Hellenistic Building Techniques of the Stoas of the Asklepieion at Ancient Messene

計画系 685 号 1�88.� ／海野聡「双建築の再検討」、『仏教芸術』320、2012.1 「様」とは異なる）、また『七大寺日記』の大安寺の条に「塔基勝鬘夫人【カテゴリーⅡ】日本建築学会計画系論文集第78巻第685号，693-703，2013年 3 月 J. Archit. Plann., AIJ, Vol. 78 No. 685, 693-703, Mar., 2013 62) 浅野清『奈良時代建築の研究』、中央公論美術出版、1�6�.11 ノ出家躰木像アリ」とあるため、塔の初重を指す。したがってこの場合 63) 宮本長二郎「奈良時代における大安寺・西大寺の造営」、『日本古寺美術全の様の解釈は福山氏の通りと考えられよう。集第六巻西大寺と奈良の古寺』、集英社、1�83.1 68) 前掲稲木「上代造形史における『様』の考察」 HELLENISTIC BUILDING TECHNIQUES OF THE STOAS OF THE ASKLEPIEION 64) 金子裕之「百萬塔」、法隆寺昭和資財帳編集委員会編『法隆寺の至宝昭和資 6�) 前掲堀池「恵美押勝の乱と西大寺・小塔院の造営」 HELLENISTIC BUILDINGAT ANCIENT TECHNIQUES MESSENE OF THE STOAS 財帳第五巻』、小学館、1��1.6 70) 田中重久「木造八万四千小塔と小塔殿・東西両院の正堂」、『奈良朝以前寺 HELLENISTIC BUILDING TECHNIQUES OF THE STOAS OF THE ASKLEPIEION 65) 百万小塔の製作年代は、現存するものについては墨書より天平神護 3 年（神院址の研究』、白川書院、1�78.8 古代都市メッセネのアスクレピオス神域のストアにおけるヘレニズムの建設技術OF THE ASKLEPIEION AT ANCIENT MESSENE 護景雲元年・767）から神護景雲 2 年（768）と判断されており（前掲金子 71) 田中氏は上述の通り東大寺の影響力を示すものと解釈されているが、「実 AT ANCIENT MESSENE 「百萬塔」）、小塔殿の様が勅願された時点では小塔の寸法はすでに定まって忠二十九ヶ条」が実忠の個人としての顕彰文であることから見ても、こ古代都市メッセネのアスクレピオス神域のストアにおけるヘレニズムの建設技術 �� * いたことが確実である。の文言は「東大寺」と「他の諸寺」という比較ではなく、「様の制作者古代都市メッセネのアスクレピオス神域のストアにおけるヘレニズムの建設技術 66) 『大日本古文書』12 ノ 30� である実忠」と「様の受け手」、すなわち「東大寺を含む諸寺での造営」 Ryuichi YOSHITAKE * ＊ 67) 前掲福山「東大寺の規模」。この様については、足立氏は「七重塔の絵図」への影響性を示すことをより強く意図したと捉えた方が適切であろう。 Ryuichi�� YOSHITAKE �� * （前掲「東大寺東塔の落成年代」）、太田氏は「塔すなわち建築の設計図」例えば、西大寺小塔殿の造営は造西大寺司が担当しただろう。造西大寺 72) The present paper aims to analyze the building techniqueRyuichi吉 of the 武YOSHITAKE Stoas 隆一of the Asklepieion at Messene, which were built in the beginning とされている（前掲「古代建築の生産」）。「塔基」の解釈としては、時代司は、『続日本紀』神護景雲元年二月戊申条に長官以下官人の任命が見 nd は下るが『七大寺巡礼私記』の元興寺の条に「塔基四方浄土造様、山タられ、実忠が様を進上した時には発足していた。 of the 2 �� The present paper aims to analyze the building technique of the Stoas of the Asklepieion at Messene, which were built in the beginning タミタル様」とあり（この「様」は様相を示す意であり、本研究で扱う 73) 諸国の国衙、国分寺、諸道の駅家建築などについても差は認められる。 ��The present paper aims to analyze the building technique of the Stoas of�� the Asklepieion at Messene, which were built in the beginning nd of the 2nd�� endeavorsof the 2 �� of technical renovation were taken place by the Hellenistic craftsmen,�� following the tradition of the building techniques of �� Greek�� architecture that date back to the 4th century B.C. �� endeavors of technical renovation were taken place by the Hellenistic craftsmen, following the tradition of the building techniques of th Greek architecture that date back to the 4th century B.C. Greek architecture that date backKeywords to the 4 century: Hellenism, B.C. Stoa, Building technique, Construction date ヘレニズム , ストア , 建設技術 , 建設年代 Keywords : Hellenism, Stoa, Building technique, Construction date ヘレニズム , ストア , 建設技術 , 建設年代 1. Introduction The building materials and construction techniques in Greek architecture have been extensively researched by both architects and archaeologists since 1. Introduction the1. Introduction end of the 19th century.1) It is well known that ancient Greek architecture was constructed of masonry stones and roofed by wooden structures. The The building materials and construction techniques in Greek architecture have been extensively researched by both architects and archaeologists since columns The building and walls materials were made and ofconstruction stones which techniques were jointed in Greek directly architecture one by one have and been connected extensively with dowelsresearched and byclamps. both 2)architec The structurets and archaeologists of Greek buildings since th 1) the end of the 19th century.1) It is well known that ancient Greek architecture was constructed of masonry stones and roofed by wooden structures. The wasthe endstrengthened of the 19 by century. their weight, It is well but itknown was not that effective ancient againstGreek architecture horizontal stresses was constructed like earthquakes. of masonry Transporting stones and stones roofed fr omby woodenfaraway structures.places was Thenot 2) columns and walls were made of stones which were jointed directly one by one and connected with dowels and clamps.2) The structure of Greek buildings favoredcolumns because and walls it was were costly, made so of local stones stones which such were as jointedporos, limestonedirectly one and by marble one and were connected usually employed.with dowels and clamps. The structure of Greek buildings was strengthened by their weight, but it was not effective against horizontal stresses like earthquakes. Transporting stones from faraway places was not was Itstrengthened was considered by their that weight,these Classical but it was building not effective techniques against began horizontal to decline stresses soon afterlike earthquakes. the 5th century Transporting B.C.: Dinsmoor stones mentioned from faraway that placesthe Hellenistic was not favored because it was costly, so local stones such as poros, limestone and marble were usually employed. architecturefavored because was it ‘beginningwas costly, soof localthe decadence’ stones such of as the poros, Classical limestone architecture. and marble3) Indeed,were usually the fever employed. of the handmade craftsmanship of the stone carving th It was considered that these Classical building techniques began to decline soon after the 5th century B.C.: Dinsmoor mentioned that the Hellenistic technique It was mightconsidered have thatbeen these declined Classical soon buildingafter the techniquesClassical period. began Accordingto decline soonto the after recent the research;5 century however, B.C.: Dinsmoor it has been mentioned found out that that the the Hellenistic Classical 3) architecture was ‘beginning of the decadence’ of the Classical architecture.3) Indeed, the fever of the handmade craftsmanship of the stone carving architecturebuilding techniques was ‘beginning were sustained of the decadence’until the Hellenistic of the Classical period. architecture.4) For instance, Indeed, the refinement the fever technique of the handmade of crepidomas, craftsmanship which isof well-known the stone carving in the technique might have been declined soon after the Classical period. According to the recent research; however, it has been found out that the Classical Classicaltechnique temples might have like thebeen Parthenon, declined sooncan also after be the observed Classical in theperiod. early According Hellenistic to temples. the recent5) Moreover, research; newhowever, knowledge it has frombeen thefoun Stoasd out of that the the Asklepieion Classical 4) building techniques were sustained until the Hellenistic period.4) For instance, the refinement technique of crepidomas, which is well-known in the ��building techniques were sustained until the Hellenisticnd century period. B.C.,6) For informs instance, us that the the refinement Hellenistic technique craftsmen of did crepidomas, not only keep which the traditionalis well-known techniques in the 5) Classical temples like the Parthenon, can also be observed in the early Hellenistic temples.5) Moreover, new knowledge from the Stoas of the Asklepieion datingClassical back temples to the like 4th andthe theParthenon, 3rd century can B.C.also butbe observedalso renovated in the techniquesearly Hellenistic based temples.on the requirements Moreover, ofnew individual knowledge construction from the Stoas projects. of the The Asklepieion sanctuary nd 6) ��nd century B.C.,6) informs us that the Hellenistic craftsmen did not only keep the traditional techniques was�� built on a huge platform, which is measured ca. 72century m at theB.C., east informs and west us Stoasthat the and Hellenistic ca. 66 m craftsmenat north and did south not only Stoas keep insid thee traditionalof the courtyard. techniques The th rd dating back to the 4th and the 3rd century B.C. but also renovated techniques based on the requirements of individual construction projects. The sanctuary Doricdating peripteralback to the Temple 4 and of the Asklepios 3 century is in B.C. a square but also court renovated enclosed techniques by four Corinthian based on thestoas requirements (Figs. 1-2).7) of�� individual construction projects. The sanctuary was built on a huge platform, which is measured ca. 72 m at the east and west Stoas and ca. 66 m at north and south Stoas inside of the courtyard. The discussedwas built onas follows,a huge platform, shows the which high-leveled is measured building ca. 72techniques m at the thateast dateand backwest toStoas the andend ca.of the 66 Classicalm at north period. and south In this Stoas pre sentinsid paper,e of the thus, courtyard. the building The 7) Doric peripteral Temple of Asklepios is in a square court enclosed by four Corinthian stoas (Figs. 1-2).7)��

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