DOCSLIB.ORG

Respiratory Strategies and Associated Exchange Epithelia As Determinants Redacted for Privacy Redacted for Privacy Abstrac

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Respiratory Strategies and Associated Exchange Epithelia As Determinants Redacted for Privacy Redacted for Privacy Abstrac AN ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION OF David B. Buchwalter for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Toxicology presented on August 5, 2002. Title: Respiratory Strategies and Associated Exchange Epithelia as Determinants Redacted for Privacy Redacted for Privacy Abstrac Aquatic insects are used extensively to evaluate water quality. Despite their widespread use as indicator organisms, relatively little is known about the organismal characteristics that determine sensitivity differences to individual and multiple stressors. Insects have evolved several respiratory strategies that range from breathing atmospheric air to utilizing dissolved oxygen in water via exchange epithelial surfaces. This dissertation examines the role of respiratory attributes in determining differential accumulation of the insecticide chlorpyrifos, and further examines how accumulation rates are affected by temperature shifts. In addition, the relative roles of uptake rates and target site sensitivity differences are examined among developmental stages of the aquatic midge, C. riparius. Major findings: Smaller, gill-bearing insects accumulate chiorpyrifos and water at higher rates than larger, air-breathing insects. .Chiorpyrifos and water accumulation rates are highly covariant in aquatic insects. Temperature increases affect chiorpyrifos accumulation rates in dissolved oxygen breathers more so than in air-breathers. .Earlier instars of C. riparius are more sensitive to chiorpyrifos than later instars. Sensitivity differences among2nd4thinstar C. riparius are largely due to differences in chiorpyrifos accumulation rates. Respiratory Strategies and Associated Exchange Epithelia as Determinants of Contaminant Uptake in Aquatic Insects. by David B. Buchwalter A DISSERTATION Submitted to Oregon State University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Presented August 5, 2002 Commencement June, 2003 Doctor of Philosophy dissertation of David B. Buchwalter presented on August 5, 2002. APPROVED: Redacted for Privacy Co-f*tjor professor, representing fox[c6iogy Redacted for Privacy Co Toxicology Redacted for Privacy Heid of the Department of Envit'onTmehtl & Molecular Toxicology Redacted for Privacy Dean of the fi1aduate School I understand that my dissertation will become part of the pennanent collection of Oregon State University libraries. My signature below authorizes release of my dissertation to any reader upon request. Redacted for Privacy David B. Buchwalter, Author ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author expresses sincere appreciation for the contributions of several individuals. My co-advisors, Dr. Larry Curtis and Dr. Jeff Jenkins provided me with their technical expertise, guidance, and support throughout this project. Dr. Darlene Judd in the Entomology Department at Oregon State University was also tremendously helpful. Jason Sandahl provided his efforts and expertise in cholinesterase assays that were a substantial contribution to Chapter 4 of this document. Wanda Parrott provided endless editorial assistance and good cheer throughout my time at OSU. CONTRIBUTION OF AUTHORS Each of these manuscripts has been co-authored by Dr. Lawrence R. Curtis and Dr. Jeffrey J. Jenkins. In addition, Chapter four was co-authored by Jason Sandahi. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Introduction .1 2. Respiratory Strategy is a Major Determinant of Temperature-Modulated 3H20 Flux and14C-Chlorpyrifos Uptake in Aquatic Insects..................9 3. Respiratory Strategy is a Major Determinant of [3H]-Water and ['4C]- Chiorpyrifos Uptake in Aquatic Insects........................................31 4. Roles of Uptake and Target Site Sensitivity in Determining the Differential Toxicity of Chlorpyrifos to2nd 4thInstar Chironomous riparius .............................................................................. 52 5. Future Directions ................................................................... 68 Bibliography.................................................................................78 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page Electron micrographs of a single Pteronarcys californica gill tuft.......10 2. The influence of temperature on 3H2O accumulation in the hemoiymph of Pteronarcys calfornica.......................................19 Effects of temperature shifts and acclimation on water influx.............21 4. 14C-Inuiin carboxyl was used to determine hemolymph volumes in P. californica..................................................................22 5. The influence of respiratory strategy, temperature and size on 3H2O accumulation in three species of aquatic insects............................24 6. Temperature influences the rates of chlorpyrifos uptake in the air-breathing hemipteran Sigara washingtonensis and the gill-bearing ephemeropteran Cinygma (sp).................................................25 7. Water permeability in aquatic insects is expressed in terms of percent body water based on the accumulation of H20 relative to total body water composition ................................................................ 39 Water permeability in aquatic insects is a function of both body size and respiratory strategy..........................................................40 9. Chiorpyrifos uptake rates in aquatic insects are determined by body size and respiratory strategy..................................................... 42 10. Chiorpyrifos uptake rates vs. water permeability in aquatic insect taxa...43 11. Diphenyihaxatriene (DPH) labeled C. riparius (below) and Psectrotanypus sp. (above)....................................................... 45 12. Time to death for C.riparius larvae exposed to 0.53 5 mg/i '4C- chiorpyrifos and associated body burdens...................................... 60 214th 13. Chiorpyrifos accumulation in instar C. riparius larvae................61 LIST OF FIGURES (CONTINUED) Figure 14. In vitro acetyicholinesterase activity associated with exposure to chiorpyrifos-oxon and chiorpyrifos in C. riparius homogenates derived from2nd4thinstar larvae ................................................. 63 15. Surface area vs body weight in ethanol-fixed versusCO2anesthetized C. riparius larvae ................................................................... 64 Respiratory Strategies and Associated Exchange Epithelia as Determinants of Contaminant Uptake in Aquatic Insects INTRODUCTION Aquatic insects play important ecological roles in freshwater ecosystems and are used extensively to evaluate water quality. Freshwater ecosystems may be subjected to a variety of natural and anthropogenic stressors. That the biotic components of disturbed systems may be differentially affected by a stressor is the basis for the use of ecological indicators and bioassessment efforts. Ecological communities retain information about events in their history (Mafthews et al, 1996). The attempt to use biological indices in the assessment of water quality has been continually developing for the past 150 years (Hynes 1960; Woodiwiss 1964;; Plafkinetal.1989; Davis 1995). Bioassessment efforts using macroinvertebrates have resulted in cost-effective and increasingly useful techniques for regulatory agencies across the Unites States and Europe (Plafkinetal.1989). In the United States, bioassessment is an important feature of sections 303(c), 303(d), 305(b), and 402 of the Clean Water Act. Traditionally, water quality monitoring has involved taking water samples, measuring various physical and chemical characteristics, and comparing these measurements to standards. This approach, while providing important information, has proven to be expensive, and does not take into consideration "beneficial uses" such as the health of the resident biota. Despite its widespread use, there is substantial room for improvement in bioassessment. The current bioassessment techniques using aquatic macroinvertebrates are not stressor-specific. The same techniques or metrics are used for all types of situations, and tend to treat all stressor types equally (i.e. temperature, sedimentation, pH, soluble contaminants, sediment bound contaminants, flow regimes, physical habitat alterations). While current bioassessment approaches may be appropriate for making generalizations about ecosystem integrity, they lack the mechanistic specificity required to determine causal relationships, which are ultimately important for management. The existing methodologies for bioassessment are based on ecological survey data. Observations made by numerous ecologists in tremendously varied aquatic ecosystems have essentially been codified into the practices that are in place today. The end result of this process is that current techniques are not built upon experimental data and/or studies designed to test hypotheses. For example, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) advocates the use of tolerance values for individual species. These tolerance values are not stressor specific. A single value is given to a taxon, which is intended to reflect its tolerance to a wide variety of stressors, such as sedimentation, chemical contaminants, altered flow regimes, and dissolved oxygen, to name several. This simplistic approach is, in part, due to our limited understanding of the organismal characteristics that mediate aquatic insect responses to individual stressors. As bioassessment advances increasingly into the regulatory arena in several states, there is clearly a need to further develop and refine bioassessment techniques such that they are more scientifically defensible. There are over
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Phylogeographic and Nested Clade Analysis of the Stonefly Pteronarcys
    J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc., 2004, 23(4):824–838 q 2004 by The North American Benthological Society Phylogeographic and nested clade analysis of the stonefly Pteronarcys californica (Plecoptera:Pteronarcyidae) in the western USA JOHN S. K. KAUWE1 Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63110 USA DENNIS K. SHIOZAWA2 Department of Integrative Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602 USA R. PAUL EVANS3 Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602 USA Abstract. Long-distance dispersal by aquatic insects can be difficult to detect because direct mea- surement methods are expensive and inefficient. When dispersal results in gene flow, signs of that dispersal can be detected in the pattern of genetic variation within and between populations. Four hundred seventy-five base pairs of the mitochondrial gene, cytochrome b, were examined to inves- tigate the pattern of genetic variation in populations of the stonefly Pteronarcys californica and to determine if long-distance dispersal could have contributed to this pattern. Sequences were obtained from 235 individuals from 31 different populations in the western United States. Sequences also were obtained for Pteronarcella badia, Pteronarcys dorsata, Pteronarcys princeps, Pteronarcys proteus, and Pter- onarcys biloba. Phylogenies were constructed using all of the samples. Nested clade analysis on the P. californica sequence data was used to infer the processes that have generated the observed patterns of genetic variation. An eastern North American origin and 2 distinct genetic lineages of P.californica could be inferred from the analysis. Most of the current population structure in both lineages was explained by a pattern of restricted gene flow with isolation by distance (presumably the result of dispersal via connected streams and rivers), but our analyses also suggested that long-distance, over- land dispersal has contributed to the observed pattern of genetic variation.
    [Show full text]
  • Diptera, Chironomidae) in Ergene River Basin (Turkish Thrace
    www.trjfas.org ISSN 1303-2712 Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 10: 93-99 (2010) DOI: 10.4194/trjfas.2010.0114 Ecological Analysis of Chironomid Larvae (Diptera, Chironomidae) in Ergene River Basin (Turkish Thrace) Nurcan Özkan1, Joel Moubayed-Breil2, Belgin Çamur-Elipek3,* 1 Trakya University, Faculty of Education, Department of Biology, Edirne, Turkey. 2 Applied Ecology, 10 Rue des Fenouils, 34070 Montpellier, France. 3 Trakya University, Faculty of Arts and Science, Department of Biology, Hydrobiology Section, Edirne, Turkey. * Corresponding Author: Tel.: +90.284 2352825; Fax: +90.284 2354010; Received 22 December 2008 E-mail: [email protected] Accepted 26 October 2009 Abstract In the present study, chironomid larvae were sampled periodically between the years 1995-96 during the one year at 2 eight different localities of Ergene River Basin. A total of 60 chironomid taxa (325 individuals/m ) were recorded in the River and its tributaries (Ergene River Basin) during the sampling period. Also, it evaulated the larval chironomid assemblages in Meriç-Ergene River Basin which is amongst the most important wetland area in European part of Turkey. Furthermore, it determined the physicochemical properties of the water to analyse the relationships between species composition of chironomid communities and environmental parameters. Structure of sediment at each sampling station of Ergene River Basin was revealed to determine the substratum preference of the larvae. It was that found sediment nutrient enrichment strongly influenced chironomid assemblage structure. Furthermore, main results due to species diversity, density of populations, similarities for the sampling stations and the substratum types were discussed. According to Shannon index, species diversity of the Basin was found as H'=1.41 at average.
    [Show full text]
  • A Guide for the Identification of Two Subfamilies of Larval Chironomidae
    Envlronment Canada Environnement Canada Fisheries Service des pêches .1 and Marine Service et des sciences de la mer L .' 1 '; ( 1 l r A Guide for the Identification of Two Subfamil ies of Larval Chironomidae: ,1"'--- The Chironominae and Tanypodlnae . : - - . ) / Found .in Benthic Studies Jin the / r~---.-_ c L___ r - - '" - .Ç"'''''-. Winnipeg River in the Vicinity ot Pine Falls, Manitoba in 1971 and 1972 by P. L. Stewart J.S. Loch Technical Report Series No. CEN/T-73-12 Resource Management Branch Central Region DEPARTMÈNT OF THE ENViRONMENT FISHERIES AND MARINE SERViCE Fisheries Operations Directorate Central Region Technical Reports Series No. CEN/T-73-12 A guide for the identification of two subfami lies of larva l Chironomidae~ the Chironominae and Tanypodinae found in benthic studies in the Winnipeg Riv~r in the vicinity of Pine Falls, Manitoba, in 1971 and 1972. by: P.L. Stewart qnd J.S. Loch ERRATA Page13: The caption for Figure 5A should read: Mentum and ventromental plates..•... instead of: submentum and ventromental plates..•.. Page 14: The caption for Figure 5B should read: Mentum and ventromental plates . instead of: submentum and ventromental plates.... DEPARTMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENT FISHERIES AND MARINE SERVICE Fisheries Operations Directorate Central Region Technical Report Series No: CEN/T-73-12 A GUIDE FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF IWO SUBF.AMILIES OF LARVM.... CHIRONOMIDAE: THE CHIRONOMINAE AND TANYPODINAE FOUND IN BENTHIC STUDIES IN THE WINNIPEG RIVER IN THE vrCINITY OF PINE FM....LS, MANITOBA IN 1971 and 1972 by P. L. Stewart and J. S. Loch Resource Management Branch Fisheries Operations Directorate Central Region, Winnipeg November 1973 i ABSTRACT Identifying characteristics of the genera of two subfamilies of larvae of the midge family, C~onomldae (Vlpt~a), the C~ono­ mlnae and the Tanypodlnae, are presented with illustrations for the purpose of simplifying identification of these two groups by novice and more experienced personnel involved in assessment of benthic faunal composition.
    [Show full text]
  • DNA Barcoding
    Full-time PhD studies of Ecology and Environmental Protection Piotr Gadawski Species diversity and origin of non-biting midges (Chironomidae) from a geologically young lake PhD Thesis and its old spring system Performed in Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Hydrobiology in Institute of Ecology and Environmental Protection Różnorodność gatunkowa i pochodzenie fauny Supervisor: ochotkowatych (Chironomidae) z geologicznie Prof. dr hab. Michał Grabowski młodego jeziora i starego systemu źródlisk Auxiliary supervisor: Dr. Matteo Montagna, Assoc. Prof. Łódź, 2020 Łódź, 2020 Table of contents Acknowledgements ..........................................................................................................3 Summary ...........................................................................................................................4 General introduction .........................................................................................................6 Skadar Lake ...................................................................................................................7 Chironomidae ..............................................................................................................10 Species concept and integrative taxonomy .................................................................12 DNA barcoding ...........................................................................................................14 Chapter I. First insight into the diversity and ecology of non-biting midges (Diptera: Chironomidae)
    [Show full text]
  • University Microfilms International 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 USA St
    INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. You will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being photographed the photographer followed a definite method in "sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin photoing at the upper left handcorner of a large sheetand to continue photoing from left to right in equal sections with a small overlap. If necessary, sectioning is continued again — beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. The majority of users indicate that the textual content is of greatest value, however, a somewhat higher quality reproduction could be made from "photographs" if essential to the understanding of the dissertation.
    [Show full text]
  • Microsoft Outlook
    Joey Steil From: Leslie Jordan <[email protected]> Sent: Tuesday, September 25, 2018 1:13 PM To: Angela Ruberto Subject: Potential Environmental Beneficial Users of Surface Water in Your GSA Attachments: Paso Basin - County of San Luis Obispo Groundwater Sustainabilit_detail.xls; Field_Descriptions.xlsx; Freshwater_Species_Data_Sources.xls; FW_Paper_PLOSONE.pdf; FW_Paper_PLOSONE_S1.pdf; FW_Paper_PLOSONE_S2.pdf; FW_Paper_PLOSONE_S3.pdf; FW_Paper_PLOSONE_S4.pdf CALIFORNIA WATER | GROUNDWATER To: GSAs We write to provide a starting point for addressing environmental beneficial users of surface water, as required under the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA). SGMA seeks to achieve sustainability, which is defined as the absence of several undesirable results, including “depletions of interconnected surface water that have significant and unreasonable adverse impacts on beneficial users of surface water” (Water Code §10721). The Nature Conservancy (TNC) is a science-based, nonprofit organization with a mission to conserve the lands and waters on which all life depends. Like humans, plants and animals often rely on groundwater for survival, which is why TNC helped develop, and is now helping to implement, SGMA. Earlier this year, we launched the Groundwater Resource Hub, which is an online resource intended to help make it easier and cheaper to address environmental requirements under SGMA. As a first step in addressing when depletions might have an adverse impact, The Nature Conservancy recommends identifying the beneficial users of surface water, which include environmental users. This is a critical step, as it is impossible to define “significant and unreasonable adverse impacts” without knowing what is being impacted. To make this easy, we are providing this letter and the accompanying documents as the best available science on the freshwater species within the boundary of your groundwater sustainability agency (GSA).
    [Show full text]
  • 2020 Progress Report
    Colorado Coldwater Stream Ecology Investigations Project Summary Dan A. Kowalski Aquatic Research Scientist 2020 Progress Report Colorado Parks & Wildlife Aquatic Research Section Fort Collins, Colorado August 2020 STATE OF COLORADO Jared Polis, Governor COLORADO DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES Dan Gibbs, Executive Director COLORADO PARKS & WILDLIFE Dan Prenzlow, Director WILDLIFE COMMISSION Marvin McDaniel, Chair Dallas May Carrie Besnette Hauser, Vice-Chair Duke Phillips IV Marie Haskett, Secretary Luke B. Schafer Taishya Adams James Jay Tutchton Betsy Blecha Eden Vardy Charles Garcia Ex Officio/Non-Voting Members: Kate Greenberg, Dan Gibbs and Dan Prenzlow AQUATIC RESEARCH STAFF George J. Schisler, Aquatic Research Leader Kelly Carlson, Aquatic Research Program Assistant Pete Cadmus, Aquatic Research Scientist/Toxicologist, Water Pollution Studies Eric R. Fetherman, Aquatic Research Scientist, Salmonid Disease Studies Ryan Fitzpatrick, Aquatic Research Scientist, Eastern Plains Native Fishes Eric E. Richer, Aquatic Research Scientist/Hydrologist, Stream Habitat Restoration Matthew C. Kondratieff, Aquatic Research Scientist, Stream Habitat Restoration Dan Kowalski, Aquatic Research Scientist, Stream & River Ecology Adam G. Hansen, Aquatic Research Scientist, Coldwater Lakes and Reservoirs Kevin B. Rogers, Aquatic Research Scientist, Colorado Cutthroat Studies Kevin G. Thompson, Aquatic Research Scientist, 3-Species and Boreal Toad Studies Andrew J. Treble, Aquatic Research Scientist, Aquatic Data Management and Analysis Brad Neuschwanger,
    [Show full text]
  • Chironomidae of the Southeastern United States: a Checklist of Species and Notes on Biology, Distribution, and Habitat
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln US Fish & Wildlife Publications US Fish & Wildlife Service 1990 Chironomidae of the Southeastern United States: A Checklist of Species and Notes on Biology, Distribution, and Habitat Patrick L. Hudson U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service David R. Lenat North Carolina Department of Natural Resources Broughton A. Caldwell David Smith U.S. Evironmental Protection Agency Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usfwspubs Part of the Aquaculture and Fisheries Commons Hudson, Patrick L.; Lenat, David R.; Caldwell, Broughton A.; and Smith, David, "Chironomidae of the Southeastern United States: A Checklist of Species and Notes on Biology, Distribution, and Habitat" (1990). US Fish & Wildlife Publications. 173. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usfwspubs/173 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the US Fish & Wildlife Service at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in US Fish & Wildlife Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Fish and Wildlife Research 7 Chironomidae of the Southeastern United States: A Checklist of Species and Notes on Biology, Distribution, and Habitat NWRC Library I7 49.99:- -------------UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE Fish and Wildlife Research This series comprises scientific and technical reports based on original scholarly research, interpretive reviews, or theoretical presentations. Publications in this series generally relate to fish or wildlife and their ecology. The Service distributes these publications to natural resource agencies, libraries and bibliographic collection facilities, scientists, and resource managers. Copies of this publication may be obtained from the Publications Unit, U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Larvae of North American Species of Pteronarcys (Plecoptera: Pteronarcyidae)
    Myers, L.W. and B.C. Kondratieff. 2017. Larvae of North American species of Pteronarcys (Plecoptera: Pteronarcyidae). Illiesia, 13(16):192-224. https://doi.org/10.25031/2017/13.16 http://zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:68D355B3-CD8A-4699-AC4E-94527D18FE24 LARVAE OF NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF PTERONARCYS (PLECOPTERA: PTERONARCYIDAE) L.W. Myers1 and B.C. Kondratieff2 1 Lake Champlain Research Institute, SUNY Plattsburgh, Plattsburgh, NY 12901, U.S.A. E-mail: [email protected] 2 Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523, U.S.A. E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT Larvae of the eight North American Pteronarcys (Plecoptera: Pteronarcyidae) species have been difficult or impossible to identify over the past century. This stems from the lack of rigorous comparisons of reared material. The absence of a reliable key diminishes the importance of Pteronarcys larvae in aquatic ecological and biomonitoring studies. We provide comparative larval descriptions and a key illustrated with high resolution photographs of important diagnostic characters for the eight North American species of Pteronarcys. Earlier descriptions are reviewed and supplemented with new photographs, illustrations and morphometric data to aid in the separation of morphologically similar species. Keywords: Stonefly larvae, Plecoptera, Pteronarcyidae, Pteronarcys, North America INTRODUCTION Hanson (1971) originally recognized six species The stonefly genus Pteronarcys Newman, 1838 is groups, whereas Stark & Szczytko (1982) only represented by eight valid species in North America recognized three species groups within Pteronarcys. (Stark & Szczytko 1982, Nelson 2000, DeWalt et al. Larvae of species that possessed abdominal spines 2017). Two more species, P.
    [Show full text]
  • Plecoptera:Perlidae)
    THE LIFE HISTORY AND ECOLOGY OF THE STONEFLY NEOPERLA CLYMENE (NEWMAN)(PLECOPTERA:PERLIDAE) APPROVED: or Professo moxy Processor Director of the Department of Biology Dean of the Graduate School Vaught, George L., The Life History and Ecology of the Stonefly Neoperla clymene (Newman)(Plecoptera:Perlidae). Master of Science (Biology), August, 1972, 56pp., 4 tables, 10 illustrations, bibliography, 53 titles. The objective of this investigation was to provide new and more detailed information on the life history and eco- logy of Neoperla clymene, through an intensive study of the species in the Brazos River, Texas. Nymphal development was determined from 737 specimens from monthly quantitative sam- ples, and bi-monthly qualitative samples taken from November 1970 to October 1971. A total of 443 nymphs were collected during the months of March, April, May, and July to determine the kinds and numbers of food organisms consumed by N. clymene, and to investigate periodicity and electivity of feeding. Light trap samples were taken from March to September 1971 for determination of emergence cycle and adult sex ratios. Mating, fecundity, incubation and egg descriptions were de- termined through field and supplemental laboratory observa- tions. The conclusions of this investigation were: 1) Emergence, mating and oviposition of adults was noc- turnal, reaching a peak during the months of June and July. 2) Mean fecundity of dissected virgin females was 646 eggs, up to 3 egg masses were obtained from females held in laboratory aquaria and they averaged 98 eggs/egg mass. The number of eggs per egg mass from field-collected females ranged from 59-324, with a mean of 173.
    [Show full text]
  • Chironomidae ••
    Royal Entomological Society HANDBOOKS FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF BRITISH INSECTS To purchase current handbooks and to download out-of-print parts visit: http://www.royensoc.co.uk/publications/index.htm This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License. Copyright © Royal Entomological Society 2012 ROYAL ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON Vol. IX. Part 2. HANDBOOKS FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF BRITISH INSECTS DIPTERA 2. NEMA TO CERA : families TIPULIDAE TO CHIRONOMlDAE CHIRONOMIDAE •• . 121 By R. L. COE PAUL FREEMAN P. F. MATTINGLY LONDON Published by the Society and Sold at its Rooms .p, Queen's Gate, S.W. 7 31st May, 1950 Price TwentY. Shillings CHIRONOMIDAE 121 Family CHIRONOMIDAE. By R. L. CoE. FLIES of the family CHIRONOMIDA.E may be distinguished from other Nematocerous families of Diptera by the following combination of charac­ ters : Ocelli absent ; antennae hairy (especially in d') ; six to eight veins reaching wing-margin; one or both anal veins not reaching margin; vein M simple; cross-veins R-M and M-CU (latter when present) near middle of wing. The reduced mouthparts and the fact that the costa is not con­ tinued around the entire wing provide simple distinctions from CuLICIDAE, to which family some groups bear a superficial resemblance. The closely­ related CERA.TOPOGONIDA.E (" biting midges ") were formerly included in the CHIRONOMIDA.E (" non-biting midges"), and differ most obviously by the forked vein M ; head rounded behind instead of flattened ; postnotum without a distinct median longitudinal furrow or keel, which is present in most CHIRONOMIDA.E .
    [Show full text]
  • Zootaxa, Diptera, Chironomidae
    ZOOTAXA 752 Notes and recommendations on taxonomy and nomenclature of Chironomidae (Diptera) MARTIN SPIES & OLE A. SÆTHER Magnolia Press Auckland, New Zealand MARTIN SPIES & OLE A. SÆTHER Notes and recommendations on taxonomy and nomenclature of Chironomidae (Diptera) (Zootaxa 752) 90 pp.; 30 cm. 3 December 2004 ISBN 1-877354-76-7 (Paperback) ISBN 1-877354-77-5 (Online edition) FIRST PUBLISHED IN 2004 BY Magnolia Press P.O. Box 41383 Auckland 1030 New Zealand e-mail: [email protected] http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ © 2004 Magnolia Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored, transmitted or disseminated, in any form, or by any means, without prior written permission from the publisher, to whom all requests to reproduce copyright material should be directed in writing. This authorization does not extend to any other kind of copying, by any means, in any form, and for any purpose other than private research use. ISSN 1175-5326 (Print edition) ISSN 1175-5334 (Online edition) Zootaxa 752: 1–90 (2004) ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ ZOOTAXA 752 Copyright © 2004 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) Notes and recommendations on taxonomy and nomenclature of Chironomidae (Diptera) MARTIN SPIES1 & OLE A. SÆTHER2 1 c/o Zoologische Staatssammlung München, Münchhausenstr. 21, D-81247 München, Germany; e-mail: [email protected] 2 Museum of Zoology, University of Bergen, Muséplass 3, N-5007 Bergen, Norway; e-mail: [email protected] Table of contents Abstract . 3 Introduction . 5 Methods and material . 5 General remarks . 7 Comments on individual taxa .
    [Show full text]