably introduced the working of iron ore in Napata and Meroe. He restored temples in Egypt and Sudan, building a huge colonnade at the temple at Kamak and restoring columns at the temple of Amun-Re at Jebel Barkal. His pyramid at Nuri was the largest in his dynasty. He built the great sandstone temple, overlaid with gold leaf, at Kawa, with the help of craftsmen and architects brought in from Egypt. There is reference in inscriptions to astronomers and their instruments, at the temple. One colossal statue of Taharka, from Jebel Barkal, is in the national museum of Khartqum. Another statuette thought to represent Taharka, is very differentfrom the massive work in black granite, and depicts the king in a more personalized fashion. 667 B.C. Kushite King Taharka to southern Assyrian invasion Nubia When the Assyrian King Esarhaddon crossed the Sinai with camels and invaded Egypt, taking Memphis, Taharka retreated to Thebes, and returned to retake Memphis in 669 B.C. Then, Esarhaddon's son Ashurbanipal occupied Thebes in 666 B.C. and put the Egyptian princes back in as his vassals. Nonetheless, the prestige of Taharka lived on, as testified to by the fact that Mentuemhat of Thebes, under Assyrian hegemony, mam�ged to restore temples ravaged by the Assyrians, in the name of Taharka. Taharka had given responsibility for governing Upper Egypt to this famous Sudanese, who was prince of Thebes, governor of the south, and the fourth proph�t of Amun. Psammetik I, installed by Ashurbanipal, was not recognized as king in Upper Egypt, which still pledged loyaltyto Kush, under Mentuemhat. Furthermore, the priests of Memphis continued to record dates of events as • Taharka's rule continued. 600 B.C. XXVI Assyrians expelled from Egypt Necho's calial to Red Sea 591 B.C. Egypt invades Nubia Kushites withdraw to Meroa Meroe, a city on the Nile between the fifth and sixth cataracts, was the seat of one branch of the Kush royal family, even when its rulers were in their capital of Napata. Following the loss of Egypt, Meroe developed into the capital, with its palaces and temples in the Egyptian style. Exactly when the transfer took place is not certain, either in the sixth or the fourth century B.C. Meroe, which has huge amounts of iron ore, was the center of iron-working, dubbed by one archaeologist the "Birmingham of the northern Sudan" (Arkell, p. 147). Meroe communicated knowledge of the technology southwards and westwards throughout Africa. EIR June 9, 1995 Special Report 23 Dynasties and cultures Main developments, characteristics Date (in Nubia-Sudan, unless noted) Nubia-Sudan i Egypt 593-568 B.C. Aspelta, king of Meroe 500 B.C. XXVII Persian d asty 400 B.C. XXVIII-XXX Brief Egy�tiant dynasties 300 B.C. 270 B.C.- Kingdom of Kush: Meroitic Meroitic language replaces Egyptian 350 AD. Period Meroitic gods: Apedemak Iron manufacture i The Kush Kingdom in the Meroitic Period stretched from Nubia to Khartoum. It graduallYi became fully independent of Egyptian culture, including in language. It was King Arkamani (270-260 B.C.) who defied the power of the priests of Amun, who would determine when a ruler would die. Arkamani mobilized his army and � the priests to death. This signaled a rejection of Egyptian culture. In this period, the Meroitic god Apedemak made, his appearance; he had a human body and the head, or sometimes heads, of a lion. The use of the Egyptian lang�age and hieroglyphics also disappeared, giving way to Meroitic, a language with both a hieroglyphic and a cursive s4:ript. Although the phonetic values of the 23 characters of the alphabet have been ascertained, the language has no, been deciphered. Women played an important role in the Meroitic Period, many of the rulers being queens. "Cand�ce; the Meroitic word . meaning "queen," has come down to the present as a woman's name. 200 B.C.- Greek inv�ion 100 B.C. Ptolemaic: dynasty founded 30 B.C. Roman cqnquest of Egypt 37 A.D. First Christian conversion Minister of Candace, queen of Meroe, embraces Christianity Recorded in the Acts of the Apostles 8:25-39, the Eunuch, "a minister of Candace, the qpeen of the Ethiopians' (Meroa) became a Christian. This event, which took place in 37 AD., represented an isqlated case of a single conversion, although legends centuries later attributed a missionary activity to Eunuch. According to legend, he, with 72 disciples, evangelized the Meroitic Kingdom, and Matthew appointed him patriarch of IN ubi a, during a visit to Meroe. I 350-600 AD. Post-Meroitic Period Nubian kingdoms in Nobadia (Faras capital); Makuria (Dongola capital); Alwa (Soba capital) The Meroitic Kingdom degenerated and collapsed in the fourth century AD., after which !three kingdoms took shape. Of these Nile yalley kingdoms recorded in the sixth century, one was Nobadia (or Nobat!a), from Aswan to the second cataract. Its capital was Faras. Another was Makuria or Mukurra (Arabic al-Muqurra), whiCh stretched from the second cataract to the confluence of the Atbara and the Nile. Its capital was (Old) Dongola. Thelthird was Alwa (also Alodia), from the confluence of the Atbara and Nile, to modem Gezira. Its capital was Soba. 543-580 A.D. Evangelization of three Nubian kingdoms 1 The evangelization of all three Nubian kingdoms was recorded by the Monophysite JOh of Ephesus in his "Ecclesiastical History," as taking place between 543-580 AD. Nobadia was the first to dopt Christianity, as a result of the mission of Julianus, who had been sent by the Monophysite Queen Theodora. Th emperor Justinian (527-565) had tried in vain to have his own emissary, a Chalcedonian (or Orthodox Copt, or Melkit ), complete the same task. Makuria and the Garamantes (in the desert west of Dongola) were evangelized presum� Iy by the emperor's Orthodox missionaries about 567 A.D., and Alwa was converted to Monophysitism abou 569 A.D. 600-1500 A.D. Christian kingdoms 750 A.D. Rise of Makuria 800-1 000 AD. Golden Age of Nubia Nubian language in Greek and CoptiC alphabets Cathedral at Faras, frescoes Makuria, which merged with Nobadia in the seventh century, became one of the most �werful kingdoms after the eighth century, as attested to by its architecture, art, and literature which was written in .,e old Nubian language using Greek and Coptic script. Seven episcopal Sees existed in the kingdom of Makuria, and �ishops as well as other church officials were appointed by agreement of the king. The magnificent frescoes froni the cathedral at Faras, now on display at the national museum in Khartoum, attest to the cultural heights reached b� Nubian Christianity. 24 Special Report ElK June 9, 1995 Main developments, characteristics Dynasties and cultures Date (in Nubia-Sudan, unless noted) Nubia-Sudan Egypt Islamic Period Muslim rule in Egypt Islamizatio� of Egypt Following the Arab conquest of Egypt in 640 A.D., hostilities broke out between the Nubians and the Arabs, which were settled by a negotiated agreement under Abdallah b. Abi Sarh, governor of Egypt in 646 A.D. The treaty, which fixed territorial rights and the exchange of slaves for foodstuffs, secured peace essentially until 1275. Under Arab rule, the Coptic Church assumed a dominant position over the Melkites. Fatimid Dynasty in Egypt Peaceful relations with Nubia 909-1 171 A.D. 50,000 Nubians in Fatimid army The Kingdom of Makuria lived in peace with with Fatimid rulers of Egypt. In fact, the Fatimids under Caliph al-Aziz (died 996) apparently restored the Melkite in Faras, if not all of Nubia. Nubians had consi$tently enrolled in the Fatimid army, becoming 50,000 strong. Fatimid Egypt was organized along Abbasid administrative lines. Cities flourished, as did the economy and the arts, especially under al-Aziz (with his library of 200,000 books) and ai-Hakim, whose astronomical observatoryused instruments by Ali ibn Yunus and al-Haytham. 1174 A.D. Nubians in Egypt exterminated 1250-1517 A.D. Mamluks in Egypt 1321 A.D. Fall of last Christian king of Dongola 1504 A.D. Fall of Soba The Ayyubid and Mamluk rule in Egypt meant a severing of Nubia's contacts with the Mediterranean and Egypt. The loss in trade contributed to its degeneration, which manifested itself in raids against Egypt, and internal discord. Conversions to Islam were encouraged through the poll-tax required of non-Muslim adult males as well as through intermarriage of Nubian princesses with Arab leaders. After the last Christian king, Kudanbes, fell in 1321, Nubia became increasingly Muslim. The Nubian Church was weak, due to its close dependency on the monarchy, its lack of seminaries for training local priests, and its limited assimilation by the population. The kingdom of Alwa fell to the Arabs in 1504, to be succeeded by the Funj (Muslim) kingdom. The church, which had rer::luested but not received bishops and priests from Abyssinia, soon faded out of existence. 1500 A.D. Islamic period present 1504-1821 A.D. Funj Dynasty Fur Kingdom The Funj Kingdom, which stretched from the sixth cataract south to Sennar, contained two states, one under King Dunkas of the Funj and the other under Abdullah Jemma, sheik of the Qawasma, with centralized government at Sennar. The Funj Kingdom reached its height in the eighteenth century, after which the king became a puppet of rival groups. In the mid-seventeenth century, the Kingdom of Fur, contemporaneous to the Kingdom of Funj, and located in Darfur, was united under the banner of Islam by King Sulayman. The Fur Kingdom thrived in relative independence until 1916. 1517 A.D. Turk Selim I conquers Egypt 1517-1798 Ottoman Period: Egypt is a province of Ottoman Empire 1798 Napoleon invades Egypt 1805-49 Muhammed Ali in Egypt Muhammed Ali's rule over Egypt following Napoleon opened an era of reforms and modernization, virtually autonomous of the Ottoman Empire after 1840. Divesting the feudal aristocracy of its control over land, Muhammed Ali modernized and diversified agriculture, introduced agricultural machinery, seeds, and fertilizers, vastly increasing crop yields and farm income. Although cotton, sugar, tobacco, etc. were exported raw, the economy started to become industrial, as he introduced modern textile mills and factories for munitions production. Britain vigorously opposed this policy, and Muhammed Ali was called by Jeremy Bentham the Peter the Great of the Muslim world. Cobden saw the 30 cotton factories employing 30,000 workers in the 1820s as wasteful. Palmerston waged economic warfare against Egypt, eliminating state monopolies and protective tariffs. Muhammed Ali went into Sudan in 1821 , and conquered the Funj Kingdom. In 1823, Muhammed Ali's son Ismail was killed by a local chief from Shendi. Defterdar, son-in-law of Muhammed Ali, avenged the death by massacring 30,000 in Kordofan. The Turko-Egyptian colonizers who set up a centralized government there, were known as the "Turks" (Turkiyya) because of their Ottoman umbrella. EIR June 9, 1995 Special Report 25 Main developments, characteristics Date Nubia-Sudan 1821 Egyptian rule in Sudan 1849 Abbas and Muhammed Said succeed Muhammed Ali 1863-79 Ismail, grandson of Mlllh"lmn,o.n Muhammed Said as Khedive Westernization 1869 Suez Canal completed 1877 Charles George Gordon deployed to Sudan, later becomes governor 1879 Khedive Ismail deposed Gordon resigns 1879-92 Twfiq, son of Sultan, rules 1881 Egyptian nationalist Col. Urabi leads revolt 1881 AI Mahdi in Sudan 1882-1 922 British rule in Egypt 1883 Mahdi takes EI Obeid, defeats British, controls Kordofan 1885 Mahdist state in Sudan defeats British (Gordon) 1898 Kitchener retakes Khartoum 1899 Anglo-Egyptian condominium over Sudan Sudan becomes cotton exporter 191 4-22 British protectorate over Egypt 1924 Anti-British White Flag League formed; Gov. Gen. Sir Lee Stack assassinated In the 1930s, moves toward independence increase, in the Granduates General Congress. was divided into two groups: the Ashiqqa Party (Blood Brothers) and the Umma Party. The former sought a rift.nnJ,,�+;� government in union with Egypt, the latter not. Ashiqqa allied with the Khatmiya sect and Umma allied with the (followers of the Mahdi). 1936 Anglo-Egyptian Treaty FIGURE 3 MEDITERRANEA Egypt under the Ottomans and the Funj Sultanate, 1500-1 700 A.D. SA HA RA .' DES E R T \\V:;���ed 26 Special Report EIR June 9, 1995 Main developments, characteristics Date Nubia-Sudan Egypt 1952 Nationalist revolution Gamal Abdul Nasser 1955 Six months before leaving, British startSudanese civil war 1956 Sudan becomes independent Jan. 1 , 1956, with elected Parliament 1958 Coup by Gen. Ibrahim Abboud 1964 October Revolution, Abboud abdicates after failing to end civil war 1965 Cabinet formed of Umma Party, National Unionist Party, and Muslim Brotherhood 1969 Coup by Col. JaffarNim ieri on May 25, 1969, who declares Sudan "democratic, socialist, and non aligned," wages struggle against religious sects 1970 President Nasser dies, is succeeded by Anwar Sadat 1971 Attempted coup by Communist Party 1972 Civil war ended by Addis Ababa agreement 1981 President Sadat dies, is succeeded by Hosni Mubarak 1983 Civil war startsagain 1985 Nimieri government overthrown;mil itary-civilian government under Nimieri's Secretaryof Defense Gen. Abdrehaman Swar el Dahab 1985 Multi-party government, under former Prime Minister Saddig el Mahdi, brought in by elections 1985-89 Saddig presides over three coalition partiesincluding Umma Party, the DUP, and the Communist Party 1989 RevolutionaryCommand Council for National Salvation (RCC) under Lt. Gen. Omar Hassan Ahmed al Bashir takes power on June 30 1989 National Dialogue Conference on the Political System convoked in September to present plan for federal system 1991 Federal system introduced 1993 Abuja peace talks convened 1994 Abuja II peace talks stalemated the possibilitythat the "Negrorace" could a�complish anything noteworthy. Sources Joyce L. Haynes, Nubia: Ancient Kingdoms of Afr ica (Boston: Museum of A.J. Arkell, A History of the Sudan: From the Earliest Times to 1821 Fine Arts, 1994). , (London, 1955). It is no surprise to findhere that British archaeologists Fritz Hintze and Ursula Hintze, Alte Kultu�n im Sudan (Munich, 1967). and historians, in reviewing the ancient history of Sudan, would tend to Yusuf Fadl Hasan and Paul Doornbos, T� Central Bilad Al Sudan: Tradi deny the existence of an independentculture which may have contributed tions and Adaptation (Khartoum, 1977). to Egyptian culture. This is most marked in the accounts of Anthony Philip K. Hitti, Historyof the Arabs (Lond�n, 1943). John Arkell, an expert in Egyptian archaeology who was in the Sudan Ronald Hyam, Britain's Imperial Century 1815-1914: A Study of Empire Political Service. Arkell is the author of numerous studies on Sudan and Expansion (London, 1976). which are counted among the standard reference works. His basic, racist P.L. Shinnie, Meroe: A Civilization of the fudan (New York, 1967). premise, hardly concealed, is that of the two "races" in the Sudan, which R.P. Giovanni Vantini, Christianityin Metl ieval Nubia (Cairo, 1976). he calls the "Brown and the Negro races," the "Brown," originally of --, The Excavations at Faras: A Contrihution to the Historyof Christian Arab origin, has been culturally superior. Anything outstanding in the Nubia (Bologna: Nigrizia Press, 1970)� ! culture, Arkell attributes to "egyptianization," as he categorically denies Sudan Yearbook 1992, Ministryof Culture and Information, Khartoum. EIR June 9, 1995 Special Report 27 Why the British hate Sudan: the Mahdia's war against London by Muriel Mirak-Weissbach One reason that the British harbor such a visceral hatred for followers, then to the notables of Kordofan and EI Obeid, its Sudan, is that they have never fully recovered from their provincial capital. Then, from a retreat on the island of Aba, experience with the Mahdist state, which lasted from the he sent out letters to notables, announcing that he was the early 1880s to 1898. This was an independent, sovereign Mahdi, and urging them to join him, in a hijra, a flight Sudanese state founded by a charismatic Islamic leader-an for faith, modelled after the Prophet's flight from Mecca to "Islamic fundamentalist"-which treatedthe colonial British Medina. The Mahdi moved into the Nuba Mountains, on the as no other state had done. The Mahdi, according to a com border of the Kordofan and Fashoda provinces, where the memoration published in the Khartoum monthly Sudanow tribal chief welcomed him. (December 1991), "was the leader of the first African nation The Mahdi's appeal was both spiritUal and social. It was to be created by its own efforts" and "laid the foundations of an appeal to return to the original spirit of Islam. His was one of the greatest states in the nineteenth century which also a protest against the oppressive practices of the Egyptian lasted for 13 years after his death. " His "greatest achievement khedive, who had ruled Sudan since 1821, under Ottoman was his insistence on a centralized state and his success in suzerainty. The Egyptian government, known as the "Turki building it." ya," bled the poor tribes through taxation, and sent the bashi It is no exaggeration to hear in certain aspects of modem bazooks, militia tribesmen armed with hippopotamus-hide Sudan's fightfor national unity and sovereignty echoes of the whips, to exact payment. In a proclamationis sued some time Mahdist heritage, although the current Sudanese government between November 1881 and November 1882, the Mahdi has no sympathies for the Islamic sect which the Mahdi led. wrote: The fact that the Mahdist experience took place during the "Verily these Turks thought that theirs was the kingdom lifetime of the grandparents of today's Sudanese, helps ex and the command of [God's] apostles and of His prophets plain how that heritage has shaped the Sudanese identity. and of him who commanded them to imitate them. They judged by other than God's revelation and altered the Shari' a The nature of the Mahdia of Our Lord Mohammed, the Apostle of God, and insulted The Mahdia was established by Dunqulawi Muhammad the Faith of God and placed poll-tax [al-jizya] on your necks Ahmad b. 'Abdallah, in 1881, when he declared himself the together with the rest of the Muslims ....Verily the Turks Mahdi, that is, the "expected one," inspired by the Prophet used to drag away your men and imprison them in fetters to cleanse society of corruption and the infidels. Muhammad and take captive your women and your children and slay Ahmad was born in 1844 the son of a boat-maker, in the unrighteously the soul under God's protection." Dongola province, and the family moved to Kereri, near His call to arms was based on the same protest: "I am the the capital Khartoum, when he was a child. He showed an Mahdi," he is quoted as saying, "the Successor of the Prophet aptitude for religious studies and went in 1861 to study with of God. Cease to pay taxes to the infidelTurks and let every Sheik Muhammad Sharif Nur al-Da'im, whose grandfather one who finds a Turk kill him, forthe Turks are infidels." had founded the Sammaniya religious order in Sudan. After Governmentfor ces, fearing this potential, set out to arrest a disagreement separated the two, he later studied with Sheik him, but several expeditions ended in failure. After each al-Qurashi w. al-Zayn, a rival leader of the Sammaniya and , military success of the Mahdi and his followers, known as following the latter's death in 1880, assumed his place as the Ansar (the name also taken by the followers of Moham leader, and then as the Mahdi. The Mahdi, in Sunnite tradi med), his ranks and prestige grew. tion, was "the guided one," expected to appear to lead the The Mahdi organized tribal leaders, themselves in vari Islamic community, and to restore justice. His coming was ous stages of revolt against the administration, behind him expected to precede the second coming of Christ. into a burgeoning national movement. A campaign which After years in seclusion and study, Mohammad Ahmad started in summer 1882 in Kordofan province unfolded as a presented himself as the Mahdi first to a small group of series of tribal attacks against the administration, in different 28 Special Report EIR June 9, 1995 areas, and a central attack on the provincial capital, EI Obeid. Sudan in the nineteenth c"ntury Though repulsed during their first attack in September, the i Ansar returned, equipped with captured rifles, trained mili tary fromgovernment troops who had come over to the Mahdi (known as the Jihadiya), and in January 1883 forced the enemy to capitulate. EI Obeid became the Mahdia head quarters . British invasions: Hicks and Gordon Two other expeditions failed which were of immense significanceto the British. In 1882, Egypt came under British occupation, and Britain ruled the Sudan as well, through Cairo. The two expeditions were those of Col. William Hicks and "the hero ," Charles "Chinese" Gordon, nicknamed for his success in defeating the Taiping rebellion in China. Hicks, a retired officer from the Indian Army, was sent as chief of staff, on behalf of the Egyptian government, to halt the Mahdi. Equipped with a total of 10,000 men, Hicks marched from Khartoum (the Egyptian administrative capi tal) toward EI Obeid through Bara, from the north. Among his guides, unbeknownst to him, were a number of Mahdist agents who relayed information to the Ansar. Suffering from lack of food and especially water, Hicks and his troops were SUDAN harassed, their communications cut, until they were sur Omdu rounded and attacked by the Ansar in November 1883 at Shaykan. When the assault started, Hicks's troops, organized KORDOFAN in the British square formation, fell into confusion and com • menced firing on each other. All but 250 men were killed, DA RFUR EI Obeid including Hicks and a number of British journalists. The massacre of Hicks's force was hard for the British to compre hend. Gordon is reported to have believed that they all died of thirst, and that no military encounter had even taken place! The fall of Shaykan led to the success of the Mahdist revolt in Darfurand Bahr al-Ghazal, and the continuing attachment of tribal units to the Ansar forces. Gordon's expedition and fate have gone down in history . Gordon had two missions in the Sudan. The first started in 1874, when he was named by the khedive as governor of Equatoria province. Backed by a European staff, Gordon I worked to bring this regionof the Upper Nile under central Nile, Gordon resorted to brutally tepressive tactics, and set ized control, which meant, among other things, breaking one tribe up against others. When the khedive was deposedin the power of the slave-traders . He decreed a government June 1879, Gordon quit his post, reSigningfrom the Egyptian monopoly of the ivory trade , banned imports of munitions, service in 1880. and halted the creation of private armies. He reorganized the Years later, afterthe Mahdi had swept throughone prov financial system and established military stations there, with ince after the other, an alarmed British government again a headquarters at Lado. In 1877, Gordon received the gover called on Gordon. The Britishgo�ernment 's declared inten norship for the whole of the Sudan; in that year, while Egypt tion in January 1884 was to �ge for the evacuation of " was at war with Abyssinia and popular protest against in Egyptian officers and civilians from Sudan. creased taxation was rising, Britain sealed the Slave Trade Thus, Gordon's initial mandat� was merelyto go to Sua Convention with the khedive. It called for elidingthe passage kin, on the Red Sea, and "conside� the best modeof evacuat of Abyssinian and other slaves through Egypt, and terminat ing the interior of the Sudan." EP route to Cairo, Gordon ing all slave-trading in the Sudan by 1899. Gordon called in drafteda memo outlining his missi'l>n: PrepareEgyptian evac Europeans and Sudanese to replace Egyptian officials in his uation, and establish a stable suqcessor government in an administration. When faced with rebellions in the Upper independent Sudan, by bringing I back to power the petty ElK June 9, 1995 Special Report 29 sultans who had ruled before the Egyptian takeover. To carry "If Egypt is to be kept quiet, Mahdi must be smashed up. out this executive function, Gordon insisted that he be named ...If you decide on smashing �ahdi, then send up another governor general. When he reached Cairo for talks with Sir £100,000, and send up 200 troops to Wadi Halfa, and send Evelyn Baring, the banker agent in Cairo, Gordon got what officerup to Dongola under pretense to look out quarters for he wanted. While in Cairo, Gordon also met with al-Zubayr troops ....Evacuation is possible, but you will feel effect Pasha, a leading slave-trader who had been imprisoned in in Egypt, and will be forced to enter into a far more serious Egypt. Gordon immediately proposed that this man be put affair in order to guard Egypt. At present, it would be com forward as the alternative leaderto the Mahdi. paratively easy to destroyMahdi l" By February 1894, the Mahdi's forces had extended their control over Trinkitat and Sinkat, on the Red Sea coast, Gordon's ignominious defeat through the military campaigns of one of the Ansar's most Throughout the summer, Gordon, holed up in Khartoum, able leaders, Osman Digna. engaged the forces located there in skirmishes with the An On arrival in Berber, and later, in Khartoum, Gordon sar, but made no headway militarily. The Mahdi, meanwhile, hastily announced the dismissal of Egyptian officials, who was continuing to extend his conti"ol, taking the city of Berber would be replaced by Sudanese, and the plans for evacuation. on the Nile, thus further isolatin, Gordon in Khartoum. Os He also declared taxes for 1883 to be eliminated and those man Digna on the Red Sea coast, and Mohammed al-Khayr for 1884 to be halved. Finally, he announced that the 1877 who was controlling Berber, blo¢ked access fromKhartoum convention against the slave trade was not operational. The to the east or the north. Gordon, for his part, dug in. He rationale behind this sudden reversal of British policy, seems recounts that the people in the city spread broken glass on the to have been, that the only way to ensure the return of the ground, and others planted mines. Gordon concentrated on ruling sultanates would be by legalizing the slave trade they hoarding goods for the siege, anell sending urgent requeststo were involved in. London via Baring for reinforcements. In September, Gor In Khartoum, Gordon organized a dramatic happening, don sent the British and French consuls down the Nile on a whereby tax books and the hated whips used by tax -collectors steamer, in an attempt to run ilie blockade of the Mahdist were brought out into the square and burned. Adulatory ac forces, and to get news of thesituation of besieged Khartoum counts relate that women threw themselves at Gordon's feet. to the world. The steamer was attllckedbefore it reached Abu Lieutenant Colonel Stewart, who accompanied him, wrote, Hamed, and all the Europeans were killed. In October, the "Gordon has won over all the hearts. He is the dictator here. Mahdi moved with his forces to Omdurman, preparing for The Mahdi does not mean anything any longer." the assault on nearby Khartoum. I Apparently convinced he was dealing with just another Finally, the British govem�nt decided to send a relief petty tyrant who, like all petty tyrants, has a price, Gordon expedition, but by the time thej steamers actually reached sent a letter to the Mahdi, announcing his magnanimous Khartoum, on Jan. 28, 1885, tlhe British officers saw no decision to grant the Mahdi the position of sultan of Kordo Egyptian flag flying, and concbjlded correctly that the city fan . This, to a man who not only controlled Kordofan al had fallen to the Mahdi. The steamers turned around and ready, but who was about to take Khartoum, thus completing fled. his unificationof the nation! Adding insult to injury, Gordon The end of Gordon has rem�ined somewhat wrapped in sent along with the message ceremonial red robes and a tar mystery. The common version i� that he was killed in battle, bush. The Mahdi responded: on the staircase of his palace, bYi Mahdist forces armed with "Know that I am the Expected Mahdi, the Successor of spears. Decapitated, his head was taken for identification to the Apostle of God. Thus I have no need of the sultanate, nor Rudolf Slatin, the Austrian govetnorof Darfurfor the Egyp of the kingdom of Kordofan or elsewhere nor of the wealth tian administration. of this world and its vanity. I am but the slave of God, guiding The dead Gordon was to become an object of hero-wor� unto God and to what is with Him. . . ." ship in Britain, mostly for the purpose of whipping up jingois Three dervishes of the Mahdi's following delivered this tic support for an expedition under Gen. Herbert(later Lord) note to Gordon, returning to him the red robes and offering Kitchener, to destroy the Mahdia and Sudan. the garment worn by the Ansar: a patched jubba, with the A few words about Gordon. the man, so to speak. Al invitation that he adopt Islam and follow the Mahdi. Gordon though painted as a quasi-god b}lhis idolators (for example, rejected the Mahdi' s offer with indignation. This occurred in Gordon: der Held yom Khartoum.. EinLebensbild nacho rigi March 1884. By April, the Mahdi had decided to organize nalquellen, Frankfurt am Main, iI885), Gordon turns out to the siege of Khartoum. have been just one more pervert in Her Majesty's service. In late February , responding to news that his proposal As Ronald Hyam wrote in 8ritain's Imperial Century that al-Zubayr be reinstated as a puppet had been turneddown 1815-1914: A Study of Empire andExp ansion: "The prince in London, Gordon made the following proposal: of pederasts (in the sense of small�boy lover) was unquestion- 30 Special Report EIR June 9, 1995 ably an even more important figure: Gen. Charles Gordon, paid in kind, coined currency, issu�d by the Mahdia (a silver hero of campaigns in the Sudan and China. Totally and irre dollar and a gold pound) were used!in trade. deemably boy-oriented, he was almost certainly too honor The Mahdi (later the Khalifa) was the supreme judge of able or inhibited ever to succumb to physical temptation, and the judiciary , and his khalifas and iemirs acted as judges on so this emotion was heavily sublimated into serving God, the the provincial and local levels. The main focus of attention Empire and Good Works. He spent six years of his life (from was the status of women and land ownership. In accordance 1865 to 1871) trying to create in London his own little land with the Shari' a (Islamic law), l�s were promulgated to where the child might be prince, housing ragged urchins (his legalize the status of women whoseihusbands had been killed 'kings' as he called them), until packing them off to sea when in war, or whose marriages had otherwise been broken. Mod the onset of puberty occurred." esty in dress was prescribed for wo�en, who wereforb idden to roam through the marketplace. �egarding land, those dis The Khalifa's rule possessed by the Turks were allowed to reclaim their land Gordon's ignominious defeat signalled the completion of (going back seven years from 1885) and those who had aban the creation of the Mahdia as a national institution. The Mah doned their land because they could not pay excessive taxa di established his headquarters in Khartoum, but did not live tion to the Turks, were allowed to repurchase their land at long thereafter. He died on June 22, 1885, and was succeeded the price given. Finally, the Mahdia fought with legal means by the Khalifa, who was to rule the Sudan until General against various popular superstitioQs, outlawing amulets and Kitchener's forces invaded in 1898. the like, as well as excessive wailing at funerals. There was never any question as to who would succeed Tribal rivalries continued to ttU-eaten the integrity of the the Mahdi on his death. Modelling his reign on that of the national state and throughout 1885-'87, Abdullahi had to deal Prophet, the Mahdi had named Khalifas (followers, or suc with uprisings from the MadibbUi, the Salih, and the Fur cessors, deputies), and had designated Abdellahi b. Mu tribesmen. His policy was to bribg recalcitrant or hostile hammed, as his successor in a proclamation on Jan. 26, tribal leaders to Khartoum to thrash out differences, and win 1883. But the consolidation of the national state was severely them over to the national cause. Those who refused thecome hindered by economic crises, in part triggered by the many to terms, were threatened with military might, and most ac years of a war economy, and aggravated by bad harvests quiesced. leading to famine. The Khalifa did not initially tUm outward in search of Following the Mahdi's death, Abdellahi organized the military conquests. In 1889, however, he deployed his mili construction of a tomb and, across from it, the house and tary commander al-Nujumi in an Egyptian campaign, which related buildings from which he was to rule united Sudan. turned into disaster. Due to inferior logistics and supplies, Abdellahi, like the Mahdi, was acknowledged leader (after the Mahdist campaign was defeatt'ld by the Anglo-Egyptian some initial clan conflicts)by the takingof an allegiance oath forces at Toshki in August 1889, which was to be a turning on the part of the leading tribes. point for the Sudan. The state which the Mahdi had established had three The combination of military defeat and serious social institutional branches-the high command, the judiciary, problems deriving from the onset offamine due to a bad crop and finances. in 1888, led the Khalifa to make a number of economic The Khalifa served also as the Commander of the Armies policy shifts. He forbade the army from entering houses or of the Mahdia, a kind of chief of staff, and, like the other damaging crops, and decreed that only licensed merchants khalifas, headed up a division of the army under his flag. could sell grain, in order to thwart black market tendencies, Under the khalifas were the amirs, or commanders, who and to make sure that garrisons would be adequately sup functioned as military governors. Under them were muqad plied. He relaxed trade restrictions with Egypt, which helped dams or prefects, and the followers in general were known alleviate scarcities, and led to the return of thousands of as darawish (dervishes). They dressed in the patchedjubba, refugees from Egypt back to their bomeland. with a white turban and sandals, signs of simplicity and However, Lord Kitchener in August 1890 ordered that asceticism. the port of Trinkitat, held by the Egyptians, be closed, and The financial organization of the Mahdia was based on that grain shipments be blocked, under the pretext of a chol two sources of revenue: booty of war and taxation. The Mah era scare. "It appears that cessation of supplies of grain from di as Imam was to receive one-fifth of all booty taken in war. Suakin to the dervishes, owing to quarantine regulations, is The other four-fifths were to be divided up "in accordance having the effect anticipated, in breaking up the camp at with the commandment of God and His Apostle" and distrib Handub, as well as causing the Handub tribe to see theneces uted through the treasury to the needy. Furthermore, the sity of keeping on good terms with the government," Kitche zakah, a tax established as a tenet of lslam, was levied on the ner reported. crops and the cattle of the tribes. Although taxes were thus Despite this food warfare, and the general conditions of EIR June 9, 1995 Special Report 31 Lyndon LaRouche(left) with his host Abed el Rahman Abedulahi Mohamed El Khalifa of the National a grandson of the Khalifa who fought the British during the last century.Here, the two are visiting the resistance to the British on the Nile. dire need for the population, the Khalifa's rule was intact, aware of the strategic ",.,,,,,,M',,.,,,,,,, of control over the Upper largely because no matter how tough conditions were, they Nile: Who controls the Upper controls Sudan and Egypt. were certainly better than they had been under the Turks (via The British, who took and therefore its terri- the Egyptians). As Sir Reginald Wingate, head of intelli tories, in 1882, signed a in 1890 with the Germans, gence from Egypt, noted in 1892, a source named Mustafa whereby a British sphere of was recognized over al-Amin, a tradesman, stated that the Khalifa was trying to Uganda and Kenya. This area said to go up to the western introduce "a more lenient and popular form of government," watershed of the Nile and "to confines of Egypt" in the and that the Islamic monarchy, as he saw it, which had been north . installed there , was much preferred to the earlier condition The British decision to Dongola province was under Egyptian rule. Mustafa gauged that the Sudanese, communicated in a telegram to on March 13, 1896. though in need, were optimistic about the future , and would, The French must have fully aware of the British in the event of an invasion from Egypt, certainly rally to plan. The French counterplan to ensure the survival of defend their nation. the Mahdia state , at least until could secure its position The threat to Sudan came in 1890 from the east, where in the Upper Nile. The to have offered a pro- the Italians and Anglo-Egyptians had established a presence. tectorate not only to but also to the Sudan of the The Italians had taken Eritrea in 1890, and in 1891 Tukar Khalifa. During a secret , the Abyssinians handed was occupied by the Anglo-Egyptians. In 1894, the Italians over a French flagto the telling him "to raise this flag took Kassala. But the most important theater was in the south, on the frontiers of his in order to be an independent in the Upper Nile, where the British-French conflict, which king in his kingdom and would be a protection to was to climax at Fashoda, was to be the backdrop for the him." The Khalifa did not accept the offer, because he was Kitchener invasion of Sudan. committed to an independent S�dan. The British did not intend to strand Kitchener, as they Kitchener's invasion had Gordon. Accordingly, to ensl ure supply lines, the British After the 1881-82 nationalist uprising in Egypt under al launched a railroad project to bring a line from the Red Sea Arabi and the defeat of Gordon, the British were eager to to Abu Hamed, as a supply li e for Kitchener's army . The deploy their military might to secure their strategic position British-Egyptian force was equipped� with vastly superior in Egypt and Sudan . Furthermore , the British were fu lly military means. 32 Special Report EIR June 9, 1995 Knowing that the attack was coming, the Khalifa had his prayer rug. According to an account in Sudanow, his concentrated his forces in Omdurman and begun to fortify 2,000combat troops attacked Wingate's vastly superior forc the city. Kitchener's forces advanced through Dongola prov es. The Khalifa, together with his JI.Olirs Ali Wad Hilu, Ah ince to Fort Atbara, where Kitchener attacked on Good Fri mad Fadil, Bashir Ajab AI-Fiya, �id Ali, Sidig Ibn Mah day 1898. Despite their valorous resistance, the Sudanese, di, and Haroun Mohammed were �l machine-gunned down overwhelmed by superior military technology, were mowed as they prayed. Another of the khal-ifas, Mohammed Sherif, down. More than 3,000 died and 4,000 were wounded, as who was the Mahdi's son-in-law, \yas arrestedtogether with contrasted to a reported 510 Anglo-Egyptian casualties. two of the Mahdi' s sons, by the British in August 1899. They In September 1898, as the French Capt. Jean-Baptiste were accused of a conspiracy to rrinstate the Mahdia, and Marchand was secure in Fashoda, the British marched hur were promptly executed; they werd probably innocent. riedly on Omdurman with 25,800 men. Kitchener had 44 Wingate, Director ofIntelligence from 1899, who accom guns and 20 machine guns on land, plus 36 guns and 24 panied Kitchener into Sudan, was reportedly "obsessed" by machine-guns on the gunboats . The British had the Martini the Mahdia, and directed a propaganda war to inflame the Henry .450, fast-firingMaxim Nordenfeldts, and Krupp can passions of ordinary Britons, to support the genocidal attack non. Despite their hopeless inferiority in weaponry, the Mah against Sudan. To accomplish this� he organized publishers dist forces fought to the end. Their strategy was to attack, in who would put out memoirs of Europeanswho had been taken three locations. In one phase of the battle, Osman Digna let captive by the Mahdia, including the opportunist Slatin (Fire a few of his forces (whom the British had dubbed the "Fuzzy and Sword, 1896), the priest Ohrwalder (Au/stand undReich Wuzzys," in their inimitable racism!) be seen by the British des Mahdi and Ten Years Captivity, 1892), Rosignoli, and cavalry, to lure them into an attack. He knew that once they many others . Referring to the crisis in the Sudan in 1896 at charged over the ground, his men (about 7(0), who were the time the book Wingate co-authored with Slatin appeared, concealed in a ravine, could ambush them, confuse the caval it is related that the publisher told his wife, "It is a joke between ry, and engage the enemy in hand-to-hand combat. In the myself and my partnerhere that Major Wingate has fomented battle that fo llowed, lances and spears against guns, there this just at the right time by means lof his secret agents!" occurred 40% of all British casualties in the war. As for Kitchener, one of the many adulatory accounts of When the British began bombarding Omdurman on Sept. the late Lord, called With Kitchenerto Khartoum, published 2, 1898, they took the Mahdi's tomb as their primary target! by G.W. Stevens, in 1899, paints the picture of a superman, The British, with gunboats and machine guns, could not be "over six feet, straight as a lance ....His precision is so stoppedmilitaril y. It is estimated that 11,000 were killed and inhumanly unerring, he is more like a machine than a man. 16,000wounded in a few hours of British assault. The figures . . . So far as Egypt is concerned tie is the man of destiny for the wounded have often been questioned, because it is the man who has been preparing himself 16 years for one well known that Kitchener's forceskilled the wounded. great purpose. For Anglo-Egypt he is the Mahdi, the expect But when the British marched into Omdurman they found ed; the man . . . who has cut out His human heart and made that the Khalifa had eluded them. Once in the city, they dug himself a machine to retake Khartoum." The last character up the grave of the Mahdi, and Kitchener ordered that the ization apparently refers to Kitcheller's famous disregard for body be burned. One versionhas it that Kitchener ordered the condition of men in battle, w*ther in his own army or the bones of the Mahdi to be thrown into the Nile and that he that of the enemy. sent the skull of the Mahdi to the Royal Surgeons College, According to the previouslycited Ronald Hyam, Kitche apparently to submit it to phrenological examinations. It is ner was one of the many "inveteiate bachelors" that filled said that Her Majesty Queen Victoria didn't take to the idea, Her Majesty's foreign service. "Kilchener was a man whose and ordered the skull buried. Other accounts have it that sexual instincts were wholly sublimated in work; he admitted Kitchener had the head buried at Wadi Halfa, the border few distractions and 'thereby reaped an incalculable advan town with Egypt. On Sept. 4, 1898, Kitchener's crew held tage in competition with his fellows.' There is no evidence memorial services for Gordon. On Sept. 5, they tried to that he ever loved a woman; his male friendships were few capture the Khalifa, but failed. but fervent; from 1907 until his death his constant and insepa In January 1899, Kitchener's forces signed the Condo rable companion was Capt. O.A.a. FitzGerald who devoted minium Agreement with Boutros-Ghali, grandfather of the his entire life to Kitchener. He had no use for married men current secretary general of the United Nations. Revolts in on his staff. Only young officers were admitted to his both Sudan and Egypt followed; the British realized that house-'my happy family of boys � he called them; he avoid unless they killed the Khalifa, they would not be able to ed interviews with women, worshlipped Gordon, cultivated subdue the territories taken. In November 1899, Wingate great interest in the Boy Scout m.,vement, took a fancy to went with a well-equipped force of 3,700 men to Jadid and Bothas's son and the sons of Lordi Desborough, and embel Um Dibekrat, where they located the Khalifa. The Khalifa lished his rose garden with four pairs of sculptured bronze . withdrew with his closest followers and placed himself upon boys." ElK June 9, 1995 Special Report 33 Khartoum. But the most distant 34 Special Report EIR June 9, 1995 FIGURE 1 FIGURE 2 Nile River System Major Nile River projects ( j / SAUDI LIBYA EGYPT J, , 1 CHAD : 1 , Tc::rna Ik ... -, , 7 Z A O.""r •• Y ,. � s�-9" Il,S�,.II'fN"" Source: Van der Leaden. Water Resources bf the World. NewYork: Water Information Center. Inc .• 1975. on the White Nile, and the Sennar and Roseires dams and The route of the proposed J onglei Canal-overhalf exca reservoirs on the Blue Nile, store and regulate water. vated in the 1980s-is shown onl Figure 2. There are other In Uganda, there is the Owen Falls Dam, at the point that swamp water diversion plans for �e Sudd to the west. Com the "Victoria Nile" leaves Lake Victoria. pleting the Jonglei Canal alone W(JIuldadd significantly to the The proposals for waterworks in the Sudd, and in the downriver Nile flowby reducing the Sudd evaporation. upper Nile lake plateau region, are either partially built, or Likewise, the potential upper� ile waterworks in the lake not built at all. plateau region have not been built. EIR June 9, 1995 Special Report 35 Vast resources exist fo r economic development in Sudan by Marcia Merry Baker In terms of physical resources, Sudan ranks high as one of western plains, the Nuba Mountains form scattered granite the world's top "natural" breadbasket regions. In area, it is hills rising up to 1,000 meters; i� the south on the Uganda the largest country in Africa and the ninth-largest in the border are the beautiful rain-forested Imatong and Dongotona world, although it ranks only 32nd in terms in population. Mountains. The Imatong is the bighest. mountain in Sudan, Sudan is over a quarter of the area of the United States. at more than 3,000 meters . Sudan is strategically located as a cultural bridge between Besides its size, the geograpby of Sudan is notable for the Arab Middle East and the African continent, and a geo its diversity. Sudan's latitudinal : span, extending from just graphical bridge between the Mediterranean and central Afri below the Tropic of Cancer all ttIe way south nearly to the ca, stretching along the Nile River system, and bordering on Equator, allows the nation greatl agro-ecological variation, the Red Sea (see Figure 1). ranging from desert (about 25% ;of the country), to pasture There are 2,506,000 square kilometers (966,757 square land and grain fields in the ceniraI belt, to lush mountain miles) in Sudan, much of it with gentle terrain. There are valleys of orchards, and other f�its, vegetables, and fiber four mountain regions: In the east are the Red Sea Hills, crops, through to coffee and tro ical products in the south p. running parallel to the coastline; near the west is the volcanic (see Figure 2 and Table 1). Jebel Marra mountain range, which forms the drainage divide Sudan has at least 81 million hectares (200 millionacres), between the Nile and the Lake Chad basins; on the central which could easily be cultivated, fwhich is more than half the currently cultivated acreage-bas� of the United States. This acreage could potentially produ�e crops sufficient to feed almost all of Africa. Sudan has other 88 million hectares 1 � FIGURE (218 million acres) suitable for forestry, and 23 million hect Sudan in the African continent ares (57 million acres) for pastlJrC. · However, at present, only 6. million hectares (17 mil lion acres) out of the potential 8 [ million hectares are culti vated-only 8.5% of the potent¥farmland base. Of these 6.8 million harvested hectares,! 5.1 million hectares are rainfed cultivation, and merely [1.82 million are irrigated. Because annual rainfall is highly �ariable-upto 40% varia tion from year to year-the an�ual output of the rainfed agriculture in central Sudan is !therefore highly variable. These swings would be itigatedi, even without large-scale irrigation, if other inputs were �vailable-mechanization, farm chemicals, transport, and st�rage capacity. i Water throughput , Figure 3 shows how the averllgerainfall bands varyfrom 25 millimeters a year in the desert of the north, bordering Egypt, through to 400 mm in ce�tral Sudan-similar to the North American prairies--downito 1, 100 mm a year in the south, where there are swamps and rain forests. From south to north flow theiwaters of the Nile system, with the lower Nile formed at IQtartoum by the juncture of the Blue and White Nile Rivers ($ee previous article). In Sudan's water throughput, :there are anaverage of 130 36 Special Report ElK June 9, 1995 FIGURE 2 FIGURE 3 Sudan's average annual rainfall Sudan's diverse aaro·,ecolc)a,,:. land use zones DESERT 20 15 Seasonal swamp grazing Permanent swamps Note: The letters on the maps refer to the ecological zones, described in Table 1. TABLE 1 Sudan's agricultural resource areas in differing ecological zones (millions of hectares; estimated by the Sudanese Agriculture Ministry) Total area available for Total area Pasture area Cultivated agriculture Forested Ecological zone A. Desert 71 .9 Semi desert 48.6 9.7 B. Savanna (sandy, low rainfall: 300-400 millimeters) 32.4 28.6 3.8 C. Savanna (higher rainfall: 400-800 mm) 35.9 31 .9 4 32 Subtotal-NorthernSudan : 188.8 · 70.2 7.8 32 D. Savanna (high rainfall: 800-1 ,300 mm) 34 22.7 11.4 E. Flood area 24.2 Mountainous .6 Forested 24.2 Subtotal-Southern Sudan: 58.8 22.7 N.A. 11.4 24.2 TotalSudan: 247.6 92.8 7.8 43.4 24.2 EIR June 9, 1995 Special Report 37 cubic kilometers a year of what hydrologists call "renewable tions located in arid zones-SouthAfrica at 18%, or Mexico water resources" (from precipitation, run-off from Nile sys at 15%. Of Sudan's 14% annual withdrawals (18.6cubic kilo tem waters outside the national borders , etc.) available to meters on average), fully 99% of ibis is applied to agricultural the country. Because so much of northern Sudan is in the use for irrigation, and the other • % fraction is for domestic Saharan-Sahelian arid belt, Sudan ranks below, in absolute use . Water use for industrial pUIJ>Osesis practically nil, which volumes of annual renewable water resources, geographical is an important consideration for development planning. ly smaller countries located in the rainbelts of Western Afri Moreover, Nile River Basin waters are shared among ca. For example, Sierra Leone has, on average, 160 cubic several nations. Therefore, were Sudan to withdraw signifi kilometers a year of renewable water resources; Nigeria, 308; cantly more of the Nile flow, Egypt would be shorted. Egypt Guinea, 226; Liberia, 232; and Cameroon, 208 . at present uses 97% of its renewl'4ble waterresource s, which However, the total national volume of water alone is not are currently confined to the Nile. Egypt ranks, with Israel, the story . The question is, how much of the available water at the top of the list of nations with the highest "withdrawal" is "withdrawn"-diverted for potentially productive uses fractions of their renewable water supplies. (agriculture, industry, domestic needs, power production) This is the context in which to understand what otherwise and how well is the water utilization organized for these pur appear to be large per capita annual withdrawals of water in poses? For example, look at the Imperial Valley of southern Sudan and Egypt. Sudan uses abPut 1,089 cubic meters per California, where limited amounts of Colorado River water person per year, and Egypt 1,2(>2 cubic meters. But with were put to efficient use, and a manmade garden oasis was 99% of this water withdrawn goi+g for agriculture in Sudan, created , yielding up to four crops per year in the desert sun. and 88% of withdrawals going fqr agriculture in Egypt (7% In Sudan, the fractionof available water resources "with for domestic use and 5% for in�strial use), the seemingly drawn" for use is about 14%. This is comparable to other na- large per capita annual withdrawals do not at all denote a in the open-pit lignite mines neariCologne. Thanks to the initiative of Sudjanesehydrologist Yahia Abdel Magid, the Bucketwheel,lwhich went into use in The JongleiCanal Pakistan in 1968, was refurbishedand brought to Sudan for use. It is the largest excavatot in the world, weighing In the Sudd, the great swamp in which gather the waters over 2,100to ns. It consists of 12 giant buckets (3 cubic of the upper White Nile, in the state of Jonglei (which meters each) hung on a circular wheel (12.5 meters in borders on the south with the equatorial states of Sudan), diameter) , which dig earth, then 38 Special Report EIR June 9, 1995 high-tech, advanced economic profile. cally, rails are0.0 0 19 km per squaIfkilometer of the country . As a comparison, the United States withdrew 2, 162 cubic There are 29 diesel locomotives . 'fhe rail links run between meters per capita in the early 1970s, with 42% in agriculture, Port Sudan and Khartoum in the ea�t; Wadi Haifa' in the north 46% in industry, and 12% domestic use. (on the Egyptian border); EI Obeitl in central Sudan; Nyala Both Egypt and Sudan would gain more water from Nile in the west; and Wau in the south. 1The administrative center flow from the Jonglei Canal and other upper Nile system and manufacturing and repair shops of the Sudan Railways l improvements, perhaps up to 7% more water downstream, Corp. are in Atbara, north of Kh oum on the Nile River. and there are watersharing agreements in place for this incre As of the rnid- 1980s, the overat I road network, not count- mental increase. But the essential source of additional water ing dirt tracks, added up to 6,599 (4,100 miles), of which I to these dry lower Nile lands is to desalinate Mediterranean 3,160 are main roads, and about �O% is paved. This means Sea, Red Sea, and Suez saltwater with cheap nuclear power, the national statistical road densifY is 0.03 km per square at strategic development locations on the coastlines. kilometer. Thus, like rail, th is limited length of paved road way does not constitute area cov�rage, but is a system of Limited transport grid selective links. In 1980, a major �oad between Port Sudan The limited transport grid in Sudan reflects decades of and Khartoum was completed (11,197 km, or 744 miles). deliberate non-development under imperial British rule , and Bridge improvements on the White Nile have facilitated traf its continuation under the postwar regime of the International fic circulation between Khartourb , North Khart oum, and Monetary Fund and World Bank (see Figure 4). Omdurman . There are only about 5,503 kilometers (3,432 miles) of Another way to look at the IfkI of paved roads is that rail lines in Sudan, and these lines are mostly between major there are 98 km of paved roads per 1 million persons in towns. There is no real area density of rail coverage; statisti- Sudan. In contrast, there are 302 k):nof paved roads in Egypt per million persons. In Nigeria, 376 per million persons. In continental United States, there ate 10-15,000 km of paved roads per million people. 50-50 by Sudan and Egypt . The draw-off of 25 million cubic meters daily from the feed waters of the Sudd would reduce the swamp area by an estimated 36%, from an average total swamp area FIGURE 4 (1905-80) of 16,900 square kilometers down to 10,800 Limited transport grid square kilometers. The designed flow rate is 3.5 km per hour to inhibit weed growth. The canal is designed to vary in width from 28 to LIBY A 50 meters , and to vary in depth from 4 to 7 meters, to accommodate boat traffic . Parallel to the canal there is intended to be an all-season roadway, and ancillary proj ects include slipways, bridges, ferries, civil works for crossings and regulation, and other infrastructure . SUDA Proposals for the Jonglei Canal, and other major Sudd and Nile Basin projects, go back generations. In many cases, engineers under British rule were the most enthusi astic designers and advocates of improvement projects, but imperial "hydropolitics" blocked development initia I ' ''; tives at every turn. For example, in 1904 , Sir William Garstin, inspector general of irrigation at the Egyptian Ministry of Public Works, proposed what became known as the "Garstin Cut" to channel the White Nile; but it and successor de signs were blocked, until Sudan became independent and took action on its own. In 1876, a member of the British Royal Engineers, Gen. F.H. Rundall, proposed a high dam at Aswan. But it took the development policy of Egyptian President Gamal Abdul Nasser to make this hap pen.-Marcia MerryBaker EIR June 9, 1995 Special Report 39 For many locations in Sudan, the Nile River is the key population, and certain related vital statistics, reflectthe con transport link. River transport between Kosti and Juba sequences of decades of British !imperial rule. (1,436 km, or 892 miles) had no overland alternative as of About 30% of the population lives in urban centers, and the mid- 1980s. there are over 2 million refugees in various locations in the The principal seaport of the nation is Port Sudan, on the country. As of the mid-1980s, the principaltowns , withtheir Red Sea, and as of 1988, Sudan had 25 merchant vessels population at the last census, wbich was in 1983 (the popula registered. tions are all higher now), were: : Small population Omdurman 526,287 There are only 26.5 million people in Sudan, as of 1992, Khartoum (capital) 476,218 in an area the size of the European Community, where 300 Khartoum North 341,146 million people reside. This means there are an average of 10 Port Sudan 206,727 persons per square km, in contrast to over 200per square Wadi Medani 141,065 km in Europe. Sudan's popUlation is comparable to that of AI-Obeid 140,024 Taiwan, which is 80 times smaller in area. Sudan's small Atbara 73,009 i ever, hydropower accounts for $}%of the electricitysup Nuplexescan makenew ply. This share is declining som�what, as thermalelectric generating stations can be built .. water,power resources But compared to even the mbstmodern hydroelectric generator, just one nuplex insnvlation can begin to shift The additional flow to the Nile for Sudan and Egypt from the energy and water-use balances into new modes. the completed Jonglei Canal of some 4 billion cubic me The Roseires Dam Hydro Station on the Blue Nile ters a year, when considered on a per capita and per square has a maximum capacity of 250 MW of electricity. The kilometer basis for 86 million people, shows the need for Sennar Dam downstreamhas 15 MW. new sources of water. Likewise, were all potential dam There are new designs for high-temperature gas sites to be completed on the Nile system (see diagram), cooled nuclear reactors (HTGRS) based on underground the hydroelectricity produced, on a per capita and per modules of 200-350 MW each,! that are safe, can be as square kilometer basis, would still not be enough for sembly-line produced and installed in series as required, growing economies. and coupled with modern desalination systems. A study The source of new water and power in the lands of the for the Metropolitan Water District of California for the Nile? "Nuplexes" of modules of nuclear power stations, Pacific coast, found that a singl� desalination plant, con coupled with advanced seawater desalination systems, sisting of four 350 MW HTG�s, could produce 146. 1 and industrial and agricultural projects, located at strate million cubic meters of water a year-the equivalent of a gic sites on the Red Sea for Sudan and the Mediterranean small stream. In addition, the fqur-module nuplex would Sea, Suez Canal, and Red Sea for Egypt. This is the "Oasis provide 466 MW of electric capacity. Plan" approach for Middle East development and peace, Another type of HTGR desisn comes fromGermany, proposed for years by Lyndon H. LaRouche, Jr. with many features made-to-orderfor the seacoasts of the First, look at the existing "energy balance" of Sudan. dry lands of the lower Nile. The reactor is 200or 300 MW Then look at what one or more nuplex sites would mean (a useful size where the transmiSsion grid is being devel for transforming the supplies for electricity and water to oped), but highly efficient and safe. Called the "pebble the economy. bed" reactor, the fuel is pelle� shaped (0.5 millimeter As of 1987, the annual energy supply in Sudan diameter), and can employ thorium(the use of which has amounted to 10 million tons of oil equivalent (TOE), been developed in India) in the oycle. 84% of which is from biomass-mostly from wood and The power and water from thenuplex generators could charcoal, but also agricultural waste. Annual energy con be put to intensive use for high-tech agriculture, food sumption is about 6. 1 TOE, because close to 40% of and industrial processing, and chemical production. In a supply is lost in conversion and distribution. For example, compact region such as the Jordan River basin, merely20 44% of the wood is lost when converted to charcoal. such installations-ideally located at points along man Petroleum energy accounted for 13% of the total energy made seawater canals--couldcreate the water equivalent supply in 1987; and hydropower contributed 3%. How- of a new Jordan River.-Marcia MerryBaker 40 Special Report ElK June 9, 1995 onstruction of a canal In Rahad. Sudan. One of Sudan's priorities to �ccelerate development is to make existing water resources more readily evailable for domestic, agricultural. and I.ndustrial use. Figure 4 shows the locations of these largesttow ns, and some youth is stressed in the introduction to the Sudanese strategy others . Outside the towns listed, the remaining 90% of the document, which states the aim of h "renaissance of thought population lives in the smaller towns and villages. and cultural development," and in particular, giving "classi As of 1994, the average life expectancy at birth was about cal beauty and science" to the youth. It says: "Our nation is 53 years for men, and 55 years for women. There were 42 a young nation. The population gr�wth indicators show that births per 1,000 people, and 12 deaths per 1,000, for an for a long time to come the predo unance of youth growth increase rate of 3%. As of 1994, infant mortality was 80 will be the pattern. This fact necessitatesp that increased atten deaths per 1,000 live births. tion will be given to this very vit sector for its own sake, There are hospital beds on the ratio of 1 bed per 1,222 and for the investment of its potential� ." persons. There is one physician per 9,439 persons. Not only youth, but "people ke an incarnation of the The average literacy rate is less than 30% for men, and divine on earth, and ...from tths principle spring basic less than 20% for women. human rights." The plan's overall istatement of national ob These statistics show only that large-scale improvements jectives refers to "noble values" of the family and culture, in essential domestic and social infrastructure-safe water, "dignity of the state," including it defense capabilities, and sanitation, health care , education facilities-are needed to "liberty and prosperity of the citizdn." make up for the degradation of conditions under British rule. What is outstanding is the commitment and effort to pro Agriculture, the major eco�omic sector vide for the general good, despite restricted means and inher Agriculture is the dominant sector in the Sudanese econo ited limitations. my . It is the source of employmerltfor 68-70% of the labor Population expansion, and expanding the physical infra force, and agricultural products abcount for 95% of export structure to support this, are part of the explicit goals of the earnings. The main imports includJ a broad range of industri economic planning document The Sudan: The Comprehen al goods, petroleum products, che icals, and foodstuffs . sive National Strategy. issued by the Government of the Figure 5 shows the annual tonnagef of production of all Republic of Sudan in 1992. This plan starts from the premise grains in recent years , showing J differentiation, by farm that the nation is underpopulated, assumes a continuing pop sector (irrigated, rainfed "traditi�nal," or rainfed mecha ulation growth rate of at least the present 2.7% per year, nized) for 1983 to 1994. The gdph shows that during the and sets goals for it as part of the economic development 1980s, the size of the annual grain� harvest (sorghum, wheat, mobilization. millet, corn)was on average abou� 3 million metric tons, and The school-age population is about 40% . Training the the bulk of that came from the ainfed, not the irrigated EIR June 9, 1995 Special Report 41 FIGURE 5 FIGURE 6 Sudan: annual output of all grains, 1983-95, Sudan: annual output food crops rises, and by farm and sector, 1983-92 cash crops falls, in I sector, 1983-92 (thousand metric tons of sorghum, wheat, millet, and corn) (thousand metric tons) 7,000 2,500 Rainfed traditional 6,000 II [;l Groundnuts D Rainfed mechanized 2,000 D Cotton 5,000 • Irrigated • Total grains 4,000 1,500 3,000 1,000 2,000 500 1,000 0 0 average 1983-88 1989-90 1990-91 1991-92 average sector. The cash crops were concentrated in this irrigated the Sudan Railway line the towns of Sennar and sector---cotton and peanuts , particularly in the Gezira, de Kosti, the Gezira constitutes 1 of the total area cultivated scribed below . in Sudan. It was started in 191 , with 250 feddans, which is But starting in the last season of 1990-9 1, a policy shift 105 hectares (1 feddan is 0.42 Ihpr.t<>r'�c was made by the new government, to cultivate enough basic of 1962, it had reached 882 grains in the irrigated sector, mostly the Gezira, to guarantee in 1950, and today the a certain tonnage of grains staples so that national food securi tenants , employees, and the ..u.�� ..� ty would be guaranteed. revenue interests. The main After two years, key parts of this emergency program cotton, sorghum, wheat, succeeded, to the point that in 1993 Sudan began supplying fodder. grain to the World Food Program and shipping food aid As of the mid- 1980s, the of the relative annual directly to Bosnia, Afghanistan, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and tonnages of the top agriculture other points of need. By carefully diverting certain limited in metric tons: agricultural inputs, such as irrigated area and fertilizers, Sorghum 4,274,000 away from quick cash crops and into staples, Sudan achieved Dukhn 48 1,000 a grain surplus in 1993. Millet 428,000 Total grains output reached 4.59 million metric tons in Peanuts 402,000 1991-92, and 5.69 1 mmt in 1992-93 . The harvest this year Sesame(largest in Africa) 228,000 is expected to be the best ever, projected at over 6 million Wheat 185,000 metric tons . Sugarcane 4,800,000 Figure 6 shows the irrigated sector crop output shift from predominantly cash crops (groundnuts and cotton) to more In addition, there are thousan(ls of tons of smaller food grains as of 1991-92. However, even with the new balance crops-tomatoes (150,000 to�k), cassava (128,000 tons), of food-to-cash crops in the irrigated sector, sizable cash crop yams (115,000 tons), dates (116,OOO tons), and com (40,000 harvests are still taking place. The harvest of cotton and tons). groundnuts that just ended this year is excellent. Sudan is the world's largest producer of long staple cot The Gezira irrigation project is the largest, oldest, and ton. In 1986-87, Sudan's cottO? output was 780,000 bales. most important agriculture scheme in Sudan, and the largest In 1985, cottonseed was 360,� tons, and cotton 196,000 farm in the world under one management. Located in the tons. Sudan is Africa's largest froducer of sesame, and the triangle area formed by the Blue and White Nile rivers , and world's largest producer of gu arabic-supplying 80% of 42 Special Report EIR June 9, 1995 TABLE 2 Estimated numbers of livestock in Sudan, 1985-92 (thousands of head) Sudan Vear Cattle Goats Sheep Camels emph�izes 1985-86 19,632 13,799 18,690 2,712 bettereducation I 1986-87 19,739 13,942 18,801 2,705 by Muriel Mirak-weiSSb h 1987-88 19,858 14,196 19,207 2,722 1988-89 20,167 14,482 19,668 2,732 �f' The education reform launched b e Bashir government of 1989-90 20,593 14,843 20,168 2,742 Sudan is sure to be seen as a cas s belli from the British 1990-91 21,028 15,278 20,701 2,757 oligarchical standpoint. As that s dpoint was enunciated 1991-92 21 ,600 18,700 22,600 2,800 . by Lord William Rees-Mogg, a p cipal spokesman for the Source: Government of Sudan; UNIDO. British monarchy and its elite Club f the Isles, in a commen ' tary in the Jan. 5 London Times e itled "It's the Elite Who Matter-In Future Britain Must ncentrate on Educating the world's use of the product, which is derived from the the Top 5%, on Whose Success e Shall All Depend," acacia tree . upwards of 95% of the population� would barely survive as As of the mid- 1980s, the principal exports, in rank order uneducated, brutish serfs , in bond,ge to the remaining 5%, of cash value were: cotton, gum arabic, sesame, and peanuts . who will form a new feudalist elite �see EIR , Feb. 17, p. 37). In addition to that were a variety of other agriculture exports , If the oligarchy pursued that Wlicy consistently during including meat and livestock. its colonial control over Sudan, wtith the aim of skimming Table 2 shows the growth trend in Sudan's national live offthe top 5% of the subject population, putting it through stock inventory in recent years . This past year, livestock British-type schools, and deployihg it as its local lackey numbers increased sharply because of the good rainy season, class, the new trend constitutes the opposite. and good provision of inputs. Several institutions are inter For the British, who controlled Sudan from 1898 to 1956, vening to develop the livestock sector, including "The Live "education" was a means to ensure total control over the stock Bank," with branches all over the country, and the subject population. This involved destroying the existing Anaam Corp. (anaam means "livestock" in Arabic). school system and supplanting it with a British system, limit The principal imports to Sudan, in rank order of monetary ed to those few chosen to be administratorsfor the masters. value were, as of the mid- 1980s: manufactured goods, trans In Egypt, for example, therej were 5,000 traditional port equipment, machinery and other equipment, foodstuffs , schools, and the famous Islamic university Al Azhar, which chemicals, and petroleum products. had 8,000 students and 300 profe$sors. Britain disinvested In the mid- 1980s, Saudi Arabia was the single largest in the traditional sector afterit occupied the countryin 1880, trade partner, accounting for about 15% of Sudan's imports forcing instruction in English rather than classical Arabic. (mostly petroleum), and buying 14% of Sudan's exports. Governor-General Lord Cromer reportedly fought to prevent Other important trade partners included the United States, the founding of any universities, for fearthey would become Britain, Germany, Japan, France, and Italy . places to "manufacture demagoguei!'. " Thus, Cairo Universi ty was founded only in 1907. By the time the British left Mineral and oil wealth Egypt nominally independent, "thelcountry had in its official Among the diverse rock formations in Sudan are identi modem educational sector no I$ore than 10 secondary fieddeposits of a range of minerals including gold; sulphides schools with 3,800 pupils (43 of whom were girls)." of copper, zinc, and silver; chromite ores, iron ores, tung In Sudan, British education policy was part and parcel of sten, and manganese. There are gypsum, silica sands, and its attempt to create in southern Su4an what one historian has many other economically useful deposits. dubbed a "Christian, anti-Islamic bimtustan ...more rigidly Exploration for oil began in the 1950s, and has identified controlledand also far larger and more important than any of several major fields. In 1993, Sudan for the first time ever, those being set up in South Africa" (see article, p. 47). In began to pump and refine its own oil. 1922, the British sealed off the south fromthe north. In order The Sudanese "Comprehensive Plan" for the future calls to form a layer of southernlackey si the British set up schools for foreigninvestment in economic infrastructure for the pur through the missionaries, which were dependent on the colo pose of "raising the volume of such investment in the agricul nial power. ture and agro-industrial sector to the highest possible level," In the south, the British went to work to replace Arabic and using oil and mineral export revenues for that purpose. with English as the medium of education. Although the gov- EIR June 9, 1995 Special Report 43 caning me ." In 1989, the Bashir government radically altered the course of education policy. The basic thrust of the policy is to take education to the people where they live. This means reestablishing a national networkF of local schools and creat ing, for the first time, univer ities, not only in the national capital , but throughout the country, in its new federal structure . Minister of Higher Education Prof. Ibrahim Ahmed Orner explained in an interv ew in Sudanow magazine in May 1991, what the objectiv9s of the reform are . Prof essor Orner laid out the plan to opep new universities in the new federal states of Sudan, to alleviate the problem earlier mani fe sted, whereby "large numbeJs of secondary schools leavers were unable to find university �laces, as the few universities had only limited resources." �o create new universities, the education budget had to be sifnificantly increased. In addi tion, Ornerreport ed, "Many people in the variousstates have made donations so that they dn have their own universities. Funds which were previousl� spent on sending students abroad will be used for these universities." This does not mean that the states have resp�nsibility to fund the universi The University of Khartoum, Sudan'sfirst university, was ties, but that donations locally hre accepted. As for the costs, established in under British auspices. Today, the Sudanese 1902 400 million Sudanese pounds were spent in 1990 and 470 government has an ambitious program of building new l 1 91, plus donations. "Sudanized" universities. million pounds allocated for The new universities-17 of which have been founded since 1989-are oriented to 10 al economic needs. Thus, for ernor-general of Sudan thought "Arabic , after all , in spite of example, in a state with great I ineral resources, faculties of its risks, must be our instrument," in 1928, the colonialists mineralogy, metallurgy, and Tining will be privileged, while put through six local dialects and English as the languages of certain faculties, like law and� eligion, will be standard ev instruction. Arabic "would open the door for the spread of erywhere . The same is true 0 I areas with great agricultural Islam [and] Arabize the South," they feared, and they ban potential , large animal herds, il resources, and so on. The ished Arabic from the south. The local, tribal dialects were idea is to graduate students wh will become the cadres lead taught in written form through a Latin alphabet (not Arabic ing the economic developmen of their states. In 1991, when script), and were used for the elementary schools, which the minister of education gaVe iS interview, there were nine offered four years of instruction for clerks and employees of federal states; now , there are] 26, since the February 1994 the government. The older students used English. By 1920, decentralization took effect. T provide educational opportu according to historian Jansen, "There were only 11 higher nities for those students whosb states do not yet have their elementary schools in the whole area, and that figure re own universities, a quota system was established, already mained stationary fo r the next 20 years" (emphasis added). back in 1991, whereby, accor�ing to Professor Orner, "we Sudan's sole institution of higher education, Gordon College allocate 20% of total universit� enrollment to less developed at Khartoum, taught in English, except in "Arabic and Islam states or to those with severe manpower shortages." ic subjects ." By August 1991, many neJ. universities had been found I ed, among them the Sudan O n University , the East, the Rectifying the wrongs Kordofan, the First September, and the Wadi AI-Neel univer Rectifying the wrongs perpetrated by the British has not sities. The Sudan University i Kordofan became the second been easy. The Sudanese started in the early years of indepen university after the University� f Khartoum. Although plans dence to Sudanize the schools, by manning them with Suda to establish such a center of lebing go back to 1963, and a nese. However, the teaching methods employed, the text decree for its founding was issubdin 1981, it was not actually books , and in many cases the language remained that of the established until 1990. It was �ounded under the supervision colonial masters . As one Sudanese would tell the story of of the Agricultural Research nter at AI-Obeid, and has a being a student in the early post-colonial days, he felt proud faculty of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, to be caned and whipped in school-according to traditional plus fivedepartments-agricul ure , veterinary sciences, pas British methods-but "at least it was a Sudanese who was tures, land science, and water� rogramming. Further devel- 44 Special Report EIR June 9, 1995 opments were planned in 1991 for a faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Education, Engineering and Mining Economics, and Business Administration. I Darfur University, already planned under President Ni Sudan's meiri , started with faculties of education, medicine and health sciences, agriculture, veterinary medicine, and social system todapolitical studies. This university admitted 200students in 1991. In the I eastern states, there is the Eastern University, which has y by Muriel Mirak-Weissba�h faculties of medicine, education, natural resources, fishery and marine sciences, engineering and applied studies, eco !i i nomics, petroleum and mines, and the Islamic College. As Since 1989, the Republic of Sudan has developed a federal the Hom of Africa Bulletin reported, in 1991, "The intake system, led by the President. In coming elections slated of the country's ten universities and polytechnics is being for 1995, the President is to be elect d directly by the elector doubled again this year to 20,000 students. This was an ate. The Constitution is in the pr ess of being elaborated. nounced by the Higher Education Minister, Prof. Ibrahim Citizenship is available to all Sud� ese, regardless of cul Ahmad Omar." ture , belief, or ethnic origin. In Kassala, the university started with medicine and edu The country is to be organizeh through congresses at cation. In Port Sudan, the university features Fishery and variousleve ls, which are to provide or participatory democ- frI Marine Sciences, the first of its kind. It had 200 students in racy. Thus, at the local level, citize meet to elect a Popular 1991. Further universities were to be opened in Malakal Committee. Popular Committees i �tum make up the Coun (upper Nile), Wau (Bahr al Ghazal) , Juba, AI-Imam AI cil Congresses, which make policy d elect an Administra Mahdi, and AI-Azhari. tive Council which is mandated to �mplement policy. From The University of Khartoum (which used to be called the the local congresses and administrative councils are elected Gordon Memorial College, established in 1902), was the first members of the Province Council. I The Province Councils, to allow women students, in 1945 . The Khartoum branch of in tum, elect members of the State Congress, who also the Cairo University, founded in 1955, allowed co-educa come from four Sectorial Conferences (Economic, Social tional instruction. In 1961 the Higher Teachers Training In Cultural, Youth and Students, and Women). The State Con stitute was founded, and enrolled many women, as did the gress elects a specifiednumber of representatives to the State Shambat Agriculatural Institute, established in 1954 and the Legislative Assembly, whose members are also drawn by Khartoum Polytechnic. direct election according to geographical representation. The Khartoum branch of Cairo University was under The National Congress consists of persons promoted Egyptian control, and teaching for the 25 ,000 Sudanese stu from the State Congresses and Assemblies, and from Nation dents focused on an Egyptian curriculum, taught exclusively al Sectorial Conferences, which are Economic, Social Cul by Egyptian professors. Sudanese students received no train tural, Youth and Students, Women, Legal, Administrative, ing in matters suiting them for work in Sudan: The Sudanese Diplomatic, Defense, and Security. This body elects a num economy, its legal system and history, were ignored. Suda ber of members to the National Legislative Assembly, which nese students had to pay high tuition and book fees. In March also includes members elected directly on geographical cri 1993, the Sudanese government "Sudanized" the university teria. and renamed it AI-Nilein University (the university of the The current Transitional National Assembly is composed two Niles), much to the disgruntlement of the Egyptians. of 250 members, nominated as rep�sentatives on geographi Important in the Sudanese educational reform process cal, professional, cultural, ethnic,!and religious bases. has been the introduction of Arabic as the language of instruc The federal government, made up of ministers nomi tion, as per a decree in 1991. Iraq made a precious contribu nated by the President and ratified by the Transitional Na tion by providing Arabic language textbooks free of copy tional Assembly, constitutes the &ecutive branch, flanked rights. English has been maintained as a foreign language, by the legislative assembly and the federal judiciary. The which students are encouraged to learn, but Arabic is the federal government is responsibl¢ for federal legislation; basic vehicle of instruction. Dr. Hassan al Turabi further armed forces and defense affairs; l1ational security; federal notes that it would be very important for the Sudanese to judiciary , public prosecution, and advocacy; foreign affairs, finish efforts to publish complete dictionaries in various international representation, and el(ternal information; bor branches of knowledge establishing precise terminology in ders; nationality, immigration, pas$ports , and aliens' affairs; Arabic. Furthermore, he said he thought the fact that books customs; taxation (other than state taxes); planning of nation would be available in Arabic would mean that knowledge al economy and foreign trade; national development; curren would be available to all classes in society, not just the privi cy and coinage; federal transport; inter-state highways; tele leged. communications; planning for higher education; education, EIR June 9, 1995 Special Report 45 expertise, the recruitment fo which shall be organized at the federal level; newspapers and local broadcasting stations; development of local cultures and protection of the environ ment within the framework 0 I national planning and coordi nation. Sudan's federal system came into being in 1991, when nine states were established, 06 the basis of previous regions. These states, and their capitalis, were the following: Khar- I toum (Khartoum), Northern (1'-I-Damer) , Eastern (Kassala), Central (Medani), Kordofan (�I Obweid), Darfur (AI-Fash er) , Upper Nile (Malakal), Ba�r al-Ghazal (Wau), and Equa toria (Juba). This was done e:x.plicitly to meet the demands of the south, which had call for federalism, since 1947 , when the north and south were4ct unified. Given the British machinations during the cOldnial period to strictly divide north from south , and to inc u cate anti-northern sentiments among the southern populatio1 , fears of northerndomination prevailed in the south after u ification. Federal system adOPte In 1972, with the Addis � baba agreement which ended the civil war, the south was granted autonomy. In 1980, northern Sudan was divided irto six regions, and in 1983, Sudan's President Omar Hassan Ahmed al Bashir has created a the south was organized into t ree regions. It was these nine more decentralized government, creating 26 federal states to � regions which then became he nine states in 1991. The replace the previous nine. current government is the first to have adopted the federal system. cultural, and information planning; specialized hospitals; In March 1994 , President Ial Bashir announced a further l epidemics and pest control; land, natural resources, and decentralization of governme t, through the creation of 26 environmental protection policies; census; public audit; na federal states to replace the trevious nine. Among these tional institutions and national public corporations; the states are Northern, Nile Riv r, Gezira, Blue Nile, White national electricity network; inter-state water supply; the Nile, Sennar, Western Ko dofan , Northern Kordofan, I national committee for elections; and any other matters regu Southern Kordofan , weste, Darfur, Northern Darfur, lated by federal legislation. Southern Darfur, Lakes, Wes em Bahr AI-Ghazal , Warab, Upper Nile, Jonglei, Unity , Western Equatoria, Eastern State jurisdiction Equatoria, Bahr AI-Jebel, and Khartoum. The reasons for I The state governments have the following jurisdictions further decentralization included a desire on the part of the and powers: state legislation; state security; state and local Khartoum government to en�ance coordination of policy development in coordination with federal planning; state between the federal and stat4 levels, facilitate governing, tax , provided that the state shall be entitled to a certain promote development, enhanqe security, and contribute to percentage of the taxes levied on federal projects and servic settling continuing ethnic conflicts. es fu nctioning within the state and of income tax on federal Staffingthe new state govetnments involved deployment personnel within the state; border trade within the provisions of thousands of civil servant from the capital, and cost of the law, provided that customs thereon shall be paid to about 5 billion Sudanese pounds . One obvious aim of the I the state; agriculture and forestry, other than national farms; decentralization is to establish government bodies in the animal wealth; wildlife and tourism; development of water southern states still devastated y war,capable of facilitating resources and pasture; health services and establishment of reconstruction. In this context in addition to the five minis all types of centers for medical treatment and health care; ters each state will have (Ag�culture and Animal Wealth, education up to secondary school level, in coordination with Finance and Economic Development, Education and Orien federal planning; establishment of institutions of higher edu tation, Engineering, Health and Social Affairs), the southern cation , in accordance with federal plans; establishment of states will have a sixth, the Mi�ister for Peace and Rehabili organs of local government and control of their functioning; tation. Another important feat1re of the decentralization pol roads and telecommunications within the state; recruitment icy is its facilitating bringin� new universities into these of personnel other than rare technical and technological states. 46 Special Report EIR June 9, 1995 IV. London's Sudan Policy Britain's 1930s apartheid policy in southern Sudan by Linda de Hoyos I In 1930, the British administrators redefined their Gillan, governorof Kordofan from 1928 to 1932, who stated southern policy of separating thenorth from the south. categorically that the aim of the apartheid policy between It had in fact begun in 1902, and had been furthered in north and south Sudan was "to preserve authentic Nuba civili 1922, because they feared that the newly emerging zation and culture as against a bastard type of 'Arabiza anti-British sentiments in the north, encouraged by tion.' " The areas to be segregated were the three southern Egyptian factions, might spread into the south, and provinces of Bahr el Ghazal, UppttrNile , and Equatoria. from there into British East Africa territory . On the As reported in a July 1990 $ticle in Afr ican Affairs, 25th of January it was decreed that the object was "to journalof the British Royal Africa Society, by Kamal Osman build up a series of self-contained racial and tribal units Salih, the segregation measure w�s in part prompted by the with structure and organization based, to whatever ex advent of the cotton industry to the iI'egion, which revolution tent the requirement of equity and good government ized local economic conditions. Fromthe 1920s onward, the permit, upon indigenous customs, traditions, usages, ethno-cultural map of the Nuba MoUntainshad been reshaped and beliefs." owing to the spreading influenceof Arabization. Cotton and From The Secret War in the Sudan: 1955-72, by the money from it tempted the Nuba to leave their mountain Edgar O'Ballance homes and come down to foothills� where they were in closer contact with Sudanese Muslims, (>r what the British desig nated as "Arabs." Cotton also b.-ought new roads, which Led by Baroness Caroline Cox, the British press has long increased the contact. Every yelll1, more Nuba males were had a field day excoriating the government in Khartoum for leaving their hills to work in the northern towns. More had the civil wars in the country that erupted in 1955, even before also applied to enlist in the different army units, either inside independence, extending to 1972, and then erupted again in or outside the region. 1983. Human rights violations on the part of Khartoum, The governor of the Nuba Mountains wrote: "Once the religious oppression, economic abuse, and educational seg pagan Nuba starts mixing with the Arabs and the world out regation are among the charges leveledat the Sudan govern side his own community, as he is now beginning to do, this ment for the problems in southernSudan . Even a brief perusal change will be rapid. With presentlconditions, therefore, and of British policy over Sudan demonstrates, however, that it with the fact that immediately he ileaves his hill, the pagan is the British colonials, whose policies persist in the British steps into a Mohammedan atmosphere , it will not be very Ministry of Overseas Development of Baroness Lynda long before he assumes Arab characteristics, i.e., dresses Chalker, who created a completely artificialdivide in Sudan, and talks Arabic ." between north and south, imposing the harshest form of A panicked southern district commissioner wrote in apartheid on the southernpopulation which denied the south 1930: "All I can point out is, as far as this district is con erncitizenry access to education and economic development. cerned, little has been done to pre\lentIslamization. . . . The Further, to accomplish this aim, withthe help of anthropolo urgency of the matter lies in the economic progress of the gists such as E. Evans-Pritchard (see article p. 49), the Brit Arab; the contacts are bound to increase; for economic rea ish colonial masters manufactured out of whole cloth a south sons the races must mix, and if a policy for Nuba is to be ern Sudanese tribal "identity"-distinct from the Arabized stated, it must be formulated now ." north-to induce the southern, besieged population into the Thereupon the British decided to institute both a policy hoax. This is the origin-along with logistics and arms amply of physical apartheid of the southern Nubians from the so supplied by British puppets in the region-of the civil wars called Arabs (i.e., Muslims), and also to forge a "Nubian" in Sudan. identity. Gillan admitted that the Wea was to build a cultural The policy was enunciated in a 1930 memo, by Angus bloc against the no�ernMusli ms! The aim was "to preserve EIR June 9, 1995 Special Report 47 or evolve an authentic Nuba civilization and culture, as All those Nuba males who worked as daily wage laborers against a bastard type of Arabization, or at least to support in urban centers such as Kadugli and Dilling were settled in the this evolution up to a point where the people themselves will surroundingvillag es. No Nubian$ were permitted to live in the be fit to choose, with their eyes open, the type of culture townsfor fear they would becom¢ detribalized. A large number which most appeals to them" (emphasis added) . of Nuba reported to be in n0I"t11ern cities such as Khartoum Extolling the apartheid policy, Douglas Newbold, who and Medani were summarily� ro ded up and sent home. "By later succeeded Gillan as governor of Kordofan, 1932-38, blocking their geographical mobility, the administration had wrote: "The Nuba policy as set forth in Mr. Gillan's printed undoubtedlyundermined eNuba qonomic interests, and thereby memorandum and approved by the central government is a increased their economic deprivation," reports Osman Salih. positive civilizing policy, based on what is best in local tradi Various tribes were relocated in the border area, to create a tion and culture. It does not aim at keeping the Nuba in a buffer zone to the north. Tribemembers were forbidden to live glass cage, nor in making the Nuba Mountains into a human anywhere outside their tribal zone. game reserve, but envisages the evolution of Nuba civiliza It was also feared that Nu1i>a enlistment in army units tion through Nuba leaders and Nuba communalities." stationed inside Kordofan woulU abet their Arabization. As The policy certainly worked. As southern anti-Khartoum a result, it was decided to stop aU military recruitment of the activist Alexis Mbali Yangu wrote in his book The Nile Is Nuba outside the province. Acc(>rding to a British ordinance Red in 1966: "The policy of assimilation through the Islamic of May 15, 1930, "Nuba, domiQiled in the Nuba Mountains, religion and Arabic language is unequivocally opposed by who present themselves at army units outside the province, Africans because this is calculated to destroy their African will not be enlisted." Furthernilore, any Nubian operating identity and national dignity. " outside of the district was discharged-thus reversing the policy of the Anglo-Egyptianl condominium since 1903 Physical segregation which had sought tobring the MIbiansinto the army. Two problems quickly arose in the policy's implementa The Closed District Order of 1930 was then used to bar tion: the heterogeneity of the Nuba tribes and their contiguity Muslim traders from the southl Almost 75% of the cotton with northern Muslims. The Nubians consisted of dozens lands were reserved to the Nuba� leaving only one-quarter to of tribes "of entirely different stocks, of different cultures, the non-Nuba residents in the region. religions, and stages of civilization, speaking as many as ten I entirely different languages and some 50 dialects, more or Deculturation less mutually unintelligible," as an article in Britain' sAfrican Muslim-dominated areas in Nuba were treated as north Affairs noted. ern and they were provided with elementary schools of north Gillan hoped to overcome this problem with federation: ern type. Nuba pagans were notlpermitted to attend them. In "I am satisfied that thesolution of the problem is summed up his Nov. 26, 1930 Memorandurpon Education Policy in the in one word: federation. . . . The best hope of attaining this Nuba area, British Secretary o� Education and Health J.G. and evolving an authentic Nuba civilization and culture is by Matthew stated: "The wish of the government is that the creation of federations strong enough to stand on their own Nuba should develop on their �wn lines and be assisted to feet, and significantly imbued with Nuba tradition to present build up self-contained racial o� tribal units, but at the same a firmbarrier to Arabization. " time it is recognized that for theit material advancement there The formation of these federations would be effected must be easy communication �ween them and their neigh through the policy of "indirect rule"-so-called "native ad bors and also the various grou.,s of Nuba themselves who ministration. " speak different dialects. It is C4>nsidered that Arabic is the Secondly, the British had to deal with the Muslim over only possible language for inter-ICommunicationand it is rec lordship of some Nuba communities. One faction of colonial ommended that for this purpqse Arabic in roman script ists argued in favor of the elimination of Arab domination at should be taught as a subject in 1lte elementary schools." once, and at any cost. The other spoke in favor of continuity "The use of Arabic script "as thought undesirable be of Arab suzerainty, because it believed that the Arab over cause it would enable pupils to iread Arabic literature of all lords could administer those communities better than anyone kinds, thereby introducing influ�nces tending toward the dis else. In some cases, the communities involved were so iso integration of their tribal life. " i lated that Arab suzerainty was left intact, or remained with To further raise the culturall wall, Muslims in the south restrictions. were prevented from practicing their beliefs; Arabic dress British policy supported "villagization," and discouraged was forbidden, as were Arabi¢ names, and intermarriage urbanization. The idea was to "institute a Nuba village, or between northerners and southetners was banned. series of villages, within easy distance of the town, whereby Then began a policy of Christianization, or as Gillan Nuba, whether permanently or temporarily, can live as far as stated, "through the help of the missions, to begin the battle possible under tribal conditions. " against the introduction of Mohlunmedanism among the pa- 48 Special Report ElK June 9, 1995 gans in the province before it is too late ." The net result of these policies was that Nubia became an economically deprived region, and completely undereducat ed, while the army of Sudan came to be placed almost entirely Britishfam ily helps in the hands of the northerners . Colonial whiplash ignite Then, in 1946, when there was open talk of the British twocontinents by Scott Thompson leaving Sudan, the Colonial Office suddenly reversed gears and placed the administration of the whole country in the hands of the northern Muslims. "Native rule" was abrogated The Evans-Pritchard family, fatheI1 and son, have been in in the south and handed over to Muslims from the north volved, respectively, in laying the �asis for the operations of after the British had so assiduously cultivated a "Nubian John Garang's Sudanese People's liberation Army (SPLA) identity"! On April 23, 1946, the Colonial Office issued its insurrection in southern Sudan, and in the bloody Thirty reversal, stating that it was acting "upon the facts that the Years' War-style insurgencies in C¢ntral America. Whereas peoples of the southern Sudan are distinctively African and the father, structural anthropologistiSir Edward Evan Evans Negroid, but that geography and economics combine (so Pritchard, fostered the myth of tbe "Nilotic tribes" from far as can be foreseen at the present time) to render them which Garang today recruits for his war against Khartoum, inextricably mixed to the middle Eastern and Arabicised his son Ambrose Evans-Pritchard wprked with British intelli northern Sudan." gence on all sides of the war in Cen�ral America. Lord Winterton, arguing in the House of Lords against And today, as Washington But1eau Chiefof the London the reversal of apartheid, noted that "the southern Sudanese Sunday Telegraph, which is owne4 by a multibillion-dollar strongly objected, so far as they were able vocally, most of British intelligence firm, the Hollinger Corp., Ambrose them ofcourse being illiterate, to the removal of our power Evans-Pritchard is seeking to stir QP every possible scandal to protect them, and the dreadful events which have resulted he can against President Bill Clinton, who has broken the [the 1955 civil war] show that their fears were justified." "Anglo-American special relationship." As the British pondered the civil war in the south, the debate in the House of Lords during the mid- 1950s presaged The myth of the 'Nilotic tribes' precisely Baroness Cox's demands today for a separate zone Sir Edward Evan Evans-Pritcbard was instrumental in to be carved out of the south and overseen by international creating the myth of the "Nilotic �bes." He was born on agencies. As the Marquis of Reading stated in debates in Sept. 21, 1902, the son of Rev. John Evans-Pritchard, a vicar 1955: "It has been proposed that an internationalcommission of the Church of England. During 1916-24, he was educated should be sent to the south, possibly under the auspices of at Winchester College and at ExeterCollege , Oxford, where the U.N., to see that the southerners get fair treatment. Other he studied under A.R. Radcliffe, Brown, with whom he suggestions have been made that the International Red Cross would later introduce structural anthropology to Britain. Dur or the World Health Organization should send a mission to ing 1923-27, he did his Ph .D. studies at the London School the South. Either of these measures could be taken only of Economics, in part under C.G. Seligman, who was among with the agreement of the Sudan government, who would the first Englishmen to study the ";Nilotic tribesmen," espe probably regardsuch proposals as a sign of lack of confidence cially the Dinka tribe of which Gatang is a member, and the and therefore be calculated to weaken its positions. Shilluk of southern Sudan. "The dispatch of the U.N. observers would almost cer E.E. Evans-Pritchard started , his field work with the tainly revive and strengthen the movement for some sort of Azande tribe, doing a study of t�eir beliefs in oracle and self-rule in the South, thus widening the gap between North magic. In 1930, he began his research on the Nuer tribe and and South. . . . The present difficulties in Sudan can be their relationship with the Dinka. As E.E. Evans-Pritchard solved only if the Sudanese governmentitself seeks a solution admitted in his anthropological "qlassic," The Nuer: A De by consultations with all parties. " scription of Livelihood and Politiqal Institutions of a Nilotic The British colonial policy-first apartheid against the People. first published in 1940: "My study of the Nuer was southernersand then placing them under northern administra undertaken at the request of, and was mainly financed by, tion--createdthe preconditions for the outbreak of civil war the Government of the Anglo-Eg�ptian Sudan, which also in 1955, which did not end until 1972. By the time the British contributed generously toward the publication of its results." had left Sudan, the identity exhibited by the southerners at In short, E.E. Evans-Pritchard's studies of the "Nilotic this time was not only Nubian, it was pro-British! As Mbali tribes" were financed and broadcMt by the Colonial Office Yangu admits: "British departure from the Sudan was of His Britannic Majesty's government. thought of in the South with great anxiety." Among E.E. Evans-Pritchard's tasks was to complete a EIR June 9, 1995 Special Report 49 census of various of the southern tribes, by tribe , clan, and Seconded to British inttfligence sub-clan, thus giving the British Colonial Office a detailed Although E.E. Evans-Pritclhardhad already in effect been historic and currentprofile of each family-grouping in south an adjunct of British intelligenJ:;e, he was officially seconded ern Sudan. In this context, he accurately noted that the south to it, according to his son All1brose Evans-Pritchard, when ern Sudanese represented a "melting pot" of various group he joined the British military's'wartime effort. DuringWorld ings, some from northern Sudan, some from central Africa, War II, E.E. Evans-Pritchard was posted in special Army others having settled there from as far away as west Africa. units, whose role included pitting Abyssinian tribes against This reality stands in sharp contrast to the myth of a racially the Italians in Ethiopia; striking across the Western Desert distinct "Nilotic tribal grouping." with the Bedouins to fightthe Germans, which ended up with One of the "political structures" stressed by E.E. Evans Evans-Pritchard founding the Kingdom of Libya; and, trying Pritchard was the constant warfare of each against all among to drive the Free French out of Syria with a British-organized the different "Nilotic tribes," particularly between the Nuer peasant revolt. and the Dinka-conflicts that the British would use to their In the Western Desert, E.E. Evans-Pritchard won the own advantage. Sufi mystics to the side of Britain, then installed their head, More importantly, E.E. Evans-Pritchard stressed that the Idris, as king of Libya after World War II, as payment for "Arabs" of the north-an "Arab" being any Sudanese who services rendered. There is nb question, based on Evans was a Muslim-were to be painted as "slavers" against the Pritchard's book Cyrenaica arl,dthe Sanusi, that despite his south: 1944 "aesthetic conversion to Catholicism" (as his son Am "The Arab slavers and ivory traders who caused so much brose described that "religious'l event), E.E. Evans-Pritchard misery and destruction among the peoples of SouthernSudan was quite absorbed by Sufi mysticism. after the conquest of Northern Sudan by Muhammad Ali in As noted by biographer M.ry Douglas in the 1980 book 1821 ...sometimes pillaged riverside villages .. ..[Bu t] I Edward Evans-Pritchard, the anthropologist had a high ap do not believe that anywhere were the Nuer deeply affected preciation of Sufism: "The Sap.usiya is an Islamic Brother by Arab contact. The Egyptian government and, later, the hood, an order of Sufis or D¢rvishes. Of Sufi mysticism, Mahdist government, which were supposed to be in control Evans-Pritchard wrote that it fills the need of simple people of the Sudan from 1821 to the end of the century, in no way for warmth and color in religion and provides personal con administered the Nuer or exercised control over them from tact and tenderness in the cult of the saints. " the riverside posts they established on the fringes of their Douglas quoted E.E. Evans-Pritchard: "The aim of Su country. The Nuer sometimes raided these posts and were fism has been to transcend thel senses and to attain through sometimes raided from them, but on the whole it may be said love identification with God $0 complete that there is no that they pursued their lives in disregard of them." longer a duality of 'God' and 'I,' but there is only 'God.' " E.E. Evans-Pritchard also profiled the magical practices The use of E.E. Evans-Prltchard's field work was not of the Azande tribe of southern Sudan. The work on the limited to colonial and post-colonial policy. His 1930s book Azande spanned Central Africa between the Nile and the Witchcraft, Oracles and Magib Among the Azande was re Congo rivers, including what became Sudan, Zaire, and the vived in the 1960s and 1970$ as part of the "New Age" Central African Republic. He reported to his governmentthat counterculture movement in Weisternnation s. ErnestGellner, the Sudanese Azande had fallen from their "golden age," one of E.E. Evans-Pritchard's colleagues from Oxford who when the British killed King Gbudwe in 1905 . promoted the book, influenced a Manchester school of an E.E. Evans-Pritchard discovered the structure of a trian thropologists and historians studying witchcraftand the oc gle between witchcraft, oracles, and magic in the tribe. Orac cult. Gellner is today head of George Soros' s Central Europe ular pronouncements , a function limited to the nobility, were an University in Prague's I$titute for Nationalism and done by haruspication from poisoning a chicken, and the Liberty, which manufactures and attaches the designation of interpretations were then used for such purposes as determin "N azi" to any opponents of Sors's looting of the formerEast ing which witch may have murdered somebody. bloc. Soon after E.E. Evans-Pritchard's Zande studies, the Zande Scheme was launched by the British to market the Auguste Comte and other influences tribe's labor on the world market. Under this scheme, the Together with A.R. Radcliffe-Brown of Oxford, E.E. leaders of the tribe, the Abvongara, were induced to force Evans-Pritchard introduced structural anthropology into the relocation of 50-60,000 families. Britain, and he achieved nean.sainthood at some colleges In the 1950s, as the British prepared to leave Sudan, there for doing so. Among those upon whom the two relied E.E. Evans-Pritchard was called in again, to carry out other heavily were Auguste Comte, Emile Durkheim, and Lucien profiling studies ofthe "Nilotic tribes," which were published Levy-Bruhl of the Annee Sociologique group; the latter prac as Nuer Religion, in 1956; and Kinship and Marriage Among ticed psychoanalyzing the "collective representations" of the the Nuer, in 1951. primitive mind. 50 Special Report EIR June 9, 1995 In 1968, with the assistance of Sir Isaiah Berlin, E.E. brose Evans-Pritchard worked initially as a free-lance jour Evans-Pritchard wrote a lecture titled The Sociology of Com nalist; then as a correspondent for the British Spectator, later te: An Appreciation, lavishing praise on Auguste Comte as a taken over by the Hollinger Corp., owner of the Sunday man of contradiction between being a "Catholic freethinker" Telegraph, where he is now employ¢d; finally, he was hired and a "republican royalist." As E.E. Evans-Pritchard noted, as Central American correspondent for the London Econ Comte believed in the "Science of Number," which sub omist. sumed geometry. Comte had been the secretary to Saint One of the tribal, terrorist groups with which Ambrose Simon from 1817 to 1824, and was a French catamite, adher Evans-Pritchard worked in Guatemala was theOrpa, an indi ing to the empiricist trend of the eighteenth-century Encyclo genist guerrilla group usually hostileito outsiders, which was pedists in general (e.g., Voltaire) , but above all to the radical British empiricists such as David Hume, Adam Smith, Thomas Hobbes, and John Locke. Comte, in tum, had influ Ambrose Evans-Pritchard stated that enced John Stuart Mill, Lucien Levy-Bruhl, and Emile Durkheim. starting with thejirstthree years qf These are the influences underlying E.E. Evans-Pritch his involvement in Central America ard's structural anthropological creation of the myth of the in the early-1980s, he had reported to "Nilotic tribes." the Britishpolitical attache in Ambrose spills the beans Managua. Nicaragua.!w hom he In a Feb. 10, 1994 interview with this author, Ambrose knew was an agentqf13ritish MI- 6. Evans-Pritchard spilled the beans on his involvement with British intelligence on all sides of the Thirty Years' War scenario in Central America, where he was ostensibly work ing as ajournalist. Ambrose Evans-Pritchard stated that start one of the four groups that founde&the Guatemalan UNRG ing with the first three years of his involvement in Central guerrilla group. He eventually won this group's confidence. America in the early- 1980s, he had reported to the British In EI Salvador, he worked with the fPL guerrillas. political attache in Managua, Nicaragua, whom he knew was I an agent of British MI-6. Living with narco-terrorists, Evans-Pritchard defended this contact on the basis of the Ambrose Evans-Pritchard also decided to meet with the need for "swapping information" with British secret intelli Shining Path narco-terrorists, a gro}lP that had been largely gence services, saying that they had such good sources that shaped by anthropologists like his father to destabilize Peru. it was indispensable. He also made clear that he was using Ambrose Evans-Pritchard went to Ayacucho, Peru in 1986 SIS sources, when possible, for his current stories designed to meet with the Shining Path. He claims he had to take a to topple, or to set up the assassination of President Bill canoe up the Amazon to finally establish contact. His destina Clinton (see EIR SpecialReport, June 2, 1995, "International tion was a Shining Path cocaine laboratory, and he now Terrorism Targets the United States"). claims it took him some time to convince the Shining Path In a second interview on Feb. 23, 1994, Ambrose Evans that he was not an agent of the U.S. Drug Enforcement Pritchard said he had spent a total of four and a half years Administration or some other agency . He spent a week in the working in Central America during the 1980s, where entire cocaine lab run by these "Pol Pot"-style terrorists, without nations were being tom apart in bloody conflicts involving harm to his person, before he was "rt:leased" for his trip back governments, religions , ethnic divisions, and drug-traffick up the Amazon. ing. He boasted that he was the only journalist to befriend American Spectator editor-in-chief R. Emmett Tyrrell, both the Nicaraguan rebel Contras backed by Oliver North, Jr. , in a fawning column in the Fep. 11, 1994 Washington and the guerrillas of EI Salvador and Guatemala. He also Times, described Ambrose Evans-Pritchard as "equal parts visited Nicaragua, Peru, and Mexico. scholar, journalist, and adventurer." Regarding Mexico, Ambrose Evans-Pritchard stated that Whatever the full extent of Ambrose Evans-Pritchard's he had gone to the Chiapas region, where he interviewed the real activities in Central America With his tie-in to British pro-Zapatista guerrillas, who have since threatened to tear SIS, his propagandistic role of pittirigindigeno us, tribal, and Mexico apart. In January 1994, he took a break from his ethnic guerrilla groups against sovereign nation-states is in Clinton-bashing crusade to do an eyewitness report for the imitation of his father. Now, as Washington Bureau Chief of Sunday Telegraph on the revolt in Chiapas, which had broken the Sunday Telegraph, Ambrose Evans-Pritchard has filed out on Jan. 1, 1994 . His coverage was unabashedly pro more than 30 stories, often based upon sleazy lies he himself guerrilla. has generated, to try either to topple President Bill Clinton During his first three-year stint in Central America, Am- or to pave the way for the President's assassination. EIR June 9, 1995 Special Report 51 I van Smith reports , the primary reason for fostering the Amin power grab was Sudan. Idi Amin was willing, in fact eager, to permit Uganda to be used as: a base of operations to aid the southern Sudanese in their \\far against Khartoum; Obote was not. ldi Amin: London Nurtured Nilotics stooge against Sudan Amin, now safely ensconced in Saudi Arabia, was a member of the Kakwa tribe, Which straddles the borders of Uganda, Zaire, and southernSOdan o The tribe supplied Amin by Linda de Hoyos with his power base in the Ugandan Army. As a young man in 1946, Alninjoined the King's African In February 1971, Gen. Idi Amin came to power in Uganda, Rifles, founded in 1902. The $ritish had traditionally taken in a military coup against President Milton Obote . British soldiers of this outfit from the grouping designated "Nilotic sponsorship of the semi-literate Amin, son of a sorceress, peoples," particularly southem Sudanese. In London's reci was quickly evident; Britain was one of the first countries in pe for colonial rule, minority igroups were assigned to the the world to recognize the Amin government, long before enforcement roles, enhancing, reliability. In 1891, contin any African country. And when relations with Britain had gents of southern Sudanese were recruited by Captain (later soured after Amin expelled the Asian business community Lord) Lugard for service in U gjmda on behalf of the Imperial from Uganda, British intelligence operative Robert Astles British East Africa Companyj After Britain ruled Uganda remained as Amin's mentor in Uganda until the very end. officially, large numbers of Djoka and Azande troops, then Amin's tyranny, lasting until 1979 , trampled Uganda's polit living in Egypt, were sent to Uganda. Although nominally ical and economic institutions, leaving the country a wreck Muslim, they had fought against the Mahdi's army in the age from which it has never recovered. 1880s, on the British side. In Uganda, they were called For London, as the book Ghosts of Kampala by George "Nubis." After Amin took power, he staffed all Army command posts with "Nubis," in much tIle same way that Yoweri Mu Major ethnic groupings of southern Sudan seveni's National Resistance Atmy is commanded by Himas, i and Uganda or Tutsis of southern Uganda, nd the Banyarwanda, former Rwandan Tutsis. During the Sudanese civil war of 1955 to 1972, southern Sudanese had lIleen brought directly into the SHILLUCK Ugandan Army, making Uganda the perfect buttress for the southern Sudanese fighting Kh/utoum. • Malakal Obote bucks policy NUER In the early years of inde ndence, Obote had invited DINKA ETHIOPIA � delegations from Israel to hel carry out farming projects ANUAK '-.., t> �..;C"" " -t, in northern Uganda and to assist training the Army. Israel I AZANDE � had a specific interest in Ugabda: its proximity to Sudan. S U D A N \ The Israelis were soon movingi into southern Sudan to assist directly the Anyanya movemept against Khartoum. KAKWA - MADI -'--,-,-� 1 ..., In 1966, however, Obote visited Khartoum, and came r- .... \ '...... KUKU �_...r" --..... ' to an agreement that Uganda !would exert every effort to ...... ,. , ....F ,_'''_/,,1 ��"\... , restore peace in the south. But the policy was ignored by � ',,-, Kibali R. . "'{, KAKWA ACHOLI the Defense Ministry and by Ikli Amin, who was up to his ) MADI LANGI '" eyeballs in smuggling operations in the Congo (now Zaire) .r- - , ITESO Lak , Q and Sudan. Amin was in chjrrge of an operation which Albert . , ,�� � ."" . BAGISU { smuggled gold and ivory out ' of Congo, in exchange for Z A IRE J �"BANYORO" BASOGA /- giving weapons to Congolese r¢bels, and was brought before () BAGANDA " KENYA a commission of inquiry when �t was discovered that he was ! � pocketing thousands of dollars iin the process. The commis Lake tr:bBAN Edwerd� YANKOLE sion further discovered that Amin had become involved in J the Congo venture through Robert Astles, who was making contacts between the Congolese rebels and the Ugandan 52 Special Report EIR June 9, 1995 Anny . Astles's private airline company was handling the smuggling. Ugandan Anny officers also charged that Amin was working-against government orders-with the Sudan re bels inside Sudan. They alleged he went on a number of Baroness Chalker's unauthorized flights with a foreign pilot-possibly Astles to meet Sudanese rebels and arranged to supply them with Ugandan mel1cenary materiel intended for the Ugandan Anned Forces. I A German mercenary named Rolf Steiner was an accom by Linda de Hoyos plice in the operation. In his autobiography, The Last Adven turer, Steiner relates that he had arranged a meeting in I Kampala "under the supervision of General Idi Amin with Uganda remains today the on-the-ground headquarters for the purpose of reaching an agreement on the leadership of operations against Sudan. It is the �aj or source of supply the [Sudanese] liberation front." Out of this meeting, Steiner for John Garang's Sudanese People'$ Liberation Anny. The was given money to buy goods wholesale and ship them SPLA is supplied from Kidepo Vltiley Park in northern across Uganda to the tribal chiefs in southern Sudan. Steiner Uganda, and Kidepo is the site for iSPLA training and the notes that "although not all-powerful, he [Amin] was strong SPLA headquarters . According to ljJgandan sources, food , enough to order his army to tum a blind eye to my harmless gasoline, and supplies are stored for Garang at the Mbuya smuggling service." military barracks, and the supplie$ are delivered by the Meanwhile, Obote refused to grant Israel landing rights National Resistance Army's 4th Division. for their supplies to the Anyanya. The crisis over Sudan In the days when the SPLA wasl more militarily viable, policy hit in November 1970. Steiner was arrestedby Ugan Ugandan dictator Yoweri Museve�i attempted to procure dan police upon reentering Uganda from Sudan. Obote stat sophisticated weapons for Garang. Itt August 1992, Musev ed, in a later interview, "The governmentof Uganda as such eni's private secretary, Innocent Bisangwa-Mbuguje, and was not involved in aiding the Anyanya but was involved Ugandan Ambassador to the United States Stephen Kapimpi in finding political solutions in the Sudanese conflict. The na Katenda-Apuuli were arrested i .. Orlando, Florida, for arrest of Steiner brought out the fact that Israel was using illegally attempting to buy 400 TOW anti-tank missiles and Uganda to supply Anyanya." 34 TOW launchers for $18 million. The weapons were Obote was couped while he was in Nairobi, on his way bound for the SPLA, through the �rder towns of Nimule back from the Singapore Commonwealth conference. As he or Kaya in northern Uganda. relates, "It is doubtful that Amin, without the urging of the Museveni and Garang are old scJtool buddies, both hav Israelis, would have staged a successful coup in 1971. ... ing matriculated at the Dar Es Salaam University-the Julius Israel wanted a client regime in Uganda which they could Nyerere "kindergarten" where the curriculum centered on manipulate in order to prevent Sudan from sending her troops Franz Fanon, Lenin, and Marx. to Egypt. . . . The coup succeeded beyond their wildest Museveni came to power in Uglmda in 1986, after five expectations ....The Israelis set up in Uganda a regime years of bush war. His most immedi.e sponsor was Tanzani which pivoted in every respect to Amin, who in tum was an President Nyerere, who had oqiered the coup against under the strictest control of the Israelis in Kampala. . . . Ugandan President Godfrey Binai�a in 1981. During his The Israelis and Anyanya were hilarious; the regime was years in the bush, Museveni receiv� funding and arms from under their control." Libya, with which he retains close rl:\lations and a continuing When the Sudanese civil war was halted in 1972, Israel arms supply. He also received cash �jections from Nigerian quickly lost interest in Amin. Enter Libya. In February businessman Mooshod Abiola, who in the early 1980s 1972, Amin visited Libya, striking a pact with its President served as the bagman for ITT; an� from Tiny Rowland, Muarnmar Qaddafi. In March 1972, all Israeli personnel then director of Lonrho, who becam¢ an "honorary" member were told to leave Uganda. In August 1972, all Asians were of the SPLA. expelled, whereupon Britain withdrew its support for Amin. However, Museveni' s most sign;ficant sponsor is Baron In September 1972, Libya proffered full military assistance ess Lynda Chalker, British Minister of Overseas Develop to Uganda and sent 500 technicians to Kampala. By 1974, ment. Chalker was the firstfore ignet to meet Museveni went the intelligence services in Uganda were being run by Libya, he finally took Kampala in 1986. Her ministry has posted and Libya was giving Amin Soviet MiG fighters. Libya even British civil servants as the "secoqds" throughout Musev supplied troops to defend Amin when the Tanzanian Anned eni's government. The relationship lS personal. As one Brit Forces invaded Uganda to drive Amin out. Overseeing the ish source put it: "Chalker spends a lot of time, a dispropor entire venture, frombeginning to end in 1979, was London's tionate amount of time, in the Horniof Africa and Uganda." Astles. Soon after the Rwandan Patriotic &ont took Kigali in July EIR June 9, 1995 Special Report 53 1994, Chalker flew to Kampala to visit Museveni for four Sudanese President Omar Hassan AI-Bashir on May 24, to days in a victory celebration. "He is," said one British discuss water projects for the entire region. According to source, "the blue-eyed darling of the British in Africa." the Ugandan representative to an April conference of the National Endowment for Democracy in Washington, "We Map key: London's wars in East Africa hope to break relations with Kenya soon." 1. Egypt: Baroness Caroline Cox, deputy speaker of the British House of Lords and leading spokesman for Christian 7. Rwanda: The Rwandan Patriotic Front, currently Solidarity International , arrived in Cairo on May 8 to address ruling in Kigali, invaded Rwanda in October 1990 from a conference of the Sudanese political opposition to the AI Uganda and then again in fall of 1993. The RPF is a section Bashir government of Sudan. Cox's provocative visit was of Museveni's National Resistance Army (NRA); most aimed at increasing Cairo's role as a subversive base against prominently, RPF chief and now Rwandan Defense Minister Sudan, right at the point that Cairo and Khartoum are work Paul Kagame was the head of intelligence for the NRA. ing on a diplomatic solution to border disagreements. Baroness Chalker is the only ,public figure in the West or in Africa to defend the RPF in its slaughter of thousands of 2. Eritrea: Eritrean President Assiyas Afwerki spent men, women, and children in the Kibeho refugee camp nearly a month in the United States in January-February in southwestern Rwanda in A.pril 1995, and Britain has 1995 , where he sought to win donor support for his new announced that it will soon open a full embassy in Kigali. country, in return forhis willingness to permit Eritrea to be The RPF is armed from Uganda and is operating in Burundi used as a base of operations against Sudan. In December against Hutu refugees there, and also against Rwandan refu 1994, Eritrea suddenly severed relations with Sudan, likely gees in Zaire. at the behest of Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni, with whom Afwerki is known to have close ties, through former 8. Burundi: The Burundi military is 99% composed of Lonrho Chairman Tiny Rowland. members of the Tutsi minorit� of Burundi. It is armed from Uganda via Tanzania, and sources report that Ugandan 3. Khartoum, Sudan; Kampala, Uganda: Non-gov troops are also operating in northern Burundi against Hutus ernmental organizations (NGOs) and relief agencies cen there . tered in both cities are known to be operating against Sudan, In September 1993, the Burundi military attempted a often supplying arms to John Garang's Sudanese People's coup against the newly elected Hutu President Melchior Liberation Army (see article, p. 52). Ndadaye, who was murdered along with other Hutu elites. The attempted coup and subsequent bloodletting, which re 4. Nubian Mountains of Sudan: NGOs virtually control sulted in over 100,000 deaths, was little publicized in the this area, by virtue of its remoteness and an erratic insurgen West, but was crucial in creating the environment for the cy there. mass slaughters that took place in Rwanda in summer 1994. Before Museveni, Ugandan di¢tator Idi Amin was a sponsor 5. Nimule, southern Sudan: This is the last military of the Burundi Tutsi military ,in the 1970s, when Burundi stronghold of John Garang's SPLA. Garang's forces train military tyrant Jean-Baptiste aagaza was in power. and camp in northern Uganda. According to multiple sources, the SPLA-held town of Nimule is being defended 9. Libya: Libya was an early supporter of Museveni's by Ugandan forces and has been heavily mined. The British war in the bush against the second government of Milton newsletter Africa Confidential reported in April that there Obote (1981 -86). It has continued to supply Uganda with are U.S. military advisers on the ground in Uganda, aiding arms and to support Museveni, despite the fall of the Iron in this effort . The SPLA is supplied through northern Ugan Curtain and despite Museveni'5 full embrace of the Interna da, with the aid of the U.N. Development Program's Hans tional Monetary Fund's free-market dogma. Burundi dicta Farelius, a Swede. tor Bagaza went into exile in Libya afterhe was overthrown in 1987. 6. Kenya: In January-February, the so-called February 18th Movement (FEM) ran military operations into Kenya 10. Somalia: Since the overthrow of President Siad from eastern Uganda. Kenya charged on Feb. 3 that FEM Barre in 1990, Somalia has been in perpetual war and has leader John Odongo is believed to be in Uganda and op broken down to the point of tdtal political, social, and eco erating with full backing from the Ugandan National Resis nomic chaos. It is expected that Museveni will attempt to tance Army. The Kenyan Armed Forces have been moved utilize various Somali clans to rtm military operationsagainst up to the Ugandan border. Kenyan President Daniel arap Kenya. Unless London's wars in East Africa are brought to Moi, under extreme pressure from the International Mone a halt, the annihilation of the nation of Somalia is the future tary Fund and from British and allied press outlets , met with for all countries in the region. 54 Special Report EIR June 9, 1995 London's wars in East Africa SYRIA ./ SEA - -( ,,/ \ R A I RAN I ,,,�- "� JO�,D'AN ...... .Cairo ISRA'EL \ '\ I' ,,, � o / f EGYPT S A U 0 I 8 A R A B I . � -' :- " - ' , - " -" - ' r- ' ',-,' , 'l ,,-- '\ 1 , CHAD l)e. Khartoum SUDA N ,----.z ) " /' \ --,- .; / --J • Addis Ababa - ..-, --', , I " CENTRAL AFRICAN "-. 1 ETHIOPIA " REPUBLIC 1 "- - , r ...... � - ·' ...... '\ _ ; , I "- �' "" .. _I , ", " ...... "" r-"--�'l ;' - " INDIAN OCEA N , I , , / Z A IRE IMF pressure TANZANIA EIR June 9, 1995 Special Report 55 v. London's NGO Army Against Sudan Baroness Cox readies a new Crusade by Joseph Brewda Tearful displays of concern over "human rights violations" week stay in Washington, �here he offered to make his in order to justify British land-grabs and mass-murder were country into a new base of V.S. operations in the region. a favorite British imperialist technique in the nineteenth cen Two months earlier, Eritrea �roke diplomatic relationswith tury. Prime Minister William Gladstone, for example, was a Sudan at Britain's request, 4nd sponsored a conference of master of such cynicism, as his sanctimonious diatribes the Sudanese opposition, wh�re for the first time all parties against the Ottoman Empire for its massacres of Christian agreed to the right of the southto secede, paving the way for Bulgarians and Armenians attest. Unfortunately, this tech a British grab of the oil resoutces of the area. nique lives on, and among its modem-day masters is Deputy The British effort to du� Washington into aiding their Speaker of the House of Lords Baroness (Caroline) Cox of plan has had mixed results.; Rep. Frank Wolf (R-Va.), a Queensbury . member of Christian SolidaritlYInternational U . S. board,was A trained specialist in psychological warfare, Baroness enthusiastic, as were element$ of the traditionally Anglophile Cox has been assigned the task of luring the Clinton adminis U.S. State Department. On !March 24, the CSI delegation tration into confrontation with Sudan, an urgent geopolitical returnedfor hearings on Sudaltbefore the House Subcommit aim on the part of London . Working with her on this task are tee on Africa, and it was cle. that progress had been made, her old cronies, former Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher from their standpoint. Wolf i called for "stepped up opera (now Baroness Thatcher of Kesteven), and Baroness (Lynda) tions" against Sudan, while State Department Africa hand Chalker of Wallasey, Minister of Overseas Development. Edward Brynn said that a "closed session" would be neces In the first week of February, Baroness Cox led a delega sary for him to answer one coqgressman' s queryas to whether tion to Washington charged with this task. The Sudanese the United States was now supplying arms to the Sudanese regime has killed over a million and a half people through opposition forces based in Eritrea. "forced Islamicization ," she told the congressional Human But such U.S. actions hate certainly not satisfiedBaron Rights Caucus on Feb. 6, and called this "genocide" a threat ess Cox, who in early May d�nounced former PresidentJim to the region. She demanded that the U.S. and British govern my Carter to a gathering of th, Sudanese opposition in Cairo, ments "recognize the right of self-determination" of the Egypt. Carter, who has serted as an unofficial envoy of southern Sudanese rebels, and impose an "arms and oil em President Clinton, had in tqe interim negotiated a fragile bargo against Sudan" and an "air exclusion zone over Su cease-fire between the govequnent and the southern rebels. dan." Baroness Cox's delegation was composed of members The initiative, she lamented, r'only helped the government," I of Christian Solidarity International, a Swiss-based British and led to the "disPlacemen f 60,000people ." Meanwhile, intelligence organization for which she is the most presti the negotiating role played �b Clinton's special representa gious spokesman. tive to Khartoum, Melissa ells, who frequently bypasses In her private discussions, the baroness had an additional Donald Petterson, the abrasite U.S. ambassador there, has message. "We feel the time is now ripe for the U.S. govern been repeatedly criticized by CSI officials. ment, with the backing of the British government, to over • throw this regime," she told one congressman after her testi Who IS Baroness Cox? I' mony, an assessment presumably repeated in her discussions A life peer appointed by thatcher, Baroness Cox began with several U.S. intelligence agencies that week. ' her career as a Tavistock Ins�itute-trained expert on nursing Simultaneous with Baroness Cox's arrival, Baroness education. Tavistock is Briti$h intelligence's psychological Thatcher arrived in Washington, D.C., where she met many warfare division and was the tenter of British Army psycho of her old cronies from the Bush administration whom she logical warfare operations in World War II. Among her stud had used to lure the United States into its 1991 war against ies were the reactions of the �verage member of society, the Iraq. prospective nurse, to an envirlonment of suffering and death. Also simultaneous with Baroness Cox's arrival, the bank The manipulation made possi�le by such an environment has rupt President of Eritrea, Assiyas Afwerki, began a three- long been a Tavistock focu� of investigation. One of her 56 Special Report EIR June 9, 1995 mentors there, Dr. R.D. Laing, had earlier championed rating of the world's nations in respect to religious liberty, "madness" as a means of political "liberation." which places Azerbaijan and Sudan at the bottom of the list, Baroness Cox's training served her well in the 1980s, omits any classification of former Yugoslavia. It reports when she began her first important field assignment as a that there is "insufficient evidence" to determine whether leading would-be defender of Polish freedom from Soviet religious liberties there are being violated. Based in Switzer Russian aggression. land, with representative offices in 20 countries, CSI special By 1990, Baroness Cox emerged as the principal interna izes in "human rights campaigns" whicb serve British geopo tional defender of Armenia in its efforts to seize the Armenian litical goals. ethnic enclave of Nagorno-Karabakh in neighboring Azer CSI was launched by Rev. Canon Michael Bourdeaux, baijan. It is here that one sees the manipulative techniques the staff director and founder of the Keston Institute in Ox that she has since used against the governmentof Sudan. ford , England. Many CSI officials, fo� example its specialist Since 1990, Baroness Cox has traveled to Nagorno-Kara on Islam, John Eibner, were drawn ftom the Keston Insti bakh over a dozen times on Christian Solidarity International tute's staff. Operating under the patro$geof the Archbishop "fact-finding trips." She has repeatedly testified before the of Canterbury, the Keston Institute \\1as formed in 1969 to U.S. Congress and European parliaments on the theme that "supply factual information on religious life in communist Azeri "Islamic extremism" and "hatred of Christianity" are lands," and to aid underground missioJllaries operating there. the cause of the war. She has tried hard to rope in American From its inception, it has been deeply �nvolved in operations Protestant evangelicals into supporting the "Armenian in eastern Europe, working closely with BBC, the Royal cause." "Azerbaijan has adopted an explicit policy of ethnic Institute of International Affairs, and Oxford University. In cleansing of the Armenians from Karabakh," she claimed, 1984, Prince Philip, an avowed anti-C*ristian, granted Bour during the February 1995 National Prayer Breakfast in Wash deaux the coveted Templeton Prize fOJ!Progre ss in Religion. ington. "The Armenians have been fighting for the survival Since the fall of communism in Russia and eastern Europe, of their li ves, and their-and our-Christian heritage." And, the institute has broadened its mandattl to research the life of as in the case of Sudan, she has demanded the posting of Christian minorities, such as those in Sudan. international "human rights monitors" to stop "genocide," the airlift of supplies to the Armenians, and international Lies and propaganda sanctions against Azerbaijan. Christian Solidarity Internationalhas never let facts deter In 1992, Baroness Cox began to concentrate on Sudan. it from its crusades. Wildly propagandistic, CSI literature Since then, she has traveled there seven times, emerging as claims that Turkey, the most secular of all states with a simultaneously the world's leading champion of Armenia Muslim majority, is "encouraging violent crimes by Islamic and the southern Sudanese Christians-in addition to her extremists against Christians." It bizarrely classifies the other responsibilities as deputy speaker of the House of Egyptian governmentof President HO$ni Mubarak as an "Is Lords. The common feature of her displays on Poland, Arme lamic fundamentalist state," committed to crushing the mi nia, and Sudan, is alleged support of westernChristian values nority Coptic Christians. against the Orient, and in respect to the latter two cases, also But CSI does not just targetMusli m countries. Its litera Christianity against Islam. But this campaign has a geopoliti ture targets Mexico, for example, wh¢re it says that "violent cal edge, coming right at the time that Great Britain has attacks and murders have been wag¢d against evangelical been attempting to put together a Russian-centered alliance Christians in predominantly Catholic-¢ontrolled areas of cen of Serbia, Greece, and Armenia, against a Turkish-centered tral Mexico," not so far from the Chiapas rebellion. It also alliance of Bosnia, Albania, and Azerbaijan. charges that the Peruvian government�as carried out "violent attacks" against "thousands of Christians" who have refused CSI: a British propaganda tool to participate in governmentefforts ag�inst the narco-terrorist Throughout her career, Baroness Cox has been a leader Shining Path. of Christian Solidarity International, which she describes as Since 1990, this British intelligence spinoff has concen an "inter-denominational Christian human rights organiza trated on building up its U.S. organization, and here one tion which tries to help victims of repression, regardless of finds that it is deeply involved with: those networks most their color, creed, or nationality." Well, not quite. closely associated with former President George Bush. One The fact that neither Baroness Cox nor Christian Soli CSI U.S. board member is Faith Wbjittlesey, who, as U.S. darity International has ever been known to attack Serbian ambassador to Switzerland, establisheklOliver North's "Iran ethnic cleansing and genocide against Bosnia, gives one Contra" bank accounts, using funds and operatives provided pause. In a January 1993 Moscow press conference on Ar by the National Endowment for Dem�cracy. menia, Baroness Cox even went so far as to decry "media Reps. Frank Wolf, Chris Smith i(R-N.J.), and former preoccupation with former Yugoslavia," calling this "one congressman Mark Siljander (R-Micq.), all anti-Clinton ac of the greatest problems with the present situation," since tivists within the "religious right," are also on the U. S. board it leads to ignoring Armenian suffering. And, CSI's annual of Christian Solidarity International. EIR June 9, 1995 Special Report 57 Aid, the charitable arm of the Lutheran state church of Nor way, is especially active in Sudan. Fonned in 1947 , the LWF is an international federation of 119 state churches and congregations. It maintains several Who's out to charitable anns active in the fonner colonial sector that pro vide cover for European oligarchical interests, notably in destroy Sudan? cluding the Gennan-basedBread for the World and the U.S. based Lutheran World Relief. Its total annual grants exceed $140 million; the grants of its affiliates are far larger. by Joseph Brewda and Lydia Cherry 4. Bread for the World!: BFW is the most important group lobbying the U.S. Congress against Sudan, and it Church-linked NGOs works in close collaboration with the National Council of 1. Christian Solidarity International: See article, Churches (the WCC's U.S. affiliate), the Jesuit Order-affili p. 56. ated Center for Concern, and the New York Council on For 2. World Council of Churches: The WCC is one of the eign Relations. Its spokesman, Sharon Pauling, has frequent largest funders and conduits of British operations against ly appeared before the U.S. Congress and the media as an Sudan. The Lutheran World Federation, which is central to "expert witness" on Sudan. The group has helped draft vari anti-Sudanese operations, is housed at the WCC's headquar ous congressional resolutions :condemning Sudan; for exam ters in Geneva; Norwegian Church Aid, Bread for the World, ple, the 1993 resolution sponsored by Sen. Paul Simon (D and other anti-Sudanese operations, are de facto tentacles of Ill.), an important mouthpiece of the Anti-Defamation its operations. League of B 'nai B 'rith (ADL), BFW has repeatedly demand Fonned in 1948 in the Netherlands as an ecumenical ed that the U.N. take action against Sudan, and that "human gathering of 147 churches from 44 nations, the WCC has rights monitors" be deployed 'throughout the country. It has been from its inception a British-directed intelligence opera also endorsed "self-detennination" for the south. In March tion, primarily run by Anglican, Lutheran, and Calvinist 1994, a BFW-sponsored meeting of the Coalition for Peace (Presbyterian) layers. The Roman Catholic Church refused in the Hom of Africa, nominally convened to map out medi to join. John Foster Dulles, later to become U.S. secretary um- and long-tennplans for tll.e non-governmentalorganiza of state, gave the opening address; the group's initial "anti tions (NGOs) against the Sudanese government, had on its communist" ideology reflected its Anglo-American Cold agenda the question of provision of arms to the SPLA. War mission. Founded in 1959, BFW is the "charitable arm" of the In 1961, timed with the admission of the Russian Ortho Evangelical Lutheran Church of Gennany. It is the second dox Church, the WCC began to change ideological fonnat largest Gennan charity active in the fonner colonial sector, through, increasingly, an embrace of "Liberation Theology," authorizing $143 million in grants in 1994, including $43 which saw the churches' main mission to be social revolu million to Africa. It works closely with the largestGennan tion. By the end of the decade, it became one of the major charity, Misereor, the Catholic aid organization, both of funders of the World Wildlife Fund-managed African "liber which are governmentfund ed. In 1994, Misereor was caught ation movements," such as the People's Movement for the funding the sponsors of the Chiapas revolt in Mexico (see Liberation of Angola, the Mozambique Liberation Front, and EIR, March 31, 1995, p. 31). the Pan African Congress, which have kept that continent BFW's U.S. affiliate was created in 1974 by the fonner embroiled in warfare. As the WCC moved "left," Christian head of the All African Council of Churches, Burgess Carr Solidarity International, another British-run church move of Liberia. The specific mandate given BFW-U.S. by its ment, maintained a "Cold War" posture, in nominal opposi Gennan headquarters is to "mobilize the awareness of the tion to the WCe. U.S. population" on behalfof its aid efforts. From its incep 3. Lutheran World Federation: In 1987, and again in tion until last year, BFW-U.S. was led by Arthur Simon, a 1995, the Lutheran World Federation was caught supplying Lutheran minister and brother of Senator Simon. Rep. Frank arms and ammunition to the Sudanese People's Liberation Wolf (R-Va.) is also active with the group, and has led their Anny (SPLA). The role of Lutheran charities in subverting demonstrations in front of the Sudanese embassy in Washing Sudan, in part reflects British use of the Scandinavian coun ton . David Beckmann, the new head of BFW-U.S., had tries (which are all officially Lutheran) as a conduit for their previously been the World Bank's liaison to all international East African operations. Swedish Lutheran church minister NGOs. Hans Farelius was a key sponsor of British agent Yoweri 5. Catholic Relief Serviees: Contrary to the efforts of Museveni's rise to power in Uganda. Swedish military offi Pope John Paul II to settle the civil war, CRS funds Bishop cers are currently secretly deployed in Uganda to aid the Taban Paride and Bishop MaC!famGassis of southern Sudan. SPLA, according to Swedish sources. Norwegian Church They, in tum, directly aid tIne SPLA, both militarily and 58 Special Report EIR June 9, 1995 Controllers of the campaign against Sudan British Royal ,....- Household $ Bankrollers British Intelligence �3. Overseas Development Administration 24. U.S. AID 25. National Endowment for Democracy 26. Ford Foundation nexus Church-linked Human Rights Direct Crown Relief NGOs United Nations NGOs NGOs operations 1 . Christian Solidarity 8. Amnesty 13. Norwegian 17. World Wide Fund 21. U.N. Development International International People's Aid for Nature (WWF) Program (UNDP) 2. World Council of 9. Anti-Slavery 14. Save the Children 18. Royal Africa 22. U.N. High Churches Intemational Federation Society Commissioner for 3. Lutheran World 10. Minority Rights 15. 0xfam 19. Royal Geographic Refugees Federation Council 16. Doctors Without Society (UNHCR) 4. Bread for the World 11. Freedom House Borders 20. U.K. Parliamentary 5. Catholic Relief 12. Fund for Peace Human Rights Services Committee 6. Pax Christi 7. World Vision International financially, according to regional sources. In February 1995 , imperialist revolutions in Africa and Ibero-America, under Gassis testifiedbefore the U. S. Congress Human Rights Cau the covert direction of European oligarchical families and cus. He condemned the pope's 1992 trip to Sudan as a "com governments. Its role was central in .the 1986 overthrow of plete failure" from a political point of view, and ridiculed Philippines President Ferdinand Mar¢os and in justifying the efforts made by the Vatican to promote an "Islamic-Christian 1994 U.S. military occupation of Haiti, and it is now a main dialogue." CRS public literature claims the war is a result of backer of the Zapatista uprising in Chiapas, Mexico. A for the government's effort to "annihilate" the Christians of the mer head of the WWF's eco-terrorist Greenpeace organiza south, and has accused the government of a "relentlessly tion has been appointed to direct Pa� Christi's U.S. office, cruel bombing campaign" which has included "attacks on indicating the future directions of the group. camps jammed with displaced civilians." 7. World Vision International:1n 1987, World Vision Founded in 1943 by the Catholic Bishops of the United was expelled from Sudan, together with the Lutheran World States to provide overseas assistance, CRS receives three Federation, after being caught provillling arms to the SPLA. quarters of its $300 million annual budget from the U.S. World Vision's Sudanese operations,are now forward-based Agency for International Development (USAID). It has sev out of Uganda. In January 1995, in a policy document on eral former State Department officialson its staff. Its execu Sudan, the group stated that its objeqtive was "to enable the tive director, since 1983, Lawrence Pezzullo, recently re southern Sudanese to achieve the right to self-determina joined the State Department Latin American division. tion." The head of its Washington office, Tom Gettman, is 6. Pax Christi: Cardinal Godfried Danneels of Belgium, also a leader of Bread for the World .. the president of Pax Christi, has been declared persona non Founded in 1950, World Vision is a Seattle, Washington grata by the Sudanese government because of the group's based Protestant evangelical relief agency, with an income support for the southern rebellion. that exceeds $250 million annually. Most of its funds come Formed in 1944, Pax Christi has been a central promulga from USAID, a relationship which began no later than during tor and practitioner of the heretical dogma of "Liberation the Vietnam War, when its numerous Southeast Asian field Theology." Under this dogma, various Catholic agencies officesregularly supplied intelligenc� to the CIA, according such as Pax Christi have aided anti-Islamic or nominally anti- to a 1979 article in Christian Century. During the Reagan- EIR June 9, 1995 Special Report 59 Bush administration, World Vision helped install the Rios rivals, France and Portugal. &ritish-run Indian coolies, who Montt government into power in Guatemala. Its refugee were nominally free, were by then far cheaper than black camps in Honduras were used to aid Contra operations. slaves (but nonetheless Britain did not ban slavery among its World Vision is chaired by W. Stanley Mooneyham, the East African colonies until 1�20). The society has always former press secretary of Rev. Billy Graham, and led by been controlled by Quaker "¢hocolate baron" and banking several retired U.S. military and intelligence officials who, families, such as the Barclays, Cadburys, Frys, Rowntrees, like Graham, have had longstanding ties to former U.S. Pres and Buxtons, who have been ap10ngthe most savage imperial ident George Bush. Among its leaders have been Robert oppressors of Africa. Reorg�mized after World War I by Ainsworth, who ran the State Department negotiations of the British intelligence officer Lord Noel Buxton, ASI works Chemical and Biological Warfare Treaty , and John Hin closely with the Save the Chil�ren Federation which Buxton ckley, Sr. , the Texas oil man and friend of George Bush founded, and which is now led by Princess Anne. The Bux whose son, John Hinckley, Jr. , shot President Ronald tons, who control Barclays Bank, helped found the World Reagan in 1981 in an assassination attempt. Wildlife Fund. 10. Minority Rights Gro�p: Formed in 1970, the MRG Human rights NGOs of Britain is one of the most i!mportant controlling agencies 8. Amnesty International: Always working closely over diverse NGOs internatiCj>nally. It has played a major with the media and the WCC, Amnesty International selec behind-the-scenes role in d�afting several U.N. Human tively targets Third World nations on the British hit-list, Rights conventions. Chaired �y former British Ambassador such as Sudan. In January 1995 , it published The Tears of to the U.N. Sir John Thomson!, it has printed over 100 books Orphans: There Is No Future fo r Sudan without Human and reports over the last 20 yearstargeting the formercolonial Rights, which claimed widespread human rights abuses. At sector for alleged abuses of n1inorities. The group serves as a Nairobi press conference releasing the book, Amnesty In an important adviser to variOlI1S "indigenous rights" NGOs, ternational General Secretary Pierre Sanny endorsed earlier such as the German-based S�iety for Endangered Peoples, calls by Baroness Cox to establish a network of international which in 1995 issued a report condemning Sudan. human rights monitors throughout Sudan. Amnesty Interna 11. Freedom House: A �jor force in the U.S. National tional explicitly claimed in that book that adhering to Shari Endowment for Democracy, the group publishes an annual ah, Islamic law, is a violation of human rights per se. rating system of nations. Sudan is currently listed with Iraq Amnesty International was formed in 1961 as a special as the least-free nation of the 191 nations rated. ized British intelligence agency assigned to target former Formed in 1941 in New York out of networks deployed colonial sector leaders and governments. Its founders in by British Security Coordinator Sir William Stephenson, cluded David Astor, longtime editor ofthe London Observer; Freedom House has played a role in coordinating smearcam former British intelligence Thailand specialist Robert paigns against targeted states.: The organization was chaired Swann; and Quaker activist Eric Baker. Its firstmajor targets from the end of World War II:through 1977 by Leo Cherne, included President Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana, Britain's later vice chairman of the Bu�h administration's President's most feared African opponent; and Prime Minister Antonio Foreign Intelligence Advisory!Board . de Oliveira Salazar of Portugal, whose African empire Brit 12. Fund for Peace: Fund for Peace has been one of the ain was then targeting for reorganization. In 1966, the group more important conduits ofN�ional Endowment for Democ was reorganized after its covert patronage by the British For racy grants to the Sudanese opposition to aid its propaganda eign Office was exposed. It currently maintains 70 chapters and intelligence efforts. In 1993, the NED allocated $40,000 throughout the world, with its headquarters in London. to the group to fund "activists within Sudan" to "document 9. Anti-Slavery International: ASI operations against and disseminate information <1m human rights abuses in Su Sudan include an international and growing effort to claim dan." The NED gave anothelt $44,000 grant to the FFP to that the Sudanese governmentencourages slavery, reflecting fund the London-based Sudall Gazette of former Sudanese a longstanding British and Israeli effort to pit black Africa Foreign Minister and SPLA aotivist Bona Malwal. Its Cairo, against the Arab world based on the Arabs' historic role in Egypt officehas been particularlyactive in organizing strate the Venetian, Turkish, and British-run slave trade. On May gy conferences of the Sudanese opposition. 20, the group helped sponsor the first anti-slavery conference Formed in 1969 in WashiQgton, D. C. , FFP was directed held in the United States in 120 years, which focused on until April by N ina Solarz, wi& of former U . S. Rep. Stephen Sudan and featured the Catholic bishop of EI-Obeid, Sudan, Solarz (D-N. Y.). Solarz has beenone of the key proponents Macram Gassis, an operative of Christian Solidarity Interna of "democratization" in the fqrmercolonial sector, working tional. closely with the ADL. Solarz is on the board of the NED, Founded in London in 1839, the ASI used the slavery which funds his wife's group. iFFP is now being reorganized issue to both provoke the U.S. Civil War and to undermine following Mrs. Solarz's April 1995 conviction for embez and take over the slave-based empires of Britain's imperial zlement. 60 Special Report EIR June 9, 1995 Relief NGOs governments to fund Uganda-based NGOs who enter south 13. Norwegian People's Aid: Since 1986, the group ern Sudan without Sudanese governmentpermi ssion. has maintained a continued presence in southern Sudan. It supports the SPLA in its public literature as an organization Direct British Crown operaticms fighting"ethnic and religious oppression," and calls for mak 17. World Wide Fund for Nature:The WWF (formerly ing southernSudan a separate country . Its official$15 million the World Wildlife Fund) is central to British operations in grants per year are entirely provided by the Norwegian, against Sudan. The WWF-created Kidepo and Nimuli nation American, and Dutch governments, and the U.N. In January al parks, directly on the Ugandan bonier with Sudan, are the 1995 , the Sudan governmentlodged a formal complaint with command centers , training grounds, �d safe havens for the the U.N. after the NPA and the Lutheran World Federation SPLA guerrillas. The area around tlte Nimuli park is also were caught dropping boxes of ammunition to SPLA troops the remaining main entry point for ithe SPLA into Sudan. from a hired Belgian military plane. Additionally, WWF-organized flights over the border re Founded in 1939 as an outgrowth of the Norwegian So gion, nominally to take censuses of endangered wildlife spe cialist Party's support for the Republicans in the Spanish cies, have been important sources of SPLA aerial reconnais Civil war, NPA is a major Scandinavian conduit for British sance, according to regional sources. The Kidepo park was intelligence operations in Africaand Ibero-America. A major created in 1962 by WWF founder and Ugandan Parks Depart funder of the Nicaraguan Sandinista regime, NPA has also ment Chairman Sir Peter Scott, oven the objections of local provided assistance to various "Indian liberation move conservationists who argued that the siting was unreason ments," such as in Chiapas, that claim that Columbus's dis able . Since its inception, the park has been continuously used covery of the Americas began 500 years of oppression of to aid the subversion of Sudan, which gained its indepen native Americans. It has similarly aided tribaland revolution dence from Britain in 1956. Other Ugandan parks have been ary organizations throughout Africa, such as the Pan African used for the training of guerrilla organizations active in Zim Congress, the Eritrean Liberation Front, and the Tigre libera babwe, Rwanda, and SouthAfr ica. tion movement of Ethiopia, that have kept that continent in In 1994, the WWF, in an apparent effort to bribe the nearly continuous civil war. Sudanese government, offered Sudan a 15-year $100million 14. Save the Children Federation: Founded in 1923 by loan via the Wellington Fund, a $500,000 anonymous grant British intelligence officer Lord Noel Buxton, SCF is the per month over three years, and a $6 iIDilliongrant in its own largest British children's charity, operating under the patron name if it agreed to the establishment of national parks in age of Princess Anne. SCF is active throughout regions tar southern Sudan in the region of the rebellion. According to geted for British destabilization. Important targets of SCF the proposal, these parks would be UJilder the management of have been Angola, Mozambique, India, Tibet, and China. British intelligence officialRichard IJ.eakey, the former head In 1992, SCF spent some $20 million in southern Sudan, of Kenya's park system. Leakey is cllrrently aiding the Brit currently the group's largest project. ish-run, Uganda-based subversion of Kenya. 15. Oxfam: Formed in 1941, Oxford Famine is a highly Founded in 1961 by Queen Eliaabeth' s Royal Consort secretive British intelligence organization which specializes Prince Philip, and by Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands, in fostering insurgencies under the guise of food relief. Its the WWF is the most important int�lligence agency of the operations in southern Sudan, where it has selectively aided British-centered European oligarchy. Since its inception, its rebels sponsored by the British government, are typical. professed mandate to protect internationalwildlif e has served 16. Doctors without Borders: The group has been active as a cover to not only block industrial development in the in southernSudan since 1979. According to regional sources, former colonial sector, but to also cilrve out extraterritorial it has been deeply involved with the SPLA in overseeing gold preserves within former colonies, in the form of national mining in southern Sudan to provide the funds necessary for parks and game parks , which have been used to maintain arms purchases. control of those former colonies (s¢e EIR . Oct. 28, 1994, Formed in France in 1971 by Bernard Kouchner, later "The Coming Fall of the House of Windsor"). the humanitarian assistance czar under President Franc;ois 18. Royal African Society: Peter Woodward, the editor Mitterrand, Doctors without Borders is the world's largest of Afr ican Affairs. the society's quarterly, is the most impor nominally independent medical relief agency. The group has tant British intelligence coordinator bf the Sudanese opposi played a major role in putting forward the cynical claim that tion. A former professor at the Universityof Khartoum in the humanitarian concerns supersede national sovereignty. In 1970s, Woodward brags that "most of the leaders of the 1991, Kouchner authored a French resolution adopted by opposition have been among my students." His office at the the U.N. Security Council which authorized "humanitarian University of Reading is an important meeting place for the assistance" in northern Iraq without the permission of the Sudanese Communist Party , SPLA, Democratic Unionist Iraqi government-an important imperial precedent. The Party, National Democratic Alliance, the Umma party, the same claim has since been used by the British and U. S. Sudan Human Rights Or�anization, land other Sudanese op- EIR June 9, 1995 Special Report 61 position movements based in Britain. Kashmiri and southern Sudanese independence movements, Founded in 1901 under the patronage of Queen Victoria, are internationally based in Britain. and continuing today under the patronage of Queen Eliza beth, the RAS remains the premier Crown intelligence arm United Nations operati()ns for Africa. African Affairs serves to guide policy among 21. U.N. Development Program: Sudan figuresas one broader non-government layers, as does its frequent confer of the UNDP's primary targetls. In 1994, the group labeled it ences, oftenheld in conjunction with Baroness Lynda Chalk as the 78th lowest in "human development" of98 "developing er's Overseas Development Administration and the Royal nations." It also labeled it, wi� seven other countries , as being Institute of International Affairs . a "state in crisis" which threatened its existence. One of the 19. Royal Geographic Society: In October 1982, the heads of the UNDP fieldoffice in Nairobi, Kenya, is former RGS sponsored an international conference in opposition to Sudanese Foreign Minister Mansour Khalid, the controller of the Jonglei Canal. Among the more bizarreclaims put foward SPLA Chairman John Garang. Khalid, who announced that there , was that the canal would tum the southern swamps he was joining up with the rebelsin a 1984 address to the Royal into a desert. Other charges were that it would change the Institute of InternationalAffairs in London, has been closely "life-style" of the "Nilotic peoples" living there through pro associated with George Bush since the early 1970s when both viding them modem transportation, communications, and were ambassadors to the U.N. UNDP flights in the region, industrial and agricultural employment. Fears were also especially on the Uganda-Sudan border, are used to supply raised that the canal would lead to a massive migration of arms to the SPLA as well as to transport its troops. The Egyptian farmers looking for work. In May 1983, when John UNDP's Ellen Sirleaf is curremtly a sponsor and adviser to the Garang began the insurrection, the canal was one of its princi murderous Rwandan Patrioticj Front regime in Rwanda. pal targets . Garang had done his Ph .D. thesis while at the Formed in 1966, the UNDP's purpose was to propagan University of Iowa in 1981 on the canal's effects on the dize in favor of the doctrine of "sustainable development," indigenous population. By November 1983, SPLA attacks which labels physical economic growth and industrialization on foreign workers at the canal site terminated the project. as contrary to development. lJnder this doctrine, the UNDP Formed in 1830, the RGS has been from its inception the has massively funded indigenous and ecological programs designated organizer of British geographical field explora against national governments; tions overseas. Its sponsorship of the famous expeditions of 22. U.N. Office of High Commissioner for Refugees: David Livingston and Sir Richard Burton were central in Established in 1950, the agency has been integral to U.N. carving out Britain's African empire . One of the Crown's destabilizations ofregions wracked by war and natural disas most important intelligence-gathering agencies in Africa and ters . It is an offshoot of the ljJ.N. Relief and Rehabilitation Asia, in particular, in 1994 alone it organized over 500 explo Administration, which studied and utilized the destabilizing ration expeditions to Malaysia, Pakistan, Kenya, Oman, effects of the mass-movement of refugees in the post-World Australia, Brazil, Nepal, Tanzania, and other nations . The War II period. Since 1989, the agency has been central to society's board is virtually indistinguishable from that of the orchestrating fears of mass-migration of North African Mus Zoological Society of London, which was formed in 1826 by lims to Europe. Among its most important roles has beenthe the former Viceroy ofIndia, Sir Stamford Raffles, and whose creation of refugee camps in :war-tom areas which serve as professed effort to locate rare tropical species for London's recruitment bases for insurgent organizations, as well as a zoos was designed to further colonial interests. Both groups , pretext for foreign intervention into sovereign states under which are at the pinnacle of the British intelligence establish humanitarian cover, as it has done in the case of Sudan. ment, were among the founders of the World Wildlife Fund. Working closely with the office is Francis Deng, U.N. Secre 20. U.K. Parliamentary Human Rights Committee: tary General Boutros Boutrds-Ghali' s special assistant on Chaired by Lord Avebury since its formation in 1967, the displaced persons. Deng is a former Sudanese foreign minis committee specializes in using the human rights issue to ter affiliated with the SPLA. destabilize countries. It works especially closely with Am nesty International and Christian Solidarity International, in Bankrollers which Avebury is an activist. In June 1994, Avebury and 23. Overseas Development Administration: The ODA Baroness Cox chaired an international conference in Bonn, is directed by Baroness Chalker, the controller of Ugandan Germany on human rights in Sudan, which drew together top President Yoweri Museveni. Under her direction, Uganda is representatives from the SPLA, Sudanese Communist Party, being made a marcher-lord fot British operations throughout northern Islamic parties hostile to the government, and oth the region, including against Sudan. ers, to coordinate a campaign against Sudan. Avebury's par Alone among any figure in any governmentin the world, liamentary committee is also a major international patron of Baroness Chalker has defended the massacre of an estimated the Kashmiri independence movement of Ghulam Nabi Fai , 8,000 Hutu refugees at the Kibeho refugee camp in Rwanda and the Kurdish independence movement, which, like the on April 22 by the Rwandan Patriotic Front, which was orga- 62 Special Report EIR June 9, 1995 Federation, the Lutheran World Federation, Catholic Relief Services, and Doctors without Bor�ers. Formed in 1961, USAID is a major cash-cow for divel'se international intelli- gence operations. I 25. National Endowment for Democracy: The NED directly and indirectly grants a substrntial amount of funds to the Sudanese opposition movement based in Britain. This includes funding the primary oppos�tion newpaper Sudan Gazette of former Sudanese minister Bona Malwal. The NED I is also the primary funder of Fund for feace, which describes itself as using these funds to build an f'information network" within Sudan. Additionally, NED formal subsidiaries, such as its Free Trade Union Institute, bankroll the Egyptian based Sudan Workers Trade Union F6deration, an important forward base of subversion against horthern Sudan. Other NED funds to Sudanese opposition brganizations are con duited through a myriad of overlappihg front organizations, such as the International Federation Ff Free Trade Unions, Africa Watch, and the African-Ame�an Labor Center. Founded as a nominally private roundation in 1983 by an act of Congress, the NED dispenses USAID and other government grants to "democratic" oiganizations throughout Baroness Lynda Chalker, the controller of UgandanPresident the former colonial sector. Its formation was announced by Yoweri Museveni, whom one British source describes as "the blue-eyed darling of the British in Afr ica." President Reagan in an address, aut�ored by longtime Kis singer aide Lawrence Eagleburger, t the British Parliament in 1982. Kissinger later served on the1 NED's board, as have nized by the Ugandan Anny to invade Rwanda in 1990. In several other State Department offibials. NED operations remarks to BBC, she claimed that only 300 people were rapidly became one of the primary means through which killed, and dismissed them as "Hutu extremists .. ..It must then-Vice President George Bush ranI diverse intelligence be for the government of Rwanda to restore order." She operations that were nominally disti�ct from the U.S. gov- I promised more bloodshed: ''I'm afraid we have a long way ernment. In 1986, documents seized from Lt. Col. Oliver I to go and probably some more tragedies on the way , but we'll North's safe showed that the "lran-<1ontra" sale of arms to try and prevent them." Iran and to the Nicaraguan rebel C ntras was entirely run The ODA evolved from the old British Colonial Office through NED-funded organizations and personnel, and that I that had run the British Empire . In 1964 , the British govern North labeled this apparatus "Project pemocracy," the name ment nominally disbanded the Colonial Office as part of its informally given to the NED by Pre ident Reagan. Despite policy of "decolonization." But the Colonial Office contin the scandal, the NED apparatus was ,"arefully protected. ued to exist in fact, with all its officers , staff, and records, as 26. Ford Foundation network: n interlocked network the core of new Ministry of Overseas Development. Since of eight U.S.-based foundations gat 1 e over $15 million in that time, the ODA has been made a functional wing of the 1994 alone to the major NGOs targe ing Sudan in officially Foreign Ministry , in charge of all international grant-making reported direct grants. These foundations are the Ford Foun ' for the British government, disbursing $3.5 billion in grants dation, Lilly Endowment, MacA hur Foundation, Pew annually. Reflecting its old status, the director of the ODA, Charitable Trusts, Rockefeller Fou dation, Mott Founda Baroness Chalker, maintains full ministerial rank . Under the tion, Carnegie Corp., and Alton JCi>lleS Foundation. This cover of grant-making, the ODA fields a variety of subver same network is funding ongoing Bri Sh efforts to overthrow sive operations, often in close coordination with the United the current Nigerian government. Th1F total assets of the net Nations, as well as in collaboration with a network of British work, which serve as a cash-cow for �ritish operations inter NGOs that operate above the government, such as the Royal nationally, exceeds $21 billion. NGds active in Sudan fund African Society. ed by this network include the World Council of Churches, 24. U.S. Agency for International Development: In Lutheran World Federation, Bread for the World, World 1994 , USAID provided $92 million in "humanitarian assis Vision, Oxfam, the World Wide Fu�di for Nature , Amnesty tance" grants to NGOs operating in Sudan . These funds pro International, Save the Children Fu�(l, Fund for Peace, and vided most, if not all, of the Sudanese operations budgets of the Sudan Council of Churches-wnich SPLA leader John such NGOs as Norwegian Peoples Aid, Save the Children Garang takes credit for founding. EIR June 9, 1995 Special Report 63 �TIillEconoIDics Mexico's physical ec�nomy enters meltdown phase by Valerie Rush I The $50 billion international "rescue package" put together If we don't remove the canch, which is the systemically last January to try to contain Mexico's financial meltdown, destroyed international mone�ary and financial system, the coupled with a savage escalation of International Monetary world economy, and the nations with it, will be destroyed. Fund (IMF)-directed "shock therapy" austerity, has now And that will come very soon." yielded what EIR has repeatedly warnedmust happen if there is no turnaround in policy: the catastrophic collapse of Mexi Resistance spreads co's physical economy. Waves of bankruptcies in every sec While the Conservative ReN'olutioncrew in the U.S. Con tor of the economy, and accompanying mass layoffs , are gress focuses on blaming PreSident Clinton for the Mexico setting the stage for unprecedented social upheaval, while a crisis, 85 million Mexicans have come face to face with the severe and unrelieved drought in northern Mexico is wiping immediate prospect of social and economic holocaust. In out food crops and livestock herds and raising the specter of response, there has been growing political ferment, most famine in this bankrupt nation. notably among agricultural producers, to force the Ernesto A lawful consequence of this collapse of Mexico's real Zedillo government to abandon its lunatic free-market dog economy is the return of cholera in numerous parts of the ma, and break with the IMF's genocidal policies while there country, at levels at least 40% higher than last year and with is yet time. a higher mortality rate because of the lowered immunological In southern Sonora, Mexico's leading wheat-producing resistance of the victims. Cholera cases are showing up in state, growers protested the lo!W price of wheat on May 4 by large urban centers such as Mexico City, Monterrey, Leon, dumping 15 tons of that product at the offices of the agricul and Tampico, while a record number of cases is being report ture secretary in the state capital. "We want an end to the ed in the impoverished southern state of Chiapas, which looting of national resources� Moratorium on the foreign is coherent with the economic devastation that region has debt!" they chanted. A few days later, 1,200 farmersjoined suffered since the narco-terrorist Zapatistas began their of forces with collective farm workers at a meeting called by fensive there in January 1994. Cholera outbreaks are being Sonora's Permanent Forum of Rural Producers (FPPR), the registered across the border in Guatemala as well. Cajeme Agricultural Credit Union (UCAC), and the North As U.S. economist Lyndon LaRouche stated in a May 13 east Farmers Alliance. address, "The nature of the relationship between the financial There, UCAC president and FPPR leader Jaime Miranda bubble and the real economy, is such that the financialbubble Pelaez explained that this is a fight that cannot be won on can continue to exist only by destroying the real economy. local issues. Miranda pointed to the battle fought a half But by destroying the real economy, the bubble is destroying century earlier, when the allied nations defeated fascism. the basis for its own perpetuation. Therefore , you have a Today, said Miranda, the international community must es system analogous to a cancer in the terminal phase, and, with tablish a new alliance to defeat the financial tyranny that is respect to the host, if you don't remove the cancer, the host threatening the very existence of nations around the globe. is going to die. And that's the case with the world economy. He added that LaRouche had forecast the ongoing collapse 64 Economics EIR June 9, 1995 I of the world monetary system years earlier and offered a While the publicly stated objective of the new law is to solution based on precisely such a unity of purpose, to forge help the banks manage their arreaQ;, in fact the law will a new world monetary system based on development, not put the coercive power of the state behind the banks' debt usury. We must not sacrifice our population to a dying sys collecting, forcing debtors to accePt onerous restructuring tem, insisted Miranda (see interview, p. 66). conditions demanded by the banks. !While the intention of The use of debt moratorium as an instrument of political such a law may be to shatter the politipal unity of the "debtors pressure on the government,and of sheer economic survival, movements" that have arisen around the country, such p0- is now spreading. Exemplary is the meeting held on May 24 lice-state actions are more likely to feed them. by agricultural producers fromthe state of Sinaloa in Mexico's On May 22, IMF Managing Director Michel Camdessus northwest, where a decision was made to suspend payments confidently told a Council of the Americas meeting that the to their creditor banks, along with a work stoppage, to protest Mexican crisis "was resolved, and I say resolved because I the government's agricultural policies. A few days earlier, am confident enough that now this crisis has turned into a 10,000business and agricultural debtors of the state of Chi a manageable problem. . . . The tough medicine seems to be pas announced a debt moratorium over the next six years, or working and the markets are taking notice.... Mexico's until the Mexican economy recovers fromits present trauma. economy is headed toward recovery.�' One week later, it was Nor is the resistance limited to agriCUlture. The Industri announced that the IMF's sister insti1ution, the World Bank, alists Association of Guanajuato is sponsoring for its mem is expected to grant Mexico a $1 billipncredit to shore up its bers a series of seminars around the state, entitled "Suspen banking system. This is on top of �e nearly $8 billion the sion of Payments as a Solution to the Economic Crisis." IMF has already handed over. A local branch of the National Chamber of Transformation Less sanguine was the U.S. Fed�ral Reserve, which re Industries (Canacintra) is sponsoring a seminar on Mexico's sponded to reports by Mexico's five top banks that they had crisis in June, to be addressed by a speaker from EIR . The posted profits in the firstquarter of 1995 by accusing them of seminar invitations note that "the explosion of the debt bomb hiding a $25-50 billion hole with "ac¢ounting tricks and state in Mexico is part of the absolute disintegration of the world subsidies." A Chemical B ank report on Mexico's bankingsys financial system. As has been correctly stated by American tem confirmed that at least 10 Mexican banks had suffered economist Lyndon LaRouche, Mexico must protect its physi significantlosses in the last fiscalquarter. That "hole" identi cal plant, which must not be sacrificed to the speculators." fied by the Fed is otherwise known � "related," or non-per Along with the bankruptcies of companies like the airline forming, debt, a reference to the morelhan $38 billion in bank Aeromexico, and the huge losses posted by major department held debt which has not yet been defaulted on only because store chains like Sears, Liverpool, and Suburbia, furniture it has not yet come due. This $38 billion, combined with the giants like Salinas y Rocha, and so on, townships and munici $13 billion in acknowledged arrears �urrently held by Mexi palities throughout Mexico are now declaring themselves co's banks, represents a whopping 55% of the total bad debt insolvent as well. Such is the case, for example, in Tepic, of the national banking system's entire loan portfolio! Nayarit and Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas, whose mayors Mexico is not the only nation in Ibero-America facing a announced that servicing the municipal debts is costing as bank-debt crisis of catastrophic proportions. In Argentina, it much as or more than their entire operating budgets. has just been reported that 48 out of 200 national financial institutions have been wiped out iri that country since the Defending the banks outbreak of the Mexico crisis last D¢cember. Some 61 % of Banks have now begun auctioning off hundreds of farms, all deposits are now concentrated in just 15 banks, and nearly homes, businesses, hotels, and office buildings which were half of those are in just five banks. flight capital since De confiscated when their owners went bankrupt. Hundreds cember has already surpassed $7 billion. more are taking refuge behind the government's Law of In Venezuela, which must hanq over 40% of its 1996 Bankruptcies and Defaults-a kind of Mexican equivalent budget to service its domestic and fteign debt, there is dra of the U. S. Chapter 11 bankruptcy code-which offers the matic pressure by creditor banks to force the Caldera govern possibility of a debt-restructuring program. ment to abandon exchange controls Ilnd allow a devaluation And yet, under pressure from its own international credi of the national currency, which some predict could beas high tors, the desperate Zedillo government is now seeking to as 80% ! The effect would be massive capital flight, and close off all such escape hatches. The government has an very possibly, the collapse of the government as well. In nounced that it is preparing a new law which would take Colombia, which is under pressure by the IMP to slash public bankruptcy proceedings out of the hands of the banks and expenditures, it has been reported iliat the banking system's place them under the political and law-enforcement control non-performing portfolio is 47% higher than it was one year of the Interior Ministry. Every major municipality in the earlier. And in Brazil, central b�r Persio Arida has re country would in effect have a ministry office installed to signed amid rumors that things are not going as well as the conduct case-by-case debt reorganizations. Cardoso government would have its icreditorsbelieve. , EIR June 9, 1995 Economics 65 Interview: Jaime tvIiranda Pelaez Currency Rates The dollar in deutschemarks New York late afternoonfixing The 'free market'is 1.70 a mentaldjsease 1.60 Miranda PeLaez, president of rhe Cajeme Agricultural Credit I.S0 Union (UCAC) and coordin(ltor of the Permanent Forum of Rural Producers (FPPR) rn Sonora, Mexico, replied in 1.40 IF ...... -. - writing on May 25 to EIR's questions. � - "" 1.30 EIR: 4112 4119 4126 SI3 SIlO Sl17 SI24 5131 The UCAC and the FRPR are leading a protest, pro posing that the producers mo�ilize not only for a better price The dollar in yen for wheat, but for a radical ch'lnge in economic policy toward York New late afternoon fixing agriculture. What do you proIl>Ose? Miranda Pelaez: Ever since �exico joined GAIT[General 1128 Agreement on Tariffs and Tr�de] in 1986, and launched an indiscriminate trade opening licy, the government has un 1110 II>O dertaken a series of measures I that are dismantling the entire 100 productive apparatus that sus�ined our agricultural activity. One of those measures is the jabandonment of price guaran 90 tees, which we now know is . condition of the International V Monetary Fund and World B�nk. The fact is that, stemming ---- 1'� HO r-..... from those measures, what we have seen is a constant col 4112 4119 4126 513 SIlO Sl17 SI24 5131 lapse in prices for our produc�s simultaneous with a constant The British pound in dollars rise in the cost of our inputs. iThis has been a fatal combina New York late afternoon fixing tion, which has led to decallitalization, indebtedness, and insolvency. 1.80 EIR: The U.N. Food and Agticulture Organization no long 1.70 er has food reserves, and eve ... the U.S. government is with out reserves. How does this affect Mexico? 1.60 .- -- Miranda Pelaez: This is very serious for our country, more so in the present period when we are threatened by a severe I.SO drought that has taken out of production more than 5 million 1.40 hectares and which demands I an increase in the volume of imports of grains and edible o�ls. This world shortage of food 4112 4119 4126 SI3 SIlO SIl7 SI24 5131 will cause an exponential incr(lasein foodpri ces, at a moment The dollar in Swiss francs when the country finds itsel� in total financial bankruptcy New York late afternoon fixing which will make it practically impossible to import the neces sary quantities of food to cover our growing domestic deficit. I.SO In sum, we are facing the iI)unediate prospect of famine, which will endanger the lives �f millions of Mexicans. 1.40 This reminds me ofwhat we have been insisting upon in meetings with produQers and officials regarding the 1.30 various absurd theory of "comparative advantage," which argues that 1.20 in a free-market economy, it is cheaper to import food than - 'r I' produce it in our own country. And now, just as we warned """" 1.10 � r-""' them, "the bargain is turning out to be very expensive." 4112 4/19 4/26 SI3 SIlO S/17 SI24 SI3l This convinces me that the sot-called "free market" is not an 66 Economics EIR June 9, 1995 economic theory, but a mental disease. EIR: What response do the rural producers of Sonora, and Greenie 'poison' nationwide, have to your proposals? Miranda Pelaez: The fact that we arearguing for a program threatens Germany matic proposal that seeks a fundamental and lasting solution by Rainer Apel to the crisis of our sector, and of the economy in general, has given us tremendous influence nationally. Because we have clearly presented the fact that our choice as producers is very Talks about a ruling coalition between the Social Democrats simple: Either we die under economic liberalism, or we get and the anti-industrialist Greens of I Germany's industrial rid of this madness so that we can survive as producers, and as powerhouse, the state of North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW), a nation. There are ever-broader stratawithin the productive began on May 31. There is strong ppposition, especially sectors that have come to understand this. Last January, we among labor-related Social Democratic Party (SPD) mem participated in a national meeting of agricultural producers in bers, but the opportunist SPD leadership is expected to opt the state of Guanajuato, and our proposals were endorsed by for the Greens. producers and organizations from 22 states of the republic. Hans-OlafHenkel, president ofGenlnay ' s IndustryAssocia Our proposalswere promoted by producers movements from tion, in an interview May 26 with Gernumy's national picture Baja California, Sonora, Sinaloa, Jalisco, Guanajuato, Chi daily Bildzeitung, warnedthat the Greerl programis "poisonfor huahua, and we have received the decisivesupport of produc the safety of jobs. I only hope that Bonnisn 't running after the ers from the state of Chiapas. Greens and imposing a national energy.tax on us." "Jobs will be killed, because energy-intensive branches EIR: Do you believe that President Ernesto Zedillo hears like steel or chemical would have to tralnsferentire production your proposals to change economic policy? sites abroad," Henkel said, urging Germans to keep in mind Miranda Pelaez: President Zedillo is trapped by the pres that "being one of the biggest indus1lrial and exporting na sures of the international creditor banks which continue to tions, we must not strangle ourselves by eco-socialism." An demand greater sacrificesand austerity from our country. And SPD-Green political pact, Henkel wamed, would mean "an he is also trapped by his own liberal beliefs, and unless he other Morgenthau Plan colored red-green, which would tum abandons them very soon, he will become a tragic figure in Germany into an agrarian state-as it was the plan of the our history, just as [former President] Carlos Salinas de Gor then-finance minister of the U.S. agaipst us afterthe war." tarihas become. On the other hand, our movement is not wait Rudolf Scharping, the national SPD chairman, respond ing to findout whether he has heard us or not. Our movement ed in Bildzeitung on May 28 that he saw no basis for coopera has assumed responsibility for creating a correlationof forces tion with the Greens, should their party program, especially so that the President can truly exercise his executive powers their proposals for an energy tax and their obstructionism and can impose an emergency program that can protect our against army , police, and counterespionage remain unal primary sector and the nation's productive plant in general. tered. Scharping said he saw no common ground on a national level-but avoided a clear statement EIR June 9, 1995 Economics 67 BusinessBriefs Infrastructure tion of the debt stock owed by African coun The ".rightmare" statistics include that tries," he said. "That way , growth can resume, home mottgage debt is now £370 billion in Iberia to Mrica rail private capital flowsinto the continent will be Britain, inIcontrast to £58 billion for all other tunnel study outlined secure, long-term development will befac ili consumer I debt. Repossessions went up to tated, and Africa willbe able totake its rightful 300,000 oyer thepast fiveyears , andanother 2 place as a trading partner." millionhopseholds narrowly avoidedthe same The Spanish engineering group CESEG has Ani said many Africancountries had fallen fate . Overlhe past threeyears, 2% of Britain's concluded, aftera 12-yearstudy, that a railway into a spiral of indebtedness, in which they 10 milliod homeowners lost their properties, tunnel between Africa and Europe across the were unable to pay mounting debt service 11% defaUlted on payments, and 12% hadse Strait of Gibraltar can bebuilt within 10 years charges. New bilateral and multilateral funds vere diffiqulty paying. Now, over 250,000 for roughly $7.5 billion, according to reports were not available, so they hadto resortto ex household/>are over six monthsin arrears , and in the May 23 Gennanpr ess. Inthe first phase pensiveprivate commercial loans for develop repossessipns are running at 1,000 a week. of construction, the tunnel would be built for ment efforts . This could go up by 25% in the coming year, a one-track railway connection and run from The French daily Le Monde admitted on the Council of MortgageLenders warns. Re the southern Spanish city of Tarifa to the Mo May 24 that the WorldBank and International possessionorders were up 7% so farin 1995. roccan city of Tangier, cutting travel time to Monetary Fund have placed Nigeriaon the in This shuation will get far worse, if a gov 30 minutes. dex of disapproved countries because of the ernment �sal to drastically cut supportfor The team proposesto build thetunnel not Abacha regime's commitment to a "dirigist mortgage ,interest payments for the unem at the shortestdistance between Africaand Eu program." "Even those who doubt the total ployed, is �nacted as scheduled in July. Now, rope,where the water is over 900meters deep, 'sincerity' of the government can only affirm anyone who is unemployed gets half their but at a pointat about half that depth. The rec that things have improved in the course of the mortgage interest payment from the govem ommended route would be 38 km, of which first trimesterof this year," with the naira, the mentforthefirst 16 weeks, andthen the gover 28 km would be underground. currency, stabilizing against thedollar and in ment take� over payments entirely. Under the Although the governments of Spain, flation slowing down. new propqsal, anyone who takes out a mort which commissioned the survey, and Moroc TheLondonFinancialTimes,meanwhile, gage afterOctober, will not get any mortgage co are in favor of the project, under present reported on May 26 that "getting policyright benefitsf ol-the firstnine months of unemploy high-interestbanking and austerity budget pol has not been helped by the anti-World Bank ment, and! anyone with savings over £8,000 icies, European Union co-funding will be stance of an obscureGerman-based group, the will get nci benefitat all . needed. Schiller Institute, which is closeto senior offi cials in Abuja. The institute advocatesa go-it alone approach to development based on its beliefthat theworld 's financialsystem is about Space Nigeria to collapse." The Schiller Institute was found ed by Helga Zepp-LaRouche, wife of U.S. Japan: plans for fusion economist Lyndon LaRouche. Debt burden scored fuel p�t on the Moon at bank meeting Japan w� send a Moon probe by the year Nigeria's head of state Gen. Sani Abacha said Finance 2002, in thefirst step in a plan to seek fuelfor that half of Africa's debt was due to interest futuren uclearfusion reactors and a sitefor an charges and rescheduling of older debt, at the British real estate a observatotYon the Moon, Kyodonews agency annual meeting of the African Development reported, �ording to Reuters on May 28. Bank, Reuters reportedon May 24. 'This state disaster, report warns The N.tional Space Development Agency of affairsis unacceptable," he said, adding that (NASDA)iand the Education Ministry's space debt was hampering growth. He called on the "Forget Lloyd's, forget Barlngs,there is a ca research center will jointly launch a two-ton ADB to devise a substantial relief formula to tastrophehanging over the housing market that satellite into lunarorbit using NASDA's H-2 present to creditors. could put these run-of-the-mill financialdisas rocket. A second probe would land an un Nigeria's Finance Minister Anthony Ani ters into the shade ," a report in the May 28 manned vebicleon thelunar surface that would said that global debt reliefinitiati ves, such as London Observer warned.The victims of this searchfor \Iepositsof helium-3, a keyfuel for theU.S. -inspired Brady Plan, had little impact disaster will be middle-class homeowners, advanced JP.uclearfusion reactors . The vehicle in Africa, whose external debt reached $270 who are heavily indebted. Nearly every pro could also Jocatea suitable sitefor an observa billion in 1994. "An initiative designed for Af fe ssional group, from building societies to tory on th� Moon and collect rock samples. rica is what is called for. Such an initiative, to banks and real estate agencies, are all pre The plan will be formally adopted at the beeffe ctive, should target a substantial reduc- dicting disaster. governme$t's Space Development Commit- 68 Economics EIR June 9, 1995 • THE STATE RAILWAY com panies of Spain and France have set up a joint group to work out details (especially financing) for a Nar bonne-Barcelona rail link. The route, tee in June, Kyodo said. The Education Minis culates that Russia's agriculture sector was one of the European Union Trans-Eu try's researchagency has already launched two looted of almost $30 billion under shock thera ropean Network� high-speedrailway small experimental satellites into Moon orbit py policies, including from the disparity be projects, includ s a rail freight link and is scheduled to add one moreexperimental tween industrial and farm prices, in the last f between Barcelona and Perpignan. probe, called Lunar-A, in 1997 . three years. Foodproduction prospects remaindesper • 20 % OF SPANIARDS suffer ate. Out of 71 million hectares that are still to from water shol1tages, El Mundo re be planted this spring in Russia, at most 30 ported on May 20. The reserves of million hectares could be cultivated if the ma Agriculture the rivers Segura, Guadalquivir, Sur, chinery on the farmsis used to the utmost, ac Jucar, and Gualiiana are at 10% of cording to a report from the AgricultureMinis Grain production is capacity, which means that the water try in Moscow. Less than one-fourth of farm is unusable. Istaeli techniques for collapsing CIS machines are operable , mainly becauseoflack in "micronizing" water for irrigation are of spareparts , but also becausethere is no mon scarcely used in Spain due to lack of ey to purchase gasoline. In 1994, grain production in the republics of investment. the Community of Independent States col lapsed by 19.8% compared to 1993, Agra • ARMENIA �s preparing to restart Europenews service reportedthe week of May its Chernobyl-nIlodel nuclear power 20. In nine of the 12 republics, cultivation had Baltic plant at MetsaIJl!or, which has been tobe reduced, because of the lack of machines, shut down sinc¢ 1989 due to safety fertilizers, fuel,and other inputs . Only twore EU offers funding concerns, the May 28 Washington publics, Turkmenistan and Kyrgyzstan, har Post reported. :The Armenians are vested more than in the yearbefore , despite a for coast highway desperatefor electrical power. 16% fall in yields, because the area planted was expanded. In Tajikistan, Georgia, and Ar The European Union offered ECU 200 mil • PLO LEAD�RYasserArafat wit menia, less than 100 kilograms of grain were lion for the co-funding of Baltic coast infra nessed the signingof a contracton May harvested per capita. structure projects, at a Baltic Council confer 26 to build an airportin the Gaza Strip, At the same time, these countries are cut ence which began in Gdansk, Poland on May Asharq Alawsat :reported. A $16 mil ting back importsbecause they do not have the 19, the Swiss daily Neue Zurcher Zeitung re lion softloan waS providedby an Egyp means to pay for them. Expertsexpect Ta jiki ported on May 22. EU Commission member tian bank for the iproject; the first flight stan and Azerbaijan to ask international orga Hans van den Broekdeclared that the develop is expected in J$uary 1996. nizations for food reliefthis year. The United ment and modemization of infrastructure in States is said to have agreed in February to do the coastal regions along the Baltic Sea is in the • MOROCC�),S harvest losses nate 133,000 tons of wheat to Armenia and interest of the EU , and that the Baltic Council due to droughtI may be as high as 37,000 tons to Georgia. could play a key role in definingsuch projects. 75%, the SpaniSh daily El Mundo re Use of fertilizers in Russia has collapsed Russian ForeignMinister Andrei Kozyrev ported in May. King Hassan told the by 90%, from 14.2 million tons in 1987, to voiced doubts , however, on the usefulness of nation that the country has to be con only 1.4 million tons in 1994. Only one-fourth the Baltic Council, saying that many projects sidered in a sta�e of "national catas of the area planted was fertilized in 1994. As have been put on paper but are only slowly trophe." He saiq that $5 billion would of April 1995, in 52 out of 89 administrative realized. However, Russia has obstructed all be needed to nkeet the crisis in the regions, farms purchased no fertilizer for Baltic projects in past years . short term. I spring plantingbecause they have no liquidity. The potentiallypositive sideof Kozyrev's In all of the CIS, only 25% of grain area is remarks in Gdansk was that he endorsed the • UKRAINE jhas appointed a con beingfert ilized. Depletion of soil reacheddev project of the "Via Baltica," the long-overdue sortium of European, American, Jap astating proportionsand food productionis ap replacement of the existing pre-war interstate anese, and Up-ainian companies, proaching a low point. The fertilizer industry roadfrom Finland, through thethree Baltic re headed by Brown Boveri, to acceler is producing below 50% of capacity, and if publics , to Poland, and to northeastern Germa ate plans for a: new power plant to companies want to stay in production at all, ny , by a modern highway . References made replace the nuclear facility at Cherno they areforced to exportfe rtilizers on theworld by Kozyrev to the benefitwhich the economy byl, the Washington Post reported. market forprices that are much too low. The in the Russian enclave of Kaliningrad will de The sudden decision is aimed at en low input of fertilizers will have long-lasting rive from thetransport connections to the East suring that the issue of funding (an consequences. and the West via the Baltic highway, may ex estimated $4-HI) billion) is taken up Gennady Romanenko, president of the plain where the recent, increased interest of at the Halifax s1l1mmit. Russian Academy of AgricultureScience, cal- Moscow in the matter originates. EIR June 9, 1995 Economics 69 �TIillInternational Balkanprov ocation escalates British war on United States by Jeffrey Steinberg Great Britain's hopes of exploiting the latest Serbian atrocit faction of U.S. political inst;itutions, has made a decisive ies on behalf of its global campaign to destroy the Clinton break with British geopoliticsr-a break that will be difficult Presidency and the United States, have run up against some to reverse unless a pliant stooge from theBu sh-league canbe serious roadblocks. Not only has the Clinton administration installed in the Oval Officein 'the November 1996 elections. responded effectively and flexibly to the Serbian provoca After a recent "fact-finding" tiour of the United States, Lord tions-the assassination of Bosnian Foreign Minister Irfan Rees-Mogg penned a column � the Times pronouncing Presi Lj ubiankic on May 28, military assaults against United Na dential candidate Sen. Phil Gramm (R-Tex.) "unelectable." tions "peacekeeping" positions, and the taking of over 300 Shortly after that pronouncement, the New Republic pub Unprofor hostages. But, as a result of the President's recent lished a nasty expose of the Texas senator's investments in Victory in Europe-Day summitry in Moscow, the Russians porno filmsand in a bawdy fiIlnsatirizing Richard Nixon. did not fall into a British trap to drive a wedge between George Bush has signaled,his backing of CaliforniaGov . the Yeltsin regime and Washington. Furthermore, since the Pete Wilson for the GOP Pre$idential nomination, installing election of Jacques Chirac as President of France on May his former chief of staff, Craig Fuller, in charge of the Wilson 7, France has shown signs of breaking from the previous campaign. But, left to their own devices, none of London's government's policy of an Anglo-French Entente Cordiale "favorite son" candidates in me GOP Presidentialrace stand aimed against Germany and the United States. much of a chance of beating ttteincumbent President-not to The Balkan maneuvers by Britain and her Serbian puppets mention beating out Senate Majority Leader RobertDole (R occur at the same time that leading spokesmen for the House Kan.) for the GOP nod. Senator Dole, a veteran Washington of Windsor and its Club of the Isles apparatus have been issu politician, has shown himselho be willing to forge a biparti ing dire warnings about the imminent breakup of the world san foreign policy alliance with the White House on the gener financialand monetary system. Their solution: Drive toward al parameters of U.S. Balkan policy and other vital national totalitarianism and fascist austerity. During the last weeks of security issues, despite bouts qf campaign rhetoricto the con May, two of the Club's leading mouthpieces, Lord William trary . Dole is currently co-sponsoring (with Connecticut Rees-Mogg of the London Times, and Sir Peregrine Worsthor Democrat Joseph Lieberman) It resolutionto liftthe armsem ne of the Sunday Telegraph, have been unabashed in their bargo against Bosnia and pull but the U. N. forces altogether. demands for a new phase in the war to destroy the Clinton Confrontedwith the prosPFct of either four more yearsof Presidency and drive the United States into the hands of the Clinton, or a Dole Presidency that would carry forward the Conservative Revolutionists, who would take London's cue anti-British thrust of the Clinton administration, London de and dismantle the institutions of the U.S. republic. cided to escalate the Balkan crisis, in the hopes of drawing the United States into the kind of quagmire that might foist London's dilemma one of the Conservative Revolutionists into the White House For some time now, it has been clear to the City of Lon in 18 months. don that President Clinton, with the backing of a growing The Balkan escalation came shortly after PresidentClin- 70 International EIR June 9, 1995 ton's refusal to attend the VE-Day celebrations in London. qua's personal involvement in protecti�g a heroin-smuggling That diplomatic snub so angered the British royals that Queen ring active in southern Franceand Motocco. Elizabeth II reportedly indicated that she would not return to All of these developments contributed to the ploy by the London from her vacation in Scotland in September to greet Bosnian Serbs in May to escalate the Balkan crisis. President Clinton. This move by the queen could also signal that plans are afoot for a governmentchange . Even Margaret Backfire potential Thatcher has come out in recent weeks giving her blessings When Serb military units attacked French-manned Unit to Labour Party chief Tony Blair to succeed Prime Minister ed Nations "peacekeeping" positions inside Sarajevo in mid John Major. May, the U.N. responded by authorizing NATO air strikes The fact that the British chose the Balkans as the preferred against Serbian artillery positions and even against the Bosni spot to escalate their war against Washington, was no mere an Serb command post. The Serbs rewied by taking several short-term expedient. The British have maintained control hundred Unprofor troops hostage, and lcillingseveral French over certain Serbian networks since before World War I, troops. when the original "Prince of the Isles," Prince Edward Al British asset and Bosnian Serb leader Radovan Karad bert, later King Edward VII, instigated world war in order to zic's provocation was aimed at calling NATO's bluff and block a French, German, Russian, American alliance from forcing either a withdrawal of Unprofor or a dramatic escala building a Eurasian co-prosperity zone that would have tion of NATO presence-including a large United States eclipsed Britain's world empire. contingent. From London's vantage pqint, it was hopedthat In the run-up to World War I, Prince Edward Albert such a Hobbesian choice would subjeqt President Clinton to forged what came to be known as the Triple Entente-an political attack from the Congress and from NATO allies, unholy alliance among London, Paris, and Moscow, against anxious either to pin the crisis on Clintbn or draw the United Germany, and, by implication, against the United States. States-at long last-into a quagmire in the Balkans. Today, the British are out to accomplish the same objec Instead, the British found themsejIves facing a serious tive. The only difference is that this time, the venom against set of problems. First, President Clinton-with bipartisan the United States is much more explicit. On the other hand, support reflective of a degree of consistency of U.S. policy this time around, the U.S. political institutions that have support for the sovereignty of Croatia and Bosnia that pre rallied behind the Clinton Presidency are far more conscious dated the Clinton election-steered a cautious but effective of the British perfidy, and are therefore less prone to walk military-diplomatic course, avoiding tnetraps set by London. into obvious traps. He reiterated that any escalation of U.S. involvement in the President Clinton demonstrated this political insight dur Balkan crisis would be as part of a NA),O--notUnprof or ing his recent summit meetings in Moscow. While disagree initiative, and that there were moral issues involved in the ing with Russian President Boris Yeltsin on several specific Serbian genocide that could not go urianswered. While de policy fronts, Clinton made clear that the United States is com tails of the NATO response are still beingworked out as we mitted to a long-term political partnership with Russia and is go to press, President Clinton has reitqrated that he does not sensitive to some of the problems that Russia faces. The tense plan to allow large contingents of U.S. ground troops to get negotiations over Russia's planned nuclear power plant sales involved. Rather, sources near the administration suggest to Iran were resolved amicably, as were broad parameters for that the United States is looking at contingency plans based Russian membership in the Partnership for Peace. on the kind of intensive air warfare and sophisticated recon The United States also made its dissatisfaction with for naisance of Serbian positions that was used in the Gulf War. mer French Prime Minister Edouard Balladur and his viru Second, the British found themselves confronted with a lently anti-American interior minister, Charles Pasqua, well revolt by European citizenry furious at the Serb taking of known in the period prior to the French Presidential elections French and other western hostages. Whereas in the past, in May. Balladur's surprise defeat on the first ballot spelled the British had exploited European xenophobiaconcerning a the end of Pasqua's political career, at least for the foresee Muslim state on European soil to m�ipulate and prolong able future; and President Chirac and Prime Minister Alain the Serbian aggression against Bosnia. now, Europeans are Juppe have already indicated that they will tilt France's poli reacting viscerally against the Serb hostage-taking. Further cies back toward the kind of European integration and Euro more, the City of London-based fina.. cial apparatus, beset pean-American cooperation that will further weaken the An with major problems such as the imniinent collapse of the glo-French Entente Cordiale. S.J. Warburg and the near-bankrupt 1status of Lloyd's of In early April, the San Francisco Chronicle reported that London, suddenly found that Balkan instability might trigger a Moroccan opposition figurehad been granted political asy a flightof capital out of Europe and into U.S. markets. Such lum in the United States through an unprecedented State a move could trigger an acceleration <)f the global financial Department intervention, because the man, a son of a former disintegration, at a time and under cir¢umstances to the de Moroccan interior minister, had produced evidence of Pas- cided disadvantage of the Club of the Isles. EIR June 9, 1995 International 71 InternationalIntelligence ! thousands, Juppe announced the rapid con Mensur 'Sabulic, and escort Fadil Pekic, Italian lawmakers seek struction by next winter of 10,000 housing who alsJ perished. fileson Moro units, plus 10,000 other low-income units Mr. Ljubiankic, born in 1952 in Bihac, u.S. within 1995 . was a medical doctor, specialized in otola He said the new government intends to ryngolo y. Before According to the Milan daily Corriere della * being named foreign protect France's public services against the Sera, a recentrequest fromthe Investigating ministerl in October 1993, he had often been privatizing aims coming from Brussels, the Committee on Terrorismof the Italian Par called u n to operate around the clock on seat of the European Union bureaucracy. In people ith shrapnel liament to the Central Intelligence Agency � wounds in the Bihac close coordination with the Federal Repub to release documents on the 1978 kidnap enclave. His real interest in life however, lic of Germany, France sees the upcoming was mU$ic; he is said to have been an able murder of Christian Democratic party leader Cannes summit of the EU as a strong mo Aldo Moro has been turned down. The re amateur!composer, and would spendall his ment for the Union. One French priority at leisure \fith friends around the piano, play quest from committee chairman Senator the summit is to give the decisive push to ing and singing. He was Pellegrino, was denied on the basis of ex married and had the great infrastructure projects in transpor two chil(lren. ceptions B-1 and B-3, namely, the docu tation and communications adopted at the One : year ago, Mr. Ljubiankic said, in ments are classified under an executive or Corfuand Essen summits, in order to gener an addr ss to the conference of the Inter der in the interest of national defense and � ate jobs and improve competitiveness of the nationali Parliamentarians Association foreign policy; the CIA director is obliged economies through improved railroads, to protect his sources. against iGenocide in Bosnia: "Europe is bridges, and roads. based o two principles: respect of human Corriere wrote: "The American agency � On national defense, the central role of could clarify the role of Ronald Stark, the rights, l\Jld immutability of borders. These a modernized nuclear deterrent was reaf two priticiples have been violated in Bosnia activity of the Hyperion language school firmed. The most drastic change in foreign and the role played by Steve R. Pieczenik in in the 11)0st horrible way over the last two policy concernsAlgeria, where Juppe called the specialists' group that helped the activity years. 11tereis no justificationfor neutrality for a democratic solution, dialogue, and free in Bos a. Let us remember what Chamber of Interior Minister Francesco Cossiga" dur � elections. lain sai4 on the eve of World War II-'a ing Moro's captivity in the hands of the Red quarrel of nations about which we know Brigades. Not to mention Henry Kissinger, nothing ' We know today that neutrality whose threats to Moro before his death were ; was paiil for by millions of human lives. cited in court testimony by Moro' s widow Say Bosnian minister's And leti me emphasize that whenever Eu Eleonora at the terrorists' trial in the early rope violated its own principles, catas 1980s. assassination 'p lanned' haj trophe rpllows." After spending four days in the besieged New French government enclave of Bihac, Bosnian Foreign Minister Irfan Lj ubiankic boarded a helicopter to fly Gree fa scists make announces policy lines to Zagreb, Croatia on May 27, over Serbian � �cupied territory of Croatia, the Krajina. pow�r bidin Russia Alain Juppe, the new prime minister of The Serbian armed forces in the area issued i France, presented his government's much a communique saying that a helicopter At a pre$s briefing in advance of the June 3- awaited "general declaration" on May 23 to which refused to identify itself broke into 5 firstal,-Russia congress on environmental the National Assembly, EIR's Paris bureau their territory , and was shot down. protectipn in Moscow, Prof. Alexei Yablo reported. The presentation took place in a The government of Bosnia, following a kov stalled on May 26 that his expectation climate of national unity between President special session on May 29, issued a state for the tneeting was the "unification of all Jacques Chirac's RPR and the opposition ment which charged that this was no acci Green f�rces." He is chairmanof the Inter Socialist Party. Juppe called repeatedly on dent, but a "planned assassination" like that agency Commission on Environmental Se the Socialists to establish a productive col of Deputy Prime Minister Hakija Turajlic, curity of the Security Council of the Russian laboration. killed while in a U.N. armored vehicle in Federadon. To deal with unemployment, a 50 bil January 1993. In February 1993, according to Yablo lion-franc jobs creation program has been Both Unprofor and the Serbian militia kov, Pr¢sident Boris Yeltsin promulgated a launched, whereby the state will exonerate men knew who was on the flight, as the decree *at Russia make a "transition to the companies of all social charges, and pay Bosnian Army has virtually no aircraft, and model �f sustainable development." In or them 2,000 francs toward the wages of hir the foreign minister's visit was monitored. der to farry out this program, Yablokov ing the long-term unemployed. With the With Lj ubijankic were Deputy Justice Min said, iqput from "public organizations," homeless numbering in the hundreds of ister Muhamedagic , Secretary of Embassy which are so predominant in the United 72 International EIR June 9, 1995 • FRANKFURTIMAIN will hold a mayoral electi(>n on June 25, and Michael Weissbach is one of 11 can didates on the ballot. He is running on the ticket of the Civil Rights States, is needed. These groups, he said, countries ranging fromBrazil to Argentina Movement-Soli ty, which is led "help prevent the government from making to Peru , and the "integration process" in the by Helga Ze -LaRouche. The serious mistakes." In this category he placed continent (the North American Free Trade Frankfurter Rut schau wrote that the decision to build a new high-speed pas Agreement, Mercosur, Andean Pact, etc.). Weissbach sees · Frankfurt, Germa senger rail line from Moscow to St. Peters Apart from Fidel Castro himself, two ny's banking ancil stock-market cen burg, which will run through "national sanc other prominent Forum leaders who could ter, as at risk fr<)m the international tuaries and national parks," and the not attend the Montevideo meeting were financial breakdown. "dangerous idea of building new seaports Nicaragua's Daniel Ortega and Brazil's on the Baltic without due account of the Luis Inacio "Lula" da Silva. Both were said • THE CROATIAN weekly Ned ecological situation there ." to be occupied with difficultsocial situations jeljna Dalmacij� ran a two-page in Yablokov scored the "traditionalist" at at home. terview with W�bster Tarpley enti titude of the Ministry of Atomic Energy in tled, "Great Britain Wages a War Russia, which is more interested in keeping against Croatia� the UnitedStates ," its technical people employed than non-pro in its May 26 iss\J!:, identifying him as liferation concerns, such as in the Iran nu Basques go to polls the Washington! bureau chief of clear deal, he said. While he pointed to real under shadow of terror EIRNS, the politipal press agency cre problems facing Russia, such as dramatical atedby Lyndon 4tRouche. ly declining life expectancy and the increase More than half of Spain's Basque voters did of disease, these were blamed not on eco : not vote in the Basque provinces during the • SECURITY around Peruvian nomic policy but the lack of ecological elections on May 28. Of numerous intim President Alberto Fujimori has been policy. idating incidents reported by the Spanish noticably streng1hened, the opposi To build up to the all-Russia meeting, newspaper EI Mundo on May 29, the most tion weekly Carjetas asserted in its 85 regional conferences were held, attended serious, was the pasting of posters in the May 25 issue. ifhe magazine said by 16,000 delegates. streets and on the doors of the electoral col there are repo� that Fuj imori re leges, with photographs of the king, the pre ceived a threat, /md that during one . mier, the head of the Popular Party , a lead of his last trips to the provinces, a Nar eo-terroristsfe ign ing journalist who opposes the Basque suspect who hadl tried to join one of terrorist ETA, and Interior Ministry offi Fujimori's publi� presentations was enmity to fr ee trade cials, with the text: "They will have to pay arrested carryingiexplosives. for what they have done." As most of the The Thero-American leftist and terrorist or Basque population is now wearing a small • HUNGARI"N is the latest lan ganizations under the umbrella of the Cas blue silk knot, as a sign of protest against guage in which the Schiller Institute tro-spawned Sao Paulo Forum concluded the most recent kidnapping of an industrial publishes. A 32-page bulletin was their Fifth Congress in Montevideo, Uru ist, the text continues: "The assassins wear issued in May : featuring Lyndon guay on May 28, by issuing a draft commu a blue knot." LaRouche' s fam�us "Productive Tri nique which focused heavily on the question Two poll watchers belonging to the angle" proposal (or economic recov of "neo-liberalism," that is, the British free Herri Batasuna, the electoral front for the ery , along with o�er writings by him trade economic policies being imposed ETA, stood at the voting table wearing the and Helga Zep�LaRouche, among across most of the continent. ETA axe and serpent sign. In the Basque others . It is circ\llating in Budapest The four-day gathering of 112 groups, capital , Vitoria, at the polling place where and in Hungarilll). exile communities according to Reuters wire reports, also de the Government Delegate for the Basque in Europe, the 4mericas, and Aus nounced last December's Summit of the Provinces, R. Jauregui, came to vote, there tralia. Americas held in Miami and hosted by Pres were photographs ofET A members alleged ident Clinton as designed to "consolidate ly murdered by the police, displayed on the • THE UFFI1l1 bombing of May an integration model even more subordinate tables alongside the voting forms. A poll 27 , 1993, which �ged the famous and dependent" than its predecessors . The watcher from Herri Batasuna went on duty art museum in FfIorence, Italy, was communique called for a joint rescheduling wearing a T-shirt with a Basque-language recalled at a pre.s conference on its of all Latin American debts and expressed text threatening the police. second anniversary by prosecutor solidarity with Cuba and against the U.S. At Bayonne, just across the border in Piero Luigi Vign •. He said that inves embargo against that country as "criminal." France , several thousand people tookpart in tigations are now probing "certain According to IPS news service on May a stormy demonstration in favor of financial secret l�bbies" motivated to 28, among the subjects analyzed were the Frenchmen imprisoned for aiding and abet undermine the It�ian state. defeat of numerous of its electoral bids in ting the ETA. ElK June 9, 1995 International 73 �TIillNational Clinton fo cuses on peace and development in ; Ireland by William Jones Over 1,000 people attended the White House Conference on situation, added grist to the mill of British establishment Trade and Investment in Ireland, in Washington, D.C. on hacks like Lord William ReFs-Mogg and Ambrose Evans May 24-26. It was indeed an accomplishment to bring such Pritchard, who have been on �e warpathagainst Clinton ever a group together; not the least impressive was the fact that since he took the oath of offi¢e. apart from the 350 businessmen from North America and the Ireland has basically bed an "untouchable" issue by any 250 businessmen fromEurope attending, the conference also U. S. President since John K¢nnedy, and Clinton stepped on brought together hundreds of representatives, city coun a lot of British toes. PresidentClinton 's appointment of Jean cilmen, and municipal officials from both Northern Ireland Kennedy Smith as ambassador to Ireland in March 1993, and Ireland, including the six border counties. Tensions were underlined the symbolism of the continuity with the policy still visible, with people choosing their tables at dinner with of the assassinated Kennedy. The furor in Whitehall and care, some having little desire to share a meal with someone Buckingham Palace when Pk"esident Clinton granted a visa who had for so long been a swornenemy . But they remained for the firsttime to Sinn Fein: leader GerryAdams in January gathered under one roof, and for one purpose-to chart a 1994, and then invited him, along with other Irishleaders , to course of economic development for the isle of Erin. a reception at the White Ho�se on March 17, St. Patrick's Understanding the importance of bridging the gulf be Day, still rancours in British oligarchical breasts. Queen tween Catholic and Protestant, the active cooperation of Irish Elizabeth II, according to sqrne reports, is refusing to inter Primate Cardinal Cabal Daly and Dr. John Dunlop, former rupt her vacationing at the Windsor's summer castle at Bal moderator of the Presbyterian Church in Ireland, was more moral in Scotland to meet the Presidentif, as is planned, he than symbolic . Cardinal Daly and Dr. Dunlop have worked stops in Britain on his way tQ a visit in Ireland. together to organize the Churches' Call for Fair Employment and Investment in NorthernIr eland, a mobilization involving New opportunities the four largest churches in NorthernIreland-the Presbyte In December 1993, after much behind-the-scenes arm rian, Roman Catholic , Anglican, and Methodist churches. twisting, British Prime Minister John Major and Irish Prime Prior to the opening of the conference, Cardinal Daly and Minister Albert Reynolds h�d signed a Joint Declaration on Dr. Dunlop held a press conference on this initiative. Northern Ireland that set th� stage for ending nearly three None of this would have happened without the deep per decades of violence and telTorism. In August and October sonal involvement of President William Clinton. This was 1994, respectively, the Iris� Republican Army (IRA) and recognized by all, and was underlined by many speakers . loyalist paramilitary groups ii. n Northern Ireland declared a Nothing less than his bringing to bear the power of the U.S. cessation of hostilities. Presidency, could have brought the reluctant British to the On Nov. 1, 1994, Presid4nt Clinton announced a package negotiating table and mediated the tense relationship between of measures designed "to ensure that peace brings to Ireland the Ulster Unionists and Sinn Fein. And not without cost for new opportunities for job grcllwth and economic prosperity," the President himself, who, by his intervention into the Irish one component of which was the White House Conference 74 National EIR June 9, 1995 and Trade and Investment in Ireland. The President also last remnants of dirigism in the elabora�ion of economic poli increased funding for the International Fund for Ireland, to cy. The minions of the Conservative �evolution, obsessed total $60 million over the next two years, and has recom with "free market economics," want to, eliminate Commerce mended an enhanced cooperation program with Ireland in entirely, thus undermining peace in Ireland as well as bur science and technology. At that time, the Presidentappointed geoning peace deals in the Middle East and elsewhere. former Sen. George Mitchell (D-Me.) as Special Adviser Although the conference was oriented toward business, to the President and the Secretary of State for Economic it also provided the political backdrop to the long-awaited Initiatives in Ireland. meeting between Sinn Fein leader Gerry Adams and British President Clinton reaffirmedhis commitment to that pro Secretary of State for Northernlreland l Sir Patrick Mayhew. cess in his speech to the conference on May 25 . "Never before This would be the first time since 1972 that a Sinn Fein have representatives of all the political parties in Northern leader and a British cabinet minister would meet. (In 1972, Ireland, officialsfrom the United Kingdom and Ireland, and according to Irish sources, although the story is still adamant so many business leaders joined to help us to build a better ly denied by the British, Adams was brought fromja il for a tomorrow," he said. "The conference shows anew the histori similar encounter with a British minister.) The Washington cal progress that has been made toward a just and lasting meeting, more symbolic than substantite, lasted 35 minutes. settlement, and toward a peace that respects the rights and Adams described the meeting as "frie�dly, positive, frank, traditionsof both communities." Although "violence has di and very useful." Mayhew referred to it tersely as "civil," minished," he said, "it has not disappeared." complaining that he failed to get a "po�itive response" from Adams on the decommissioning of IRJl. arms, a key issue as Economic growth to preempt fanaticism the peace negotiations continue. Noting that disarmament is The need now, the President stressed, is to bring about not a one-way street, Adams is insisting that disarmament economic development on the island. "There must be a peace talks should also include British munitions presentin North in NorthernIreland and the border counties so that everyone ern Ireland as well as the release of prisoners. is convinced that the future belongs to those who build, not During a reception for conference delegates at the White those who destroy," President Clinton told the delegates. "To House on May 25, Adams also spoke briefly with National lock in the accomplishments, we must make hope real. To Security Adviser Anthony Lake and with Nancy Soderberg, grasp the opportunity, we must build stronger businesses and special adviser to the President and �e National Security communities and families. We must have more and better Council point-person on the Irish peac� process. jobs. We must strengthen the prospects of a better tomorrow . That is the way to preempt fanaticism. . . . More investment Problems in strategy in NorthernIreland promises to liftthe region out of the cycle The real danger in the administration strategy, however, of despair that leads to violence. It will reduce the chronic is its reliance on the "workings of the market"to get develop unemployment that runs around 50% in some urban areas ment off the ground quickly enough to prevent the peace from and has deadened the dreams of so many." unraveling. In response to a question �t a press conference And indeed, investment was the real subject of the con on May 24, George Mitchell indicated the administration ference. However, the strategy the Clinton administration position. "Ours is a free market econbmy," Mitchell said. has adopted, under budgetary constraints imposed by a Re "And we're trying to get private American businesses to publican Congress obsessed with the austerity mania of the invest in Northern Ireland, and we don't have either the Conservative Revolution, seems to be to bring together the intention nor the authority to tell them \fhere to go. We make business people, provide them a forum and considerable lo the facts available to them, we encouttage them, we exhort gistical support, and hope that development will get off the them, but ultimately the decisions are private." Or, as Secre ground. tary Brown put it, "It is not the role ohhe U.S. government Although Mitchell has been leading the efforts of all U. S. to dictate or dominate" the process. But in a world careening government agencies promoting economic development in toward a major financial blow-out, relying on "marketforc Northern Ireland and the border counties of Ireland, the real es" is simply courting disaster. logistical support for the economic initiatives has come from Furthermore, in spite of the "deference" shown in public Ron Brown's Commerce Department. Brown led a delega by the Major government to the Clinton peace initiatives, tion of U .S. business leaders to the British government-spon underneath the surface, there exists a state of warbetween sored Belfast Investment Conference and to Dublin in De Great Britain and the United States. Adydelay in creating an cember 1994. Brown will also be going back to Ireland to economically viable economy in NorChern Ireland and the follow up on the White House conference. border counties would give what Pres�dent Clinton so suc Not accidentally, the Commerce Department has been cinctly characterized as "the organiz� forces of destruc targeted by congressional Republicans for early extinction. tion," the opportunity to unravel thetbreads that have been Since its founding in 1903, Commerce remains one of the so carefully woven. EIR June 9, 1995 National 75 Congressional Closeup by William Jones F oster nomination gued, but the policy mandates in the they q!ceive, on job training, child clears Senate panel House legislation would "compro care, and related services, rather than President Clinton's nominee for Sur mise our efforts to stop North Korea's on dillct assistance to the poor. Under geon General, Henry Foster, Jr. , was nuclear program, impose conditions the btll, block grants would total approved by the Labor and Human that could derail our support for demo $16.8, billion a year from 1996 to Resources Committee by a 9-7 vote cratic reform in Russia, and restrict 2000, ; without any adjustment for in on May 26, the first hurdle toward the President's ability to prevent ille flatio�, population growth, or any in gaining Senate approval. The Foster gal immigration." creas� in those eligible for welfare. nomination was opposed by conserva Dole, a Presidential candidate, is Tbe Department of Health and tive Republicans who wanted a right attempting a desperate balancing act Huma/nServices has estimated that 4 to-life candidate. between the two poles in the Republi milliop children would lose federal Ironically, the vote was decided can Party. He would like to be seen welfate benefits, because the bill by two Republicans: Bill Frist realizing the program of the Conser woulq set a five-year limit on pay (Tenn.), a right-to-life supporter who vative Revolution Republicans, but mentsl to any single family. The de knew Foster from his practice in Ten the legislation is so extreme that it has partmpnt also said that states would nessee and decided that Foster had the come under criticism from Bush Re have .o spend $12.7 billion a year of commitment and integrity for the job, publicans such as former Secretary of the tqtal block grants for money on and James Jeffords (Vt.). State James Baker III and Brent Scow jobs, itraining, education, and child Majority Leader Robert Dole (R croft because of its erosion of Presi care. !rhe department, like the CBO, Kan.) has suggested that he might not dential prerogatives. concl,ded that many states would bring the nomination to the floor re The measure evoked heated debate simply pay the financial penalties for gardless of the committee's vote, but on the floorof the House. The Ameri failurf to comply with the workfare will meet with Foster before making can-Israel Public Affairs Committee, aspects of the bill, rather than try to that decision. the largest pro-Israel lobby organiza providIe subsistence to . welfare pro tion, refused to support President Clin gram !members with only one-quarter ton in opposing the bill, claiming that of thelr former funds. their demands had been met, since it contains full funding for Israel. ole delays vote on D i fo reign aid bill Senate Majority Leader Robert Dole Se�ate passes balanced (R-Kan.) on May 24 postponed a vote budget resolution on the foreign aid bill, a centerpiece of Workfare bill would eat After!nearly 50 hours of heated debate the Conservative Revolution agenda, up payments to states and �o days of non-stop votes on apparently because the votes were just A controversial welfare reform pro nearly 60 amendments, the Senate ap not there. The legislation would cut posal was introduced into the Senate provt¥ by a vote of 57-42 a balanced $2.8 billion from the foreign affairs Finance Committee on May 24, ini budg¢t resolution that aims at reduc budget, sharply reduce foreign aid au tiating what is threatening to become ing the federal budget deficitby $961 thorizations, merge three independent a major revamping of the welfare sys billion over the next seven years. foreign policy agencies into the State tem. The Congressional Budget Of T�e Senate version includes a Department, and set guidelines re fice (CBO) said the proposal would $170 �illion package of projected sav garding North Korea, China, Russia, cut projected spending by $4 1 billion ings �armarked for tax cuts, but that and other countries. over the next seven years. The House only �n condition that there is growth On May 23, President Clinton had already introduced draconian leg in th� economy causing lower interest vowed to veto the legislation, calling islation on welfare reform. rates t and greater tax revenue. The it a "frontal assault" on Presidential The legislation, drafted by Senate House would cut $350 billion in taxes authority. The Republicans had pro Finance Committee Chairman Bob over the seven-year period. duced "the most isolationist proposals Packwood (R-Ore.), would mean that 'Ole tax cut issue has become a in 50 years," he said. Not only were most states would have to spend three majot bone of contention, with many the massive funding cuts bad, he ar- quarters of the lump-sum payments Republicans realizing that as the pain 76 National EIR June 9, 1995 from the cuts in social and medical Pa.) said the measure still faces tough stocks of the former Soviet Union. spending start to hit, any tax cut, espe sledding on the House floor because Republicans also voted to add $553 cially such a gift to the wealthy as a some members want to end subsidies million to keep open the possibility capital gains cut, would be a kiss-of immediately. of producing more than 20 B-2 long death come next election. Republican "This bill surrenders the idea of range Stealth bombers , $450 million majorities in both chambers must now maintaining a national rail system," to speed developmtnt of a system de try to reach a compromise. warned Jerrold Nadler (D-N.Y.). He signed to guard against missile attacks The Senate version would elimi charged that returning the Amtrak against the United States, and another nate the Commerce Department, as stock held by the DOT and others $450 million to improve short-range well as more than 100 federal progams would create a corporation with no anti-missile systems such as those and commissions; the House legisla owners, responsible to no one. But his used in the Persian Gulf war. tion would axe the Commerce, Ener effortto delete that provision failed by The committee also earmarked gy, and Education departments as well 9-7. The freight railroads were given $1.5 billion that was to be spent on a as 369 other agencies and commis Amtrak stock in return for railroad third Seawolf-clas� nuclear subma sions. Both versions call for over $250 equipment they turned over when the rine, for a bigger and stealthier Sea billion in reductions in Medicare and new service was created. However, wolf and an upgra�d new attack sub roughly $180 billion in cuts in Med since Amtrak operates in the red, the marine, the firstof � new line of more icaid. stock has no monetary value, he said. advanced submarines. He urged, unsuccessfully, that the freight railroads be allowed to keep the stock and negotiate its sale later if Amtrak should begin making a profit. Pressler otTers compromise Amtrak subsidies Robert Borski (D-Pa.) said that on F-16s to Pakistan squeak by House panel raising the fees charged local com The Senate Foreign Relations Com A House subcommittee voted on May muter railroads just shifts Amtrak's mittee on May 23 voted 15-1 to ease 25 to get the government out of the burden onto transit riders , but his ef U.S. sanctions on .Pakistan. The bill rail passenger business and convert fort to delete that provision was turned was proposed by l.-arry Pressler (R Amtrak into a private entity. The bill, back 10-6. Bob Franks (R-NJ.), S.D.), who led the fight to impose sent to full committee on an 1 1-5 vote, however, pushed through an amend sanctions on Pakistan in 1990 because would provide nearly $3.6 billion ment on voice vote requiring Amtrak of its nuclear weapons program. over the next five years , gradually to spend the money on improving the Pressler would reimburse Pakistan for ending federal assistance by 2002. Northeast Corridor. F- 16s it paid for but which were not Stock held in Amtrak by the Depart delivered, by sellil!lg the F-16s to ei ment of Transportation (DOT) and the ther Taiwan or the Philippines. freight railroads would be returned, Pakistani Prim¢ Minister Benazir and Amtrak would be permitted to in Funding restored to Bhutto, during her·visit to the United corporate as a business and sell stock. Clinton defense budget States earlier in the year, had asked Created 25 years ago to take over House National Security Committee the United States to either tum over rail passenger service from the private Republicans approved a $267 defense the 28 F- 16s or reimburse its money. lines that no longer wanted to handle bill, adding $9.5 billion to President President Clinton had responded sym it, Amtrak has consistently lost mon Clinton's 1996 request. They did, pathetically, saying that it is not right ey, requiring a federal subsidy of however, rework the bill in accor for the United State� to "keep the mon about $1 billion annually. Seeking to dance with their priorities. ey and the equipment." reduce costs, the railroad is engaged The secretary of defense's staff Committee Chairman Jesse Helms in a 21 % cut in operations across the would be reduced by 25% over the (R-N.C.) sounded · favorable to the country. "If we don't make reforms next four years, and $171 million plan. He said that I'the United States now, Amtrak is a dead duck," said would be cut from the administra is losing out in So.,thAsia ," because Susan V. Molinari (R-N.Y.), chair tion's $371 million request for the its diplomatic effoits to broker a deal man of the House Transportation rail Nunn-Lugar program that finances the between India and Pakistan are ham road subcommittee. Bud Shuster (R- destruction of the nuclear weapons pered by the plane impasse. EIR June 9, 1995 National 77 NationalN ews ton, his cabinet members , and key congres inside the United States, to set up a system sional allies. for evading the Constitution and spying on Daschle is accused of intervening on be Americarlcitiz ens. GOP activist to run half of a long-time friend, Murl Bellew, Long !after the war, Hoover kept up the owner of an airline charter service in the arrangement under which the British would Cisneros investigation Dakotas, who was allegedly under investi bug American citizens in the United States, After having named Republican Partyactiv gation by federal agencies. According to the while thq FBI would return the favor by ist and Bush-Leaguer Kenneth Starr as Times, one of Bellew's planes crashed last bugging ijomesand officesof Britishnation Whitewater special prosecutor, the same year, killing the pilot and threegovernment als inside;Britain. "The intelligence services federal appeals court panel has chosen an doctors who were passengers. The families would th;n simply swap their information," other GOP activist as independent counsel of the doctors are claiming that the plane Dershowltz declared in his review. to investigate Henry Cisneros, the Clinton was improperly operated, despite an investi "This! clever criss-cross scam assumed administration's Secretary of Housing and gation by the National Transportation Safe increasing significanceover the years, as the Urban Development (HUD). David M. Bar ty Board which found no error. courts a$ legislatures made it difficult for rett, a former GOP fundraiser and candi The American Conservative Union is the FBI t� snoop on Americans in the name date , who headed Lawyers for Reagan in feeding the campaign against Daschle in of 'natioflal security,' " Dershowitz said. 1980, was appointed on May 24, the New Washington, with claims that he improperly Hoover �imply expanded the arrangement York Times and Wall Street Journal re impeded the U.S. Forest Service in its own with other friendly intelligence agencies, ported. investigation of Bellew, who occasionally "and the $nooping went on." Ironically, Barrett was named in a 1989 contracted to fly Forest Service officials in "It is more than ironic," Dershowitz congressional report as being one of a group the Midwest. Investigating airlines, howev conclUded, "that two centuries after we de of influential lawyers who had benefitted er, is properly the role of the Federal A via clared out independence fromGreat Britain, from influence-peddling at HUD in the tion Administration (FAA), not of environ we are conspiring with the Intelligence Es 1980s. Rep. Tom Lantos (D-Calif.) called mentalists. Daschle reportedly looked into tablishment of that nation to depriveour citi Barrett's appointment "mind-boggling," the Forest Service's actions at the request of zens of It right guaranteed by our Constitu and said, "Mr. Barrett is someone who Bellew, a constituent who complained that tion." C�lling for a congressional probe of clearly benefittedfrom influence peddling at its irregular activities were a form of ha such filtijy FBI-British collusion, Dersho HUD during the Reagan administration and, rassment. witz dec1ared, "The privacy of Americans incredibly, he is named special counsel to The FAA Inspector General's officehas is too important to be left in the hands of a examine the secretary of HUD." conducted its own internal investigation, as foreign country." The special judicial panel is headed by has the Senate ethics committee, and neither Judge David Sentelle, a pro-Confederate has issued a report. The Times editorial de Mason who is a close crony of Senators manded that the reports be issued forthwith. Jesse Helms and Lauch Faircloth, both Re publicans from North Carolina who are ra Terrorist pool rising bidly opposed to President Clinton. with �ental health cuts Dershowitz warns Brits The WaJhington Post claimed on May 27 that poli�e in the Capital area have logged may be spying on U.S. more thah 100 bomb threats since the Okla N. Y. Times wants probe Writing in the Los Angeles Times on May homa City bombing, and that threats to 19, Harvard law professor Alan Dershowitz members of Congress since the beginning of Dems' Senate leader warned that the British secret services may of the year are up 43% over last year. The In a May 29 editorial, the New York Times still be spying on American citizens inside alarminG news was reported in a lead article called for an investigation of Sen. Tom the United States, under a little-known intel in the �per's "Style" section, attributing Daschle (D-S.D.), the Senate Minority ligence arrangement workedout with J. Ed the probJem to increased mental illness in Leader. The editorial signaled an attempt to gar Hoover during World War II. Re the popuJation. heat up minor allegations against Daschle, viewing a book by John Loftus and Mark Entitled "A World Gone Mad?" the arti long simmering in the South Dakota press, Aarons, The Secret War Against the Jews cle by Megan Rosenfeld toes the Post's in hopes of having them boil over into a How WesternEs pionage Betrayedthe Jew long-stailding propaganda line that "politi national scandal. The attack on Daschle ish People, Dershowitz reported that Hoo cal violence" is a "sociological" phenome comes during an across-the-board, British ver seized upon President Roosevelt's au non, geqerating virtual hordes of "lone as directed escalation against President Clin- thorization of British "listening posts" sassins" ,who require not the least direction 78 National EIR June 9, 1995 BTifdly • BOUTROS Boutros-Ghali had more than he cQuld chew, at a lun cheon in Houston on May 25 marking the 50th anniversary of the United Nations. The U.N'.secretary general to select and strike their political targets. While the November umbrella agree spoke under the lluspicesof ex-Presi The article's claims concerning the break ment provided the framework for coopera dent George Bush. Organizers from down of the country's mental health system, tive programs, similar to the U.S.-Russian the Schiller Inst,ute distributed cop however, would certainly suggest that there joint efforts, the Clinton administration has ies of the 1994 pamphlet, "Never is a much larger pool of disposable assassins delayed action on Ukraine's request to be Again, Stop t�e United Nations for high-level conspirators to draw upon. granted permission to launch U. S. satellites Genocide Con erence," featuring As the result of the "deinstitutionaliza on its Zenit and Cyclone boosters, due to f pictures of Bouttos-Ghali and Adolf tion" movement of the 1950s and 1960s, objections from the U. S. launch industry . Hitler. many mental institutions were shut, or limit over potentially unfair price competition. ed their services strictly to out -patient treat A complicating factor in the case of • ARKANSA$ Gov. Jim Guy ment the Post claims. The situation has got Ukraine is that its rockets are not launched ' Tucker declared IonMay 26 he would ten so bad, the Post says, that the largest from its own territory but from the Baikonur challenge subpo�nas in the Whitewa mental hospital in the country is now located facility in Kazakhstan, under lease to Rus ter case, to app�ar before the grand inside the Los Angeles County Jail! sia. Negotiations will continue between the jury and turn o�er financial records two countries, with an agreement expected Roughly 2,000 to 3,000 of its inmates re from his 1990 c�mpaign for lieuten on the number of launches and price guide ceive "psychiatric care" or "medication" on ant governor. H� argued that federal lines by the end of this year. any given day. The Los Angeles Police De prosecutors coUld only investigate partment has even begun deploying mental the U.S. Exedutive branch, and health workers in some of its squad cars to would be questioning him "about provide on-the-spot "treatment." matters which h�ve absolutely noth One Washington, D.C. psychiatrist, E. ing to do with $ill Clinton, Hillary Post ACLU wins Va. fight over Fuller Torrey, told the that there are Clinton, or any lof the matters" in currently80, 000people institutionalized for treatment of prisoners volved. mental illness in the United States. Based Attorney Gerald Zerkin and the Virginia on projections of institutionalized care prior American Civil Liberties Union have won • PHIL GRAMM has again dis to the shutdown of so many mental hospi a settlement in a case brought against the played his pro-Bptish subversive pro tals, he estimates that 870,000people in the Virginia Department of Corrections for mis clivities. Accor4ing to the May 28 United States would currently need in treating prisoners, the Richmond Times Washington Post, the plummeting Post patient care. The offered no critique of Dispatch reported on May 24. The suit GOP Presidentialcandidate told the re this Orwellian scenario. charged that search and seizure procedures, cent National R�e Association con used against seven prisoners at the Mecklen vention in Phoerux, "We haven't had burg prison, violated constitutional prohibi a dedicated, committed hunter in the tions against cruel and unusual punishment. White House sinceTheodore Roose The settlement, which establishes a new velt. 1 tell you, Ws been too long." Ukrainian to fly on rule controlling when and how prison cells are searched, applies to the whole state sys • SEN. JESSI}HELMS (R-N.C.) U.S. space shuttle tem and constitutes a victory against the bar still claims that president Clinton is Following a meeting in Kiev on May 11, barism that prevails in Virginia prisons. The "not qualified"t� be Commander-in U.S. President Clinton and Ukrainian Presi settlement was reached one day before the Chief. Asked on CNN's "Evans and dent Leonid Kuchma issued a joint state case was to come to trial . Novak" prograrlt on May 27 about ment declaring that the two nations will in Zerkin's suit documented acts by guards Clinton' s poten�al decisions in the crease their cooperation in space who were supposedly looking for a missing Bosnian war, �elms responded, "I development, according to the May 22 piece of metal that might be used as a weap hope he won't �hoot from the hip, Space News. Specifically,the agreement in on. They stripped the cells completely; in because 1 don't think he's qualified." cludes having a Ukrainian cosmonaut join mates were left intheir underwear for sever the crew of a U.S. Space Shuttle flight a days, and prevented from talking to their • VIRGINIA shipped 283 inmates scheduled for October 1997. lawyers . They had no bedding, clothing, or to a private pris.,n in Texas on May Last November in Washington, the two other personal belongings. 23, bringing the �otal to 738. Though Presidents signed an umbrella agreement, Zerkin told the Times-Dispatch, "The the Texas prisor! still has 62 places, after Ukraine met the U. S. request to sign new regulation will go a long way to prevent the Virginia Department of Correc the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and a situation like that from occurring at tions said no morle could be sent with agreed to become a non-nuclear-weapons Mecklenburg, or anywhere else in the out further state funds. state. system." EIR June 9, 1995 National 79 Editorial Yo u can'tJool all the people all the time There are signs of panic in the highest British policy demand usurious interest payments, as that nation falls circles, as it becomes clear that these would-be game more and more into debt. masters are in danger of losing their game . In fact, While Polevanov attacked the IMF, he did not ex more and more people are beginning to catch on to just plicitly identify the role play�d by then-Prime Minister what that game really is. Margaret Thatcher and her �lone, President George One crucial part of British strategy has been to Bush, in forcing the IMP's sotcalled "free-market" pol revive an Entente Cordiale, with France and Russia, icies down the throat of the Yeltsin government; he against Germany; the other is to force President Clinton did, however, say that he diq not hold Yeltsin himself back in line. Instead, the schism between the British responsible, as there were larger forces involved. and American governments is widening, and there are The day after Polevanovrs interview, on May 30, powerful indications that the Russians may throw off an attack was made upon the! way in which the British British shackles. have traditionally manipula.ed the Russians to fight On May 29, Vladimir Polevanov , the former head their wars against Germany . � leading Russian colum of the Russian Privatization Ministry , cited the Presi nist on defense matters , Pavel Felgenauer, wrote a dency of Franklin Delano Roosevelt, as an appropriate commentary in the Russian i daily Sevodnya with the model for Russian economic planners . When we con title, "Shock Therapy, Serbian Style." His argument sider how President Roosevelt sided with Stalin on was that Russia is not ready �o go to war for the Serbs, ' several occasions, in order to embarrass a livid Winston as Czarist Russia was ready to do back in 1914. This Churchill, and the fact that President Clinton has identi statement directly undercuts J3ritish attempts to use the fied his Presidency with that of Roosevelt, this in itself threat of Russian intervention to prevent President Clin is reason for consternation in British circles. ton from takingeff ective action to curb Serbian aggres Polevanov was featured on a one-and-one-half sion against Bosnia-Hercegovina. hour national Russian television broadcast, on the Felgenauer argued: "The, Serbs are always lying to theme of how the International Monetary Fund (IMF) us . We went to warfor them (n 1914. We will not make is looting Russia. Not too surprisingly, this political the same mistake again." He continued that "Russia bombshell has been blacked out by the U. S. and Euro does not want to be hostage to the Serbs . . . . The pean media. Balkans have never brought anything but bad fortune Polevanov had been removed from his post in Janu to the Russians." He cited the history of misbegotten ary,for his opposition to the IMF, but he commands a Russian adventures in the Balkans, from the time of significant enough following to allow him to continue Peter the Great, through thti Crimean War period, to to play an important political role in Russia, even 1878, and, finally, 1914. though pressure was brought on the television network On May 22, Lord Willi�m Rees-Mogg, a leading not to air the interview . Two days later, Polevanov mouthpiece for the British oligarchy, had charged that held a press conference in Moscow, where he and his comparisons with 1914 in the Balkans are "not inappro associates announced the formation of a new political priate," and that Germany was responsible for having movement, Novaya Rossiya (New Russia). "precipitated" the break-up pf former Yugoslavia, by In his television interview, Polevanov described the its recognition of the independenceof Croatia and Slov way that the IMF has orchestrated the looting of Russia, enia. If the British wish to point to the past in order to by putting on pressure to sell Russian industries to revive the Entente Cordiale; they should bear in mind western interests virtually for nothing . 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