Hrva - Navi Mumbai

HRVA - NAVI MUMBAI

SOCIAL VULNERABILITY ANALYSIS

A P R I L 2 0 1 7

V O L U M E II – A P P E N D I X

JAMSETJI TATA SCHOOL OF DISASTER STUDIES TATA INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES MUMBAI HRVA Navi Mumbai Social Vulnerability Analysis

April 2017

VOLUME II – APPENDIX

Jamsetji Tata School of Disaster Studies Tata Institute of Social Sciences Mumbai

Table of Contents: Volume II – Appendix

Table of Contents: Volume II – Appendix ...... 1 List of Tables ...... 1 Table of Figures ...... 7 Appendix 1 Concept and Models of Social Vulnerability ...... 16 Appendix 2 Methodologies for Social Vulnerability Assessment ...... 18 Appendix 3 Quantifying Vulnerability – What is Vulnerability Index? ...... 22 Appendix 4 Methodologies for Calculating Vulnerability Index ...... 23 A Identifying and arranging indicators ...... 23 B Categorizing and normalization of the indicators ...... 24 C Constructing the Vulnerability Index ...... 25 Appendix 5 Digha Node ...... 27 A Location ...... 27 B Node composition for analysis ...... 27 C Land use and development ...... 27 D Population Density ...... 29 E Vulnerable population ...... 30 F Vulnerable Housing ...... 39 G Level of services ...... 41 H Vulnerable areas and past incidences ...... 48 I Social Vulnerability Assessment: ...... 52 Appendix 6 Airoli Node ...... 64 A Location ...... 64 B Node composition for analysis ...... 64 C Land use and development ...... 64 D Population Density ...... 66 E Vulnerable population ...... 67 F Vulnerable Housing ...... 75 G Level of services ...... 77

H Vulnerable areas and past incidences ...... 84 I Social Vulnerability Assessment: ...... 86 Appendix 7 Ghansoli Node ...... 98 A Location ...... 98 B Node composition for analysis ...... 98 C Land use and development ...... 98 D Population Density ...... 100 E Vulnerable population ...... 101 F Vulnerable Housing ...... 109 G Level of services ...... 111 H Vulnerable areas and past incidences ...... 117 I Social Vulnerability Assessment: ...... 118 Appendix 8 Koparkhairane Node ...... 130 A Location ...... 130 B Node composition for analysis ...... 130 C Land Use and Development ...... 130 D Population Density ...... 132 E Vulnerable population ...... 133 F Vulnerable Housing ...... 142 G Level of services ...... 144 H Vulnerable areas and past incidences ...... 151 I Social Vulnerability Assessment: ...... 152 Appendix 9 Vashi Node ...... 168 A Location ...... 168 B Node composition for analysis ...... 168 C Land use and development ...... 168 D Population Density ...... 170 E Vulnerable population ...... 171 F Vulnerable Housing ...... 179 G Level of services ...... 182

H Vulnerable areas and past incidences ...... 189 I Social Vulnerability Assessment: ...... 191 Appendix 10 Turbhe Node ...... 206 A Location ...... 206 B Node composition for analysis ...... 206 C Land use and development ...... 206 D Population Density ...... 207 E Vulnerable population ...... 208 F Vulnerable Housing ...... 215 G Level of services ...... 218 H Vulnerable areas and past incidences ...... 223 I Social Vulnerability Assessment: ...... 226 Appendix 11 Nerul Node ...... 239 A Location ...... 239 B Node composition for analysis ...... 239 C Land use and development ...... 239 D Population Density ...... 241 E Vulnerable population ...... 242 F Vulnerable Housing ...... 251 G Level of services ...... 253 H Vulnerable areas and past incidences ...... 260 I Social Vulnerability Assessment: ...... 261 Appendix 12 Belapur Node ...... 277 A Location ...... 277 B Node composition for analysis ...... 277 C Land use and development ...... 277 D Population Density ...... 279 E Vulnerable population ...... 280 F Vulnerable Housing ...... 288 G Level of services ...... 291

H Vulnerable areas and past incidences ...... 297 I Social Vulnerability Assessment: ...... 299 Appendix 13 Census ward level vulnerability ...... 313 Appendix 14 Data Sources ...... 317 Appendix 15 References ...... 319

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List of Tables

Table 2-1 Methodologies to conduct a HRVA – Winrock International Limited ...... 18 Table 4-1 Arrangement of Data for Vulnerability Assessment ...... 24 Table 4-2 Comparing methods with equal weights for constructing the vulnerability index ...... 25 Table 5-1 Census Wards (Digha 2011) ...... 27 Table 5-2 Land Use - Digha ...... 29 Table 5-3 Population Density (Digha 2011) ...... 30 Table 5-4 Female Population (Digha 2011) ...... 31 Table 5-5 Population under 6 years of age (Digha 2011) ...... 31 Table 5-6 Population SC & ST (Digha 2011) ...... 32 Table 5-7 Illiteracy Rates (Digha 2011) ...... 33 Table 5-8 Work Scenario (Digha 2011) ...... 36 Table 5-9 Slum Data (Digha 2011) ...... 37 Table 5-10 Slum Area from AutoCAD map collected from TP Dept., NMMC - Digha ...... 38 Table 5-11 Vulnerable Housing (Digha 2011) ...... 39 Table 5-12 Physical Infrastructure Vulnerability (Digha 2011) ...... 42 Table 5-13 Social Security (Digha 2011) ...... 47 Table 5-14 Past Incidences - Digha ...... 50 Table 5-15 Digha – SoVI at the census 2011 ward level - Fire ...... 53 Table 5-16 Digha - SoVI ranking w.r.t. other wards - Fire ...... 53 Table 5-17 Digha - SoVI w.r.t. other nodes - Fire ...... 54 Table 5-18 Digha - SoVI at the census 2011 ward level - Floods ...... 57 Table 5-19 Digha SoVI ranking w.r.t. other wards - Floods ...... 57 Table 5-20 Digha SoVI w.r.t. other nodes - Floods ...... 58 Table 5-21 Digha - SoVI at the census 2011 ward level - Building collapse/landslide ...... 61 Table 5-22 Digha SoVI ranking w.r.t. other wards - Building collapse/landslide ...... 61 Table 5-23 Digha SoVI w.r.t. other nodes - Building collapse/landslide ...... 62 Table 6-1 Census Wards (Airoli 2011) ...... 64 Table 6-2 Land Use - Airoli ...... 65

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Table 6-3 Population Density (Airoli 2011) ...... 66 Table 6-4 Female Population (Airoli 2011) ...... 67 Table 6-5 Population under 6 years of age (Airoli 2011) ...... 68 Table 6-6 Population SC & ST (Airoli 2011) ...... 69 Table 6-7 Illiteracy Rates (Airoli 2011) ...... 70 Table 6-8 Work Scenario (Airoli 2011) ...... 73 Table 6-9 Slum Data (Airoli 2011) ...... 74 Table 6-10 Slum Area from AutoCAD map collected from TP Dept., NMMC - Airoli ...... 75 Table 6-11 Vulnerable Housing (Airoli 2011)...... 75 Table 6-12 Physical Infrastructure Vulnerability (Airoli 2011) ...... 78 Table 6-13 Social Security (Airoli 2011) ...... 83 Table 6-14 Airoli – SoVI at the census 2011 ward level - Fire ...... 87 Table 6-15` Airoli - SoVI ranking w.r.t. other wards - Fire ...... 88 Table 6-16 Airoli - SoVI w.r.t. other nodes - Fire ...... 88 Table 6-17 Airoli - SoVI at the census 2011 ward level - Floods ...... 91 Table 6-18 Airoli SoVI ranking w.r.t. other wards - Floods ...... 92 Table 6-19 Airoli SoVI w.r.t. other nodes - Floods ...... 92 Table 6-20 Airoli - SoVI at the census 2011 ward level – Building collapse/landslide ...... 95 Table 6-21 Airoli SoVI ranking w.r.t. other wards - Building collapse/landslide ...... 96 Table 6-22 Airoli SoVI w.r.t. other nodes - Building collapse/landslide ...... 96 Table 7-1 Census Wards (Ghansoli 2011) ...... 98 Table 7-2 Land Use - Ghansoli ...... 99 Table 7-3 Population Density (Ghansoli 2011) ...... 100 Table 7-4 Female Population (Ghansoli 2011) ...... 102 Table 7-5 Population under 6 years of age (Ghansoli 2011) ...... 103 Table 7-6 Population SC & ST (Ghansoli 2011) ...... 104 Table 7-7 Illiteracy Rates (Ghansoli 2011) ...... 105 Table 7-8 Work Scenario (Ghansoli 2011) ...... 107 Table 7-9 Slum Data (Ghansoli 2011)...... 108 Table 7-10 Slum Area (Ghansoli 2011)...... 108

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Table 7-11 Vulnerable Housing (Ghansoli 2011) ...... 109 Table 7-12 Physical Infrastructure Vulnerability (Ghansoli 2011) ...... 112 Table 7-13 Social Security (Ghansoli 2011) ...... 116 Table 7-14 Past Incidences - Ghansoli ...... 117 Table 7-15 Ghansoli – SoVI at the census 2011 ward level - Fire ...... 119 Table 7-16 Ghansoli - SoVI ranking w.r.t. other wards - Fire ...... 119 Table 7-17 Ghansoli - SoVI w.r.t. other nodes - Fire ...... 120 Table 7-18 Ghansoli - SoVI at the census 2011 ward level - Floods ...... 123 Table 7-19 Ghansoli - SoVI ranking w.r.t. other wards - Floods ...... 123 Table 7-20 Ghansoli - SoVI w.r.t. other nodes - Floods ...... 124 Table 7-21 Ghansoli - SoVI at the census 2011 ward level – Building collapse/landslide ...... 127 Table 7-22 Ghansoli SoVI ranking w.r.t. other wards - Building collapse/landslide ...... 127 Table 7-23 Ghansoli SoVI w.r.t. other nodes - Building collapse/landslide ...... 128 Table 8-1 Census Wards (Koparkhairane 2011) ...... 130 Table 8-2 Land Use - Koparkhairane ...... 131 Table 8-3 Population Density (Koparkhairane 2011) ...... 132 Table 8-4 Female Population (Koparkhairane 2011) ...... 134 Table 8-5 Population under 6 years of age (Koparkhairane 2011) ...... 135 Table 8-6 Population SC & ST (Koparkhairane 2011) ...... 136 Table 8-7 Illiteracy Rates (Koparkhairane 2011) ...... 137 Table 8-8 Work Scenario (Koparkhairane 2011) ...... 140 Table 8-9 Slum Data (Koparkhairane 2011) ...... 141 Table 8-10 Vulnerable Housing (Koparkhairane 2011) ...... 142 Table 8-11 Physical Infrastructure Vulnerability (Koparkhairane 2011) ...... 145 Table 8-12 Social Security (Koparkhairane 2011) ...... 150 Table 8-13 Koparkhairane – SoVI at the census 2011 ward level - Fire ...... 154 Table 8-14 Koparkhairane - SoVI ranking w.r.t. other wards - Fire ...... 155 Table 8-15 Koparkhairane - SoVI w.r.t. other nodes - Fire ...... 156 Table 8-16 Koparkhairane - SoVI at the census 2011 ward level - Floods ...... 159 Table 8-17 Koparkhairane SoVI ranking w.r.t. other wards - Floods ...... 160

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Table 8-18 Koparkhairane SoVI w.r.t. other nodes - Floods ...... 161 Table 8-19 Koparkhairane – SoVI at the census 2011 ward level - Building collapse/landslide .... 164 Table 8-20 Koparkhairane SoVI ranking w.r.t. other wards - Building collapse/landslide ...... 165 Table 8-21 Koparkhairane SoVI w.r.t. other nodes - Building collapse/landslide ...... 166 Table 9-1 Census Wards (Vashi 2011) ...... 168 Table 9-2 Land Use - Vashi ...... 169 Table 9-3 Population Density (Vashi 2011) ...... 170 Table 9-4 Female Population (Vashi 2011) ...... 172 Table 9-5 Population under 6 years of age (Vashi 2011) ...... 173 Table 9-6 Population SC & ST (Vashi 2011) ...... 174 Table 9-7 Illiteracy Rates (Vashi 2011) ...... 175 Table 9-8 Work Scenario (Vashi 2011) ...... 178 Table 9-9 Slum Area (Vashi 2011) ...... 179 Table 9-10 Vulnerable Housing (Vashi 2011) ...... 180 Table 9-11 Physical Infrastructure Vulnerability (Vashi 2011) ...... 183 Table 9-12 Social Security (Vashi 2011) ...... 188 Table 9-13 Vashi – SoVI at the census 2011 ward level - Fire ...... 192 Table 9-14 Vashi - SoVI ranking w.r.t. other wards - Fire ...... 193 Table 9-15 Vashi - SoVI w.r.t. other nodes - Fire ...... 194 Table 9-16 Vashi - SoVI at the census 2011 ward level - Floods ...... 197 Table 9-17 Vashi SoVI ranking w.r.t. other wards - Floods ...... 198 Table 9-18 Vashi SoVI w.r.t. other nodes - Floods ...... 199 Table 9-19 Vashi – SoVI at the census 2011 ward level - Building collapse/landslide ...... 202 Table 9-20 Vashi SoVI ranking w.r.t. other wards - Building collapse/landslide ...... 203 Table 9-21 Vashi SoVI w.r.t. other nodes - Building collapse/landslide ...... 204 Table 10-1 Census Wards (Turbhe 2011) ...... 206 Table 10-2 Population Density (Turbhe 2011) ...... 207 Table 10-3 Female Population (Turbhe 2011) ...... 208 Table 10-4 Population under 6 years of age (Turbhe 2011) ...... 209 Table 10-5 Population SC & ST (Turbhe 2011) ...... 211

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Table 10-6 Illiteracy Rates (Turbhe 2011) ...... 212 Table 10-7 Work Scenario (Turbhe 2011) ...... 214 Table 10-8 Slum Data (Turbhe (2011) ...... 215 Table 10-9 Slum Area- As per NMMC Map ...... 215 Table 10-10 Vulnerable Housing (Turbhe 2011) ...... 216 Table 10-11 Physical Infrastructure Vulnerability (Turbhe 2011) ...... 218 Table 10-12 Social Security (Turbhe 2011) ...... 222 Table 10-13 Turbhe – SoVI at the census 2011 ward level - Fire ...... 227 Table 10-14 Turbhe - SoVI ranking w.r.t. other wards - Fire ...... 228 Table 10-15 Turbhe - SoVI w.r.t. other nodes - Fire ...... 228 Table 10-16 Turbhe - SoVI at the census 2011 ward level - Floods ...... 231 Table 10-17 Turbhe SoVI ranking w.r.t. other wards - Floods ...... 232 Table 10-18 Turbhe SoVI w.r.t. other nodes - Floods ...... 232 Table 10-19 Turbhe – SoVI at the census 2011 ward level - Building collapse/landslide ...... 235 Table 10-20 Turbhe SoVI ranking w.r.t. other wards - Building collapse/landslide ...... 236 Table 10-21 Turbhe SoVI w.r.t. other nodes - Building collapse/landslide ...... 237 Table 11-1 Census Wards (Nerul 2011) ...... 239 Table 11-2 Land Use - Nerul ...... 240 Table 11-3 Population Density (Nerul 2011) ...... 241 Table 11-4 Female Population (Nerul 2011) ...... 243 Table 11-5 Population under 6 years of age (Nerul 2011) ...... 245 Table 11-6 Population SC & ST (Nerul 2011) ...... 245 Table 11-7 Illiteracy Rates (Nerul 2011) ...... 247 Table 11-8 Work Scenario (Nerul 2011) ...... 250 Table 11-9 Vulnerable Housing (Nerul 2011) ...... 251 Table 11-10 Physical Infrastructure Vulnerability (Nerul 2011) ...... 254 Table 11-11 Social Security (Nerul 2011) ...... 259 Table 11-12 Nerul – SoVI at the census 2011 ward level - Fire ...... 263 Table 11-13 Nerul - SoVI ranking w.r.t. other wards - Fire ...... 264 Table 11-14 Nerul - SoVI w.r.t. other nodes - Fire ...... 265

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Table 11-15 Nerul - SoVI at the census 2011 ward level - Floods ...... 268 Table 11-16 Nerul SoVI ranking w.r.t. other wards - Floods ...... 269 Table 11-17 Nerul SoVI w.r.t. other nodes - Floods ...... 270 Table 11-18 Nerul – SoVI at the census 2011 ward level - Building collapse/landslide ...... 273 Table 11-19 Nerul SoVI ranking w.r.t. other wards - Building collapse/landslide ...... 274 Table 11-20 Nerul SoVI w.r.t. other nodes - Building collapse/landslide ...... 275 Table 12-1 Census Wards (Belapur 2011) ...... 277 Table 12-2 Land Use - Belapur ...... 278 Table 12-3 Population Density (Belapur 2011)...... 279 Table 12-4 Female Population (Belapur 2011) ...... 281 Table 12-5 Population under 6 years of age (Belapur 2011) ...... 282 Table 12-6 Population SC & ST (Belapur 2011) ...... 283 Table 12-7 Illiteracy Rates (Belapur 2011) ...... 284 Table 12-8 Work Scenario (Belapur 2011) ...... 287 Table 12-9 Slum Data (Belapur2011) ...... 288 Table 12-10 Vulnerable Housing (Belapur 2011) ...... 289 Table 12-11 Physical Infrastructure Vulnerability (Belapur 2011) ...... 292 Table 12-12 Social Security (Belapur 2011) ...... 296 Table 12-13 Belapur – SoVI at the census 2011 ward level - Fire ...... 300 Table 12-14 Belapur - SoVI ranking w.r.t. other wards - Fire ...... 301 Table 12-15 Belapur - SoVI w.r.t. other nodes - Fire ...... 302 Table 12-16 Belapur - SoVI at the census 2011 ward level - Floods ...... 305 Table 12-17 Belapur SoVI ranking w.r.t. other wards - Floods ...... 306 Table 12-18 Belapur SoVI w.r.t. other nodes - Floods ...... 306 Table 12-19 Belapur – SoVI at the census 2011 ward level - Building collapse/landslide ...... 309 Table 12-20 Belapur SoVI ranking w.r.t. other wards - Building collapse/landslide...... 310 Table 12-21 Belapur SoVI w.r.t. other nodes - Building collapse/landslide ...... 311 Table 14-1 Data Sources ...... 317

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Table of Figures

Figure 1-1 Risk-Hazard Model ...... 16 Figure 1-2 Pressure and Release Model ...... 16 Figure 3-1 Vulnerability Index Model ...... 22 Figure 5-1 Notice being served to the illegal construction activities in Digha ...... 28 Figure 5-2 Land Use - Digha ...... 29 Figure 5-3 Population Density (Digha 2011) ...... 30 Figure 5-4 Female Population (Digha 2011) ...... 31 Figure 5-5 Population under 6 years of age (Digha 2011) ...... 32 Figure 5-6 Population SC & ST (Digha 2011) ...... 33 Figure 5-7 Illiteracy Rates (Digha 2011) ...... 34 Figure 5-8 Working & Non-Working Population (Digha 2011) ...... 35 Figure 5-9 Main & Marginal Working Population (Digha 2011) ...... 35 Figure 5-10 Slums under high tension wires – Digha ...... 38 Figure 5-11 Dilapidated Buildings (Digha 2011)...... 40 Figure 5-12 Vulnerable Roof (Digha 2011) ...... 40 Figure 5-13 Vulnerable Floor (Digha 2011) ...... 40 Figure 5-14 Vulnerable Wall (Digha 2011) ...... 41 Figure 5-15 Unsafe Drinking Water (Digha 2011) ...... 42 Figure 5-16 Water Source out of Premises (Digha 2011) ...... 42 Figure 5-17 Access to Latrine (Digha 2011) ...... 43 Figure 5-18 Unsafe Drainage (Digha 2011) ...... 43 Figure 5-19 Unsafe Cooking Fuel (Digha 2011) ...... 43 Figure 5-20 Unsafe Source of Light (Digha 2011) ...... 44 Figure 5-21 Roads/lanes less than 6mts in the slums of Digha ...... 46 Figure 5-22 Ownership status (Digha 2011) ...... 47 Figure 5-23 Availing Banking Services (Digha 2011) ...... 47 Figure 5-24 Mining activities and related pollution - Digha ...... 48 Figure 5-25 Digha Dam ...... 49 Figure 5-26 Settlement at the natural drain of the Dam ...... 50

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Figure 5-27 Digha – SoVI at the census 2011 ward level - Fire ...... 52 Figure 5-28 Digha – Fire vulnerability at node level ...... 55 Figure 5-29 Digha – SoVI at the census 2011 ward level - Floods ...... 56 Figure 5-30 Digha – Flood vulnerability at node level ...... 59 Figure 5-31 Digha – SoVI at the census 2011 ward level - Building collapse/landslide ...... 60 Figure 5-32 Digha – Building collapse/landslide vulnerability at node level ...... 63 Figure 6-1 Land use - Airoli ...... 66 Figure 6-2 Population Density (Airoli 2011) ...... 67 Figure 6-3 Female Population (Airoli 2011) ...... 68 Figure 6-4 Population under 6 years of age (Airoli 2011) ...... 69 Figure 6-5 Population SC & ST (Airoli 2011) ...... 70 Figure 6-6 Illiteracy Rates (Airoli 2011) ...... 71 Figure 6-7 Working & Non-Working Population (Airoli 2011) ...... 72 Figure 6-8 Main & Marginal Working Population (Airoli 2011) ...... 72 Figure 6-9 Dilapidated Buildings (Airoli 2011) ...... 76 Figure 6-10 Vulnerable Roof (Airoli 2011) ...... 76 Figure 6-11 Vulnerable Wall (Airoli 2011) ...... 77 Figure 6-12 Vulnerable Floor (Airoli 2011) ...... 77 Figure 6-13 Unsafe Drinking Water (Airoli 2011) ...... 79 Figure 6-14 Water Source out of Premises (Airoli 2011) ...... 79 Figure 6-15 Unsafe Source of Light (Airoli 2011) ...... 79 Figure 6-16 Access to Latrine (Airoli 2011) ...... 80 Figure 6-17 Unsafe Drainage (Airoli 2011) ...... 80 Figure 6-18 Unsafe Cooking Fuel (Airoli 2011) ...... 80 Figure 6-19 Ownership Status (Airoli 2011) ...... 83 Figure 6-20 Availing Banking Services (Airoli 2011) ...... 84 Figure 6-21 Airoli – SoVI at the census 2011 ward level - Fire ...... 86 Figure 6-22 Airoli – Fire vulnerability at node level ...... 89 Figure 6-23 Airoli – SoVI at the census 2011 ward level – Floods ...... 90 Figure 6-24 Airoli – Flood vulnerability at node level ...... 93

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Figure 6-25 Airoli – SoVI at the census 2011 ward level - Building collapse/landslide ...... 94 Figure 6-26 Airoli – Building collapse/landslide vulnerability at node level ...... 97 Figure 7-1 Land Use - Ghansoli ...... 100 Figure 7-2 Population Density (Ghansoli 2011) ...... 101 Figure 7-3 Female Population (Ghansoli 2011) ...... 102 Figure 7-4 Population under 6 years of age (Ghansoli 2011) ...... 103 Figure 7-5 Population SC & ST (Ghansoli 2011) ...... 104 Figure 7-6 Illiteracy Rates (Ghansoli 2011) ...... 105 Figure 7-7 Working & Non-Working Population (Ghansoli 2011)...... 106 Figure 7-8 Main & Marginal Working Population (Ghansoli 2011) ...... 106 Figure 7-9 Dilapidated Buildings (Ghansoli 2011) ...... 110 Figure 7-10 Vulnerable Roof (Ghansoli 2011) ...... 110 Figure 7-11 Vulnerable Wall (Ghansoli 2011) ...... 110 Figure 7-12 Vulnerable Floor (Ghansoli 2011) ...... 111 Figure 7-13 Unsafe Drinking Water (Ghansoli 2011) ...... 112 Figure 7-14 Water Source out of Premises (Ghansoli 2011) ...... 112 Figure 7-15 Unsafe Source of Light (Ghansoli 2011) ...... 113 Figure 7-16 Access to Latrine (Ghansoli 2011) ...... 113 Figure 7-17 Unsafe Drainage (Ghansoli 2011) ...... 113 Figure 7-18 Unsafe Cooking Fuel (Ghansoli 2011) ...... 114 Figure 7-19 Ownership Status (Ghansoli 2011) ...... 116 Figure 7-20 Availing Banking Services (Ghansoli 2011) ...... 116 Figure 7-21 Ghansoli – SoVI at the census 2011 ward level - Fire ...... 118 Figure 7-22 Ghansoli – Fire vulnerability at node level ...... 121 Figure 7-23 Ghansoli – SoVI at the census 2011 ward level – Floods ...... 122 Figure 7-24 Ghansoli – Flood vulnerability at node level ...... 125 Figure 7-25 Ghansoli – SoVI at the census 2011 ward level - Building collapse/landslide ...... 126 Figure 7-26 Ghansoli – Building collapse/landslide vulnerability at node level ...... 129 Figure 8-1 Land Use - Koparkhairane ...... 132 Figure 8-2 Population Density (Koparkhairane 2011) ...... 133

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Figure 8-3 Female Population (Koparkhairane 2011) ...... 135 Figure 8-4 Population under 6 years of age (Koparkhairane 2011) ...... 136 Figure 8-5 Population SC & ST (Koparkhairane 2011) ...... 137 Figure 8-6 Illiteracy Rates (Koparkhairane 2011) ...... 138 Figure 8-7 Working & Non-Working Population (Koparkhairane 2011) ...... 139 Figure 8-8 Main & Marginal Working Population (Koparkhairane 2011) ...... 139 Figure 8-9 Dilapidated Buildings (Koparkhairane 2011) ...... 143 Figure 8-10 Vulnerable Roof (Koparkhairane 2011) ...... 143 Figure 8-11 Vulnerable Wall (Koparkhairane 2011) ...... 144 Figure 8-12 Vulnerable Floor (Koparkhairane 2011) ...... 144 Figure 8-13 Unsafe Drinking Water (Koparkhairane 2011) ...... 146 Figure 8-14 Water Source out of Premises (Koparkhairane 2011) ...... 146 Figure 8-15 Unsafe Source of Light (Koparkhairane 2011) ...... 146 Figure 8-16 Access to Latrine (Koparkhairane 2011) ...... 147 Figure 8-17 Unsafe Drainage (Koparkhairane 2011) ...... 147 Figure 8-18 Unsafe Cooking Fuel (Koparkhairane 2011) ...... 147 Figure 8-19 Ownership Status (Koparkhairane 2011) ...... 150 Figure 8-20 Availing Banking Services (Koparkhairane 2011) ...... 151 Figure 8-21 Koparkhairane – SoVI at the census 2011 ward level - Fire ...... 153 Figure 8-22 Koparkhairane – Fire vulnerability at node level ...... 157 Figure 8-23 Koparkhairane – SoVI at the census 2011 ward level – Floods ...... 158 Figure 8-24 Koparkhairane – Flood vulnerability at node level ...... 162 Figure 8-25 Koparkhairane – SoVI at the census 2011 ward level - Building collapse/landslide ... 163 Figure 8-26 Koparkhairane – Building collapse/landslide vulnerability at node level ...... 167 Figure 9-1 Land use- Vashi ...... 170 Figure 9-2 Population Density (Vashi 2011) ...... 171 Figure 9-3 Female Population (Vashi 2011) ...... 172 Figure 9-4 Population under 6 years of age (Vashi 2011) ...... 173 Figure 9-5 Population SC & ST (Vashi 2011)...... 175 Figure 9-6 Illiteracy Rates (Vashi 2011) ...... 176

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Figure 9-7 Working & Non-Working Population (Vashi 2011) ...... 177 Figure 9-8 Main & Marginal Working Population (Vashi 2011) ...... 177 Figure 9-9 Dilapidated Buildings (Vashi 2011) ...... 180 Figure 9-10 Vulnerable Roof (Vashi 2011) ...... 181 Figure 9-11 Vulnerable Wall (Vashi 2011) ...... 181 Figure 9-12 Vulnerable Floor (Vashi 2011) ...... 182 Figure 9-13 Unsafe Drinking Water (Vashi 2011) ...... 183 Figure 9-14 Water Source out of Premises (Vashi 2011) ...... 184 Figure 9-15 Unsafe Source of Light (Vashi 2011) ...... 184 Figure 9-16 Access to Latrine (Vashi 2011) ...... 185 Figure 9-17 Unsafe Drainage (Vashi 2011) ...... 185 Figure 9-18 Unsafe Cooking Fuel (Vashi 2011) ...... 186 Figure 9-19 Ownership Status (Vashi 2011) ...... 189 Figure 9-20 Availing Banking Services (Vashi 2011) ...... 189 Figure 9-21 Vashi – SoVI at the census 2011 ward level - Fire ...... 191 Figure 9-22 Vashi – Fire vulnerability at node level ...... 195 Figure 9-23 Vashi – SoVI at the census 2011 ward level – Floods ...... 196 Figure 9-24 Vashi – Flood vulnerability at node level ...... 200 Figure 9-25 Vashi – SoVI at the census 2011 ward level - Building collapse/landslide...... 201 Figure 9-26 Vashi – Building collapse/landslide vulnerability at node level...... 205 Figure 10-1 Population Density (Turbhe 2011) ...... 208 Figure 10-2 Female Population (Turbhe 2011) ...... 209 Figure 10-3 Population under 6 years of age (Turbhe 2011) ...... 210 Figure 10-4 Population SC & ST (Turbhe 2011) ...... 211 Figure 10-5 Illiteracy Rates (Turbhe 2011) ...... 212 Figure 10-6 Working & Non-Working Population (Turbhe 2011) ...... 213 Figure 10-7 Main & Marginal Working Population (Turbhe 2011) ...... 213 Figure 10-8 Dilapidated Buildings (Turbhe 2011) ...... 216 Figure 10-9 Vulnerable Roof (Turbhe 2011) ...... 217 Figure 10-10 Vulnerable Wall (Turbhe 2011) ...... 217

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Figure 10-11 Vulnerable Floor (Turbhe 2011) ...... 217 Figure 10-12 Unsafe Drinking Water (Turbhe 2011) ...... 219 Figure 10-13 Water Source out of Premises (Turbhe 2011) ...... 219 Figure 10-14 Unsafe Source of Light (Turbhe 2011)...... 219 Figure 10-15 Access to Latrine (Turbhe 2011) ...... 220 Figure 10-16 Unsafe Cooking Fuel (Turbhe 2011) ...... 220 Figure 10-17 Ownership Status (Turbhe 2011) ...... 223 Figure 10-18 Availing Banking Services (Turbhe 2011) ...... 223 Figure 10-19 Turbhe – SoVI at the census 2011 ward level - Fire ...... 226 Figure 10-20 Turbhe – Fire vulnerability at node level ...... 229 Figure 10-21 Turbhe – SoVI at the census 2011 ward level – Floods ...... 230 Figure 10-22 Turbhe – Flood vulnerability at node level ...... 233 Figure 10-23 Turbhe – SoVI at the census 2011 ward level - Building collapse/landslide ...... 234 Figure 10-24 Turbhe – Building collapse/landslide vulnerability at node level ...... 238 Figure 11-1 Land Use - Nerul ...... 241 Figure 11-2 Population Density (Nerul 2011) ...... 242 Figure 11-3 Female Population (Nerul 2011) ...... 244 Figure 11-4 Population under 6 years of age (Nerul 2011) ...... 244 Figure 11-5 Population SC & ST (Nerul 2011) ...... 246 Figure 11-6 Illiteracy Rates (Nerul 2011) ...... 247 Figure 11-7 Working & Non-Working Population (Nerul 2011) ...... 248 Figure 11-8 Main & Marginal Working Population (Nerul 2011) ...... 249 Figure 11-9 Dilapidated Buildings (Nerul 2011) ...... 252 Figure 11-10 Vulnerable Roof (Nerul 2011) ...... 252 Figure 11-11 Vulnerable Wall (Nerul 2011) ...... 253 Figure 11-12 Vulnerable Floor (Nerul 2011) ...... 253 Figure 11-13 Unsafe Drinking Water (Nerul 2011) ...... 255 Figure 11-14 Water Source out of Premises (Nerul 2011) ...... 255 Figure 11-15 Unsafe Source of Light (Nerul 2011) ...... 255 Figure 11-16 Access to Latrine (Nerul 2011) ...... 256

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Figure 11-17 Unsafe Drainage (Nerul 2011) ...... 256 Figure 11-18 Unsafe Cooking Fuel (Nerul 2011) ...... 256 Figure 11-19 Ownership Status (Nerul 2011) ...... 259 Figure 11-20 Availing Banking Services (Nerul 2011) ...... 260 Figure 11-21 Nerul – SoVI at the census 2011 ward level - Fire ...... 262 Figure 11-22 Nerul – Fire vulnerability at node level ...... 266 Figure 11-23 Nerul – SoVI at the census 2011 ward level – Floods...... 267 Figure 11-24 Nerul – Flood vulnerability at node level ...... 271 Figure 11-25 Nerul – SoVI at the census 2011 ward level - Building collapse/landslide ...... 272 Figure 11-26 Nerul – Building collapse/landslide vulnerability at node level ...... 276 Figure 12-1 Land Use - Belapur ...... 279 Figure 12-2 Population Density (Belapur 2011) ...... 280 Figure 12-3 Female Population (Belapur 2011) ...... 281 Figure 12-4 Population under 6 years of age (Belapur 2011) ...... 283 Figure 12-5 Population SC & ST (Belapur 2011) ...... 284 Figure 12-6 Illiteracy Rates (Belapur 2011) ...... 285 Figure 12-7 Working & Non-Working Population (Belapur 2011) ...... 286 Figure 12-8 Main & Marginal Working Population (Belapur 2011) ...... 286 Figure 12-9 Dilapidated Building Stock (Belapur 2011) ...... 290 Figure 12-10 Vulnerable Roof (Belapur 2011) ...... 290 Figure 12-11 Vulnerable Wall (Belapur 2011) ...... 291 Figure 12-12 Vulnerable Floor (Belapur 2011) ...... 291 Figure 12-13 Unsafe Drinking Water (Belapur 2011)...... 292 Figure 12-14 Water Source out of Premises (Belapur 2011) ...... 293 Figure 12-15 Unsafe Source of Light (Belapur 2011) ...... 293 Figure 12-16 Access to Latrine (Belapur 2011) ...... 293 Figure 12-17 Unsafe Drainage (Belapur 2011) ...... 294 Figure 12-18 Unsafe Cooking Fuel (Belapur 2011) ...... 294 Figure 12-19 Ownership Status (Belapur 2011) ...... 297 Figure 12-20 Availing Banking Services (Belapur 2011)...... 297

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Figure 12-21 Belapur – SoVI at the census 2011 ward level - Fire ...... 299 Figure 12-22 Belapur – Fire vulnerability at node level ...... 303 Figure 12-23 Belapur – SoVI at the census 2011 ward level – Floods ...... 304 Figure 12-24 Belapur – Flood vulnerability at node level ...... 307 Figure 12-25 Belapur – SoVI at the census 2011 ward level - Building collapse/landslide ...... 308 Figure 12-26 Belapur - Building collapse/landslide vulnerability at node level ...... 312 Figure 13-1 Fire Vulnerability at Census Ward 2011 Level ...... 314 Figure 13-2 Flood Vulnerability at Census Ward 2011 Level ...... 315 Figure 13-3 Landslide and Building Collapse Vulnerability at Census Ward 2011 Level ...... 316

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Appendix

JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

Appendix 1 Concept and Models of Social Vulnerability Risk-Hazard (RH) model (diagram after Turner et al., 2003), considers the impact of a hazard as a function of exposure and sensitivity. The chain sequence begins with the hazard, and the concept of vulnerability is noted implicitly as represented by red arrows.

Figure 1-1 Risk-Hazard Model

Pressure and Release (PAR) model after Blaikie et al. (1994) provides the progression of vulnerability. The PAR model considers disaster as a function of socio-economic pressures and physical exposures (natural hazards).

Figure 1-2 Pressure and Release Model

The PAR model understands a disaster as the intersection between socio-economic pressure and physical exposure. Risk is explicitly defined as a function of the perturbation, stressor, or stress and the vulnerability of the exposed unit (Blaikie et al, 1994).

In this way, it directs attention to the conditions that make exposure unsafe, leading to vulnerability and to the causes creating these conditions. Used primarily to address social groups facing disaster

JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017 events, the model emphasizes distinctions in vulnerability by different exposure units such as social class and ethnicity.

The model distinguishes between three components on the social side: root causes, dynamic pressures and unsafe conditions, and one component on the natural side, the natural hazards itself. Principal root causes include “economic, demographic and political processes”, which affect the allocation and distribution of resources between different groups of people. Dynamic Pressures translate economic and political processes in local circumstances (e.g. migration patterns). Unsafe conditions are the specific forms in which vulnerability is expressed in time and space, such as those induced by the physical environment, local economy or social relations (Blaikie, Cannon et al. 1994).

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Appendix 2 Methodologies for Social Vulnerability Assessment Winrock International India in its report “Develop a baseline document to capture and analyse existing approaches and methodologies for Hazard Risk & Vulnerability Assessment – Final Report” outlines certain methodologies to assess the social vulnerability of persons/communities/cites. Given below is a summary of the same.

Table 2-1 Methodologies to conduct a HRVA – Winrock International Limited

Sr. No Name of the method Description Input Output Level of applicability Framework developed by ActionAid which involves communities, local authorities and other stakeholders in an in-depth examination of the factors which Historical data on disasters PVA exercise provides the following This is a multi-leveled analytical make them vulnerable to natural Seasonal calendar outputs: approach and can be applied at hazards Data for identification of  Actions to be taken at the Participatory the community level, ward level The analytical framework is based vulnerable population like age, community level 1 Vulnerability Analysis and city level on the fact that the local gender, ethnicity etc.  Actions to be taken at the (PVA) The stakeholders would change community knows the local Data on most vulnerable groups district level as per the level of analysis. condition much better than the Data for assessment of capacities,  Actions to be taken at the

project implementers and Community action plan national level therefore, they are in the best position to plan for actions to reduce their exposure to hazards and shocks. The CVCA method intends to guide Forethought, planning, and Vulnerability mapping of the The CVCA method is intended to Community-wide 2 and enhance the assessment of layering of information is required community being assessed in the be applicable universally across Vulnerability and hazard-risk vulnerability (HRV) at at each step of the CVCA method. form of maps, graphs, figures, tables diverse cultures, community

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Sr. No Name of the method Description Input Output Level of applicability Capacity Assessment the municipal level and thereby to Data requirements include and templates describing the overall sizes, geographic locations, or (CVCA) enhance the emergency planning population, site, or risk-related vulnerability of the community resource levels. process. It augments the existing information, community maps towards the particular natural assessment tools. (with relevant natural or hazard in question. The Community-wide Vulnerability geographical barriers like lakes, and Capacity Assessment (CVCA) rivers; key human constructed is intended to help the emergency structures; political or managers and municipal planners jurisdictional boundaries) to understand the needs of their vulnerable populations in a better way, as well as meet the needs of the “most vulnerable”. The process is designed to provide a comprehensive view of the population being assessed. Vulnerability and Capacity Various techniques made use of for The expected outcomes from a VCA Assessment (VCA) is a data collection include process are as follows: participatory investigative process  Rapid Rural/Urban Appraisal  A baseline assessment for assessing the risks that people and Participatory information that serves as the face in their locality, their Rural/Urban Appraisal; entry point for an emergency The focus of the assessment is at vulnerability to those risks, and the Vulnerability and  transect walks, needs assessment following a the locality, neighbourhood and capacities they possess to cope 3 Capacity Assessment  physical maps and social disaster community level. VCA can be with a hazard and recover from it (VCA) maps;  Community’s understanding of used at the Panchayat and when it strikes.  wealth ranking and mini- its own environment in relation Municipal level. The VCA serves as an important surveys; to known risks and hazards tool in supporting decisions with  Venn diagrams,  Community’s realization of its respect to disaster preparedness own capacities to cope with and the development of mitigation  economic relationship charts those risks and hazards programs. and kinship charts;

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Sr. No Name of the method Description Input Output Level of applicability  daily time use charts and  Agreement between the seasonal calendars; community and local authorities  production flow charts, on actions needed to prevent or  impact flow charts and reduce the effects of hazards problem trees;  Development of relevant  matrix ranking and scoring projects in prevention, preparedness and risk reduction Various techniques made use of for Participatory Capacities And data collection include Vulnerability Assessment (PCVA)  Rapid Rural/Urban Appraisal is primarily based on the existing and Participatory analytical method of Capacities Rural/Urban Appraisal; and Vulnerability Assessment  transect walks, PCVA provides an in-depth analysis (CVA). PCVA was conceptualized  physical maps and social of the local vulnerabilities of in 1998 upon refining the maps; different sections of the population. Participatory limitations of CVA to involve local The scale of assessment looks at  wealth ranking and mini- It assists the local government/ NGO Capacities And communities. In addition, the CVA community / local level. It can be 4 surveys; to assess the local capabilities to Vulnerability framework was combined with used at municipality and village  Venn diagrams, address disaster. It facilitates Assessment (PCVA) participatory approaches, Panchayat level.  economic relationship charts disaster management through local specifically with participatory and kinship charts; governance by undertaking micro rural appraisal (PRA) tools; with  daily time use charts and planning exercise. the objective of providing more seasonal calendars; opportunity for local communities and other stakeholders to  production flow charts, participate in assessing the  impact flow charts and disaster scenarios. problem trees;  matrix ranking and scoring

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Sr. No Name of the method Description Input Output Level of applicability The VCI method identifies and Data inputs that would be needed examines eleven critical indicators in the following categories of of vulnerabilities covering indicators primarily through material, institutional and primary surveys: attitudinal drivers of social Material Vulnerabilities like The application of this methodology vulnerability. income Source, educational will result in development of a This methodology can be used at attainment and assets. vulnerability and capacities index the household and community level Exposure and hazard proofing which can provide a measure of the VCI is a simple and covering both rural as well as techniques current factors that drives comprehensive method which can Vulnerability and urban areas. This method is Institutional Vulnerability like vulnerability in terms of material, be used for measuring 5 Capacity Index (VCI) different from other methodologies social networks institutional and attitudinal aspects. differential vulnerability at the Method as it measures the prevalent Infrastructure: Status of all- This can help the policy makers in household and community level conditions that drives vulnerability weather road, electricity, clean designing appropriate packages/ in both rural and urban areas. and does not measures them in drinking water, telecommunication programs for reducing the relation to any thresholds levels of medical facility vulnerabilities of the targeted damage from specific hazards as Warning Systems: Status of community/ households/ region. some other vulnerability indices. warning system One of the key advantages of this Community of disadvantaged method is its ability to provide a lower caste, religious or ethnic quantitative measure of minority vulnerability

Drawing from several of these methodologies, the next section discusses the approach adopted by thus project/study to develop a vulnerability index.

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Appendix 3 Quantifying Vulnerability – What is Vulnerability Index? A vulnerability index is a measure of the exposure of a population to hazard. Typically, the index is a composite/combination of multiple quantitative indicators.

Construction of vulnerability index consists of several steps. First is the selection of study area which could be divided into several regions. In each region a set of indicators are selected for each component of vulnerability. The indicators can be selected based the availability of data, personal judgment, previous research or a combination of these. Since vulnerability is dynamic over time, it is important that all the indicators relate to the particular year chosen. If vulnerability has to be assessed over years then the data for each year for all the indicators in each region must be examined.

Based on the definitions and description of vulnerabilities and its types, four indices have been developed, i.e.:

 Environmental/Ecological Vulnerability Index,  Population Vulnerability Index,  Social Vulnerability Index  Infrastructure Vulnerability Index. This has been represented in the figure below, which shows that the overall vulnerability index is a function of these vulnerability indices. This also involves prioritization by assigning weights to various indices depending upon scale and context of implementation.

Figure 3-1 Vulnerability Index Model

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Appendix 4 Methodologies for Calculating Vulnerability Index

A Identifying and arranging indicators Indicators are quantifiable constructs that provide information either on matters of wider significance than that which is actually measured, or on a process or trend that otherwise might not be apparent (Hammond et al, 1995). Essentially they are a means of encapsulating a complex reality in a single construct.

From review of various literatures on vulnerability, it is clear that vulnerability has three components: exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity. These three components are described as:

 Exposure can be interpreted as the direct danger (i.e., the stressor), and the nature and extent of changes to a region’s climate variables (e.g., temperature, precipitation, extreme weather events).  Sensitivity describes the human–environmental conditions that can worsen the hazard, ameliorate the hazard, or trigger an impact.  Adaptive capacity represents the potential to implement adaptation measures that help avert potential impacts Normalization of the indicators Similarly, indicators of vulnerability can also be grouped. Thus, indicators are characteristics of the population/place which increase or decrease their vulnerability.

 Exposure could be proximity to coastline, contour levels, unprecedented rainfall, and distance from fire stations and hospitals etc.  Sensitivity could be indicators like population density, age factors etc.  And adaptive capacity could be alternate jobs, education levels etc. Based on the aspect of vulnerability that needs to be assessed i.e. economic, social, physical or environmental, the indicators are listed and arranged in a matrix.

For each component/indicator of vulnerability, the collected data are then arranged in the form of a rectangular matrix with rows representing regions and columns representing indicators. Let there be M regions/districts and let us say we have collected K indicators. Then the table will have M rows and K columns as shown below:

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Table 4-1 Arrangement of Data for Vulnerability Assessment

Wards Indicator 1 Indicator 2 Indicator 3 Indicator 4 Indicator k

1 X11 X21 X31 X41 XK1

2 X12 X22 X32 X42 XK2

3 X13 X23 X33 X43 XK3

4 X14 X24 X34 X44 XK4

M X1M X2M X3M X4M XKM

B Categorizing and normalization of the indicators Once the indicators are finalized, the initial step is to normalise the entire data set.

Since the data is on varied dimensions, it possesses different units. For example density will number of persons per square whereas literacy rate would be in terms of percentage etc. Hence data has to be normalised for aggregation. That is to obtain figures which are free from the units and also to standardize their values.

However, to undertake the process of normalisation, the indicators have to be analysed in terms of their relationship with vulnerability.

Here, two types of functional relationships are possible:

 Directly proportional i.e. vulnerability increases with increase in the value of the indicator and decreases with decrease in values of the indicator. Example density, number of households, population.

 Inversely proportional i.e. vulnerability decreases with increase in the value of the indicator or vulnerability increases with decrease in values of the indicator. Example income, literacy rate. In case of directly proportional relation: The normalised value of “Indicator 1” for “Ward 3” will be:

Normalised X13 = X13 – (minimum value of indicator 1) maximum value of indicator 1 – minimum value of indicator 1

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Similarly, In case of indirectly proportional relation: The normalised value of “Indicator 4” for “Ward 2” will be:

Normalised X42 = (maximum value of indicator 1) - X42 maximum value of indicator 1 – minimum value of indicator 1 This method of normalization that takes into account the functional relationship between the variable and vulnerability is important in the construction of the indices. If the functional relation is ignored and if the variables are normalized simply by applying formula (1), the resulting index will be misleading.

C Constructing the Vulnerability Index After computing the normalized scores the index is constructed by giving either equal weights to all indicators/components or unequal weights.

 Methods with equal weights This can again be done by two methods. Given below is a comparison

Table 4-2 Comparing methods with equal weights for constructing the vulnerability index

Patnaik And Narain Method (Patnaik And Simple Average Of The Scores Narayanan, 2005) Simple average of all the normalized scores to construct the vulnerability index by using the Here the indicators are grouped into categories. For formula for mathematical averaging. example, demographic, occupational, geographical Finally, the vulnerability indices are used to rank etc. Then the normalized scores are then averaged the different regions in terms of vulnerability. A under these categories and hence various indices are region with highest index is said to be most created like demographic index, occupational index vulnerable and it is given the rank 1, the region etc. with next highest index is assigned rank 2 and so These indices are then averaged again and ranked. on. The advantage of this method is that we can compute the indices category-wise and ranks can be allotted Here the overall vulnerability is assessed and no category-wise also. indication of contributors of vulnerability is given. Since multiple indices are calculated, this method gives indication of the highest contributor to the vulnerability.

 Methods with Unequal Weights The method of simple averages gives equal importance to all the indicators which is not necessarily correct. Some indicators have a greater bearing on vulnerability of a given population compared to others. Hence many authors prefer to give weights to the indicators. A survey of literature shows that the following methods are used to give weights.

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 Expert Judgment In this method, the weights are assigned based on expert opinion. It is a subjective method.

 Iyengar and Sudarshan’s Method Iyengar and Sudarshan (1982) developed a method to work-out a composite index from multivariate data and it was used to rank the districts in terms of their economic performance. This methodology is statistically sound and well suited for the development of composite index of vulnerability.

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Appendix 5 Digha Node

Note: All land use calculations are based on Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation Fire Hazards Response and Mitigation Plan, 2010”. The land use percentages are for the area under NMMC jurisdiction and do not include the land use in the MIDC belt.

A Location Digha is the northern most node within NMMC. To its south is the Airoli node and on the north is the boundary of the adjoining Thane Municipal Corporation boundary (refer map A2).The area is characterized by haphazard development and squatters.

Digha has a 400 KV receiving electric station which supplies and distributes power to the entire state of Maharashtra. Due to this, there are certain power corridors marked as no development zones within the ward. Unauthorized development is seen in this zone.

B Node composition for analysis Census 2011 data is the latest available data at the micro level, wherein the city has been divided into 89 smaller wards. Few wards together form the node.

Digha consists of 5 such Census (2011) wards (for ward boundaries refer map C2.)

Table 5-1 Census Wards (Digha 2011)

Municipal Ward Census Ward No No. of Census Wards

Digha 1,2,3,4,5 5

C Land use and development Systemic planning of land and its resources allows for optimal utilization, rational and sustainable use of land catering to various needs, including social, economic, developmental and environmental needs. The country can no longer afford to neglect land, the most important natural resource. Ensuring sustainable use on the one hand and avoiding adverse land uses on the other hand is an imperative. There is a need to cater land for industrialization and for development of essential infrastructure facilities. Simultaneously, ensuring high quality delivery of services of ecosystems that come from natural resource base, catering to the needs of the farmers that enable food security of the country, is of vital significance and cannot be overlooked. Also, there is a need for preservation of the country’s natural, cultural and historic heritage areas. In the context of these competing demands on land, systematic planning is necessary to work towards optimal utilization of land resources. According to the constitutional Entry No. 18 of the Seventh Schedule (the State List) land including assessment and collection of revenue,

27 JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017 maintenance of land records, land management and alienation of revenue etc. falls under the purview of the State Governments. “Land” being a State subject, falls under the legislative and competence of the States. Land use planning falls, therefore, under the responsibility of the State Governments1.

Proper land use planning based on sound scientific, and technical procedures, and land utilization strategies, supported by participatory approaches and a sensitive, honest government can help decision making with regard to appropriate allocation and utilization of land and its resources in a comprehensive manner; consistently catering to the present and future demands.

In case of Digha, maximum area is used for residential (68.94%) purpose with Industrial (20%) development. But the development in residential sector is of squatters and low income housing. Though as seen in Map no: B2, the maximum area is earmarked for industrial use, the case is not so on ground. Most of these lands have informal settlement and also some illegal construction was seen (refer picture below). CIDCO has issued notices to the buildings.

Figure 5-1 Notice being served to the illegal construction activities in Digha

1 Draft National Land Utilisation Policy

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Table 5-2 Land Use2 - Digha

Sr. No Land use Category Area in Ha % Area 1 Residential 1951.26 68.94% 2 Commercial - 0.00% 3 Social Facilities - 0.00% 4 Industrial 566.07 20.00% 5 Open Space - 0.00% 6 Circulation 283.04 10.00% 7 Public utilities - 0.00% 8 Infrastructure Corridor 30.00 1.06% 9 Storage - 0.00% 10 Net Developed Area 2830.37

Figure 5-2 Land Use - Digha

D Population Density Population distribution has a very major role to play in case of any disaster in a region. Any city which is densely populated results in congestion, limited escape routes, limited space for routing or plying emergency. Often this could also potentially render the infrastructure unsafe and is indicative of social and economic characteristic of the community. The chart and table depicting the population density of Digha clearly demonstrates that two wards out of five are very densely populated reiterating what is observed in the land use pattern in the node.

2 Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation Fire Hazards Response and Mitigation Plan, 2010.

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From the perspective of physical vulnerability, people in ward 2 and 5 of Digha need special attention.

Table 5-3 Population Density (Digha 2011)

Census Total Area (Km Population % PoP %PoP wrt Node Ward Population Sq.) Density wrt Ward NMMC 1 13041 1.37 9520 21.74 1.16 2 8638 0.32 27091 14.40 0.77 DIGHA 3 11632 1.67 6951 19.39 1.04 4 15213 1.86 8179 25.36 1.36 5 11471 0.40 28770 19.12 1.02 Total 59995 5.62 10674 Digha % Population wrt NMMC 5.35 Total NMMC 1120547 125.43 8934

Figure 5-3 Population Density (Digha 2011)

E Vulnerable population Social Vulnerability refers to the socio-economic and demographic factors that affect the resilience of community. Female population, children below 6 years of age, illiterate people, people who have no or scarce income are very susceptible to any disaster. They fall in this category as they are adversely affected due to an event and are less likely to recover, unless special provisions are made. The following tables and charts give us a fair idea about the social fabric of Digha node. a) Female population 5.25 % of city women population stays in Digha. It is evident from the chart and table below that the percentage of women population residing in Digha is at par with the city percentage. Women are categorized under the vulnerable section of society, it is because they may not be fully equipped to respond and recover from any event. Past experiences have shown that they are more likely to recognize and respond to risk, but tend to be more

30 JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017 at the receiving end. It is evident that approximately 45% of the city population falls in the vulnerable category.

Table 5-4 Female Population (Digha 2011)

%Tot_F (Wrt Node Census Ward Tot_P Tot_M % Tot_M Tot_F Ward) 1 13041 7310 12.18 5731 43.95 2 8638 4638 7.73 4000 46.31 DIGHA 3 11632 6494 10.82 5138 44.17 4 15213 8267 13.78 6946 45.66 5 11471 6504 10.84 4967 43.30 Total Digha 59995 33213 55.36 26782 44.64 Total NMMC 1120547 610060 510487 45.56 % Female- Digha wrt NMMC 5.25

Figure 5-4 Female Population (Digha 2011)

b) Population 0-6 Years Young children and elderly are the other section of society who find themselves fending for help even during normal situations. Any event makes them very vulnerable. In case of Digha, 6% of the city’s population under the age of 6 years reside here adding to the vulnerability factor.

Table 5-5 Population under 6 years of age (Digha 2011)

Node Census Ward Tot_ Population Population_06 %Population_06

1 13041 1710 13.11 2 8638 1048 12.13 DIGHA 3 11632 1551 13.33 4 15213 2253 14.81

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5 11471 1723 15.02 Total 59995 8285 13.81 Digha wrt NMMC 6.39 NMMC 1120547 129591 NMMC % ToT Pop-06 11.56

Figure 5-5 Population under 6 years of age (Digha 2011)

c) SC and ST populations According to the report by 3Arjun Sen Gupta Committee, Dalits constitute 81% of India’s vulnerable population.. They also constitute most of India’s population below poverty line. The pre-existing- vulnerabilities are compounded in the event of disasters. In Digha, as is evident from the table and chart given below, SC ST constitutes around 16% of the total population of Digha. However, Ward 4 has a very high SC population in comparison to the city average whereas ward 5 has ST population more than the city average.

Table 5-6 Population SC & ST (Digha 2011)

Census Total % P_ SC % P_ST Node P_SC P_ST Ward Population (% Ward) (% Ward)

1 13041 953 7.31 129 0.99 2 8638 768 8.89 194 2.25 DIGHA 3 11632 1312 11.28 285 2.45 4 15213 4021 26.43 266 1.75 5 11471 1339 11.67 340 2.96 Total 59995 8393 13.99 1214 2.02 Total NMMC 1120547 100067 18913

3 http://www.ncdhr.org.in/daaa-1/daaa-publication/NCDHR%20Climate%20Change%20.pdf

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NMMC % P_SC 8.93 NMMC % P_ST 1.69

Figure 5-6 Population SC & ST (Digha 2011)

d) Illiterate population Education is attributed a key role in both preventing and managing any event. It not only gives every individual access to decent earning but also an opportunity to become more aware about their rights and duties. The chart and table below clearly demonstrate that the population without basic education, in comparison to the city average (NMMC) population, is high in all the wards of Digha

Table 5-7 Illiteracy Rates (Digha 2011)

Node Census Ward Total Population P_Ill % P_ILL wrt Ward

1 13041 3367 25.82 2 8638 2260 26.16 DIGHA 3 11632 2933 25.21 4 15213 4686 30.80 5 11471 3248 28.31 Total 59995 16494 27.49 Total NMMC 1120547 232430 NMMC %P_IIT 20.74

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Figure 5-7 Illiteracy Rates (Digha 2011)

e) Non-workers and marginal workers As per Census, those workers who had worked for the major part of the reference period (i.e. 6 months or more) are termed as Main Workers. Those workers who had not worked for the major part of the reference period (i.e. less than 6 months) are termed as Marginal Workers4. A person who did not at all work during the reference period was treated as non- worker. The non-workers broadly constitute Students who did not participate in any economic activity paid or unpaid, household duties who were attending to daily household chores like cooking, cleaning utensils, looking after children, fetching water etc.

The table and chart below indicates that approximately 90% of the Total working population falls in the Main Worker category whereas the marginal working population constitutes only 10% of the total working population. When the working and non-working population of Digha are analysed it is evident that only 39% of the total population falls in the working category. This implies that more than 60% people residing in Digha fall in non- working category which largely comprises of students, women, elderly, children etc.

4 https://data.gov.in/keywords/marginal-worker

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Figure 5-8 Working & Non-Working Population (Digha 2011)

Figure 5-9 Main & Marginal Working Population (Digha 2011)

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Table 5-8 Work Scenario (Digha 2011)

Working Population – Dependents

Census Total Tot_ % Tot_Work Main % Main Marg %Marg Non_ %Non_ Node Ward Population Work_P P Work_P Work_P Work_P Work_P Work_P Work_P

1 13041 4960 38.03 4582 35.14 378 2.90 8081 61.97 2 8638 3424 39.64 2953 34.19 471 5.45 5214 60.36 DIGHA 3 11632 4762 40.94 4361 37.49 401 3.45 6870 59.06 4 15213 5717 37.58 4968 32.66 749 4.92 9496 62.42 5 11471 4428 38.60 4005 34.91 423 3.69 7043 61.40 Total 59995 23291 38.82 20869 89.60 2422 10.40 36704 61.18 Digha wrt NMMC 5.11 4.98 6.72 6.29 Total NMMC 1120547 455485 419469 36016 583872 NMMC % Population 40.65 92.09 7.91 52.11

JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017 f) Slum location and population Data for slums has been collated from three sources; Census 2011, list of slums with number of households & population data; list of slums provided by NMMC and slums and encroachments as shown in Auto Cad drawings given by the Town Planning Department, NMMC. The slums and encroachment as shown in the map C2 have been referred to as hutments hereafter.

Based on compilation of data from all the above, 18 slums was identified in Digha. Population and household details of 14 are listed in the Census 2011, based on which the following data has been composed. It is quite possible that the slums with missing data are the ones identified post 2011.

Table 5-9 Slum Data (Digha 2011)

Census 2011 Sr. Name of slum Number of % of No Population % of H/H H/H Population 1 Digha Goan 0.0% 0.0% 2 Digha Purva 0.0% 0.0% 3 Ram Nagar 778 4308 5.6% 7.2% 4 Sathe Nagar 456 2173 3.3% 3.6% 5 Vishnu Nagar 1062 5033 7.6% 8.4% 6 Pandhari Nagar 340 1616 2.4% 2.7% 7 Vijay Nagar 208 988 1.5% 1.6% 8 Elthan Pada 526 2505 3.8% 4.2% 9 Ganpati Pada 350 1747 2.5% 2.9% 10 Subhash Nagar 355 1689 2.5% 2.8% 11 Kanhaiya Nagar 0.0% 0.0% 12 Phule Nagar 346 1647 2.5% 2.7% Ambedkar Nagar/Ganesh 13 405 2286 2.9% 3.8% Nagar 14 Namdev Nagar 337 1534 2.4% 2.6% 15 Sanjay Gandhi Nagar 1069 5095 7.7% 8.5% 16 Ishwar Nagar 1129 5646 8.1% 9.4% 17 Anand Nagar 0.0% 0.0% 18 Bindu Mahadev Nagar 971 4262 7.0% 7.1% A TOTAL 8332 40529 59.8% 67.6% B DIGHA WARD 13925 59995 As per the available data, 59.8% and 67.9% of household and population of the node respectively, resides in slums in Digha.

As stated above certain hutments were identified from the maps. These were analysed in terms of their location and area. In certain cases, clear boundaries were not shown between various hutment pockets, thus is such cases the area of such pockets is calculated together.

JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

As seen in the table below, Census ward 2 within Digha node has the largest area in terms of percentage of area of the ward are under slums. Of the total area of Digha (562.08ha), nearly 7.22% (40.59ha) is under slums. When these slums were mapped with respect to the high tension wires within the ward, it was seen that the slums are on the land right below the HT lines (refer images below). This land is to be kept vacant as per norms for safety reasons. Thus making these sites the most vulnerable and it is on this land that the slums have settled (refer map C2).

Figure 5-10 Slums under high tension wires – Digha

Table 5-10 Slum Area from AutoCAD map collected from TP Dept., NMMC - Digha

Census Area covered by Area covered by Name Ward Area (ha) Ward No hutments (ha) hutments (%)

2 Ramnagar 6.65 Savitrinagar 1.95 Ganpatipada 2.73 TOTAL 11.33 31.88 35.54% 3 Ganeshnagar 2.86 Ganeshnagar 2.55 Dighe 4.42 Dighe 3.24 TOTAL 13.07 167.34 7.81% 4 Sathenagar 1.92 Vishnunagar 3.19 Pandharinagar 0.80 TOTAL 5.90 186.01 3.17% Pandharinagar, 5 10.26 Subhashnagar, Ilthanpada

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Census Area covered by Area covered by Name Ward Area (ha) Ward No hutments (ha) hutments (%)

TOTAL 10.26 39.87 25.73% TOTAL DIGHA NODE 40.56 562.08 7.22% AREA

F Vulnerable Housing The condition of the housing stock reveals living condition of the people. Navi Mumbai lies very close to the Panvel fault line increasing risk to unsafe constructions. Construction material used for wall, roof and floor indicate the vulnerability of those houses to any hazard/event. Any house which show signs of decay or those breaking down and required major repairs and are far from being in condition that can be restored or repaired are considered as dilapidated5.

From the table and chart below it is evident that ward 1 of Digha has high percentage of dilapidated buildings. It also indicates that percentage of houses with vulnerable roof is very high in all the wards of Digha and ward 3, 4 & 5 have high percentage of houses with vulnerable wall. The vulnerability indicators of Digha at the aggregate level depict very poor housing stock compared to the city average.

It must be recalled that NMMC is a planned city and people living in these outlying/fringe area seem to be experiencing neglect and therefore are vulnerable.

Table 5-11 Vulnerable Housing (Digha 2011)

Dilapidated Vulnerable Vulnerable Vulnerable Node Census Ward Houses Roof Wall Floor 1 1.7 65.9 6.2 1.2 2 0.4 95.4 4.3 0.6 DIGHA 3 3.5 64.1 22.7 3.9 4 0.6 73.1 12.1 2.6 5 0.5 74.7 31.6 2.2 NMMC 1.1 25.4 6.9 2.3

5 Censusmp.nic.in – Housing condition and material used.

JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

Figure 5-11 Dilapidated Buildings (Digha 2011)

Figure 5-12 Vulnerable Roof (Digha 2011)

Figure 5-13 Vulnerable Floor (Digha 2011)

JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

Figure 5-14 Vulnerable Wall (Digha 2011)

G Level of services a) Physical Infrastructure Under this section parameters which are indicative of the availability of basic services and amenities have been covered. Safe drinking water is water that is free from disease causing organisms, toxic chemicals, colour, smell and unpleasant taste. Access to improved source of drinking water is a basic indicator of human development. Access to latrine and covered and proper drainage system are yet another service, which if not available can make the community highly vulnerable to diseases and health issues. Non availability and poor accessibility of basic amenities indicates high level of vulnerability in case of a hazard event. Improvement in public health infrastructure is an urgent need in such areas.

Any community with decent earning and residing in legal localities are provided with all the amenities along with electric supply. Absence or fewer facilities are indicator of vulnerability.

The table and chart below clearly suggests that Ward 1 of Digha have very high percentage of household relying on unsafe drinking water source and Ward 2 and 5 also tend to higher percentage of people dependent on unsafe drinking water sources.

In all the Wards of Digha indicate that the source of water is not easily available in the premise of residence. Ward 1, 2 and 4 when compared with the average city percentage of unsafe light source, have higher average percentages. Wards 4 & 5 have certain percentage of residents with no access to latrine higher than the city percentage. Drainage has been compromised in all the wards of Digha and so is the medium of fuel. All the above indicators are pointing towards a society with compromised Physical Infrastructure increasing the vulnerability indicator.

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Table 5-12 Physical Infrastructure Vulnerability (Digha 2011)

Water Unsafe Unsafe Unsafe Census Source No Access Unsafe Node Drinking Source Of Cooking Ward Out Of To Latrine Drainage Water Light Fuel Premises 1 15.6 39.2 2.7 1.1 34.6 32.3 2 3.1 55.9 2.7 0.6 30.2 34.8 DIGHA 3 0.4 46.8 1.9 3.7 28.6 42.8 4 5 47.7 3.3 6.4 23.5 59.5 5 4.7 74.1 1.6 1.8 49 63.3 NMMC 2.6 15.3 1.9 2.2 12.5 20.3

Figure 5-15 Unsafe Drinking Water (Digha 2011)

Figure 5-16 Water Source out of Premises (Digha 2011)

JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

Figure 5-17 Access to Latrine (Digha 2011)

Figure 5-18 Unsafe Drainage (Digha 2011)

Figure 5-19 Unsafe Cooking Fuel (Digha 2011)

JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

Figure 5-20 Unsafe Source of Light (Digha 2011)

b) Social infrastructure Through meeting and discussion with the ward officer of Digha node on the level of services available in the ward, such number of schools, hospital, fire stations and police stations were captured. Similarly during discussion with the officials of the fire department, it was noted that as per standards, one fire station can service a maximum areas of 10.5sq.km. To gauge whether hospitals, schools, community building and NMMC building fall within the ambit of 10.5sq.km, GIS based analysis was undertaken. Here facilities were seen in respect to their location within or outside the 10.5sq.km. Since 10.5sq.km is the fire station influence zone anything outside is not easily serviced in case of a hazard like fire, flood or building collapse. Also it is seen that the fire department is the first rescue mechanism in the city. Thus this analysis becomes all the more important to see.

FIRE STATION

Since there is no fire station within the ward the closest fire station is the Airoli Fire Station. When the 10.5 sq.km radius is mapped, it is seen that most of Digha node lies in the red zone i.e. the not easily accessible zone.

HEALTH SERVICES

The ward officer has pointed out that, there is no private hospital in the ward and only one government health post. In Map No: D2, it is clearly seen that this falls in the red zone, suggesting that health care services are not easily accessible to the people living in this node. .

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SCHOOLS AND AANGANWADI

As per discussions with the ward officers, there are 6 private and 3 public schools within the ward. However, the GIS map (provided by NMMC) has data only for once school and one aanganwadi (refer map E2). As per the map both these schools are located in the red zone. The vulnerability further increases for the aanganwadi as it also within a slum where in roads are very narrow for the fire engines to maneuver.

COMMUNITY BUILDINGS

Similarly there are quite a few community buildings and one NMMC property within the node and they all are located in the red zone i.e. in the vulnerable zone (refer map F2).

POLICE STATION/CHOWKI

Within the ward there is one Police Chowki and closest Police Station is at Rabale. These could not be mapped since GIS data was not available for them.

ROADS

In Digha, the map (refer map G2) shows only few roads and in the green category. However, in the image below the map, one can see many roads which are not captured in the GIS data. A visit to site to further explore the condition of roads and gauge accessibility showed a different picture. The roads other than the main road seen in green are of very bad quality and mostly less than 6 mts. The pictures below are taken in the informal settlements in Digha.

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Figure 5-21 Roads/lanes less than 6mts in the slums of Digha

RAILWAYS The nearest local railways station is at Airoli. It is part of the Vashi-Thane-Panvel Line. (Refer map H). c) Social Security People who have their own house and bank accounts can be categorized under population with some possessions. A registered house helps in claims in the aftermath of a disaster which damages the structure. Similarly presence and access to banks suggests economic inclusion. People can deposit savings which can be accessed during emergency situation. Any community having higher percentage of population falling in this category increases the overall capacity to cope with disasters.

Further having a bank account is an asset and suggests savings of some sort. Thus in a disaster situation, households with bank accounts are less vulnerable than households without bank accounts.

People who live in rented premises do so because they are either transient or do not have the financial resources to own a house. They often lack access to information about financial aid during recovery. In the most extreme cases, tenants lack decent shelter options when lodging becomes uninhabitable or too costly to afford.

In Digha, the population with self-owned houses is less than 40% clearly indicating that more than 60% are either on rent or are in hutments increasing the vulnerability index. The population with bank accounts also ranges between 60% - 80% indicative of some economic backup, but a considerable population does not enjoy this facility.

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Table 5-13 Social Security (Digha 2011)

Availing Banking Node Census Ward Ownership Status Services 1 36.7 79.4 2 26.2 81.1 DIGHA 3 37.7 61.3 4 30.2 64.9 5 37.5 70.3 NMMC Ownership Status 40.8 NMMC Availing Bank Account 84.6

Figure 5-22 Ownership status (Digha 2011)

Figure 5-23 Availing Banking Services (Digha 2011)

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H Vulnerable areas and past incidences a) Contour analysis and Low lying areas Through discussions with Mr. Rane, Deputy Chief Fire Officer, NMMC, it was understood that there are 12 low lying spots in Digha. This is also mentioned in the Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation Fire Hazards Response and Mitigation Plan, 2010. However, due to absence of contour data and old maps, these could not be mapped, nor are they available on GIS platform. However, from images available from map surfer of contour and SRTM maps, it is visible that the western edge has an undulating topography i.e. the Parsik hills (refer map I).

Figure 5-24 Mining activities and related pollution - Digha

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b) Proximity to water bodies Proximity of developed properties/houses/hutments etc. to water bodies is an important indicator of flood vulnerability. To gauge the same an analysis was undertake to see what part of the city fall within the maximum vulnerability, high vulnerability and medium vulnerability zones. Since the contour data for the city is not available, these buffers do not take into consideration the topography of that area. For lakes and holding ponds buffers on 100, 200 and 300mts were extracted and for nallahs buffers of 25, 50 and 100mts were considered. As seen in Map No: J2, most of the developed part of Digha node falls in these zones, thus increasing the flood vulnerability of the area.

Digha also has an 18th century dam (Fig 5-25) towards it east. This dam was built by the British to provide water source for the steam engines running from Thane. Over a period of time usage of this water for railways reduced. This dam was built to capture the runoff from Parsik hills and even today holds a large quantity of water. With the existence of informal settlement (Kanheiya Nagar) in the vicinity, the pipeline and natural drain which existed once upon a time has been affected. Every monsoon when the dam overflows, all the houses build in the way of natural flow of water get flooded (Fig 5-26). Even the dam is not being maintained and poses a potential danger.

Figure 5-25 Digha Dam

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Figure 5-26 Settlement at the natural drain of the Dam

c) Past Incidences and vulnerability During discussions with the ward officer, past incidences within the ward were flagged and noted. Mapping of these incidences was not done since information/maps were not available at the ward office. Here only major incidences were covered.

Table 5-14 Past Incidences - Digha

Incidence Date Loss to life Loss to Property Landslide 2013 None Damage to two households High intensive explosion 2013 None Damage to two households Fire September 2015 None Property Damage Digha as the northern most node of Navi Mumbai, is still peri-urban in nature. Mining activities were reported in this area, which the ward officers claim have now ceased. However discussion with fire officials revealed that there are still one off incidences of mining and blasting. In 2013, high intensive explosions in the mining areas, led to development of cracks in a few houses and also triggered a land slide in which two houses were completely destroyed. Loss of life was also reported. However, it was mentioned that Vishnu Nagar and Elthan Pada are two slums which regularly report minor landslides especially during the rains. Though mining activities have decreased, the earlier rampant mining has made the area vulnerable to landslides leading to building collapse. Most of the settlements discussed earlier are situated on slopes thus making them all vulnerable to landslides and building collapse. The ward officer specified that as per SOPs, a notice has to be issued when explosions are done in the mining areas, however people say that this is not followed.

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Bindu Nagar is one of the slums located in a low lying area and experienced regular flooding and water logging in the past. In lieu of this, canal widening had been done in this area in 2009, after which the number of incidences has substantially reduced.

Other than the above, fire incidences are regularly reported from the MIDC area. This has been discussed further in the section on fire vulnerability.

Though no major fire incidences have been reported, the node is highly vulnerable to fires. As mentioned earlier there are 18 slums pockets in the node. Slums characterized by high density, substandard living condition and building material are highly susceptible to fire. Within Digha a population of 40,529 as per 2011 Census is exposed to fire vulnerability. The slum map reveals that most of this development is on land below high tension wires which further augments their vulnerability to fire.

Slums and other development located below and around these high tension wires are exposed to high frequency electromagnetic radiations which makes them vulnerable to a large range of health issues like damaging DNA, cancer, neuro-degenerative disease and miscarriage.

A list was published in 2015 and 2016 by NMMC of the number ceased buildings within each ward/node. As per the list there are 9 such buildings within Digha. Of these 9, approximate location of 6 could identified through google maps, as per which 3 buildings are within Census Ward 1, and one each in Census ward 2 and 3 of Digha. Urgent action will help minimize and contain potential damage and loss of life.

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 Vulnerability in this ward (refer figure 5.25) is largely a result of the poor condition of housing and physical infrastructure.  Positive indicators of social security help limit the vulnerability to a certain extent.  Ward no 4 is the most vulnerable, while ward number 2 in the least vulnerable within the ward (refer table 5.14)  However, when seen at the city level, 4 out of five wards in the city are extremely risky (red zone) whereas one ward i.e. ward no 2 is in the high risk category (orange zone) (refer table 5.15).  In terms of social vulnerability, most wards lie in the orange zone, whereas ward 4 lies in the red zone and ward 2 lies in the medium zone.  Further, when combined to derive the overall risk, ward 1, 2 and 3 fall in the high risk zone whereas 4 and 5 lie in the extreme risk category.  However, when seen at the nodal level, Digha ranks 5th out of 8 in terms of overall risk towards fire and is in the medium risk category (refer table 5.16 and figure 5.26)

Figure 5-27 Digha – SoVI at the census 2011 ward level - Fire

JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

Table 5-15 Digha – SoVI at the census 2011 ward level - Fire

Digha - Census Physical Housing Demo Marg. Popn Economic Social Sec Physical SoVI Social SoVI Overall SoVI Ward 2011 Infra 0001 71.00 74.0 64.25 46.67 55.00 34.50 5256.25 6302246.32 36404261951.70 0002 62.00 78.5 56.00 46.50 46.50 21.00 4935.06 3262539.06 19207114474.13 0003 84.00 71.0 57.25 64.17 50.75 32.00 6006.25 6787336.61 46011738446.00 0004 75.00 78.5 68.88 80.33 76.50 21.50 5890.56 14588561.19 88728419113.91 0005 77.00 76.5 70.13 67.50 55.00 34.00 5890.56 10303654.87 64662292326.42

Table 5-16 Digha - SoVI ranking w.r.t. other wards - Fire

Census Ward 2011 Physical Vul Rank Phy Risk Social Vul Rank Social Risk Overall Rank Overall Risk

0001 74.0 5 57.0 4 64.0 4 0002 71.0 4 41.0 3 57.0 4 0003 81.0 5 58.0 4 71.0 4 0004 79.0 5 84.0 5 85.0 5 0005 78.0 5 71.0 4 75.5 5

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Table 5-17 Digha - SoVI w.r.t. other nodes - Fire

Physical Vul Sr. No Census Ward 2011 Physical SoVI Social Sovi Social Vul Rank Overall SoVI Overall Rank Rank 1 DIGHA NODE 83.63 4 20.03 1 13.27 5 2 AIROLI NODE 87.34 6 23.69 6 13.34 6 3 GHANSOLI NODE 83.88 5 24.38 8 14.20 8 4 KOPARKHAIRANE NODE 103.77 7 22.58 3 12.35 3 5 VASHI NODE 62.89 1 21.13 2 12.10 1 6 TURBHE NODE 106.83 8 23.53 5 13.86 7 7 NERUL NODE 69.95 2 24.29 7 12.86 4 8 BELAPUR NODE 76.39 3 22.75 4 12.30 2

JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

Figure 5-28 Digha – Fire vulnerability at node level

PHYSICAL VULNERABILITY RANK SOCIAL VULNERABILITY RANK OVERALL VULNERABILITY RANK

 Poor condition of housing and physical infrastructure contribute most to the vulnerability in this ward (refer figure 5.27).  Whereas positive indicators of social security help curtail the vulnerability to a certain extent.  Ward no 4 in the most vulnerable, while ward number 2 in the least vulnerable within the ward (refer table 5.17)  However, when seen at the city level except ward 1 all other ward are in the low risk zone (refer table 5.18). Since we are looking at flooding here, the wards do not have large water bodies and hence the vulnerability is lower.  However, when seen at the nodal level, the nodes ranks 5th out of 8 in terms of overall risk towards flood mainly due to the physical vulnerability in the node and is in the medium risk category (refer table 5.19 and figure 5.28)

Figure 5-29 Digha – SoVI at the census 2011 ward level - Floods

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Table 5-18 Digha - SoVI at the census 2011 ward level - Floods

Census Ward Physical Physical Housing Demo Marg. Popn Economic Social Sec Social Vul Overall SoVI 2011 Infra Vul 0001 53.80 75.80 64.25 46.67 55.00 34.50 4199.04 6302246.32 27689029757.09 0002 45.80 71.10 56.00 46.50 46.50 21.00 3416.40 3262539.06 11952968835.14 0003 62.10 60.30 57.25 64.17 50.75 32.00 3745.44 6787336.61 25997022956.18 0004 57.20 76.30 68.88 80.33 76.50 21.50 4455.56 14588561.19 65259959044.41 0005 57.90 76.20 70.13 67.50 55.00 34.00 4495.70 10303654.87 47222606008.08

Table 5-19 Digha SoVI ranking w.r.t. other wards - Floods

Census Ward 2011 Physical Vul Rank Phy Risk Social Vul Rank Social Risk Overall Rank Overall Risk

0001 78.0 5 87.0 5 83.0 5 0002 72.0 5 26.0 2 15.0 1 0003 74.0 5 12.0 1 7.0 1 0004 80.0 5 15.0 1 8.0 1 0005 81.0 5 31.0 2 25.0 2

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Table 5-20 Digha SoVI w.r.t. other nodes - Floods

Sr. No Census Ward 2011 Physical Vul Physical Vul Social Vul Social Vul Rank Overall SoVI Overall Rank Rank 1 DIGHA NODE 71.26 5 20.03 1 12.50 5 2 AIROLI NODE 76.34 6 23.69 6 12.71 6 3 GHANSOLI NODE 70.59 4 24.38 8 13.41 8 4 KOPARKHAIRANE NODE 92.25 8 22.58 3 11.82 3 5 VASHI NODE 59.56 1 21.13 2 11.55 1 6 TURBHE NODE 91.00 7 23.53 5 13.09 7 7 NERUL NODE 64.38 3 24.29 7 12.38 4 8 BELAPUR NODE 64.15 2 22.75 4 11.65 2

JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

Figure 5-30 Digha – Flood vulnerability at node level

PHYSICAL VULNERABILITY RANK SOCIAL VULNERABILITY RANK OVERALL VULNERABILITY RANK

JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017 c) Building collapse and landslides Based on the methodology stated in the annexure, the Social Vulnerability Index for floods was calculated for all census 2011 wards. Based on the table and figure below, following are the key observation/analysis:

 Being a node with poor quality of housing and large number of hutments, 4 out of 5 nodes are ranked lower and fall in red zone i.e. extreme vulnerability and risk (refer figure 5.29 and table 5.20)  The vulnerability is further augmented by poor physical infrastructure facilities. (refer table 5.21)  Overall, Digha node falls in the medium risk zone in terms of landslide and building collapse vulnerability. (refer table 5.22)

Figure 5-31 Digha – SoVI at the census 2011 ward level - Building collapse/landslide

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Table 5-21 Digha - SoVI at the census 2011 ward level - Building collapse/landslide

Census Ward Physical Marg. Housing Demo Economic Social Sec Physical Vul Social Vul Overall SoVI 2011 Infra Popn 0001 54.00 74.25 64.25 46.67 55.00 34.50 4112.02 6302246.32 27016336627.11 0002 45.40 72.75 56.00 46.50 46.50 21.00 3489.86 3262539.06 12268860860.17 0003 61.70 69.00 57.25 64.17 50.75 32.00 4270.62 6787336.61 30222056442.08 0004 57.20 72.75 68.88 80.33 76.50 21.50 4221.75 14588561.19 61692837437.81 0005 57.90 73.00 70.13 67.50 55.00 34.00 4283.70 10303654.87 44764216715.74

Table 5-22 Digha SoVI ranking w.r.t. other wards - Building collapse/landslide

Census Ward 2011 Physical Vul Rank Physical Risk Social Vul Rank Social Risk Overall Rank Overall Risk 0001 75.0 5 57.0 4 60.0 4 0002 68.0 4 41.0 3 51.0 3 0003 78.0 5 58.0 4 59.0 4 0004 77.0 5 84.0 5 87.0 5 0005 79.0 5 71.0 4 73.0 5

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Table 5-23 Digha SoVI w.r.t. other nodes - Building collapse/landslide

Physical Vul Sr. No Census Ward 2011 Physical Vul Social Vul Social Vul Rank Overall SoVI Overall Rank Rank 1 DIGHA NODE 71.38 4 20.03 1 12.48 5 2 AIROLI NODE 76.57 6 23.69 6 12.75 6 3 GHANSOLI NODE 75.13 5 24.38 8 13.69 8 4 KOPARKHAIRANE NODE 92.46 7 22.58 3 11.84 3 5 VASHI NODE 55.42 1 21.13 2 11.58 1 6 TURBHE NODE 93.18 8 23.53 5 13.15 7 7 NERUL NODE 63.89 2 24.29 7 12.34 4 8 BELAPUR NODE 68.76 3 22.75 4 11.82 2

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Figure 5-32 Digha – Building collapse/landslide vulnerability at node level

PHYSICAL VULNERABILITY RANK SOCIAL VULNERABILITY RANK OVERALL VULNERABILITY RANK

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Appendix 6 Airoli Node

Note: All land use calculations are based on Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation Fire Hazards Response and Mitigation Plan, 2010”. The land use percentages are for the areas under NMMC jurisdiction and does not include the land use in the MIDC belt.

A Location Airoli is developed in 20 sectors. This is connected to Mumbai through Airoli Bridge. This node was developed to cater to the residential demand of the industrial areas in Thane Belapur MIDC. The entire node is developed by CIDCO except sector 1 and 1A (encroachment) sector 9 (Diva gaon), sector 20 (Airoli gaon) (refer map A3).

B Node composition for analysis Census 2011 data is the latest available data at the micro level, wherein the city has been divided into 89 smaller wards. Few ward together form the node. In the case of Airoli, 12 Census 2011 wards are part of the Airoli Node.

Table 6-1 Census Wards (Airoli 2011)

Municipal Ward Census Ward No No. of Census Wards Airoli 6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17 12

C Land use and development There is a need for optimal utilization of land resources. The country can no longer afford to neglect land, the most important natural resource, so as to ensure sustainability and avoid adverse land conflicts. There is a need to cater land for industrialization and for development of essential infrastructure facilities and for urbanization. While at the same time, there is a need to ensure high quality delivery of services of ecosystems that come from natural resource base and to cater to the needs of the farmers that enable food security, both of which are of vital significance for the whole nation. Also, there is a need for preservation of the country’s natural, cultural and historic heritage areas. In every case, there is a need for optimal utilization of land resources. Provisions in the Indian Constitution According to the Entry No. 18 of the Seventh Schedule (the State List) of the Constitution of India, land including assessment and collection of revenue, maintenance of land records, land management and alienation of revenue etc. fall under the purview of the State Governments. “Land” being a State subject, falls under the

JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017 legislative and competence of the States. Land use planning falls, therefore, under the responsibility of the State Governments6.

Proper planning of land and its resources allows for rational and sustainable use of land catering to various needs, including social, economic, developmental and environmental needs. Proper land use planning based on sound scientific, and technical procedures, and land utilization strategies, supported by participatory approaches empowers people to make decisions on how to appropriately allocate and utilize land and its resources comprehensively and consistently catering to the present and future demands.

Airoli was designed to specifically cater to the demand of space for residential purpose. This demand was high due to the industrial development in the vicinity. It is very evident from the table below that the maximum land in Airoli comes under residential sector.

Table 6-2 Land Use - Airoli

Sr. No Land use Category Area in Ha % Area 1 Residential 133.99 35.54% 2 Commercial 11.19 2.97% 3 Social Facilities 23.74 6.30% 4 Industrial 3.52 0.93% 5 Open Space 38.61 10.24% 6 Circulation 71.43 18.95% 7 Public utilities 42.17 11.19% 8 Infrastructure Corridor 52.15 13.83% 9 Storage 0.22 0.06% 10 Net Developed Area 377.02

6Draft National Land Utilisation Policy

JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

Figure 6-1 Land use - Airoli

The chart and table depicting the population density of Airoli clearly demonstrates that most of the most wards have area less than a kilometer but are very densely populated; reiterating the fact that this node caters to a huge residential population, but the Land Use Planning has been ignored. Except ward 6, which is predominantly industrial, all wards have a density higher than the city average, with certain wards like ward no 10 and 14, where the density is nearly 8 times the city average.

Table 6-3 Population Density (Airoli 2011)

Census Area (km Population % PoP7wrt %PoPwrt Node Total population ward sq.) density Ward NMMC 6 10158 2.08 4874 6.33 0.91 7 21800 1.34 16273 13.58 1.95 8 7526 0.81 9256 4.69 0.67 9 24138 1.77 13641 15.04 2.15 AIROLI 10 11918 0.19 64224 7.42 1.06 11 9844 0.31 31506 6.13 0.88 12 7423 0.17 43511 4.62 0.66 13 9414 0.19 48632 5.86 0.84

7PoP - Population

JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

14 10834 0.16 69530 6.75 0.97 15 7590 0.78 9757 4.73 0.68 16 23883 0.73 32598 14.88 2.13 17 16010 0.58 27826 9.97 1.43 Total 160538 9.11 17621 Airoli % Population wrt NMMC 14.33 Total NMMC 1120547 125.43 8934

Figure 6-2 Population Density (Airoli 2011)

E Vulnerable population Social Vulnerability refers to the socioeconomic and demographic factors that affect the resilience of community. Female population, children below 6 years of age, illiterate people, people who have no or scarce income are very susceptible to any disaster and fall in this category. They get adversely affected due to an event and are less likely to recover. The following tables and charts give us a fair idea about the social fabric of Airoli node. a) Female population 14.51% of city women population stays in Airoli. It is evident from the chart and table below that the percentage of women population residing in Airoli is at par with the city percentage. Women are categorized under the vulnerable section of society, it is because they may not be fully equipped to respond and recover from any event. Past experiences have shown that they are more likely to recognize and respond to risk, but tend to be more at the receiving. It is evident that approximately 46% of the city population falls in the vulnerable category

Table 6-4 Female Population (Airoli 2011)

Census %Tot_F (Wrt Node Tot_P Tot_M % Tot_M Tot_F Ward Ward) 6 10158 6271 61.73 3887 38.27 AIROLI 7 21800 12570 57.66 9230 42.34

JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

8 7526 4168 55.38 3358 44.62 9 24138 12799 53.02 11339 46.98 10 11918 6272 52.63 5646 47.37 11 9844 5276 53.60 4568 46.40 12 7423 3865 52.07 3558 47.93 13 9414 4901 52.06 4513 47.94 14 10834 5618 51.86 5216 48.14 15 7590 3907 51.48 3683 48.52 16 23883 12365 51.77 11518 48.23 17 16010 8449 52.77 7561 47.23 Total 160538 86461 74077 46.14 Airoli wrt NMMC 14.51 NMMC 1120547 610060 510487 NMMC % Female 45.56

Figure 6-3 Female Population (Airoli 2011)

b) Population 0-6 Years Young children and elderly are the other section of society who find themselves fending for help even during normal situation. Any event makes them more vulnerable as they are dependent upon others from help. 14% of the city’s population under 6 years of age resides in Airoli. Table 6-5 Population under 6 years of age (Airoli 2011)

Node Census Ward Tot_ Population Population _06 %P_06

6 10158 1651 16.25 7 21800 3286 15.07 8 7526 930 12.36 AIROLI 9 24138 2955 12.24 10 11918 1199 10.06 11 9844 907 9.21

JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

12 7423 715 9.63 13 9414 923 9.80 14 10834 935 8.63 15 7590 703 9.26 16 23883 2622 10.98 17 16010 1682 10.51 Total 160538 18508 11.53 Airoli wrt NMMC 14.28 NMMC 1120547 129591 NMMC % ToT Pop-06 11.56

Figure 6-4 Population under 6 years of age (Airoli 2011)

c) SC and ST populations According to the Arjun Sen Gupta Committee report8, Dalits constitute 81% of India’s Vulnerable. They constitute most of the population below poverty line. The pre-existing- vulnerabilities are compounded in the event of disasters. Airoli, as is evident from the table and chart given below, SC and ST constitute around 15.84% and 14.69% of the total population of Airoli respectively. Wards 7, 8, 9, 11 & 12 have SC population higher in comparison to the city average whereas five wards out of twelve have ST population more than the city average.

Table 6-6 Population SC & ST (Airoli 2011)

% P_ SC % P_ST (% Node Census Ward Total Population P_SC P_ST (% Ward) Ward) 6 10158 552 5.43 84 0.83 7 21800 3151 14.45 379 1.74 AIROLI 8 7526 1085 14.42 155 2.06 9 24138 2469 10.23 446 1.85 10 11918 1154 9.68 132 1.11

8 http://www.ncdhr.org.in/daaa-1/daaa-publication/NCDHR%20Climate%20Change%20.pdf

JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

% P_ SC % P_ST (% Node Census Ward Total Population P_SC P_ST (% Ward) Ward) 11 9844 1292 13.12 208 2.11 12 7423 937 12.62 127 1.71 13 9414 810 8.60 129 1.37 14 10834 947 8.74 152 1.40 15 7590 334 4.40 118 1.55 16 23883 1824 7.64 476 1.99 17 16010 1293 8.08 373 2.33 Total 160538 15848 9.87 2779 1.73 Airoli wrt NMMC 15.84 14.69 NMMC 1120547 100067 18913 NMMC Total % SC 8.93 NMMC Total % ST 1.69

Figure 6-5 Population SC & ST (Airoli 2011)

d) Illiterate population Education is attributed a key role in both preventing and managing any event. It not only gives every individual a medium to decent earning but also an opportunity to know about their Rights and duties. The chart and table below clearly demonstrate that 20.41% of the population in Airoli does not have basic education which indicates towards the vulnerability.

Table 6-7 Illiteracy Rates (Airoli 2011)

Node Census Ward Total Population P_Ill % P_Ill Wrt Ward 6 10158 3438 33.85 7 21800 6850 31.42 8 7526 1738 23.09 9 24138 4813 19.94 10 11918 1927 16.17 AIROLI 11 9844 1685 17.12 12 7423 1354 18.24 13 9414 1584 16.83 14 10834 1461 13.49 15 7590 1070 14.10

JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

Node Census Ward Total Population P_Ill % P_Ill Wrt Ward 16 23883 4318 18.08 17 16010 2530 15.80 Total 160538 32768 20.41 Airoli wrt NMMC 14.10 NMMC 1120547 232430 NMMC % Illiterate 20.74

Figure 6-6 Illiteracy Rates (Airoli 2011)

The table and chart below indicates that approximately 92% of the total working population fall in the Main Worker category leaving the marginal working population to mere 8%. When the working and non-working population of Airoli are analysed it is evident that only 39% of the total population falls in the working category. This implies that more than 60% people residing in Airoli fall in non-working category which largely comprises of students, ladies, elderly, children etc.

9 https://data.gov.in/keywords/marginal-worker

JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

Figure 6-7 Working & Non-Working Population (Airoli 2011)

WORKING AND NON WORKING POPULATION 70.00 60.00 50.00 40.00 NMMC % Population 30.00 NMMC % Population

Percentage 20.00 % TOT_WORK P 10.00 %NON_ WORK_P 0.00 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Census Ward

Figure 6-8 Main & Marginal Working Population (Airoli 2011)

Working Population - Main & Marginal 120.00 100.0092.09 80.00 NMMC % Population 60.00 NMMC % Population 40.00 Percentage % MAIN WORK_P 20.00 7.91 %MARG WORK_P 0.00 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Census Ward

JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

Table 6-8 Work Scenario (Airoli 2011)

Census Tot_ Main % Main Marg %Marg Non_ %Non_ Node Total Population % Tot_Work P Ward Work_P Work_P Work_P Work_P Work_P Work_P Work_P 6 10158 4333 42.66 4062 93.75 271 6.67 5825 57.34 7 21800 8402 38.54 7778 92.57 624 8.02 13398 61.46 8 7526 3080 40.92 2947 95.68 133 4.51 4446 59.08 9 24138 9314 38.59 8583 92.15 731 8.52 14824 61.41 10 11918 4536 38.06 4159 91.69 377 9.06 7382 61.94 11 9844 3898 39.60 3489 89.51 409 11.72 5946 60.40 AIROLI 12 7423 2724 36.70 2469 90.64 255 10.33 4699 63.30 13 9414 3578 38.01 3340 93.35 238 7.13 5836 61.99 14 10834 3867 35.69 3582 92.63 285 7.96 6967 64.31 15 7590 2843 37.46 2659 93.53 184 6.92 4747 62.54 16 23883 9578 40.10 8743 91.28 835 9.55 14305 59.90 17 16010 6673 41.68 6082 91.14 591 9.72 9337 58.32 Total 160538 62826 39.13 57893 92.15 4933 8.52 97712 60.87 Airoli wrt NMMC 13.79 13.80 13.70 16.74 Total NMMC 1120547 455485 419469 36016 583872 NMMC % Population 40.65 92.09 7.91 52.11

6 slums were identified in Airoli. Population and household details of few are listed in the Census 2011, based on which the following data has been composed. It is quite possible that the slums with missing data are the ones identified post 2011.

Table 6-9 Slum Data (Airoli 2011)

Census 2011 Sr. No Name of slum Number of H/H Population % of H/H % of Population 1 Yadav Nagar 420 1842 1.1% 1.15% 2 Chinchpada – Ganesh nagar 3181 13960 8.2% 8.70% 3 Shiv Colony 867 4128 2.2% 2.57% 4 Sainathwadi 328 1559 0.8% 0.97% 5 Samatanagar 1703 7474 4.4% 4.66% 6 Deshmukhwadi/ Vitbhatti 198 896 0.5% 0.56% A TOTAL 6697 29859 17.22% 18.60% B AIROLI WARD 38889 160538 As per the available data, 17.22% and 18.60% of household and population respectively, resides in slums in Airoli.

Certain hutments were identified from the maps and were analysed in terms of their location and area. In certain cases, clear boundaries were not shown between various hutment pockets, thus is such cases the area of such pockets is calculated together.

As seen in the table below, Census ward 17 within Airoli node has 17% of its total area under slum. Of the total area of Airoli (911.05 ha), nearly 3.03% (27.63ha) is under slums.

JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

Table 6-10 Slum Area from AutoCAD map collected from TP Dept., NMMC - Airoli

Area Area Census Ward covered by covered by Sr. No Ward Name Area hutments hutments No (ha) (ha) (%) 1 8 Namdev Nagar, Sanjay Gandhi Nagar 4.21 2 Airoli Naka 1.19 TOTAL 5.40 81.31 6.64% 3 9 Shiv Colony 2.11 4 DeshmukhWadi, Sainathwadi 8.50 TOTAL 10.61 176.95 6.00% 5 10 Samatanagar 1.36 TOTAL 1.36 18.56 7.33% 6 17 RabaleGaon 10.26 TOTAL 10.26 57.54 17.83% TOTAL AIROLI NODE AREA 27.63 911.05 3.03%

From the table and chart below its evident that in ward 6 of Airoli has high percentage of dilapidated buildings. Ward 6, 7, 8 have very high percentage of houses falling under the census category of vulnerable roofs, whereas ward 10, 11, 12, 13 also have highly vulnerable roofs. Wards 6 & 7 also have high vulnerable walls and flooring. This indicates that ward 6 has the most vulnerable housing stock in Airoli. The other thing which is evident from the data is that many wards in Airoli have used poor roof material making those houses vulnerable to many hazards.

Table 6-11 Vulnerable Housing (Airoli 2011)

Census Dilapidated Vulnerable Node Vulnerable Roof Vulnerable Wall Ward Houses Floor 6 13.7 74.0 50.3 11.1 AIROLI 7 0.5 92.3 23.9 3.8

10 Censusmp.nic.in – Housing condition and material used.

JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

8 0.1 78.2 9.8 0.7 9 0.4 29 5.4 1.2 10 0.2 35.8 0.3 1.4 11 0.1 23.7 0.6 0.5 12 0.1 23.6 0.2 0.2 13 0 20.3 0.8 0.2 14 0 7.4 0.3 0.3 15 0.1 6.7 1.5 1.2 16 1.3 4.6 3.0 0.5 17 0.1 7.7 1.9 1.1 NMMC 1.1 25.4 6.9 2.3

Figure 6-9 Dilapidated Buildings (Airoli 2011)

Figure 6-10 Vulnerable Roof (Airoli 2011)

JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

Figure 6-11 Vulnerable Wall (Airoli 2011)

Figure 6-12 Vulnerable Floor (Airoli 2011)

JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

Any community with decent earning and residing in legal localities are provided with all the amenities along with electric supply. Absence or fewer facilities are indicator of vulnerability.

The table and chart below clearly indicate that Ward 6 of Airoli has very high percentage of unsafe drinking water source and Wards 7 and 10 also indicates higher percentage of source of unsafe drinking water.

Majority source of water supply to Wards 6, 7 and 8 of Airoli is not within the premises. Ward 6 and 7 when compared with the average city percentage of unsafe light source, have higher percentages. Wards 6 & 7 have certain percentage of residents with no access to latrine higher than the city percentage. Drainage has been compromised in wards 6 & 7 of Airoli. The medium of fuel used for cooking come from unsafe sources for Wards 6, 7 and 8. All the above indicators are pointing towards a society with compromised Physical Infrastructure increasing the vulnerability indicator.

The Wards 6 and 7 are highly vulnerable amongst all the other wards of Airoli as all the vulnerability indicators are very high in these wards.

Table 6-12 Physical Infrastructure Vulnerability (Airoli 2011)

Unsafe Water Unsafe Unsafe Census No access Unsafe Node drinking source out source of cooking ward to latrine drainage water of premises light fuel 6 29.3 78.5 8 36.5 87.2 90.4 7 9.7 86.1 2.9 11.7 71.2 62.4 8 2.9 34.7 4 0.8 9.7 39.3 9 1.2 11 1 0.3 12.7 12.9 10 6.8 0.4 0.4 0 0 4.3 11 0.2 1.2 0 0 0.1 4.6 AIROLI 12 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.1 0 3.2 13 0.6 0.4 0.1 0 0.2 17.7 14 0.2 7.4 0.1 0.3 0 2 15 1.2 1.7 1.2 0.1 0.2 3.5 16 1.3 3.4 0.7 0.1 6.2 7.2 17 1 6.1 0.4 0.2 0.6 12.9 NMMC 2.6 15.3 1.9 2.2 12.5 20.3

JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

Figure 6-13 Unsafe Drinking Water (Airoli 2011)

Figure 6-14 Water Source out of Premises (Airoli 2011)

Figure 6-15 Unsafe Source of Light (Airoli 2011)

JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

Figure 6-16 Access to Latrine (Airoli 2011)

Figure 6-17 Unsafe Drainage (Airoli 2011)

Figure 6-18 Unsafe Cooking Fuel (Airoli 2011)

JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017 b) Social infrastructure Through meeting and discussion with the ward officer of Airoli node on the level of services available in the ward, such number of schools, hospital, fire stations and police stations were captured. Similarly during discussion with the officials of the fire department, it was noted that as per standards, one fire station can service a maximum areas of 10.5sq.km. To gauge whether hospitals, schools, community building and NMMC building fall within the ambit of 10.5sq.km, GIS based analysis was undertaken. Here facilities were seen in respect to their location within or outside the 10.5sq.km. Since 10.5sq.km is the fire station influence zone anything outside is not easily serviced in case of a hazard like fire, flood or building collapse. Also it is seen that the fire department is the first rescue mechanism in the city. Thus this analysis becomes all the more important to see.

FIRE STATION

There is fire station within the ward known as the Airoli Fire Station. When the 10.5 sq.km radius is mapped, it is seen that most of Airoli node lies in the green zone i.e. the easily accessible zone. The fire station located within Airoli Node also caters to two other nodes, namely -Digha and Ghansoli, thus putting additional pressure on the infrastructure and manpower.

HEALTH SERVICES

The ward officer has pointed out that, there are 21 private clinic/hospitals and only 2 government health post within the. The map sought from NMMC shows location of three health facilities and all of these fall within the green zone (refer map D3) i.e. they are located within the 105sq.km radius of the fire station, thus to an extent reducing the vulnerability. However a greater study of access to each of these facilities will give a better understanding of the extent of vulnerability.

SCHOOLS AND AANGANWADI

As per discussions with the ward officers, there are 37 private and 3 public schools within the ward. However, the GIS map (provided by NMMC) has location of only 4 school mapped (refer map E3). As per the map these schools are located in the green zone.

COMMUNITY BUILDINGS

Similarly there are quite a few community buildings and within the node and they all are located in the green zone (refer map F3).

JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

POLICE STATION/CHOWKI

Within the node there 5 Police Chowkis and 1 Police Station. These could not be mapped since GIS data was not available for them.

ROADS

In Airoli, the map (refer map G3) shows most of the roads in the green and yellow category. However, in the image below the map, one can see many roads which are not captured in the GIS data. A visit to site to further explore the condition of roads and gauge accessibility showed a different picture. The roads other than the main road seen in green are of very bad quality and mostly less than 6 mts., thus making all such areas vulnerable. Most of these roads are located in the informal settlement within the industrial area, thus only further adding to its vulnerability.

RAILWAYS

There is local railway station within the node. It is part of the Vashi-Thane-Panvel Line (Refer map H). c) Social Security People who have their own house and bank accounts can be categorized under population with some possessions. A registered house helps in claims in the aftermath of a disaster which damages the structure. Similarly presence and access to banks suggests economic inclusion. People can deposit savings which can be accessed during emergency situation. Any community having higher percentage of population falling in this category increases the overall capacity to cope with disasters.

Further having a bank account is an asset and suggests savings of some sort. Thus in a disaster situation, households with bank accounts are less vulnerable than households without bank accounts.

JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

In Airoli the distribution of self-owned house to rented varies in the range of 20% – 50%, in Ward 8 has nearly 50% self-owned houses whereas in wards 7, 9, 11, 12, 13, 16 it’s less than 40% and in wards 6, 10, 14, 15, 17 it’s less than 30% thus increasing the vulnerability index. Ward 6 has very less population with banking facility; people residing in all other wards have utilized banking facility to much higher percentage indicative of some economic backup, a positive indicator.

Table 6-13 Social Security (Airoli 2011)

Availing Banking Node Census Ward Ownership Status Services 6 29.7 34.9 7 36.0 58.4 8 47.6 81.9 9 36.6 91.6 10 28.2 97.3 11 34.8 97 AIROLI 12 32.9 99.3 13 32.1 97.9 14 23.8 98.5 15 25.9 97.9 16 32.9 95.7 17 28.3 95.7 NMMC Ownership Status 40.8 NMMC Availing Bank Account 84.6

Figure 6-19 Ownership Status (Airoli 2011)

JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

Figure 6-20 Availing Banking Services (Airoli 2011)

H Vulnerable areas and past incidences a) Contour analysis and Low lying areas Through discussions with Mr. Rane, Deputy Chief Fire Officer, NMMC, it was understood that there are 10 low lying spots in Airoli. This is also mentioned in the Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation Fire Hazards Response and Mitigation Plan, 2010. However, due to absence of contour data and old maps, these could not be mapped, nor are they available on GIS platform. However, from images available from map surfer of contour and SRTM maps, it is visible that the western edge has an undulating topography i.e. the Parsik hills (refer map I).

Along the eastern edge of the ward are hills which have witnessed mining activities and thus are vulnerable to land slide and consequently building collapse (see images below). Also during the rains, the runoff from the hills caries the loose soil thus covering the foothills with sludge. Along the foothills are few industries and hutments. When mining activities are underway, this area experiences high levels of air pollution and high levels SPM. b) Proximity to water bodies Proximity of developed properties/houses/hutments etc. to water bodies is an important indicator of flood vulnerability. To gauge the same an analysis was undertake to see what part of the city fall within the maximum vulnerability, high vulnerability and medium vulnerability zones. Since the contour data for the city is not available, these buffers do not take into consideration the topography of that area. For lakes and holding ponds buffers on 100, 200 and 300mts were extracted and for nallahs buffers of 25, 50 and 100mts were considered. As seen in Map No: J3, most of the developed part of Airoli node falls in these

JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017 zones, thus increasing the flood vulnerability of the area. However, being in the 10.5sqkm ambit of the fire station slightly reduces the vulnerability. c) Past Incidences and vulnerability During discussions with the ward officer, past incidences within the ward were discussed and noted. Mapping of these incidences was not done since information/maps were not available at the ward office. Here only major incidences were covered.

Other than few tree felling incidents during the rains in July 2015, no major incidences were reported in Airoli. However, most of the slums in Airoli are either situated on the slopes or under the high tension wires.

Slums as being characterized by high density, substandard living condition and building material highly susceptible to fire, within Airoli a population of 29,859 as per 2011 Census is exposed to fire vulnerability. The slum map has further revealed that most of this development is on land below high tension wires which further augments their vulnerability to fire.

A list was published in 2015 by NMMC of the number cessed buildings within each ward/node. As per the list there are 6 such buildings within Airoli. The approximate location of these 6 building was identified through google maps, as per which 5 buildings are within Census Ward 16, and 1 in Census ward 11.

JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

 Vulnerability in this node (refer figure 6.22) is largely a result of economic vulnerability.  Positive indicators of social security help limit the vulnerability to a certain extent.  Ward no 7, 9 and 16 are amongst the most vulnerable, while ward number 15, 14 and 8 are amongst the least vulnerable within the node (refer table 6-12)  However, when seen at the city level, 3 out of 12 wards in the node are extremely risky (red zone). In fact ward 007 is the most vulnerable ward in the city. Whereas one ward i.e. ward no 8 is in the high risk category (orange zone) (refer table 6-13).  However, when seen at the nodal level, Airoli ranks 6th out of 8 in terms of overall risk towards fire and is in the high medium risk category (refer table 6-14 and figure 6-23)

Figure 6-21 Airoli – SoVI at the census 2011 ward level - Fire

JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

Table 6-14 Airoli – SoVI at the census 2011 ward level - Fire

Census Ward Physical Physical Housing Demo Marg. Popn Economic Social Sec Social Vul Overall SoVI 2011 Infra Vul 0006 88.00 89.00 45.50 38.83 34.50 12.50 7832.25 1162143.89 18416850632.06 0007 81.0 84.0 68.50 68.00 78.75 27.75 6806.25 13620251.57 98867482624.00 0008 61.0 76.5 38.63 51.33 11.25 48.00 4726.56 1936120.36 11905136918.69 0009 60.0 59.5 57.25 82.50 83.00 44.50 3570.06 19926493.88 71725639971.81 0010 48.0 21.0 56.65 53.17 50.75 44.00 1190.25 6840683.68 8984037787.27 0011 31.0 6.0 50.00 37.83 47.00 51.75 342.25 4734252.58 2677497397.93 0012 22.0 11.5 43.88 30.50 24.50 57.75 280.56 2350738.77 1012343409.91 0013 19.5 5.00 47.25 32.00 28.50 51.50 150.06 2512336.45 825005006.85 0014 8.00 30.0 46.88 36.83 43.00 42.75 361.00 3221156.00 1708747157.32 0015 37.0 45.0 17.00 20.50 16.00 42.50 1681.00 331776.00 681730165.93 0016 40.0 44.0 57.75 62.83 85.00 45.00 1764.00 15401703.66 30068953890.17 0017 38.0 47.0 44.75 61.17 71.00 39.25 1806.25 8529330.39 15993146326.41

JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

Table 6-15` Airoli - SoVI ranking w.r.t. other wards - Fire

Census Ward 2011 Physical Vul Rank Phy Risk Social Vul Social Vul Rank Social Risk Overall SoVI Overall Rank Overall Risk 0006 89.0 5 13.30 14.0 1 16.60 84.0 5 0007 83.0 5 23.82 81.0 5 16.87 89.0 5 0008 69.0 4 15.43 33.0 2 13.53 51.0 3 0009 57.0 4 25.51 86.0 5 15.98 79.0 5 0010 36.0 2 18.29 51.0 3 11.20 35.0 2 0011 19.0 2 16.79 43.0 3 10.10 25.0 2 0012 12.0 1 15.82 35.0 2 9.95 24.0 2 0013 7.0 1 15.22 30.0 2 9.36 17.0 1 0014 17.5 1 15.13 28.0 2 9.09 12.0 1 0015 41.0 3 10.88 3.0 1 8.44 8.0 1 0016 43.0 3 23.86 82.0 5 14.83 69.0 4 0017 45.0 3 20.57 64.0 4 12.81 46.0 3

Table 6-16 Airoli - SoVI w.r.t. other nodes - Fire

Sr. No Census Ward 2011 Physical Vul Physical Vul Rank Social Vul Social Vul Rank Overall Sovi Overall Rank 1 DIGHA NODE 83.63 4 20.03 1 13.27 5 2 AIROLI NODE 87.34 6 23.69 6 13.34 6 3 GHANSOLI NODE 83.88 5 24.38 8 14.20 8 4 KOPARKHAIRANE NODE 103.77 7 22.58 3 12.35 3 5 VASHI NODE 62.89 1 21.13 2 12.10 1 6 TURBHE NODE 106.83 8 23.53 5 13.86 7 7 NERUL NODE 69.95 2 24.29 7 12.86 4 8 BELAPUR NODE 76.39 3 22.75 4 12.30 2

JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

Figure 6-22 Airoli – Fire vulnerability at node level

PHYSICAL VULNERABILITY RANK SOCIAL VULNERABILITY RANK OVERALL VULNERABILITY RANK

JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017 b) Floods Based on the methodology stated in the annexure, the Social Vulnerability Index for floods was calculated for all census 2011 wards (see tables and figure below). Detailed analysis of the data suggests the following: 1. Large number of marginal population and vulnerable economic conditions contribute most to the vulnerability in this ward (refer figure 6.1-24). 2. Whereas positive indicators of social security help curtail the vulnerability to a certain extent. 3. Ward no 7 is the most vulnerable, while ward no. 15 in the least vulnerable within the ward (refer table 6.1-15) 4. However, when seen at the city level most wards lie in the high risk and medium risk zones. Since we are looking at flooding here, the wards has large water bodies and hence the vulnerability is higher. 5. However, when seen at the nodal level, the nodes ranks 6th out of 8 in terms of overall risk towards flood mainly due to the social vulnerability in the node and is in the high risk category (refer table 6.1-17 and figure 6.1-25)

Figure 6-23 Airoli – SoVI at the census 2011 ward level – Floods

90 JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

Table 6-17 Airoli - SoVI at the census 2011 ward level - Floods

Census Ward Physical Housing Demo Marg. Popn Economic Social Sec Physical Vul Social Vul Overall SoVI 2011 Infra 0006 68.80 88.20 45.50 38.83 34.50 12.50 6162.25 1162143.89 12315771259.59 0007 60.40 83.20 68.50 68.00 78.75 27.75 5155.24 13620251.57 71558890090.83 0008 45.10 69.30 38.63 51.33 11.25 48.00 3271.84 1936120.36 7191960765.04 0009 45.10 54.30 57.25 82.50 83.00 44.50 2470.09 19926493.88 52071805181.00 0010 36.40 28.90 56.65 53.17 50.75 44.00 1066.02 6840683.68 8279192230.01 0011 26.60 10.80 50.00 37.83 47.00 51.75 349.69 4734252.58 2706367185.51 0012 19.90 16.60 43.88 30.50 24.50 57.75 333.06 2350738.77 1112047859.03 0013 19.40 15.30 47.25 32.00 28.50 51.50 301.02 2512336.45 1140856973.34 0014 13.90 23.80 46.88 36.83 43.00 42.75 355.32 3221156.00 1693974808.25 0015 31.60 35.80 17.00 20.50 16.00 42.50 1135.69 331776.00 407948002.42 0016 34.00 42.30 57.75 62.83 85.00 45.00 1455.42 15401703.66 26148643577.43 0017 32.00 38.80 44.75 61.17 71.00 39.25 1253.16 8529330.39 11969643515.85

91 JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

Table 6-18 Airoli SoVI ranking w.r.t. other wards - Floods

Census Ward 2011 Physical Vul Rank Phy Risk Social Vul Rank Social Risk Overall Rank Overall Risk 0006 89.00 5 70.00 4 59.00 4 0007 85.00 5 73.00 5 70.00 4 0008 70.00 4 2.00 1 1.00 1 0009 58.00 4 67.00 4 56.00 4 0010 32.00 2 52.00 3 42.00 3 0011 14.00 1 28.00 2 11.00 1 0012 8.00 1 33.00 2 45.50 3 0013 7.00 1 81.00 5 87.00 5 0014 12.00 1 35.00 2 26.00 2 0015 37.00 3 59.00 4 44.00 3 0016 46.00 3 32.00 2 23.00 2 0017 38.00 3 55.00 4 41.00 3

Table 6-19 Airoli SoVI w.r.t. other nodes - Floods

Physical Vul Sr. No Census Ward 2011 Physical Vul Social Vul Social Vul Rank Overall SoVI Overall Rank Rank 1 DIGHA NODE 71.26 5 20.03 1 12.50 5 2 AIROLI NODE 76.34 6 23.69 6 12.71 6 3 GHANSOLI NODE 70.59 4 24.38 8 13.41 8 4 KOPARKHAIRANE NODE 92.25 8 22.58 3 11.82 3 5 VASHI NODE 59.56 1 21.13 2 11.55 1 6 TURBHE NODE 91.00 7 23.53 5 13.09 7 7 NERUL NODE 64.38 3 24.29 7 12.38 4 8 BELAPUR NODE 64.15 2 22.75 4 11.65 2

92 JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

Figure 6-24 Airoli – Flood vulnerability at node level

PHYSICAL VULNERABILITY RANK SOCIAL VULNERABILITY RANK OVERALL VULNERABILITY RANK

93 JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017 c) Landslides and building collapse Based on the methodology stated in the annexure, the Social Vulnerability Index for floods was calculated for all census 2011 wards. Based on the table and figure below, following are the key observation/analysis: 1. Being a node with poor quality of housing and large number of hutments, 6 out of 7 wards are ranked lower and fall in red zone i.e. extreme vulnerability and risk. 2. The vulnerability is further augmented by poor physical infrastructure facilities. 3. Overall, Airoli node falls in the high risk zone in terms of landslide and building collapse vulnerability.

Figure 6-25 Airoli – SoVI at the census 2011 ward level - Building collapse/landslide

Airoli- Bldg Collapse/landslide SoVI 1 100.00 12 2 80.00 HOUSING 60.00 11 3 40.00 PHYSICAL INFRA 20.00 DEMO

10 0.00 4 MARG. POPn

ECONOMIC

9 5 SOCIAL SEC

8 6 7

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Table 6-20 Airoli - SoVI at the census 2011 ward level – Building collapse/landslide

Census Ward Physical Housing Demo Marg. Popn Economic Social Sec Physical Vul Social Vul Overall SoVI 2011 Infra 0006 69.00 87.50 45.50 38.83 34.50 12.50 6123.06 1162143.89 12188184528.61 0007 60.60 79.50 68.50 68.00 78.75 27.75 4907.00 13620251.57 67758753741.15 0008 44.90 70.50 38.63 51.33 11.25 48.00 3329.29 1936120.36 7357217610.91 0009 44.70 60.25 57.25 82.50 83.00 44.50 2753.63 19926493.88 56983708599.28 0010 36.40 23.25 56.65 53.17 50.75 44.00 889.53 6840683.68 7292119098.26 0011 26.40 10.00 50.00 37.83 47.00 51.75 331.24 4734252.58 2634674195.02 0012 19.90 14.75 43.88 30.50 24.50 57.75 300.16 2350738.77 1049643356.92 0013 19.40 17.50 47.25 32.00 28.50 51.50 340.40 2512336.45 1220737743.32 0014 13.90 8.25 46.88 36.83 43.00 42.75 122.66 3221156.00 1060666512.15 0015 31.20 42.25 17.00 20.50 16.00 42.50 1348.73 331776.00 507390038.73 0016 33.60 52.25 57.75 62.83 85.00 45.00 1842.56 15401703.66 31080400674.94 0017 31.80 36.50 44.75 61.17 71.00 39.25 1166.22 8529330.39 11357449136.10

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Table 6-21 Airoli SoVI ranking w.r.t. other wards - Building collapse/landslide

Census Ward 2011 Physical Vul Rank Physical Risk Social Vul Rank Social Risk Overall Rank Overall Risk 0006 88.0 5 14.0 1 80.0 5 0007 83.0 5 81.0 5 85.0 5 0008 65.0 4 33.0 2 43.0 3 0009 58.0 4 86.0 5 84.0 5 0010 33.0 2 51.0 3 35.0 2 0011 19.0 2 43.0 3 26.0 2 0012 11.0 1 35.0 2 25.0 2 0013 14.0 1 30.0 2 18.0 1 0014 3.0 1 28.0 2 12.0 1 0015 43.0 3 3.0 1 6.0 1 0016 50.0 3 82.0 5 77.0 5 0017 40.0 3 64.0 4 48.5 3

Table 6-22 Airoli SoVI w.r.t. other nodes - Building collapse/landslide

Sr. No Census Ward 2011 Physical Vul Physical Vul Rank Social Vul Social Vul Rank Overall SoVI Overall Rank 1 DIGHA NODE 71.38 4 20.03 1 12.48 5 2 AIROLI NODE 76.57 6 23.69 6 12.75 6 3 GHANSOLI NODE 75.13 5 24.38 8 13.69 8 4 KOPARKHAIRANE NODE 92.46 7 22.58 3 11.84 3 5 VASHI NODE 55.42 1 21.13 2 11.58 1 6 TURBHE NODE 93.18 8 23.53 5 13.15 7 7 NERUL NODE 63.89 2 24.29 7 12.34 4 8 BELAPUR NODE 68.76 3 22.75 4 11.82 2

96 JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

Figure 6-26 Airoli – Building collapse/landslide vulnerability at node level

PHYSICAL VULNERABILITY RANK SOCIAL VULNERABILITY RANK OVERALL VULNERABILITY RANK

97 JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

Appendix 7 Ghansoli Node

Note: All land use calculations are based on Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation Fire Hazards Response and Mitigation Plan, 2010”. The land use percentage is for the areas under NMMC jurisdiction and does not include the land use in the MIDC belt.

A Location

Located towards the Northern NMMC, Ghansoli has Airoli to its North, Thane Belapur road and Trans- Thane creek Industrial area on the East, Trans Thane creek to its West and Koparkhairane node and Shil Mahape Road to the South. (Refer map A4) This node was handed over to NMMC by CIDCO in 2010 causing delayed and unplanned development and encroachment. This node has slum kind of development with small alleys. These developments may not come under the definition of slum11 but require attention. This kind of a development is mainly around existing villages (1) Rabale – Sector 29 (2) Gothivali – Sector 30 (3) Talavali – Sector -22 and (4) Ghansoli – Sector 16.

B Node composition for analysis Census 2011 data is the latest available data at the micro level, wherein the city has been divided into 89 smaller wards. Few ward together form the node. Ghansoli Nodes is formed by 5 such Census 2011 wards.

Table 7-1 Census Wards (Ghansoli 2011)

Municipal Node Census Ward No No. of Census Wards

Ghansoli 18, 19, 20, 21, 25, 26 6

11Under Section-3 of the Slum Area Improvement and Clearance Act, 1956, slums have been defined as mainly those residential areas where dwellings are in any respect unfit for human habitation by reasons of dilapidation, overcrowding, faulty arrangements and designs of such buildings, narrowness or faulty arrangement of streets, lack of ventilation, light, sanitation facilities or any combination of these factors which are detrimental to safety, health and morals.

98 JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017 the other hand is an imperative. There is a need to cater land for industrialization and for development of essential infrastructure facilities. Simultaneously, ensuring high quality delivery of services of ecosystems that come from natural resource base, catering to the needs of the farmers that enable food security of the country, is of vital significance and cannot be overlooked. Also, there is a need for preservation of the country’s natural, cultural and historic heritage areas. In the context of these competing demands on land, systematic planning is necessary to work towards optimal utilization of land resources. According to the constitutional Entry No. 18 of the Seventh Schedule (the State List) land including assessment and collection of revenue, maintenance of land records, land management and alienation of revenue etc. falls under the purview of the State Governments. “Land” being a State subject, falls under the legislative and competence of the States. Land use planning falls, therefore, under the responsibility of the State Governments12. Proper land use planning based on sound scientific, and technical procedures, and land utilization strategies, supported by participatory approaches and a sensitive, honest government can help decision making with regard to appropriate allocation and utilization of land and its resources in a comprehensive manner; consistently catering to the present and future demands. Most of the development within Ghansoli is of pre -2010, when Ghansoli was not under the jurisdiction of NMMC hence this area is characterized by haphazard development.

Table 7-2 Land Use - Ghansoli 13

Sr. No Land use Category Area in Ha % Area 1 Residential 164.45 40.49% 2 Commercial 20.62 5.08% 3 Social Facilities 45.00 11.08% 4 Industrial 3.05 0.75% 5 Open Space 59.22 14.58% 6 Circulation 70.85 17.44% 7 Public utilities 25.82 6.36% 8 Infrastructure Corridor 17.15 4.22% 9 Storage 0.00 0.00% 10 Net Developed Area 406.16

12 Draft National Land Utilisation Policy

13Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation Fire Hazards Response and Mitigation Plan, 2010.

99 JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

Figure 7-1 Land Use - Ghansoli

D Population Density Population growth and distribution have a very major role to play in case of any event. Any city which is densely populated leads to congestion, limited escape route, limited route for emergency vehicle and men to ply, unsafe infrastructure and is indicative of social and economic characteristic of the community. Ghansoli has very different population spread, wards with larger area have less population but wards 18 & 21 which have area less than a Kilometer are very densely populated reiterating the haphazard land use pattern.

Table 7-3 Population Density (Ghansoli 2011)

POPULATION DENSITY Area ToT Population % PoP Node Census Ward (km %PoP_wrt_NMMC Population Density wrt Ward sq.) 18 11710 0.59 19692 8.81 1.05 19 10803 1.45 7430 8.13 0.96 20 19173 3.30 5818 14.43 1.71 GHANSOLI 21 18997 0.48 39344 14.30 1.70 25 56577 3.50 16174 42.58 5.05 26 15620 1.88 8314 11.75 1.39 TOTAL 132880 11.20 11860 Ghansoli % Population wrt NMMC 11.86 Total NMMC 1120547 125.43 8934

100 JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

Figure 7-2 Population Density (Ghansoli 2011)

E Vulnerable population Social Vulnerability refers to the socioeconomic and demographic factors that affect the resilience of community. Female population, children below 6 years of age, illiterate people, people who have no or scarce income are very susceptible to any disaster and fall in this category. They get adversely affected due to an event and are less likely to recover. The following tables and charts give us a fair idea about the social fabric of Ghansoli node. a) Female population 11.40 % of city women population stays in Ghansoli. It is evident from the chart and table below that the percentage of women population residing in various wards of Ghansoli is at par with the city percentage. Women are categorized under the vulnerable section of society, it is because they may not be fully equipped to respond and recover from any event. Past experiences have shown that they are more likely to recognize and respond to risk, but tend to be more at the receiving. It is evident that approximately 45% of the city population falls in the vulnerable category.

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Table 7-4 Female Population (Ghansoli 2011)

VULNERABLE FEMALE POPULATION

Male Total Female Census Total Total Male Node Population Female Population Ward Population Population (% Ward) Population (% Ward) 18 11710 6420 4.83 5290 3.98 19 10803 6517 4.90 4286 3.23 GHANSOLI 20 19173 10979 8.26 8194 6.17 21 18997 10600 7.98 8397 6.32 25 56577 31163 23.45 25414 19.13 26 15620 9006 6.78 6614 4.98 Total Ghansoli 132880 56.20 58195 43.80 Ghansoli wrt NMMC 11.40 NMMC 1120547 610060 510487 NMMC % Female 45.56

Figure 7-3 Female Population (Ghansoli 2011)

b) Population 0-6 Years Young children and elderly are the other section of society who find themselves fending for help even during normal situation. Any event makes them very vulnerable. Ghansoli has 14 % of population under this category adding to the vulnerability factor.

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Table 7-5 Population under 6 years of age (Ghansoli 2011)

POPULATION UNDER 6 YEARS OF AGE

Total Population Node Census Ward Total Population %P_06 (under 6)

18 11710 1860 15.88 19 10803 1522 14.09 20 19173 2750 14.34 GHANSOLI 21 18997 2744 14.44 25 56577 7768 13.73 26 15620 2130 13.64 Total Ghansoli 132880 18774 14.13 NMMC 1120547 129591 NMMC % ToT Pop-06 11.56

Figure 7-4 Population under 6 years of age (Ghansoli 2011)

c) SC and ST populations According to the Arjun Sen Gupta Committee report14, Dalits constitute 81% of India’s Vulnerable. They constitute most of the population below poverty line. The pre-existing- vulnerabilities are compounded in the event of disasters. SC ST constitutes around 15% of the total population of Ghansoli. The average percentage of SC ST population in node is higher than the city average. Ward 18, 19 and 21 have very high SC population in comparison to the city average whereas wards 18, 20 & 26 have ST population more than the city average.

14 http://www.ncdhr.org.in/daaa-1/daaa-publication/NCDHR%20Climate%20Change%20.pdf

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Table 7-6 Population SC & ST (Ghansoli 2011)

VULNERABLE POPULATION SC ST % P_ST Census Total Population % P_ SC Node Population _ST (% Ward Population _SC (% Ward) Ward) 18 11710 3208 27.40 332 2.84 19 10803 2358 21.83 99 0.92 20 19173 2536 13.23 781 4.07 GHANSOLI 21 18997 3368 17.73 294 1.55 25 56577 4223 7.46 919 1.62 26 15620 1939 12.41 487 3.12 Total 132880 17632 13.27 2912 2.19 Ghansoli wrt NMMC 17.62 15.40 NMMC 1120547 100067 18913 NMMC % SC 8.93 NMMC % ST 1.69

Figure 7-5 Population SC & ST (Ghansoli 2011)

d) Illiterate population Education is attributed a key role in both preventing and managing any event. It not only gives every individual a medium to decent earning but also an opportunity to know about their Rights and duties. Nearly 25% of the population residing in Ghansoli does not have basic education, which is higher than the average city population under this category.

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Table 7-7 Illiteracy Rates (Ghansoli 2011)

ILLITERACY CHART Census Population Node Total Population % P_ILL Ward _Illiterate 18 11710 4034 3.04 19 10803 3479 2.62 20 19173 5095 3.83 GHANSOLI 21 18997 5277 3.97 25 56577 11199 8.43 26 15620 3247 2.44 Total Ghansoli 132880 32331 24.33 Ghansoli wrt NMMC 13.91 NMMC 1120547 232430 NMMC % Illiterate 20.74

Figure 7-6 Illiteracy Rates (Ghansoli 2011)

e) Non-workers and marginal workers As per Census, those workers who had worked for the major part of the reference period (i.e. 6 months or more) are termed as Main Workers. Those workers who had not worked for the major part of the reference period (i.e. less than 6 months) are termed as Marginal Workers15. A person who did not at all work during the reference period was treated as non- worker. The non-workers broadly constitute Students who did not participate in any economic activity paid or unpaid, household duties who were attending to daily household chores like cooking, cleaning utensils, looking after children, fetching water etc.

15 https://data.gov.in/keywords/marginal-worker

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The table and chart below indicates that approximately 94% of the Total working population falls in the Main Worker category whereas the marginal working population constitutes only 6% of the total working population. When the working and non-working population of Ghansoli are analysed it is evident that only 41% of the total population falls in the working category. This implies that more than 59% people residing in this node fall in non- working category which largely comprises of students, ladies, elderly, children etc.

Figure 7-7 Working & Non-Working Population (Ghansoli 2011)

Figure 7-8 Main & Marginal Working Population (Ghansoli 2011)

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Table 7-8 Work Scenario (Ghansoli 2011)

WORKING POPULATION - DEPENDENTS

Census Tot_ Main % Main Marg %Marg Non_ %Non_ Node Total Population % Tot_Work P Ward Work_P Work_P Work_P Work_P Work_P Work_P Work_P

6 11710 4532 3.41 4065 3.06 467 10.30 7178 61.30 7 10803 4671 3.52 4377 3.29 294 6.29 6132 56.76 8 19173 8149 6.13 7739 5.82 410 5.03 11024 57.50 GHANSOLI 9 18997 8270 6.22 7586 5.71 684 8.27 10727 56.47 10 56577 22324 16.80 21324 16.05 1000 4.48 34253 60.54 11 15620 6770 5.09 6276 4.72 494 7.30 8850 56.66 Total 132880 54716 41.18 51367 93.88 3349 6.12 78164 58.82 Ghansoli wrt NMMC 12.01 12.25 9.30 13.39 Total NMMC 1120547 455485 419469 36016 583872 NMMC % Population 40.65 92.09 7.91 6.29

JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017 f) Slum location and population Data for slums has been collated from three sources; Census list of slums with number of households & population data, list of slums given by the ward officer and slums and encroachments as shown in Auto Cad drawings given by the TP Department, NMMC. The slums and encroachment as shown in the maps have been referred to as hutments hereafter. (Refer map C4) 5 slums were identified in Ghansoli. Census 2011 data on Population and household has been tabulated below. It is quite possible that the slums with missing data are the ones identified post 2011.

Table 7-9 Slum Data (Ghansoli 2011)

Census 2011 Sr. No Name of slum Number of H/H Population % of H/H % of Population 1 Talavali NOCIl Naka 1703 8116 5.2% 6.11% 2 Patilwadi 305 1452 0.9% 1.09% 3 Sambhaji nagar 288 1305 0.9% 0.98% 4 Divanaka Ambedkar Nagar 1344 6366 4.1% 4.79% 5 Jai Bhim Nagar 92 437 0.3% 0.33% A TOTAL 3732 17676 11.32% 13.30% B GHANSOLI NODE 32954 132880

As per the available data, 11.32% and 13.30% of household and population respectively, resides in slums in Ghansoli. As stated above certain hutments were identified from the maps. These were analysed in terms of their location and area. In certain cases, clear boundaries were not shown between various hutment pockets, thus is such cases the area of such pockets is calculated together. As seen in the table below, Census ward 21 within Ghansoli node has the largest area in terms of percentage of the ward are covered by hutments. Of the total area of Ghansoli (1120.37ha), nearly 9.19% (187.88ha) is under hutments.

Table 7-10 Slum Area (Ghansoli 2011)

Census Area covered Ward Area covered Sr. No Ward Name by hutments Area by hutments No (ha) (ha) (%) 1 20 Gothivali, Rabale 13.41 2 Goldennagar 3.02 3 Talavali 3.59 TOTAL 20.01 329.55 6.07% 4 21 Goldennagar 2.55 5 Dhondu Patil Chawl 1.37 6 Talavali 1.23 7 Encroachment – Ghansoli 3.40

JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

Census Area covered Ward Area covered Sr. No Ward Name by hutments Area by hutments No (ha) (ha) (%) 8 Arjunwadi 1.63 9 Dattnagar 1.59 TOTAL 11.77 48.28 24.37% 10 25 Encroachment – Ghansoli 16.72 TOTAL 16.72 349.80 4.78% 11 26 Encroachment – Ghansoli 17.27 TOTAL 17.27 187.88 9.19% TOTAL GHANSOLI NODE 65.77 1120.37 5.87%

F Vulnerable Housing The condition of the housing stock reveals condition of living of the people. Construction material used for wall, roof and floor indicate the vulnerability of those houses to any event. Any house which show signs of decay or those breaking down and required major repairs and are far from being in condition that can be restored or repaired are considered as dilapidated16. Navi Mumbai lies very close to the Panvel fault line increasing risk to unsafe constructions. From the table and chart below its evident that ward 18 & 20 of Ghansoli have very high percentage of dilapidated buildings. The Ward 18, 19, 20, 21 rank very high on percentage of houses with vulnerable roof and vulnerable wall. Ward 18 and 20 have high percentage of houses with vulnerable floor. The housing indicator is very high in case of Ghansoli especially for ward 18 & 20.

Table 7-11 Vulnerable Housing (Ghansoli 2011)

VULNERABILITY INDICATOR- HOUSING

Census Dilapidated Vulnerable Vulnerable Vulnerable Node Ward Houses Roof Wall Floor

18 16.8 77.6 44.8 30.2 19 0.9 84.6 14.5 0.6 20 5.2 47.8 14.4 4.8 GHANSOLI 21 1.4 84.1 9.1 1.7 25 0.4 11.4 3.5 0.7 26 0.3 24.3 5.5 0.8 NMMC 1.1 25.4 6.9 2.3

16 Censusmp.nic.in – Housing condition and material used.

JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

Figure 7-9 Dilapidated Buildings (Ghansoli 2011)

DILAPIDATED BUILDING 18 16 14 12 10 8 NMMC

Percentage 6 DILAPIDATED HOUSES 4 2 0 18 19 20 21 25 26 Census Ward

Figure 7-10 Vulnerable Roof (Ghansoli 2011)

VULNERABLE ROOF 90 80 70 60 50 40 NMMC

Percentage 30 VULNERABLE ROOF 20 10 0 18 19 20 21 25 26 Census Ward

Figure 7-11 Vulnerable Wall (Ghansoli 2011)

VULNERABLE WALL 50

20 NMMC

Percentage VULNERABLE WALL 10

0 18 19 20 21 25 26 Census Ward

JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

Figure 7-12 Vulnerable Floor (Ghansoli 2011)

VULNERABLE FLOOR 35 30 25 20 15 NMMC

Percentage VULNERABLE FLOOR 10 5 0 18 19 20 21 25 26 Census Ward G Level of services a) Physical Infrastructure Under this section those parameters have been covered which are indicative of the availability of basic services and amenities. Safe drinking water is water that is free from disease causing organisms, toxic chemicals, colour, smell and unpleasant taste. Access to improved source of drinking water is a basic indicator of human development. Access to latrine and covered and proper drainage system are yet another service, which if not available can make the community highly vulnerable to diseases and health issues. Non availability and poor accessibility of basic amenity indicates towards an environment compromising public health. Any community with decent earning and residing in legal localities are provided with all the amenities along with electric supply, absence or fewer facilities are indicator of vulnerability. The table and chart below clearly indicate that Ward 18 of Ghansoli has high percentage of unsafe drinking water source when compared with city average. Four wards out of six wards of Ghansoli have source of water not easily available in the premise for residence. Ward 18, 19 and 20 when compared with the average city percentage of unsafe light source, have higher percentages. Ward 18 has the percentage of residents without access to latrine higher than the city percentage. Drainage has been compromised in almost all the wards of Ghansoli and so is the medium of fuel. All the above indicators are pointing towards a society with compromised Physical Infrastructure increasing the vulnerability indicator.

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Table 7-12 Physical Infrastructure Vulnerability (Ghansoli 2011)

PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE VULNERABILITY

Water No Unsafe Unsafe Unsafe Census Source Access Unsafe Node Drinking Source Cooking Ward Out Of To Drainage Water Of Light Fuel Premises Latrine

18 4.8 48.1 21.7 33.2 81.9 72.3 19 2.2 48.2 3.7 0.3 58.7 77.2 20 0.5 22.1 2.2 1.1 23.1 46.7 GHANSOLI 21 1.4 22.6 1.2 0.1 31.9 41.8 25 0.7 3.4 0.3 0.3 5.5 9.8 26 0.5 7.6 0.3 0.7 16.5 31.1 NMMC 2.6 15.3 1.9 2.2 12.5 20.3

Figure 7-13 Unsafe Drinking Water (Ghansoli 2011)

UNSAFE DRINKING WATER 6 5 4 3 NMMC

Percentage 2 UNSAFE DRINKING 1 WATER 0 18 19 20 21 25 26 Census Ward

Figure 7-14 Water Source out of Premises (Ghansoli 2011)

WATER SOURCE OUT OF PREMISES 60 50 40 30 NMMC

Percentage 20 WATER SOURCE OUT 10 OF PREMISES 0 18 19 20 21 25 26 Census Ward

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Figure 7-15 Unsafe Source of Light (Ghansoli 2011)

UNSAFE SOURCE OF LIGHT 25

15 NMMC 10

Percentage UNSAFE SOURCE OF 5 LIGHT

0 18 19 20 21 25 26 Census Ward

Figure 7-16 Access to Latrine (Ghansoli 2011)

NO ACCESS TO LATRINE 35 30 25 20 NMMC 15

Percentage 10 NO ACCESS TO 5 LATRINE 0 18 19 20 21 25 26 Census Ward

Figure 7-17 Unsafe Drainage (Ghansoli 2011)

UNSAFE DRAINAGE 90 80 70 60 50 40 NMMC

Percentage 30 UNSAFE DRAINAGE 20 10 0 18 19 20 21 25 26 Census Ward

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Figure 7-18 Unsafe Cooking Fuel (Ghansoli 2011)

UNSAFE COOKING FUEL 90 80 70 60 50 NMMC 40

Percentage 30 UNSAFE COOKING 20 FUEL 10 0 18 19 20 21 25 26 Census Ward

b) Social infrastructure Through meeting and discussion with the ward officer of Ghansoli node on the level of services available in the ward, such number of schools, hospital, fire stations and police stations were captured. Similarly during discussion with the officials of the fire department, it was noted that as per standards, one fire station can service a maximum areas of 10.5sq.km. To gauge whether hospitals, schools, community building and NMMC building fall within the ambit of 10.5sq.km, GIS based analysis was undertaken. Here facilities were seen in respect to their location within or outside the 10.5sq.km. Since 10.5sq.km is the fire station influence zone anything outside is not easily serviced in case of a hazard like fire, flood or building collapse. Also it is seen that the fire department is the first rescue mechanism in the city. Thus this analysis becomes all the more important to see. FIRE STATION Since there is no fire station within the ward the closest fire station is the Airoli Fire Station in the north and at Koparkhairane in the south. When the 10.5 sq.km radius is mapped, it is seen that nearly half of Ghansoli lies in the red zone i.e. the not easily accessible zone by either fire stations. HEALTH SERVICES The ward officer has pointed out that, there are 12 private clinics/hospital in the ward and 4 government health posts in the ward. Of these the location of two health facilities is available on the map. In Map No: D4, it is clearly seen that of these one is in the safe zone whereas the other are in the red zone. SCHOOLS AND AANGANWADI As per discussions with the ward officers, there are 2 private and 11 public schools within the ward. The GIS map (provided by NMMC) has location of nearly all mapped (refer map E4). As per the map most of these schools are located in the red zone.

JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

COMMUNITY BUILDINGS Similarly there are two NMMC properties within the node and they all are located in the red zone i.e. in the vulnerable zone (refer map F4). POLICE STATION/CHOWKI Within Ghansoli there are 4 Police Chowki and one Police Station. These could not be mapped since GIS data was not available for them. ROADS Similarly the road network was also analysed in terms of its width. All roads less than or equal to 6mts (red) width were deemed as vulnerable, roads between 6 to 15mts (yellow) were deemed as safe if not obstructed and more that 15mts (green) were deemed safe. Also roads less than 6mts being in the red zone further increases vulnerability as it implies areas are not with the easily accessible zone and further the roads are too narrow for the fire tenders and other rescue vehicles like ambulances, earth movers etc. to reach to reach the disaster affected sites. . In Ghansoli, the map (refer map G4) shows most of the roads in the green category. However, in the image below the map, one can see many roads which are not captured in the GIS data. Thus a complete analysis could not be done. But as seen in most wards, there roads are narrow roads which will be difficult for fire engines, ambulances and rescue vehicles to enter. RAILWAYS There is a railway station within Ghansoli. It is part of the Vashi-Thane-Panvel Line. (Refer map H) c) Social Security People who have their own house and bank accounts can be categorized under population with some possessions. A registered house helps in claims in case of any aftermath damaging the structure; similarly banks are medium to deposit excess money or savings which can be accessed during emergency situation. Any community having higher percentage of population falling in this category increases the overall capacity. People who rent do so because they are either transient or do not have the financial resources for home ownership. They often lack access to information about financial aid during recovery. In the most extreme cases, tenants lack sufficient shelter options when lodging becomes uninhabitable or too costly to afford. Having a bank account is an asset and suggests savings of some sort. Thus in a disaster situation, households with bank accounts are less vulnerable than households without bank accounts. Ward 18 and 19 have 25% and 33% of people living in self-owned houses, whereas the other wards have more than 50% of population living in self-owned houses. Percentage of people availing banking facility is less than 50% in ward 18 and 19.

JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

Table 7-13 Social Security (Ghansoli 2011)

SOCIAL SECURITY Availing Node Census Ward Ownership Status Banking Services 18 25.3 48.8 19 33.4 43.9 20 57.4 68.6 GHANSOLI 21 55.7 66 25 47.7 90.5 26 65.1 70.9 NMMC Ownership Status 40.8 NMMC Availing Bank Account 84.6

Figure 7-19 Ownership Status (Ghansoli 2011)

SOCIAL SECURITY 70 60 50 40 30 NMMC Ownership Status

Percentage 20 OWNERSHIP STATUS 10 0 18 19 20 21 25 26 Census Ward

Figure 7-20 Availing Banking Services (Ghansoli 2011)

AVAILING BANK SERVICES

100

60 NMMC Availing Bank 40 Account

Percentage AVAILING BANKING 20 SERVICES 0 18 19 20 21 25 26 Census Ward

JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

H Vulnerable areas and past incidences a) Contour analysis and Low lying areas Through discussions with the Deputy Chief Fire Officer, NMMC, it was understood that there are 12 low lying spots in Digha. This is also mentioned in the Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation Fire Hazards Response and Mitigation Plan, 2010. However, due to absence of contour data and old maps, these could not be mapped, nor are they available on GIS platform. However, from images available from map surfer of contour and SRTM maps, it is visible that the western edge has an undulating topography i.e. the Parsik hills (refer map I). Along the eastern edge of the ward are hills which have witnessed mining activities and thus are vulnerable to land slide and consequently building collapse. Also during the rains, the runoff from the hills caries the loose soil thus covering the foothills with sludge. Along the foothills are few industries and hutments. When mining activities are underway, they area experience high levels of air pollution and high levels SPM. b) Proximity to water bodies Proximity of developed properties/houses/hutments etc. to water bodies is an important indicator of flood vulnerability. To gauge the same an analysis was undertake to see what part of the city fall within the maximum vulnerability, high vulnerability and medium vulnerability zones. Since the contour data for the city is not available, these buffers do not take into consideration the topography of that area. For lakes and holding ponds buffers on 100, 200 and 300mts were extracted and for nallahs buffers of 25, 50 and 100mts were considered. As seen in Map No: J4, most of the developed part of Ghansoli node falls in these zones thus increasing the flood vulnerability of the area. c) Past Incidences and vulnerability During discussions with the ward officer, past incidences within the ward were discussed and noted. Mapping of these incidences was not done since that information/maps were not available at the ward office. Here only major incidences were covered.

Table 7-14 Past Incidences - Ghansoli

Incidence Date Loss to life Loss to Property Rock Fall 28th July 2015 None Damage to two households As mentioned above, the slums in Ghansoli are situated on a hilly terrain. There have incidences of rock felling during the monsoons in these slums. This is a major problem in 5 slums namely Ambedkar Nagar, Bhim Nagar, Panchashil Nagarn and Sambhaji Nagar. The other two slums, Golden Nagar and NOCIL Naka, have not encountered any incidences of rock fall however it is a major hazard to these slums. On 28th July after the incidence was reported to the ward office, first immediate contact was made to the JCB contractors to remove the debris. The Panchanama of the incident was recorded and compensation for

JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017 the same is under process. However, post the incidence no measures were taken to ensure safety and avoid further incidence. However, during monsoon houses in such vulnerable places are vacated. Other than the above, fire incidences are regularly reported form the MIDC area. This has been discussed further in the section on fire vulnerability.

A list was published in 2015 by NMMC of the number cessed buildings within each ward/node. As per the list there are 10 such buildings within Ghansoli. Of these 10, approximate location of 8 could identified through google maps, as per which 3 buildings are within Census Ward 25, 2 in Census ward 20 and 1 each in Census ward 19, 21 and 26.

I Social Vulnerability Assessment: a) Fire Based on the methodology stated in the annexure, the Social Vulnerability Index for fire was calculated for all census 2011 wards (tables and figure below). The key observations are summarized below: 1. Vulnerability in this node (refer figure 7-23) is largely influenced by the economic vulnerability and large number of marginal population. 2. Positive indicators of social security help limit the vulnerability to a certain extent. 3. Ward no 18, 21 and 25 are amongst the most vulnerable(refer table 7-12) 4. However, when seen at the city most of the wards fall in the extreme and high risk zone. In fact wards 18, 20, 21 and 25 are the most vulnerable ward in the city whose ranks are 82, 87, 88 and 86 respectively out of 89 wards. Whereas two ward i.e. ward no 19 and 26 is in the high risk category (orange zone) (refer table 7-13). 5. When seen at the nodal level, Ghansoli ranks 8th out of 8 in terms of overall risk towards fire and it is the most vulnerable wards in terms fire vulnerability. (refer table 7-14 and figure 7-24)

Figure 7-21 Ghansoli – SoVI at the census 2011 ward level - Fire

JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

Table 7-15 Ghansoli – SoVI at the census 2011 ward level - Fire

Census Ward Physical Physical Housing Demo Marg. Popn Economic Social Sec Social Vul Overall SoVI 2011 Infra Vul 0018 89.00 86.00 63.50 60.33 56.50 9.00 7656.25 5019591.31 50128642170.16 0019 69.0 81.0 52.75 53.33 39.25 19.50 5625.00 2883634.41 20872609251.96 0020 82.0 66.5 53.00 84.83 68.25 48.50 5513.06 16408916.64 91930907171.51 0021 79.0 63.0 73.25 85.83 76.50 47.50 5041.00 25085180.94 126455278560.43 0025 47.00 35.00 60.50 87.67 88.00 52.00 1681.00 26936118.02 55141216958.07 0026 54.0 48.5 45.50 80.83 65.75 53.00 2626.56 14093379.56 37796027863.92

Table 7-16 Ghansoli - SoVI ranking w.r.t. other wards - Fire

Census Ward 2011 Physical Vul Rank Phy Risk Social Vul Rank Social Risk Overall Rank Overall Risk

0018 88.0 5 63.0 4 87.0 5 0019 77.0 5 39.0 3 66.0 4 0020 76.0 5 83.0 5 82.0 5 0021 72.0 5 88.0 5 88.0 5 0025 42.0 3 89.0 5 86.0 5 0026 53.0 3 77.0 5 65.0 4

JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

Table 7-17 Ghansoli - SoVI w.r.t. other nodes - Fire

Physical Vul Sr. No Census Ward 2011 Physical Vul Social Vul Social Vul Rank Overall SoVIi Overall Rank Rank 1 DIGHA NODE 83.63 4 20.03 1 13.27 5 2 AIROLI NODE 87.34 6 23.69 6 13.34 6 3 GHANSOLI NODE 83.88 5 24.38 8 14.20 8 4 KOPARKHAIRANE NODE 103.77 7 22.58 3 12.35 3 5 VASHI NODE 62.89 1 21.13 2 12.10 1 6 TURBHE NODE 106.83 8 23.53 5 13.86 7 7 NERUL NODE 69.95 2 24.29 7 12.86 4 8 BELAPUR NODE 76.39 3 22.75 4 12.30 2

JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

Figure 7-22 Ghansoli – Fire vulnerability at node level

PHYSICAL VULNERABILITY RANK SOCIAL VULNERABILITY RANK OVERALL VULNERABILITY RANK

JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017 b) Floods Based on the methodology stated in the annexure, the Social Vulnerability Index for floods was calculated for all census 2011 wards (see tables and figure below). Detailed analysis of the data suggests the following: 1. Large number of marginal population and vulnerable economic conditions contribute most to the vulnerability in this ward (refer figure 7-25). 2. Whereas positive indicators of social security help curtail the vulnerability to a certain extent. 3. Ward no 21 in the most vulnerable, while ward no. 19 in the least vulnerable within the node (refer table 7-15) 4. However, when seen at the city level most wards lie in the extreme risk and high risk zones. Since we are looking at flooding here, the wards has large water bodies and hence the vulnerability is higher. 5. Also, when seen at the nodal level, the nodes ranks 8th out of 8 nodes, thus it is the most vulnerable node in terms of flooding. (refer table 7-17 and figure 7-26)

Figure 7-23 Ghansoli – SoVI at the census 2011 ward level – Floods

Ghansoli- Flood SoVI

0018 100.00 HOUSING 80.00 PHYSICAL 60.00 0026 0019 INFRA 40.00 DEMO 20.00 0.00 MARG. POPn

0025 0020 ECONOMIC

SOCIAL SEC 0021

JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

Table 7-18 Ghansoli - SoVI at the census 2011 ward level - Floods

Census Ward Physical Physical Housing Demo Marg. Popn Economic Social Sec Social Vul Overall SoVI 2011 Infra Vul 0018 69.80 83.80 63.50 60.33 56.50 9.00 5898.24 5019591.31 34861871909.72 0019 52.60 70.10 52.75 53.33 39.25 19.50 3763.82 2883634.41 12112162595.78 0020 61.30 58.20 53.00 84.83 68.25 48.50 3570.06 16408916.64 58735768280.73 0021 58.80 56.70 73.25 85.83 76.50 47.50 3335.06 25085180.94 85942366192.14 0025 36.60 39.50 60.50 87.67 88.00 52.00 1447.80 26936118.02 50073631319.93 0026 41.00 46.60 45.50 80.83 65.75 53.00 1918.44 14093379.56 29058872757.61

Table 7-19 Ghansoli - SoVI ranking w.r.t. other wards - Floods

Census Ward 2011 Physical Vul Rank Phy Risk Social Vul Rank Social Risk Overall Rank Overall risk 0018 88.00 5 72.00 5 61.00 4 0019 75.00 5 46.00 3 35.00 2 0020 71.00 4 29.00 2 18.50 2 0021 69.00 4 69.00 4 60.00 4 0025 44.00 3 20.00 2 12.00 1 0026 52.00 3 4.00 1 2.00 1

JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

Table 7-20 Ghansoli - SoVI w.r.t. other nodes - Floods

JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

Figure 7-24 Ghansoli – Flood vulnerability at node level

PHYSICAL VULNERABILITY RANK SOCIAL VULNERABILITY RANK OVERALL VULNERABILITY RANK

JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017 c) Landslides and building collapse Based on the methodology stated in the annexure, the Social Vulnerability Index for floods was calculated for all census 2011 wards. Based on the table and figure below, following are the key observation/analysis: 1. As seen earlier, the large number of marginal population and economic vulnerability contributes most to the vulnerability of the wards within the node. 2. The vulnerability is further augmented by poor physical infrastructure facilities. 3. Overall, Ghansoli node falls in the high risk zone and ranks last in the vulnerability at the node level, thus being the most vulnerable ward.

Figure 7-25 Ghansoli – SoVI at the census 2011 ward level - Building collapse/landslide

JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

Table 7-21 Ghansoli - SoVI at the census 2011 ward level – Building collapse/landslide

Census Ward Physical Marg. Physical Housing Demo Economic Social Sec Social Vul Overall SoVI 2011 Infra Popn Vul 0018 70.00 88.50 63.50 60.33 56.50 9.00 6280.56 5019591.31 37959430643.69 0019 52.60 81.00 52.75 53.33 39.25 19.50 4462.24 2883634.41 15141764117.28 0020 60.90 68.00 53.00 84.83 68.25 48.50 4153.80 16408916.64 68166572859.52 0021 58.60 68.50 73.25 85.83 76.50 47.50 4038.60 25085180.94 102084676743.65 0025 36.20 43.25 60.50 87.67 88.00 52.00 1578.08 26936118.02 52900972330.19 0026 40.60 50.25 45.50 80.83 65.75 53.00 2063.43 14093379.56 30804282211.48

Table 7-22 Ghansoli SoVI ranking w.r.t. other wards - Building collapse/landslide

PHYSICAL VUL Census Ward 2011 Physical Risk SOCIAL VUL RANK Social Risk OVERALL RANK Overall Risk RANK 0018 89.00 5 63.00 4 86.00 5 0019 81.00 5 39.00 3 65.00 4 0020 74.00 5 83.00 5 82.00 5 0021 73.00 5 88.00 5 88.00 5 0025 46.00 3 89.00 5 89.00 5 0026 52.00 3 77.00 5 71.00 4

JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

Table 7-23 Ghansoli SoVI w.r.t. other nodes - Building collapse/landslide

JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

Figure 7-26 Ghansoli – Building collapse/landslide vulnerability at node level

PHYSICAL VULNERABILITY RANK SOCIAL VULNERABILITY RANK OVERALL VULNERABILITY RANK

JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

Appendix 8 Koparkhairane Node

A Location This node was developed by CIDCO mainly for EWS*& LIG houses under World Bank project. In the phase II of the development, private owners started redeveloping this area. Initially it was an extension of Vashi Node but after the development of the Koparkhairane Station and DKC Knowledge City across the Thane-Belapur Road, this area gained impetus and was designated as a separate node. (Refer map A5)

B Node composition for analysis Census 2011 data is the latest available data at the micro level, wherein the city has been divided into 89 smaller wards. Few ward together form the node. Koparkhairane node comprises of 16 Census 2011 wards.

Table 8-1 Census Wards (Koparkhairane 2011)

Municipal Node Census Ward No No. of Census Wards 22, 23, 24, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, Koparkhairane 16 38, 40

C Land Use and Development There is a need for optimal utilization of land resources. The country can no longer afford to neglect land, the most important natural resource, so as to ensure sustainability and avoid adverse land conflicts. There is a need to cater land for industrialization and for development of essential infrastructure facilities and for urbanization. While at the same time, there is a need to ensure high quality delivery of services of ecosystems that come from natural resource base and to cater to the needs of the farmers that enable food security, both of which are of vital significance for the whole nation. Also, there is a need for preservation of the country’s natural, cultural and historic heritage areas. In every case, there is a need for optimal utilization of land resources. Provisions in the Indian Constitution According to the Entry No. 18 of the Seventh Schedule (the State List) of the Constitution of India, land including assessment and collection of revenue, maintenance of land records, land management and alienation of revenue etc. fall under the purview of the State Governments. “Land” being a State subject, falls under the legislative and

JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017 competence of the States. Land use planning falls, therefore, under the responsibility of the State Governments17. Proper planning of land and its resources allows for rational and sustainable use of land catering to various needs, including social, economic, developmental and environmental needs. Proper land use planning based on sound scientific, and technical procedures, and land utilization strategies, supported by participatory approaches empowers people to make decisions on how to appropriately allocate and utilize land and its resources comprehensively and consistently catering to the present and future demands. Koparkhairane was developed mainly as a residential node and thus residential land use occupies nearly 40% of the area followed by public utilities and circulation. The table given below gives the land use within Koparkhairane.

Table 8-2 Land Use - Koparkhairane18

Sr. No Land use Category Area in Ha % Area 1 Residential 124.78 39.55% 2 Commercial 20.90 6.62% 3 Social Facilities 14.85 4.71% 4 Industrial 4.58 1.45% 5 Open Space 33.83 10.72% 6 Circulation 62.65 19.86% 7 Public utilities 48.01 15.22% 8 Infrastructure Corridor 5.90 1.87% 9 Storage 0.00 0.00% 10 Net Developed Area 315.51

17Draft National Land Utilisation Policy

*Economically weaker section and Low Income Group

18Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation Fire Hazards Response and Mitigation Plan, 2010.

JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

Figure 8-1 Land Use - Koparkhairane

D Population Density Population growth and distribution have a very major role to play in case of any event. Any city which is densely populated leads to congestion, limited escape route, limited route for emergency vehicle and men to ply and unsafe infrastructure and is thus indicative of social and economic characteristic of the community. The chart and table depicting the population density of Koparkhairane clearly demonstrates that most of the wards viz. 24, 28, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34 & 37 have area less than a Kilometer but are very densely populated; reiterating the fact that this node caters to a huge residential population, but the Land Use Planning has been ignored. 16% of the total population of NMMC resides in Koparkhairane.

Table 8-3 Population Density (Koparkhairane 2011)

Area % Pop %Pop Total Population Node Census Ward (Km Wrt Wrt Population Density Sq.) Ward NMMC 22 9109 17.83 511 5.06 0.81

23 5343 4.44 1204 2.97 0.48

24 14452 0.33 43804 8.02 1.29

27 15105 1.54 9798 8.38 1.35

28 17321 0.53 32745 9.61 1.55 KOPERKHAIRNE 29 9102 0.15 59103 5.05 0.81

30 8077 0.17 47328 4.48 0.72

31 7098 0.27 26371 3.94 0.63

32 13333 0.15 89066 7.40 1.19

33 13290 0.15 89879 7.38 1.19

JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

Area % Pop %Pop Total Population Node Census Ward (Km Wrt Wrt Population Density Sq.) Ward NMMC 34 8583 0.12 69747 4.76 0.77

35 10963 5.02 2183 6.09 0.98

36 10525 0.26 41201 5.84 0.94

37 15215 0.24 63365 8.45 1.36

38 13042 0.44 29480 7.24 1.16

40 9603 5.16 1863 5.33 0.86

Total 180161 36.80 4895

Koparkhairane % Population wrt NMMC 16.08

Total NMMC 1120547 125.43 8934

Figure 8-2 Population Density (Koparkhairane 2011)

POPULATION DENSITY 100000 90000 80000 70000 60000 Total NMMC 50000 40000 Percentage 30000 20000 8934 10000 0 22 23 24 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 40 Census Ward

JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017 a) Female population 15.30% of city women population stays in Koparkhairane. It is evident from the chart and table below that the percentage of women population residing in Koparkhairane is quite close to the city percentage. Women are categorized under the vulnerable section of society, it is because they may not be fully equipped to respond and recover from any event. Past experiences have shown that they are more likely to recognize and respond to risk, but tend to be more at the receiving. It is evident that approximately 43% of the city population falls in this vulnerable category.

Table 8-4 Female Population (Koparkhairane 2011)

VULNERABLE FEMALE POPULATION Census %Tot_F Node Tot_P Tot_M % Tot_M Tot_F Ward (Wrt Ward) 22 9109 6228 68.37 2881 31.63 23 5343 2848 53.30 2495 46.70 24 14452 8002 55.37 6450 44.63 27 15105 8516 56.38 6589 43.62 28 17321 9423 54.40 7898 45.60 29 9102 5001 54.94 4101 45.06 30 8077 4379 54.22 3698 45.78 31 7098 3890 54.80 3208 45.20 KOPERKHAIRNE 32 13333 7736 58.02 5597 41.98 33 13290 7530 56.66 5760 43.34 34 8583 4764 55.51 3819 44.49 35 10963 5821 53.10 5142 46.90 36 10525 6001 57.02 4524 42.98 37 15215 9022 59.30 6193 40.70 38 13042 6930 53.14 6112 46.86 40 9603 5961 62.07 3642 37.93 Total 180161 102052 78109 43.36 Koparkhairane wrt NMMC 15.30 NMMC 1120547 610060 510487 NMMC % Female 45.56

JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

Figure 8-3 Female Population (Koparkhairane 2011)

b) Population 0-6 Years Young children and elderly are the other section of society who find themselves fending for help even during normal situation. Any event makes them more vulnerable as they are dependent upon others from help. 16% of the city’s population under 6 years of age resides in Koparkhairane.

Table 8-5 Population under 6 years of age (Koparkhairane 2011)

POPULATION UNDER 6 YEARS OF AGE

Node Census Ward Tot_ Population P_06 %P_06

22 9109 1100 12.08 23 5343 788 14.75 24 14452 1750 12.11 27 15105 1880 12.45 28 17321 1945 11.23 29 9102 939 10.32 30 8077 921 11.40 31 7098 840 11.83 KOPERKHAIRANE 32 13333 1565 11.74 33 13290 1554 11.69 34 8583 990 11.53 35 10963 1076 9.81 36 10525 1080 10.26 37 15215 1603 10.54 38 13042 1538 11.79 40 9603 1176 12.25 Total 180161 20745 11.51 Koparkhairane wrt NMMC 16.01

JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

POPULATION UNDER 6 YEARS OF AGE

Node Census Ward Tot_ Population P_06 %P_06

NMMC 1120547 129591 NMMC % ToT Pop-06 11.56

Figure 8-4 Population under 6 years of age (Koparkhairane 2011)

POPULATION UNDER 6 YEARS OF AGE 16.00 14.00 12.00 10.00 8.00 NMMC % ToT Pop-06 6.00 Percentage 4.00 %P_06 2.00 0.00 22232427282930313233343536373840 Census Ward

c) SC and ST populations According to the 19Arjun Sen Gupta Committee report, Dalits constitute 81% of India’s Vulnerable. They constitute most of the population below poverty line. The pre-existing- vulnerabilities are compounded in the event of disasters. As is evident from the table and chart given below, SC ST constitutes around 8% of the total population of the node. Wards 23 & 22 have higher percentage of SC & ST population respectively in comparison to the city average. 18.48% of NMMC population resides in this node.

Table 8-6 Population SC & ST (Koparkhairane 2011)

Census Total % P_ SC % P_ST Node P_SC P_ST Ward Population (% Ward) (% Ward)

22 9109 633 6.95 1738 19.08 23 5343 1518 28.41 241 4.51 24 14452 1015 7.02 157 1.09 27 15105 1010 6.69 109 0.72 KOPARKHAIRANE 28 17321 1532 8.84 201 1.16 29 9102 725 7.97 34 0.37 30 8077 318 3.94 24 0.30 31 7098 468 6.59 73 1.03 32 13333 488 3.66 62 0.47

19 http://www.ncdhr.org.in/daaa-1/daaa-publication/NCDHR%20Climate%20Change%20.pdf

JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

33 13290 322 2.42 94 0.71 34 8583 376 4.38 87 1.01 35 10963 517 4.72 51 0.47 36 10525 766 7.28 98 0.93 37 15215 1039 6.83 320 2.10 38 13042 230 1.76 116 0.89 40 9603 586 6.10 91 0.95 Total 180161 11543 6.41 3496 1.94 Koparkhairane wrt NMMC 11.54 18.48 NMMC 1120547 100067 18913 NMMC % SC 8.93 NMMC % ST 1.69

Figure 8-5 Population SC & ST (Koparkhairane 2011)

d) Illiterate population Education is attributed a key role in both preventing and managing any event. It not only gives every individual a medium to decent earning but also an opportunity to know about their Rights and duties. The chart and table below clearly demonstrate that 20% of the population in Koparkhairane does not have basic education which indicates towards the vulnerability. Ward 22 and 23 have very high percentage if illiterate population.

Table 8-7 Illiteracy Rates (Koparkhairane 2011)

ILLITERACY CHART % P_ILL Node Census Ward Total Population P_Ill wrt Ward 22 9109 2777 30.49 23 5343 2189 40.97 KOPARKHAIRANE 24 14452 2743 18.98 27 15105 3164 20.95 28 17321 3158 18.23

JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

ILLITERACY CHART % P_ILL Node Census Ward Total Population P_Ill wrt Ward 29 9102 1549 17.02 30 8077 1452 17.98 31 7098 1480 20.85 32 13333 2608 19.56 33 13290 2497 18.79 34 8583 1600 18.64 35 10963 1545 14.09 36 10525 1925 18.29 37 15215 2841 18.67 38 13042 2590 19.86 40 9603 2184 22.74 Total 180161 36302 20.15 Koparkhairane wrt NMMC 15.62 NMMC 1120547 232430 NMMC % Illiterate 20.74

Figure 8-6 Illiteracy Rates (Koparkhairane 2011)

ILLITERACY CHART 45.00 40.00 35.00 30.00 25.00 20.00 NMMC % Illiterate

Percentage 15.00 % P_ILL wrt Ward 10.00 5.00 0.00 22 23 24 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 40 Census Ward

20 https://data.gov.in/keywords/marginal-worker

JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017 treated as non-worker. The non-workers broadly constitute Students who did not participate in any economic activity paid or unpaid, household duties who were attending to daily household chores like cooking, cleaning utensils, looking after children, fetching water etc. The table and chart below indicates that approximately 94% of the total working population fall in the Main Worker category leaving the marginal working population to mere 6%. When the working and non-working population of Koparkhairane are analysed it is evident that only 42% of the total population falls in the working category. This implies that more than 57% people residing in the node fall in non-working category which largely comprises of students, ladies, elderly, children etc. In all the wards of this node almost 50%- 60 % population fall in the non-working category.

Figure 8-7 Working & Non-Working Population (Koparkhairane 2011)

Figure 8-8 Main & Marginal Working Population (Koparkhairane 2011)

JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

Table 8-8 Work Scenario (Koparkhairane 2011)

WORKING POPULATION - DEPENDENTS

Census Total Tot_ % Tot_Work Main % Main Marg %Marg Non_ %Non_ Node Ward Population Work_P P Work_P Work_P Work_P Work_P Work_P Work_P

22 9109 5427 59.58 5066 93.35 361 7.13 3682 40.42 23 5343 2656 49.71 2278 85.77 378 16.59 2687 50.29 24 14452 5555 38.44 5360 96.49 195 3.64 8897 61.56 27 15105 6090 40.32 5847 96.01 243 4.16 9015 59.68 28 17321 6948 40.11 6623 95.32 325 4.91 10373 59.89 29 9102 3273 35.96 2968 90.68 305 10.28 5829 64.04 30 8077 2958 36.62 2842 96.08 116 4.08 5119 63.38 31 7098 2990 42.12 2750 91.97 240 8.73 4108 57.88 KOPERKHAIRANE 32 13333 5494 41.21 5241 95.39 253 4.83 7839 58.79 33 13290 5187 39.03 5006 96.51 181 3.62 8103 60.97 34 8583 3312 38.59 3101 93.63 211 6.80 5271 61.41 35 10963 4512 41.16 4146 91.89 366 8.83 6451 58.84 36 10525 4440 42.19 4179 94.12 261 6.25 6085 57.81 37 15215 7041 46.28 6757 95.97 284 4.20 8174 53.72 38 13042 5396 41.37 4948 91.70 448 9.05 7646 58.63 40 9603 4754 49.51 4541 95.52 213 4.69 4849 50.49 Total 180161 76033 42.20 71653 94.24 4380 6.11 104128 57.80 Koparkhairane wrt NMMC 16.69 17.08 12.16 17.83 Total NMMC 1120547 455485 419469 36016 583872 NMMC % Population 40.65 92.09 7.91 52.11

140 JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017 f) Slum location and population Data for slums has been collated from three sources; Census list of slums with number of households & population data, list of slums provided by NMMC ward officer and slums and encroachments as shown in Auto Cad drawings given by the TP Department, NMMC. The slums and encroachment as shown in the map C5 have been referred to as hutments hereafter. 5 slums were identified in Koparkhairane. Population and household details of few are listed in the Census 2011, based on which the following data has been compiled. It is quite possible that the slums with missing data are the ones identified post 2011.

Table 8-9 Slum Data (Koparkhairane 2011)

Census 2011 Sr. No Name of slum Number of H/H Population % of H/H % of Population 1 Waralipada 71 338 0.2% 0.19% 2 Hanuman Nagar 533 2466 1.2% 1.37% 3 Katkaripada 3835 16833 8.8% 9.34% A TOTAL 4439 19637 10.13% 10.90% B KOPARKHAIRANE NODE 43811 180161

As per the available data, 10.3% and 10.9% of household and population respectively, resides in slums in Koparkhairane. Certain hutments were identified from the maps. These were analysed in terms of their location and area. In certain cases, clear boundaries were not shown between various hutment pockets, thus is such cases the area of such pockets is calculated together. As seen in the table below, Census ward 38 within Koparkhairane node has the largest area in terms of percentage of the ward are under slums. Of the total area of Koparkhairane (3680.32ha), nearly 0.77%% (28.39ha) is under slums.

Census Area covered Sr. Area covered by Ward Ward Name by hutments No hutments (ha) Area (ha) No (%) 1 28 Koparkhairane Gaothan 4.99 TOTAL 4.99 52.89 9.43% 2 27 Koparkhairane Gaothan 3.70 TOTAL 3.70 154.16 2.40% 3 36 Khairane Gaothan 2.37 TOTAL 2.37 25.54 9.29% 4 37 Khairane Gaothan 5.95 TOTAL 5.95 24.01 24.77% 5 38 Khairane Gaothan 11.39 TOTAL 11.39 44.24 25.75% TOTAL KOPARKHAIRANE NODE 28.39 3680.32 0.77%

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F Vulnerable Housing The condition of the housing stock reveals condition of living of the people. Construction material used for wall, roof and floor indicate the vulnerability of those houses to any event. Any house which show signs of decay or those breaking down and required major repairs and are far from being in condition that can be restored or repaired are considered as dilapidated21. Navi Mumbai lies very close to the Panvel fault line increasing risk to unsafe constructions. From the table and chart below its evident that, in four wards of Koparkhairane have high percentage of dilapidated buildings. Ten Wards (22, 23, 24, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 37 & 40) out of sixteen have high percentage of vulnerable roof material. Wards 22, 23 & 40 have very high percentage of vulnerable wall material. Wards 22, 23, 31 & 40 have high percentage of vulnerable floor. From the above data it’s evident that ward 22, 23 and 40 are structurally more vulnerable wards.

Table 8-10 Vulnerable Housing (Koparkhairane 2011)

VULNERABILITY INDICATOR- HOUSING

Census Dilapidated Vulnerable Vulnerable Vulnerable Node Ward Houses Roof Wall Floor

22 4 63.5 36.5 14.9 23 1.1 58.9 43.4 5.2 24 0.2 37.1 1.5 0.4 27 0.8 16.4 7.7 1.1 28 0.5 7.9 1.6 0.7 29 0 33.3 0.2 0.3 30 0 35.6 0.5 0.4 31 5.7 29 7.7 5.5 KOPERKHAIRANE 32 0.1 33.8 0.9 0.8 33 0 31.2 2.2 0.5 34 0.1 28.5 0.9 0.6 35 0.1 6.1 5.2 0.6 36 6.8 19.8 2.3 2.4 37 0.5 39.6 2.4 0.7 38 0.1 10.5 1.1 0.6 40 2.4 56.7 23.4 7.4 NMMC 1.1 25.4 6.9 2.3

21 Censusmp.nic.in – Housing condition and material used.

142 JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

Figure 8-9 Dilapidated Buildings (Koparkhairane 2011)

DILAPIDATED BUILDING 8 7 6 5 4 NMMC 3 Percentage DILAPIDATED HOUSES 2 1 0 22232427282930313233343536373840 Census Ward

Figure 8-10 Vulnerable Roof (Koparkhairane 2011)

VULNERABLE ROOF 70 60 50 40 30 NMMC

Percentage 20 VULNERABLE ROOF 10 0 22 23 24 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 40 Census Ward

143 JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

Figure 8-11 Vulnerable Wall (Koparkhairane 2011)

Figure 8-12 Vulnerable Floor (Koparkhairane 2011)

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Any community with decent earning and residing in legal localities are provided with all the amenities along with electric supply, absence or fewer facilities are indicator of vulnerability. The table and chart below clearly indicate that Wards 22, 23, 27 & 40 of Koparkhairane have very high percentage of unsafe drinking water source. Majority source of water supply to Wards 22, 23, 35, 36 & 40 is not within the premises. Wards 22, 31 & 40 have certain percentage of residents with no access to latrine higher than the city percentage. Residents of wards 22, 23 & 40 have compromised upon drainage system, use cooking fuel from unsafe sources and manage with unsafe light source. All the above indicators are pointing towards a society with compromised Physical Infrastructure increasing the vulnerability indicator. The Wards 22, 23 & 40 are highly vulnerable amongst all the other wards of Koparkhairane as all the vulnerability indicators are very high in these wards.

Table 8-11 Physical Infrastructure Vulnerability (Koparkhairane 2011)

PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE VULNERABILITY

Water Unsafe No Unsafe Unsafe Census Source Source Access Unsafe Node Drinking Cooking Ward Out Of Of To Drainage Water Fuel Premises Light Latrine

22 15.2 72.5 5.1 14.9 64.5 74.6 23 9.8 65.2 11.2 0.8 43.4 61.8 24 2 2 0.2 0.6 0.6 7.1 27 4.5 6.3 0.8 0.1 4.6 11.5 28 1.1 3.6 0.5 0.3 0.8 10.8 29 0.7 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.5 5.5 30 0.3 0.5 0.2 0 1.5 3.3 31 1.4 5.4 0.6 4.1 9.6 12.8 KOPERKHAIRANE 32 2.3 2.3 0.1 0.4 5.2 6.6 33 0.6 0.5 0.1 0.7 5 3.7 34 0.7 4.4 0.1 0.1 0.3 5.1 35 1.4 25.6 0 0 4.8 4 36 0.4 16.3 0.5 0 12.3 17.8 37 1 3.3 0.5 0.1 5.7 21.7 38 0.6 5.8 0.2 0.3 6.9 10.9 40 14.7 42.1 4.7 13.1 43.6 54.6 NMMC 2.6 15.3 1.9 2.2 12.5 20.3

145 JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

Figure 8-13 Unsafe Drinking Water (Koparkhairane 2011)

Figure 8-14 Water Source out of Premises (Koparkhairane 2011)

Figure 8-15 Unsafe Source of Light (Koparkhairane 2011)

146 JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

Figure 8-16 Access to Latrine (Koparkhairane 2011)

Figure 8-17 Unsafe Drainage (Koparkhairane 2011)

Figure 8-18 Unsafe Cooking Fuel (Koparkhairane 2011)

147 JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017 b) Social infrastructure Through meeting and discussion with the ward officer of Koparkhairane node on the level of services available in the ward, such number of schools, hospital, fire stations and police stations were captured. Similarly during discussion with the officials of the fire department, it was noted that as per standards, one fire station can service a maximum areas of 10.5sq.km. To gauge whether hospitals, schools, community building and NMMC building fall within the ambit of 10.5sq.km, GIS based analysis was undertaken. Here facilities were seen in respect to their location within or outside the 10.5sq.km. Since 10.5sq.km is the fire station influence zone anything outside is not easily serviced in case of a hazard like fire, flood or building collapse. Also it is seen that the fire department is the first rescue mechanism in the city. Thus this analysis becomes all the more important to see. FIRE STATION There is fire station within the ward known as the Koparkhairane Fire Station. When the 10.5 sq.km radius is mapped, it is seen that only 50% of the developed part of Koparkhairane node lies in the green zone i.e. the easily accessible zone. The fire station located within Koparkhairane Node also caters to Ghansoli, thus putting additional pressure on the infrastructure and manpower. HEALTH SERVICES The ward officer has pointed out that, there are 14 private clinics/hospital in the ward and 4 government health post in the node. Of these the location of two health facilities is available on the map. In Map No: D5, it is seen that both these are in the safe zone SCHOOLS AND AANGANWADI As per discussions with the ward officers, there are 62 private and 17 public schools within the ward. The GIS map (provided by NMMC) has location of nearly all public schools is mapped (refer map E5). As per the map most of these schools are located in the red zone. COMMUNITY BUILDINGS Similarly there are two NMMC properties within the node and they all are located in the green zone i.e. in the safe zone (refer map F5). POLICE STATION/CHOWKI Within the ward there is 3 Police Chowki. These could not be mapped since GIS data was not available for them. ROADS Similarly the road network was also analysed in terms of its width. All roads less than or equal to 6mts (red) width were deemed as vulnerable, roads between 6 to 15mts (yellow) were deemed as safe if not obstructed and more that 15mts (green) were deemed safe. Also roads less than 6mts being in the red zone further increases vulnerability as it implies areas are not with the easily accessible zone and further the roads are too narrow for the fire

148 JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017 tenders and other rescue vehicles like ambulances, earth movers etc. to reach to reach the disaster affected sites. . In Koparkhairane, the map (refer map G5) shows most of the roads in the green category. However, in the image below the map, one can see many roads which are not captured in the GIS data. Thus a complete analysis could not be done. But as seen in most wards, there roads are narrow roads which will be difficult for fire engines, ambulances and rescue vehicles to enter. RAILWAYS There is a railway station within Koparkhairane. It is part of the Vashi-Thane-Panvel Line. (Refer map H) c) Social Security People who have their own house and bank accounts can be categorized under population with some possessions. A registered house helps in claims in case of any aftermath damaging the structure; similarly banks are medium to deposit excess money or savings which can be accessed during emergency situation. Any community having higher percentage of population falling in this category increases the overall capacity. People who rent do so because they are either transient or do not have the financial resources for home ownership. They often lack access to information about financial aid during recovery. In the most extreme cases, tenants lack sufficient shelter options when lodging becomes uninhabitable or too costly to afford. Having a bank account is an asset and suggests savings of some sort. Thus in a disaster situation, households with bank accounts are less vulnerable than households without bank accounts. In Koparkhairane the distribution of self-owned house to rented has vast variation, in some wards the percentage is more than 75 whereas in some it’s as less as 32. The area which have till now been ranked very high on vulnerability indicator; Wards 22 & 40 are indicating towards higher percentage of self-owned houses. Usage of banking facility paints a slightly different picture, Ward 22 has only 39% of people using this facility and ward 40 has only 53% of the population with bank account whereas almost all the other wards have very high percentage of population utilizing these facilities.

149 JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

Table 8-12 Social Security (Koparkhairane 2011)

SOCIAL SECURITY Availing Ownership Node Census Ward Banking Status Services 22 76.5 39.2 23 32 55.5 24 42.9 94 27 55 80.7 28 55.1 90.1 29 37.2 96.8 30 40.2 95.7 31 46.7 90.7 KOPERKHAIRANE 32 51.9 91.2 33 47.8 91.1 34 43 92.5 35 33.6 97.4 36 45.8 88.7 37 63.9 79.9 38 45.5 95.7 40 63.2 53.6 NMMC Ownership Status 40.8 NMMC Availing Bank Account 84.6

Figure 8-19 Ownership Status (Koparkhairane 2011)

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Figure 8-20 Availing Banking Services (Koparkhairane 2011)

H Vulnerable areas and past incidences a) Contour analysis and Low lying areas Through discussions with the Deputy Chief Fire Officer, NMMC, it was understood that there are 10 low lying spots in Koparkhairane. This is also mentioned in the Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation Fire Hazards Response and Mitigation Plan, 2010. However, due to absence of contour data and old maps, these could not be mapped, nor are they available on GIS platform. However, from images available from map surfer of contour and SRTM maps, it is visible that the western edge has an undulating topography i.e. the Parsik hills (refer map I). Along the eastern edge of the ward are hills which have witnessed mining activities and thus are vulnerable to land slide and consequently building collapse (see images below). Also during the rains, the runoff from the hills caries the loose soil thus covering the foothills with sludge. Along the foothills are few industries and hutments. When mining activities are underway, the area experiences high levels of air pollution and high levels SPM. b) Proximity to water bodies Proximity of developed properties/houses/hutments etc. to water bodies is an important indicator of flood vulnerability. To gauge the same an analysis was undertake to see what part of the city fall within the maximum vulnerability, high vulnerability and medium vulnerability zones. Since the contour data for the city is not available, these buffers do not take into consideration the topography of that area. For lakes and holding ponds buffers on 100, 200 and 300mts were extracted and for nallahs buffers of 25, 50 and 100mts were considered. As seen in Map No: J5, most of the developed part of Koparkhairane node falls in these zones thus increasing the flood vulnerability of the area. However, being in the 10.5sqkm ambit of the fire station slightly reduces the vulnerability.

151 JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017 c) Past Incidences and vulnerability During discussions with the ward officer, past incidences within the ward were discussed and noted. Mapping of these incidences was not done since that information/maps were not available at the ward office. Here only major incidences were covered.

No major incidences have been reported in this ward. However there are certain areas within the ward get water logged every year. One such area is the area around the railway station. If these areas get water logged, major issues in commuting are faced by residents, hence as a solution, permanent pumps have been installed in this area which can immediately put to use if the city witnesses heavy rains. Another spot which has regular flooding is the area behind the Rapha Naik School. The water here is pumped out when needed. Other than these, Hanuman Nagar slum also gets regularly flooded, but as stated by the Ward Officer, the reason here is more to do with insufficient drainage system rather than rains.

Other than the above, fire incidences are regularly reported form the MIDC area. This has been discussed further in the section on fire vulnerability.

Though no major fire incidences have been report, the ward is highly vulnerable to fires. As mentioned earlier there are 5 slums pockets in the ward. Slums as being characterized by high density, substandard living condition and building material highly susceptible to fire, within Koparkhairane a population of 19637 as per 2011 Census is exposed to fire vulnerability. The slum map has further revealed that most of this development is on land below high tension wires which further augments their vulnerability to fire.

A list was published in 2015 by NMMC of the number cessed buildings within each ward/node. As per the list there are 7 such buildings within Koparkhairane. The approximate location of 6 was identified through google maps, as per which 2 buildings each within Census Ward 30 and 27 and 1 each in Census ward 24, 34 and 35 are vulnerable.

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1. Vulnerability in this node (refer figure 8-21) is largely influenced by the housing and physical infrastructure vulnerability. 2. Positive Economic and social security indicators help limit the vulnerability to a certain extent. 3. Ward no 22, 23 and 40 are amongst the most vulnerable wards in the node(refer table 8-13) 4. However, when seen at the city most of the wards fall in the high vulnerability zone and medium vulnerability zone. In fact wards 22 and 23 are amongst the most vulnerable ward in the city whose ranks are 81 and 80 respectively out of 89 wards. Whereas ward 34 is the least vulnerable in the node and ranks 16 out of 89 (refer table 8-14). 5. When seen at the nodal level, Koparkhairane ranks 3rd out of 8 nodes in terms of overall risk towards fire and it fall in the medium low category of vulnerability. (refer table 8-15 and figure 8-22)

Figure 8-21 Koparkhairane – SoVI at the census 2011 ward level - Fire

Koparkhairane SoVI - Fire 0022 0040 100.0 0023 80.0 0038 0024 60.0 HOUSING

0037 40.0 0027 PHYSICAL INFRA 20.0 DEMO 0036 0028 0.0 MARG. POPn ECONOMI C 0035 0029 SOCIAL SEC

0034 0030

0033 0031 0032

153 JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

Table 8-13 Koparkhairane – SoVI at the census 2011 ward level - Fire

Census Ward Physical Housing Demo Marg. Popn Economic Social Sec Physical Vul Social Vul Overall SoVI 2011 Infra 0022 86.0 87.0 26.50 49.17 26.25 45.50 7482.3 1844787.65 23194396993.3 0023 83.0 88.0 31.38 39.50 27.25 20.25 7310.25 767008.19 12585154395.50 0024 39.0 25.0 59.25 47.67 41.50 52.00 1024.00 6302246.32 7325300650.20 0027 63.0 53.0 44.25 61.00 46.50 50.00 3364.00 6471637.88 22060017521.76 0028 42.0 43.0 50.38 67.5 58.5 55.50 1806.25 11292126.7 21698032619.88 0029 17.0 11.5 46.25 32.00 36.50 55.75 203.06 3301091.54 1331100835.88 0030 28.0 13.0 42.13 22.17 16.25 54.75 420.25 1308712.42 643403174.60 0031 76.0 51.0 37.00 26.00 17.25 51.75 4032.25 1185921.00 6469803375.61 0032 41.0 16.0 61.8 35.83 40.75 57.00 812.25 5686767.59 5532739802.33 0033 33.0 7.0 59.25 32.83 35.25 54.50 400.00 4270257.22 2554190752.81 0034 35.0 22.0 47.75 26.17 24.00 50.50 812.25 1895355.71 1610299147.79 0035 36.0 38.5 19.38 30.00 46.25 52.25 1387.56 1867837.39 2591840454.64 0036 66.0 56.0 46.40 46.50 35.75 49.00 3721.00 3890638.52 15515943514.61 0037 56.0 42.0 51.25 61.67 48.00 54.50 2401.00 8411573.42 20315383354.57 0038 32.0 34.0 42.63 46.67 57.00 59.8 1089.00 7040123.08 8687704869.53 0040 85.0 80.0 26.38 34.17 21.25 46.25 6806.25 1049942.00 13572778193.61

154 JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

Table 8-14 Koparkhairane - SoVI ranking w.r.t. other wards - Fire

Census Ward Physical Vul Rank Phy Risk Social Vul Rank Social Risk Overall Rank Overall Risk 2011 0022 87.0 5 21.5 2 81.0 5 0023 85.0 5 6.0 1 80.0 5 0024 34.0 2 49.0 3 33.0 2 0027 55.0 4 50.0 3 42.0 3 0028 44.0 3 65.0 4 44.0 3 0029 8.0 1 37.0 3 23.0 2 0030 16.0 1 23.0 2 19.0 2 0031 65.0 4 19.0 2 47.0 3 0032 32.0 2 52.0 3 37.0 3 0033 24.0 2 47.0 3 29.0 2 0034 31.0 2 24.0 2 16.0 1 0035 37.0 3 25.0 2 22.0 2 0036 59.0 4 36.0 2 40.0 3 0037 50.0 3 59.0 4 39.0 3 0038 35.0 2 55.0 4 36.0 2 0040 84.0 5 10.0 1 75.5 5

155 JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

Table 8-15 Koparkhairane - SoVI w.r.t. other nodes - Fire

Physical Vul Sr. No Census Ward 2011 Physical Vul Social Vul Social Vul Rank Overall SoVI Overall Rank Rank 1 DIGHA NODE 83.63 4 20.03 1 13.27 5 2 AIROLI NODE 87.34 6 23.69 6 13.34 6 3 GHANSOLI NODE 83.88 5 24.38 8 14.20 8 4 KOPARKHAIRANE NODE 103.77 7 22.58 3 12.35 3 5 VASHI NODE 62.89 1 21.13 2 12.10 1 6 TURBHE NODE 106.83 8 23.53 5 13.86 7 7 NERUL NODE 69.95 2 24.29 7 12.86 4 8 BELAPUR NODE 76.39 3 22.75 4 12.30 2

156 JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

Figure 8-22 Koparkhairane – Fire vulnerability at node level

PHYSICAL VULNERABILITY RANK SOCIAL VULNERABILITY RANK OVERALL VULNERABILITY RANK

157 JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017 b) Floods Based on the methodology stated in the annexure, the Social Vulnerability Index for floods was calculated for all census 2011 wards (see tables and figure below). Detailed analysis of the data suggests the following: 1. Vulnerable housing and physical infrastructure contributes most to the vulnerability in this ward (refer figure 8-23). 2. Whereas positive economic and social security indicators help curtail the vulnerability to a certain extent. 3. For the overall vulnerability to floods, wards in this node are mostly in the medium, low medium and low vulnerability category (refer table 8-16). 4. When seen at the nodal level, Koparkhairane ranks 3rd out of 8 nodes in terms of overall vulnerability towards flooding and it fall in the medium low category of vulnerability. (refer table 8-18 and figure 8-24)

Figure 8-23 Koparkhairane – SoVI at the census 2011 ward level – Floods

Koparkhairane - Flood SoVI

0022 0040100.00 0023 80.00 0038 0024 HOUSING 60.00 PHYSICAL INFRA 0037 40.00 0027 20.00 DEMO

0036 0.00 0028 MARG. POPn

ECONOMIC 0035 0029 SOCIAL SEC 0034 0030

0033 0031 0032

158 JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

Table 8-16 Koparkhairane - SoVI at the census 2011 ward level - Floods

Census Ward Physical Housing Demo Marg. Popn Economic Social Sec Physical Vul Social Vul Overall SoVI 2011 Infra 0022 65.60 85.40 26.50 49.17 26.25 45.50 5700.25 1844787.65 15136691074.65 0023 61.30 80.70 31.38 39.50 27.25 20.25 5041.00 767008.19 6678642478.88 0024 33.10 40.50 59.25 47.67 41.50 52.00 1354.24 6302246.32 9073072296.04 0027 46.40 49.50 44.25 61.00 46.50 50.00 2299.20 6471637.88 14904857183.23 0028 34.50 41.00 50.38 67.50 58.50 55.50 1425.06 11292126.70 18076058916.19 0029 19.30 25.90 46.25 32.00 36.50 55.75 510.76 3301091.54 2158705352.28 0030 22.70 18.40 42.13 22.17 16.25 54.75 422.30 1308712.42 645596073.31 0031 57.30 55.80 37.00 26.00 17.25 51.75 3197.90 1185921.00 4646782715.02 0032 33.90 42.00 61.75 35.83 40.75 57.00 1440.20 5686767.59 8533965156.83 0033 27.40 31.70 59.25 32.83 35.25 54.50 873.20 4270257.22 4192507350.59 0034 29.50 26.40 47.75 26.17 24.00 50.50 781.20 1895355.71 1559248251.30 0035 30.00 36.70 19.38 30.00 46.25 52.25 1112.22 1867837.39 2092026708.96 0036 49.60 39.40 46.40 46.50 35.75 49.00 1980.25 3890638.52 7704456825.84 0037 42.30 38.80 51.25 61.67 48.00 54.50 1644.30 8411573.42 14567571336.15 0038 27.00 39.00 42.63 46.67 57.00 59.75 1089.00 7040123.08 8687704869.53 0040 62.40 81.40 26.38 34.17 21.25 46.25 5169.61 1049942.00 8649452995.75

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Table 8-17 Koparkhairane SoVI ranking w.r.t. other wards - Floods

Census Ward 2011 Physical Vul Rank Phy Risk Social Vul Rank Social Risk Overall Rank Overall Risk 0022 86.00 5 56.00 4 45.50 3 0023 83.00 5 18.00 1 13.00 1 0024 41.00 3 45.00 3 47.00 3 0027 56.00 4 17.00 1 10.00 1 0028 43.00 3 8.00 1 49.00 3 0029 19.00 2 39.00 3 52.00 3 0030 15.00 1 3.00 1 6.00 1 0031 68.00 4 7.00 1 4.00 1 0032 45.00 3 76.00 5 66.00 4 0033 28.00 2 65.00 4 51.00 3 0034 27.00 2 50.00 3 43.00 3 0035 34.00 2 24.00 2 16.00 1 0036 53.00 3 13.00 1 9.00 1 0037 48.00 3 38.00 3 32.00 2 0038 35.00 2 25.00 2 22.00 2 0040 84.00 5 16.00 1 31.00 2

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Table 8-18 Koparkhairane SoVI w.r.t. other nodes - Floods

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Figure 8-24 Koparkhairane – Flood vulnerability at node level

PHYSICAL VULNERABILITY RANK SOCIAL VULNERABILITY RANK OVERALL VULNERABILITY RANK

162 JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017 c) Landslides and building collapse Based on the methodology stated in the annexure, the Social Vulnerability Index for floods was calculated for all census 2011 wards. Based on the table and figure below, following are the key observation/analysis: 1. Vulnerable housing and physical infrastructure contributes most to the vulnerability in this ward (refer figure 8-25). Except wards 22 and 23 which have high number of vulnerable housing and poor physical infrastructure, most wards are in the medium, medium low and low categories of vulnerability. 2. Whereas positive economic and marginal population indicators help curtail the vulnerability to a certain extent. 3. When seen at the nodal level, Koparkhairane ranks 3rd out of 8 nodes in terms of overall vulnerability towards flooding and it fall in the medium low category of vulnerability. (refer table 8 - 21 and figure 8- 26)

Figure 8-25 Koparkhairane – SoVI at the census 2011 ward level - Building collapse/landslide

Koparkhairne- Bldg Collapse/landslide SoVI

0022 100.00 0040 0023 HOUSING 80.00 0038 0024 60.00 PHYSICAL INFRA 0037 40.00 0027 DEMO 20.00

0036 0.00 0028 MARG. POPn

ECONOMI 0035 0029 C

SOCIAL 0034 0030 SEC

0033 0031 0032

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Table 8-19 Koparkhairane – SoVI at the census 2011 ward level - Building collapse/landslide

Census Ward Physical Physical Housing Demo Marg. Popn Economic Social Sec Social Vul Overall SoVI 2011 Infra Vul 0022 65.60 84.00 26.50 49.17 26.25 45.50 5595.04 1844787.65 14715581102.49 0023 61.30 84.50 31.38 39.50 27.25 20.25 5314.41 767008.19 7285222064.76 0024 32.90 28.00 59.25 47.67 41.50 52.00 927.20 6302246.32 6824882143.13 0027 46.00 50.00 44.25 61.00 46.50 50.00 2304.00 6471637.88 14934927497.17 0028 34.10 40.25 50.38 67.50 58.50 55.50 1381.98 11292126.70 17674061325.92 0029 19.10 26.50 46.25 32.00 36.50 55.75 519.84 3301091.54 2182835956.32 0030 22.70 31.25 42.13 22.17 16.25 54.75 727.65 1308712.42 984448685.15 0031 57.30 55.00 37.00 26.00 17.25 51.75 3152.82 1185921.00 4556520195.88 0032 33.90 30.75 61.75 35.83 40.75 57.00 1044.91 5686767.59 6618590991.06 0033 27.40 30.25 59.25 32.83 35.25 54.50 830.88 4270257.22 4043377258.08 0034 29.50 18.75 47.75 26.17 24.00 50.50 582.02 1895355.71 1240158057.32 0035 29.60 26.00 19.38 30.00 46.25 52.25 772.84 1867837.39 1521103762.64 0036 49.40 54.75 46.40 46.50 35.75 49.00 2711.81 3890638.52 10733427578.75 0037 42.10 49.25 51.25 61.67 48.00 54.50 2086.21 8411573.42 17862469553.21 0038 26.80 40.25 42.63 46.67 57.00 59.75 1123.93 7040123.08 8890847996.42 0040 62.60 80.50 26.38 34.17 21.25 46.25 5119.40 1049942.00 8516674815.53

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Table 8-20 Koparkhairane SoVI ranking w.r.t. other wards - Building collapse/landslide

Census Ward 2011 Physical Vul Rank Physical Risk Social Vul Rank Social Risk Overall Rank Overall Risk

0022 86.00 5 21.50 2 74.00 5 0023 85.00 5 6.00 1 72.00 5 0024 34.00 2 49.00 3 33.50 2 0027 55.00 4 50.00 3 40.00 3 0028 44.00 3 65.00 4 47.00 3 0029 24.00 2 37.00 3 24.00 2 0030 29.00 2 23.00 2 20.00 2 0031 62.00 4 19.00 2 36.00 2 0032 36.00 2 52.00 3 38.00 3 0033 32.00 2 47.00 3 29.00 2 0034 27.00 2 24.00 2 17.00 1 0035 30.00 2 25.00 2 19.00 2 0036 56.00 4 36.00 2 32.00 2 0037 53.00 3 59.00 4 41.00 3 0038 39.00 3 55.00 4 39.00 3 0040 84.00 5 10.00 1 63.00 4

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Table 8-21 Koparkhairane SoVI w.r.t. other nodes - Building collapse/landslide

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Figure 8-26 Koparkhairane – Building collapse/landslide vulnerability at node level

PHYSICAL VULNERABILITY RANK SOCIAL VULNERABILITY RANK OVERALL VULNERABILITY RANK

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Appendix 9 Vashi Node

A Location Vashi node is the first node which was developed in NMMC area. It is the commercial hub of Navi Mumbai and is directly connected to Mumbai by road line through Thane creek (via the Mankhurd-Vashi Bridge) and railways via the harbour line (Refer map A6.)

B Node composition for analysis Census 2011 data is the latest available data at the micro level, wherein the city has been divided into 89 smaller wards. Few wards together form the node. As per census 2011, 14 such wards are part of the Vashi Node.

Table 9-1 Census Wards (Vashi 2011)

Municipal Ward Census Ward No No. of Census Wards

Vashi 39, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56 14

22Draft National Land Utilisation Policy

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Table 9-2 Land Use - Vashi23

Sr. No Land use Category Area in Ha % Area 1 Residential 185.17 21.80% 2 Commercial 39.00 4.59% 3 Social Facilities 53.11 6.25% 4 Industrial 9.98 1.17% 5 Open Space 92.39 10.88% 6 Circulation 183.83 21.64% 7 Public utilities 98.33 11.58% 8 Infrastructure Corridor 71.41 8.41% 9 Storage 116.20 13.68% 10 Net Developed Area 849.42

23 Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation Fire Hazards Response and Mitigation Plan, 2010

169 JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

Figure 9-1 Land use- Vashi

Vashi - Land Use

11.58% Residential 8.41% Commercial Social Facilities 21.64% 13.68% Industrial Open Space Circulation 10.88% 21.80% Public utilities Infrastructure Corridor 1.17% Storage 6.25% 4.59%

D Population Density Population growth and distribution have a very major role to play in case of any event. Any city which is densely populated leads to congestion, limited escape route, limited route for emergency vehicle and men to ply and unsafe infrastructure and is thus indicative of social and economic characteristic of the community. The chart and table depicting the population density of Vashi clearly demonstrates that most of the wards have area less than a Kilometer but are very densely populated; reiterating the fact that this node caters to a huge residential population may be due to vertical growth.

Table 9-3 Population Density (Vashi 2011)

POPULATION DENSITY %Pop Census Total Area (Km Population % Pop wrt Node Wrt Ward Population Sq.) Density Ward NMMC 39 13918 0.50 27604 9.99 1.24 44 13323 0.64 20819 9.56 1.19 45 15228 0.61 25018 10.93 1.36 46 9437 0.92 10308 6.77 0.84 47 6154 0.07 82748 4.42 0.55 48 6462 0.15 43407 4.64 0.58 VASHI 49 10872 0.24 44385 7.80 0.97 50 7920 0.13 62112 5.68 0.71 51 7147 0.25 28755 5.13 0.64 52 6172 0.26 23457 4.43 0.55 53 5561 0.43 13006 3.99 0.50 54 6246 0.71 8843 4.48 0.56 55 23757 5.17 4594 17.05 2.12

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POPULATION DENSITY %Pop Census Total Area (Km Population % Pop wrt Node Wrt Ward Population Sq.) Density Ward NMMC 56 7174 0.27 26938 5.15 0.64 Total 139371 10.35 13470 Vashi % Population wrt NMMC 12.44 Total NMMC 1120547 125.43 8934

Figure 9-2 Population Density (Vashi 2011)

E Vulnerable population Social Vulnerability refers to the socioeconomic and demographic factors that affect the resilience of community. Female population, children below 6 years of age, illiterate people, people who have no or scarce income are very susceptible to any disaster and fall in this category. They get adversely affected due to an event and are less likely to recover. Community is considered more resilient if it has lesser number of dependent individuals. The following tables and charts give us a fair idea about the social fabric of Vashi node. a) Female population Nearly 13% of cities women population stays in Vashi. It is evident from the chart and table below that the percentage of women population residing in Vashi is at par with the city percentage. Women are categorized under the vulnerable section of society, it is because they may not be fully equipped to respond and recover from any event. Past experiences have shown that they are more likely to recognize and respond to risk, but tend to be more at the receiving. It is evident that approximately 47% of the city population falls in the vulnerable category.

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Table 9-4 Female Population (Vashi 2011)

VULNERABLE FEMALE POPULATION

%Tot_F (Wrt Node Census Ward Tot_P Tot_M % Tot_M Tot_F Ward)

39 13918 8040 57.77 5878 42.23 44 13323 6804 51.07 6519 48.93 45 15228 8236 54.08 6992 45.92 46 9437 4704 49.85 4733 50.15 47 6154 3228 52.45 2926 47.55 48 6462 3373 52.20 3089 47.80 49 10872 5664 52.10 5208 47.90 VASHI 50 7920 4192 52.93 3728 47.07 51 7147 3693 51.67 3454 48.33 52 6172 3171 51.38 3001 48.62 53 5561 2957 53.17 2604 46.83 54 6246 3157 50.54 3089 49.46 55 23757 12550 52.83 11207 47.17 56 7174 3675 51.23 3499 48.77 Total 139371 73444 52.70 65927 47.30 Vashi wrt NMMC 12.91 NMMC 1120547 610060 510487 NMMC % Female 45.56

Figure 9-3 Female Population (Vashi 2011)

b) Population 0-6 Years Young children and elderly are the other section of society who find themselves fending for help even during normal situation. Any event makes them more vulnerable as they are

172 JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017 dependent upon others from help. 10% of the city’s population under 6 years of age resides in this node.

Table 9-5 Population under 6 years of age (Vashi 2011)

POPULATION UNDER 6 YEARS OF AGE

Node Census Ward Tot_ Population P_06 %P_06

39 13918 1879 13.50 44 13323 976 7.33 45 15228 1914 12.57 46 9437 669 7.09 47 6154 527 8.56 48 6462 560 8.67 49 10872 1083 9.96 VASHI 50 7920 659 8.32 51 7147 529 7.40 52 6172 471 7.63 53 5561 414 7.44 54 6246 433 6.93 55 23757 2707 11.39 56 7174 393 5.48 Total 139371 13214 9.48 Vashi wrt NMMC 10.20 NMMC 1120547 129591 NMMC % ToT Pop-06 11.56

Figure 9-4 Population under 6 years of age (Vashi 2011)

173 JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017 c) SC and ST populations According to the 24Arjun Sen Gupta Committee report, Dalits constitute 81% of India’s Vulnerable. They constitute most of the population below poverty line. The pre-existing- vulnerabilities are compounded in the event of disasters. Vashi, as is evident from the table and chart given below, SC ST constitute around 6% of the total population of Vashi. Wards 45 & 47 have SC population higher in comparison to the city average whereas ST population in wards is considerably less than the city average.

Table 9-6 Population SC & ST (Vashi 2011)

VULNERABLE POPULATION SC ST

Census % P_ SC % P_ST Node Total Population P_SC P_ST Ward (% Ward) (% Ward)

39 13918 767 5.51 302 2.17 44 13323 316 2.37 36 0.27 45 15228 1495 9.82 226 1.48 46 9437 512 5.43 53 0.56 47 6154 537 8.73 69 1.12 48 6462 506 7.83 111 1.72 49 10872 442 4.07 102 0.94 VASHI 50 7920 423 5.34 77 0.97 51 7147 329 4.60 17 0.24 52 6172 208 3.37 39 0.63 53 5561 180 3.24 54 0.97 54 6246 145 2.32 19 0.30 55 23757 1538 6.47 229 0.96 56 7174 89 1.24 48 0.67 Total 139371 7487 5.37 1382 0.99 Airoli wrt NMMC 7.48 7.31 NMMC 1120547 100067 18913 NMMC % SC 8.93 NMMC % ST 1.69

24 http://www.ncdhr.org.in/daaa-1/daaa-publication/NCDHR%20Climate%20Change%20.pdf

174 JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

Figure 9-5 Population SC & ST (Vashi 2011)

d) Illiterate population Education is attributed a key role in both preventing and managing any event. It not only gives every individual a medium to decent earning but also an opportunity to know about their Rights and duties. The chart and table below clearly demonstrate that approximately 10% of the population in Vashi does not have basic education which indicates towards the vulnerability.

Table 9-7 Illiteracy Rates (Vashi 2011)

ILLITERACY CHART Node Census Ward Total Population P_ILL % P_ILL wrt Ward 39 13918 3771 27.09 44 13323 1326 9.95 45 15228 3663 24.05 46 9437 1072 11.36 47 6154 816 13.26 48 6462 842 13.03 49 10872 2161 19.88 VASHI 50 7920 1004 12.68 51 7147 778 10.89 52 6172 723 11.71 53 5561 659 11.85 54 6246 599 9.59 55 23757 4459 18.77 56 7174 639 8.91 Total 139371 22512 16.15

175 JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

ILLITERACY CHART Node Census Ward Total Population P_ILL % P_ILL wrt Ward Vashi wrt NMMC 9.69 NMMC 1120547 232430 NMMC % Illiterate 20.74

Figure 9-6 Illiteracy Rates (Vashi 2011)

e) Non workers and marginal workers As per Census, those workers who had worked for the major part of the reference period (i.e. 6 months or more) are termed as Main Workers. Those workers who had not worked for the major part of the reference period (i.e. less than 6 months) are termed as Marginal Workers25. A person who did not at all work during the reference period was treated as non- worker. The non-workers broadly constitute Students who did not participate in any economic activity paid or unpaid, household duties who were attending to daily household chores like cooking, cleaning utensils, looking after children, fetching water etc. The table and chart below indicates that approximately 90% of the total working population fall in the Main Worker category whereas the marginal working population forms the remaining 10% of the total working population of the node. When the working and non- working population of Vashi are analysed it is evident that only 42% of the total population falls in the working category. This implies that more than 58% people residing in Vashi fall in non-working category which largely comprises of students, ladies, elderly, children etc.

25 https://data.gov.in/keywords/marginal-worker

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Figure 9-7 Working & Non-Working Population (Vashi 2011)

Figure 9-8 Main & Marginal Working Population (Vashi 2011)

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Table 9-8 Work Scenario (Vashi 2011)

WORKING POPULATION - DEPENDENTS

Census Tot_ Main % Main Marg %Marg Non_ %Non_ Node Total Population % Tot_Work P Ward Work_P Work_P Work_P Work_P Work_P Work_P Work_P

39 13918 6035 43.36 5672 93.99 363 6.40 7883 56.64 44 13323 5363 40.25 5036 93.90 327 6.49 7960 59.75 45 15228 6450 42.36 5747 89.10 703 12.23 8778 57.64 46 9437 4132 43.79 3418 82.72 714 20.89 5305 56.21 47 6154 2531 41.13 2360 93.24 171 7.25 3623 58.87 48 6462 2509 38.83 2250 89.68 259 11.51 3953 61.17 49 10872 4437 40.81 4171 94.00 266 6.38 6435 59.19 VASHI 50 7920 3151 39.79 2904 92.16 247 8.51 4769 60.21 51 7147 2843 39.78 2588 91.03 255 9.85 4304 60.22 52 6172 2431 39.39 2319 95.39 112 4.83 3741 60.61 53 5561 2326 41.83 2132 91.66 194 9.10 3235 58.17 54 6246 2633 42.15 2514 95.48 119 4.73 3613 57.85 55 23757 10312 43.41 9060 87.86 1252 13.82 13445 56.59 56 7174 3028 42.21 2796 92.34 232 8.30 4146 57.79 Total 139371 58181 41.75 52967 91.04 5214 9.84 81190 58.25 Vashi wrt NMMC 12.77 12.63 14.48 13.91 Total NMMC 1120547 455485 419469 36016 583872 NMMC % Population 40.65 92.09 7.91 52.11

178

JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017 f) Slum location and population Data for slums has been collated from three sources; Census list of slums with number of households & population data, list of slums provided by NMMC ward officer and slums and encroachments as shown in Auto Cad drawings given by the TP Department, NMMC. The slums and encroachment as shown in the maps have been referred to as hutments hereafter. (Refer map C6) As this node is a planned node, the possibility of slum pockets is very less. But two slum pockets were identified based on census data. When discussed with Ward/Node Officer, it was understood that these are old gaothans which in the process of development have become part of the city. These are not unauthorized development but part of the old gaothans. However since the census lists them as slums, they have been included in this section.

Table 9-9 Slum Area (Vashi 2011)

Area covered Ward Census Area covered by Sr. No Name by hutments Area Ward No hutments (%) (ha) (ha) 1 39 Koparipada Gaothan 5.57 TOTAL 5.57 50.42 11.04% 2 45 Juhu Gaothan 13.98 TOTAL 13.98 60.87 22.96% TOTAL VASHI NODE 25.11 1034.70 2.43% As seen in the table above, census ward 39 and 45 within Vashi node have slums/hutments which cover approximately 2.43% of the total ward area, but as mentioned above these are Gaothans. Thus as the city administration claims, Vashi is slum/encroachment free.

F Vulnerable Housing The condition of the housing stock reveals condition of living of the people. Construction material used for wall, roof and floor indicate the vulnerability of those houses to any event. Any house which show signs of decay or those breaking down and required major repairs and are far from being in condition that can be restored or repaired are considered as dilapidated26. Navi Mumbai lies very close to the Panvel fault line increasing risk to unsafe constructions. Vashi has few buildings which come under the category of dilapidated buildings. Ward 39 scores very high on the entire three housing vulnerability indicator – roof, floor and wall. Ward 45 also has construction type which indicates towards vulnerable roof and wall.

26 Censusmp.nic.in – Housing condition and material used.

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Table 9-10 Vulnerable Housing (Vashi 2011)

VULNERABILITY INDICATOR- HOUSING

Census Dilapidated Node Vulnerable Roof Vulnerable Wall Vulnerable Floor Ward Houses

39 1 32.3 11.5 10.6 44 0.3 1.4 0.5 0.4 45 0.8 13.1 12.2 0.7 46 0 2.5 0.2 0 47 0 2.1 0.6 0.5 48 0.1 1.9 0.4 0.5 49 0.1 1.3 0 0.5 VASHI 50 0 4.1 0.3 9 51 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.2 52 0.5 0.9 0.2 0.8 53 0 5.8 1.5 0.6 54 0 7.2 0.5 0.6 55 1 5.3 2.5 0.9 56 0.1 0.5 3.8 0.3 NMMC 1.1 25.4 6.9 2.3

Figure 9-9 Dilapidated Buildings (Vashi 2011)

DILAPIDATED BUILDING 1.2

0.8

0.6 NMMC

Percentage 0.4 DILAPIDATED HOUSES

0.2

0 39 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 Census Ward

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Figure 9-10 Vulnerable Roof (Vashi 2011)

VULNERABLE ROOF 35 30 25 20

15 NMMC Percentage 10 VULNERABLE ROOF 5 0 39 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 Census Ward

Figure 9-11 Vulnerable Wall (Vashi 2011)

VULNERABLE WALL 14 12 10 8

6 NMMC Percentage 4 VULNERABLE WALL 2 0 39 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 Census Ward

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Figure 9-12 Vulnerable Floor (Vashi 2011)

12 VULNERABLE FLOOR 10

Percentage 4 NMMC VULNERABLE FLOOR 2

0 39 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 Census Ward

G Level of services a) Physical Infrastructure Under this section parameters which are indicative of the availability of basic services and amenities are covered. Safe drinking water is water that is free from disease causing organisms, toxic chemicals, colour, smell and unpleasant taste. Access to improved source of drinking water is a basic indicator of human development. Access to latrine and covered and proper drainage system are yet another service, which if not available can make the community highly vulnerable to diseases and health issues. Non availability and poor accessibility of basic amenity is indicates towards an environment which is compromising upon public health. Any community with decent earning and residing in legal localities are provided with all the amenities along with electric supply, absence or fewer facilities are indicator of vulnerability. Percentage of unsafe drinking water is below the city average in all the wards of Vashi except 57. Other parameters considered to assess the vulnerability; source of water supply, unsafe light source, no access to latrine, unsafe drainage and unsafe medium of fuel used for cooking score considerably low compared to city average but Ward 39 possess concern.

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Table 9-11 Physical Infrastructure Vulnerability (Vashi 2011)

PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE VULNERABILITY

Unsafe Water Unsafe Unsafe Census No Access Unsafe Node Drinking Source Out Source Cooking Ward To Latrine Drainage Water Of Premises Of Light Fuel

39 1.5 38.5 5.8 5.1 28.7 31.2 44 2 5.7 0.2 0.7 0.5 3.3 45 1.3 4.4 0.3 0.1 4.5 15.5 46 1.4 1.2 0.3 0.6 0 1.7 47 2.2 1.7 0.4 1.3 0.1 3.9 48 1 0.6 0.2 0.5 0.2 2.8 49 1.3 7.5 0.2 0.5 0.2 3.8 VASHI 50 0.1 0 0.2 0.1 0.1 3.8 51 0.4 12.9 0.1 0.1 0 2.4 52 0.4 0.3 0 0.1 0.1 3.8 53 0.6 6 0.1 0 0 8.6 54 6.7 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.5 3.7 55 2.6 1.8 1.2 0.9 4.2 8.4 56 0 5.4 0.1 0 0 2.2 NMMC 2.6 15.3 1.9 2.2 12.5 20.3

Figure 9-13 Unsafe Drinking Water (Vashi 2011)

UNSAFE DRINKING WATER 8 7 6 5 4 NMMC

Percentage 3 UNSAFE DRINKING 2 WATER 1 0 39 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 Census Ward

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Figure 9-14 Water Source out of Premises (Vashi 2011)

WATER SOURCE OUT OF PREMISES 45 40 35 30

25 NMMC 20

Percentage 15 WATER SOURCE OUT 10 OF PREMISES 5 0 39 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 Census Ward

Figure 9-15 Unsafe Source of Light (Vashi 2011)

UNSAFE SOURCE OF LIGHT 7 6 5

4 NMMC 3

Percentage 2 UNSAFE SOURCE OF 1 LIGHT 0 39 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 Census Ward

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Figure 9-16 Access to Latrine (Vashi 2011)

NO ACCESS TO LATRINE 6

3 NMMC

Percentage 2 NO ACCESS TO LATRINE 1

0 39 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 Census Ward

Figure 9-17 Unsafe Drainage (Vashi 2011)

UNSAFE DRAINAGE 35 30 25 20

15 NMMC Percentage 10 UNSAFE DRAINAGE 5 0 39 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 Census Ward

185 JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

Figure 9-18 Unsafe Cooking Fuel (Vashi 2011)

UNSAFE COOKING FUEL 35 30 25 20 NMMC

15 Percentage 10 UNSAFE COOKING FUEL 5 0 39 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 Census Ward

b) Social infrastructure Through meeting and discussion with the ward officer of Vashi node on the level of services available in the ward, such number of schools, hospital, fire stations and police stations were captured. Similarly during discussion with the officials of the fire department, it was noted that as per standards, one fire station can service a maximum areas of 10.5sq.km. To gauge whether hospitals, schools, community building and NMMC building fall within the ambit of 10.5sq.km, GIS based analysis was undertaken. Here facilities were seen in respect to their location within or outside the 10.5sq.km. Since 10.5sq.km is the fire station influence zone anything outside is not easily serviced in case of a hazard like fire, flood or building collapse. Also it is seen that the fire department is the first rescue mechanism in the city. Thus this analysis becomes all the more important to see. FIRE STATION There is fire station within the ward known as the Vashi Fire Station, it is also the Headquarter of the Navi Mumbai Fire Services. It is currently undergoing renovation, but is still in service. When the 10.5 sq.km radius is mapped, it is seen that the entire node of Vashi is covered and thus the node lies in the green zone i.e. the easily accessible zone. The fire station located within HEALTH SERVICES The ward officer has pointed out that, there are many private clinics/hospital in the ward and 1 government hospital in the node. Of these the location of two health facilities is available on the map. In Map No: D6, it is seen that both these are in the safe zone

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SCHOOLS AND AANGANWADI There are 4 public schools within the ward. There are large numbers of private schools within the node, however actual number was not available with the ward officer. The GIS map (provided by NMMC) has location of 2 schools is mapped (refer map E6). As per the map both these schools are located in the green/safe zone. COMMUNITY BUILDINGS Similarly there are four NMMC properties and few public buildings located within the node and they all are located in the green zone i.e. in the safe zone (refer map F6). POLICE STATION/CHOWKI Within the ward there is 1 Police station and few chowkis. These could not be mapped since GIS data was not available for them. ROADS Similarly the road network was also analysed in terms of its width. All roads less than or equal to 6mts (red) width were deemed as vulnerable, roads between 6 to 15mts (yellow) were deemed as safe if not obstructed and more that 15mts (green) were deemed safe. Also roads less than 6mts being in the red zone further increases vulnerability as it implies areas are not with the easily accessible zone and further the roads are too narrow for the fire tenders and other rescue vehicles like ambulances, earth movers etc. to reach to reach the disaster affected sites. In Vashi, the map (refer map G6) shows most of the roads in the green category. However, in the image below the map, one can see many roads which are not captured in the GIS data. Thus a complete analysis could not be done. But as seen in most wards, there roads are narrow roads which will be difficult for fire engines, ambulances and rescue vehicles to enter. RAILWAYS There is a railway station within Vashi. It is part of the Vashi-Thane-Panvel Line. (Refer map H) c) Social Security People who have their own house and bank accounts can be categorized under population with some possessions. A registered house helps in claims in case of any aftermath damaging the structure; similarly banks are medium to deposit excess money or savings which can be accessed during emergency situation. Any community having higher percentage of population falling in this category increases the overall capacity. People who rent do so because they are either transient or do not have the financial resources for home ownership. They often lack access to information about financial aid during recovery. In the most extreme cases, tenants lack sufficient shelter options when lodging becomes uninhabitable or too costly to afford.

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Having a bank account is an asset and suggests savings of some sort. Thus in a disaster situation, households with bank accounts are less vulnerable than households without bank accounts. Most of the Wards in Vashi have very less percentage of population who stay in self-owned houses. Wards 39 & 45 have a decent number of people living in self-owned houses, 69% and 62% respectively. People residing in Vashi have utilized banking facility to much higher percentage, indicative of some economic backup, a positive indicator.

Table 9-12 Social Security (Vashi 2011)

SOCIAL SECURITY

Availing Node Census Ward Ownership Status Banking Services

39 69.5 61.8 44 17.4 98.2 45 62.3 82.5 46 20.5 99.5 47 40.4 98.7 48 35.9 99.4 49 16.9 99.4 VASHI 50 33.9 97.4 51 21.6 98.8 52 25.8 98.1 53 34.1 97.1 54 16.1 99.4 55 36 92.7 56 28.4 99.4 NMMC Ownership Status 40.8 NMMC Availing Bank Account 84.6

188 JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

Figure 9-19 Ownership Status (Vashi 2011)

SOCIAL SECURITY 80 70 60 50 40 NMMC Ownership Status 30 Percentage OWNERSHIP STATUS 20 10 0 39 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 Census Ward

Figure 9-20 Availing Banking Services (Vashi 2011)

AVAILING BANK SERVICES

120

100

60 NMMC Availing Bank Account

Percentage 40 AVAILING BANKING SERVICES 20

0 39 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 Census Ward

H Vulnerable areas and past incidences a) Contour analysis and Low lying areas Through discussions with the Deputy Chief Fire Officer, NMMC, it was understood that there are 3 low lying spots in Vashi, located in sector 9, 12 and 28. This is also mentioned in the Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation Fire Hazards Response and Mitigation Plan, 2010. However, due to absence of contour data and old maps, these could not be mapped, nor are they available on GIS platform. However, from images available from map surfer of contour and SRTM maps,

189 JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017 it is visible that the western edge has an undulating topography i.e. the Parsik hills (refer map I). Being a ward closer to the creek, in terms of topology, the terrain is quite gentle. However, in case of heavy rains, Vashi get flooded easily since water from most of the areas uphill flows towards the creek. However, the node is safeguarded from the water insurgence by a series of holding ponds along the western edge b) Proximity to water bodies Proximity of developed properties/houses/hutments etc. to water bodies is an important indicator of flood vulnerability. To gauge the same an analysis was undertake to see what part of the city fall within the maximum vulnerability, high vulnerability and medium vulnerability zones. Since the contour data for the city is not available, these buffers do not take into consideration the topography of that area. For lakes and holding ponds buffers on 100, 200 and 300mts were extracted and for nallahs buffers of 25, 50 and 100mts were considered. As seen in Map No: J7, most of the developed part of Vashi along the coast falls in these zones thus increasing the flood vulnerability of the area. However, being in the 10.5sqkm ambit of the fire station slightly reduces the vulnerability. c) Past Incidences and vulnerability During discussions with the ward officer, past incidences within the ward were discussed and noted. Mapping of these incidences was not done since information/maps were not available at the ward office. Here only major incidences were covered.

No major incidences have been reported in this ward. However there are certain areas within the ward get water logged every year. It was stated that sector 9, 12 and 18 get flooded every year. Thus as a backup, during rainy season (approx. 7th June to 30th September) extra staff is assigned in the ward office in order to take complaint calls and to respond immediately

Through discussion with the fire officer, it was noted that the Vashi Ward has the highest number of fire incidences the reason being attributed to high end commercial establishments with power back up equipment and air conditioners. Maximum of the fire were a result of short circuits in the power back up systems or air conditioner failure. A list was published in 2015 by NMMC of the number cessed buildings within each ward/node. As per the list there are 11 such buildings within Vashi. The approximate locations of all 11 were identified through google maps, as per which 8 buildings are in ward 52 and 3 in census ward 47. Vashi being one of the first nodes to be developed has a large number of government quarters as well as public housing schemes. Over the years the condition of these have deteriorated and thus the large number.

190 JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

I Social Vulnerability Assessment: a) Fire Based on the methodology stated in the annexure, the Social Vulnerability Index for fire was calculated for all census 2011 wards (tables and figure below). The key observations are summarized below: 1. Vulnerability in this node (refer figure 9-21) is mostly on the lower side, except for few peaks seen in the spider graph in wards 39 and 55. It is a result of poor housing and physical infrastructure conditions and in ward 39 and 55. 2. However, when seen at the city most of the wards fall in the low medium and low vulnerability zone. Except a few like ward 39 and 55, where the vulnerability is more and the fall in the high and high medium vulnerability categories respectively (refer table 9-13). 3. When seen at the nodal level, Vashi ranks 1st out of 8 in terms of overall vulnerability towards fire and it is the least vulnerable wards in terms fire vulnerability. (Refer table 9-15 and figure 9-22).

Figure 9-21 Vashi – SoVI at the census 2011 ward level - Fire

191 JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

Table 9-13 Vashi – SoVI at the census 2011 ward level - Fire

Census Ward Physical Marg. Physical Housing Demo Economic Social Sec Social Vul Overall SoVI 2011 Infra Popn Vul 0039 78.0 82.0 57.50 62.33 50.25 51.50 6400.00 9416909.57 66165086191.54 0044 19.5 32.5 37.00 23.67 48.75 39.0 676.00 1895355.71 1388978443.48 0045 59.0 38.5 58.88 71.17 70.50 56.00 2376.56 16919661.97 42210330920.29 0046 2.0 26.0 31.50 22.50 53.50 46.50 196.00 2197065.06 778970167.41 0047 12.0 31.0 28.25 20.00 8.25 65.75 462.25 872480.05 436456842.66 0048 14.0 14.0 31.38 22.83 20.50 63.50 196.00 1425269.38 451865584.42 0049 7.0 40.5 50.25 30.50 38.50 43.75 564.06 2757467.82 1864683374.73 0050 30.0 8.0 41.13 19.50 24.50 52.75 361.00 1411569.08 634332788.22 0051 9.0 37.0 34.13 15.17 21.25 43.50 529.00 660715.14 360156195.83 0052 29.0 1.0 20.25 13.17 5.75 43.00 225.00 178050.30 42685009.34 0053 25.0 27.5 12.8 12.17 9.50 52.00 689.06 217846.24 154034718.91 0054 15.5 4.0 18.38 11.83 5.8 43.25 95.1 153760.1 19825101.1 0055 51.0 48.5 46.50 60.17 86.25 44.75 2475.06 12463302.48 31489103184.20 0056 24.0 24.0 21.50 11.0 16.25 53.75 576.00 431176.91 249064308.90

192 JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

Table 9-14 Vashi - SoVI ranking w.r.t. other wards - Fire

Census Ward 2011 Physical Vul Rank Phy Risk Social Vul Rank Social Risk Overall Rank Overall Risk

0039 82.0 5 62.0 4 77.0 5 0044 27.0 2 20.0 2 10.0 1 0045 52.0 3 76.0 5 61.0 4 0046 14.0 1 32.0 2 21.0 2 0047 22.0 2 42.0 3 32.0 2 0048 6.0 1 38.0 3 28.0 2 0049 30.0 2 27.0 2 18.0 1 0050 17.5 1 21.5 2 14.0 1 0051 28.0 2 9.0 1 5.0 1 0052 15.0 1 4.0 1 3.0 1 0053 26.0 2 13.0 1 9.0 1 0054 5.0 1 5.0 1 2.0 1 0055 51.0 3 78.0 5 70.0 4 0056 25.0 2 17.0 1 11.0 1

193 JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

Table 9-15 Vashi - SoVI w.r.t. other nodes - Fire

194 JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

Figure 9-22 Vashi – Fire vulnerability at node level

PHYSICAL VULNERABILITY RANK SOCIAL VULN ERABILITY RANK OVERALL VULNERABILITY RANK

195 JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017 b) Floods Based on the methodology stated in the annexure, the Social Vulnerability Index for floods was calculated for all census 2011 wards (see tables and figure below). Detailed analysis of the data suggests the following: 1. Vulnerability in this node (refer figure 9-23) is mostly on the lower side, except for few peaks seen in the spider graph in wards 39 and 55. It is a result of poor housing and physical infrastructure conditions and in ward 39 and 55. 2. However, when seen at the city most of the wards fall in the high and medium high vulnerability categories. The reason being the proximity of the ward to the thane creek which further leads to a higher water table thus resulting to water logging. (Refer table 9-17).

Figure 9-23 Vashi – SoVI at the census 2011 ward level – Floods

196 JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

Table 9-16 Vashi - SoVI at the census 2011 ward level - Floods

Census Ward 2011 Housing Physical Infra Demo Marg. Popn Economic Social Sec 0039 58.00 73.20 57.50 62.33 50.25 51.50 0044 19.80 43.30 37.00 23.67 48.75 39.00 0045 44.80 38.80 58.88 71.17 70.50 56.00 0046 7.90 34.10 31.50 22.50 53.50 46.50 0047 15.30 43.00 28.25 20.00 8.25 65.75 0048 17.60 31.20 31.38 22.83 20.50 63.50 0049 13.90 40.50 50.25 30.50 38.50 43.75 0050 26.00 14.10 41.13 19.50 24.50 52.75 0051 14.20 23.60 34.13 15.17 21.25 43.50 0052 24.10 12.50 20.25 13.17 5.75 43.00 0053 21.60 18.80 12.75 12.17 9.50 52.00 0054 19.00 29.40 18.38 11.83 5.75 43.25 0055 38.80 53.70 46.50 60.17 86.25 44.75 0056 20.40 13.70 21.50 11.00 16.25 53.75

197 JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

Table 9-17 Vashi SoVI ranking w.r.t. other wards - Floods

Census Ward 2011 Physical Vul Rank Phy Risk Social Vul Rank Social Risk Overall Rank Overall risk 0039 79.00 5 79.00 5 73.00 5 0044 36.00 2 36.00 2 29.00 2 0045 51.00 3 9.00 1 5.00 1 0046 22.50 2 21.50 2 75.00 5 0047 31.00 2 19.00 2 38.50 3 0048 26.00 2 77.00 5 71.00 5 0049 30.00 2 23.00 2 21.00 2 0050 16.00 1 82.00 5 76.00 5 0051 11.00 1 43.00 3 27.00 2 0052 10.00 1 51.00 3 36.00 3 0053 13.00 1 30.00 2 17.00 1 0054 22.50 2 6.00 1 65.00 4 0055 55.00 4 78.00 5 78.00 5 0056 6.00 1 14.00 1 80.00 5

198 JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

Table 9-18 Vashi SoVI w.r.t. other nodes - Floods

199 JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

Figure 9-24 Vashi – Flood vulnerability at node level

PHYSICAL VULNERABILITY RANK SOCIAL VULNERABILITY RANK OVERALL VULNERABILITY RANK

200 JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017 c) Landslides and building collapse Based on the methodology stated in the annexure, the Social Vulnerability Index for floods was calculated for all census 2011 wards. Based on the table and figure below, following are the key observation/analysis: 1. Overall vulnerability in this ward is low, except for a few wards like 55, 39 and 45. 2. Most of the wards in this node fall in the low vulnerability and medium low vulnerability bracket. 3. Overall, Vashi node falls in the low vulnerability zone and ranks first in the vulnerability at the node level, thus being the least vulnerable ward.

Figure 9-25 Vashi – SoVI at the census 2011 ward level - Building collapse/landslide

201 JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

Table 9-19 Vashi – SoVI at the census 2011 ward level - Building collapse/landslide

Census Ward Physical Marg. Housing Demo Economic Social Sec Physical Vul Social Vul Overall SoVI 2011 Infra Popn 0039 57.80 78.75 57.50 62.33 50.25 51.50 4661.48 9416909.57 45223166418.92 0044 19.40 26.50 37.00 23.67 48.75 39.00 526.70 1895355.71 1153859178.89 0045 44.40 40.75 58.88 71.17 70.50 56.00 1812.63 16919661.97 34111343176.26 0046 7.70 20.25 31.50 22.50 53.50 46.50 195.30 2197065.06 777687032.21 0047 15.10 28.75 28.25 20.00 8.25 65.75 480.71 872480.05 450101326.03 0048 17.40 24.00 31.38 22.83 20.50 63.50 428.49 1425269.38 719534123.48 0049 13.70 24.00 50.25 30.50 38.50 43.75 355.32 2757467.82 1400801933.82 0050 25.80 20.25 41.13 19.50 24.50 52.75 530.15 1411569.08 829730560.00 0051 14.00 8.25 34.13 15.17 21.25 43.50 123.77 660715.14 137375191.92 0052 23.90 10.00 20.25 13.17 5.75 43.00 287.30 178050.30 52400758.09 0053 21.40 8.25 12.75 12.17 9.50 52.00 219.78 217846.24 52400758.09 0054 18.60 20.00 18.38 11.83 5.75 43.25 372.49 153760.06 57299201.44 0055 38.40 53.00 46.50 60.17 86.25 44.75 2088.49 12463302.48 27214217381.26 0056 20.20 8.25 21.50 11.00 16.25 53.75 202.35 431176.91 108075067.20

202 JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

Table 9-20 Vashi SoVI ranking w.r.t. other wards - Building collapse/landslide

Census Ward 2011 Physical Vul Rank Physical Risk Social Vul Rank Social Risk Overall Rank Overall Risk

0039 82.00 5 62.00 4 70.00 4 0044 26.00 2 20.00 2 10.00 1 0045 48.00 3 76.00 5 62.00 4 0046 6.00 1 32.00 2 21.00 2 0047 23.00 2 42.00 3 33.50 2 0048 21.00 2 38.00 3 28.00 2 0049 16.00 1 27.00 2 15.00 1 0050 25.00 2 21.50 2 14.00 1 0051 4.00 1 9.00 1 5.00 1 0052 13.00 1 4.00 1 2.00 1 0053 8.00 1 13.00 1 9.00 1 0054 15.00 1 5.00 1 3.00 1 0055 54.00 4 78.00 5 76.00 5 0056 7.00 1 17.00 1 11.00 1

203 JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

Table 9-21 Vashi SoVI w.r.t. other nodes - Building collapse/landslide

204 JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

Figure 9-26 Vashi – Building collapse/landslide vulnerability at node level

PHYSICAL VULNERABILITY RANK SOCIAL VULNERABILITY RANK OVERALL VULNERABILITY RANK

205 JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

Appendix 10 Turbhe Node

A Location This ward has Vashi on its north and Nerul on its south. It was earlier also known as Sanpada node. Later it was carved out as Turbhe node with part of Vashi and Nerul node being included in it. (Refer map A7)

Table 10-1 Census Wards (Turbhe 2011)

Municipal Ward Census Ward No No. of Census Wards

Turbhe 41, 42, 43, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 63, 64, 65 11

27Draft National Land Utilisation Policy

206 JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

Table 10-2 Population Density (Turbhe 2011)

POPULATION DENSITY Area % PoP %PoP Census Total Population Node (Km wrt wrt Ward Population Density Sq.) Ward NMMC 41 11487 0.54 21209 8.33 1.03 42 9927 0.11 87899 7.20 0.89 43 3360 1.93 1737 2.44 0.30 57 14576 0.61 24055 10.57 1.30 58 16467 0.53 30955 11.94 1.47 TURBHE 59 7859 0.29 26727 5.70 0.70 60 3950 0.40 9930 2.87 0.35 61 12089 2.96 4086 8.77 1.08 63 17182 0.42 40626 12.46 1.53 64 14333 0.48 29908 10.40 1.28 65 26634 3.24 8218 19.32 2.38 Total 137864 11.52 11967 Turbhe % Population wrt NMMC 12.30 Total NMMC 1120547 125.43 8934

207 JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

Figure 10-1 Population Density (Turbhe 2011)

From the perspective of physical vulnerability, people in ward 41, 42, 57, 58, 59, 63, 64 of Turbhe need special attention.

E Vulnerable population Social Vulnerability refers to the socio-economic and demographic factors that affect the resilience of community. Female population, children below 6 years of age, illiterate people, people who have no or scarce income are very susceptible to any disaster. They fall in this category as they are adversely affected due to an event and are less likely to recover, unless special provisions are made. Community is considered more resilient if it has lesser number of dependent individuals. The following tables and charts give us a fair idea about the social fabric of Turbhe node. a) Female population 12% of cities women population stays in Turbhe. It is evident from the chart and table below that the percentage of women population residing in Turbhe is at par with the city percentage. Women are categorized under the vulnerable section of society, it is because they may not be fully equipped to respond and recover from any event. Past experiences have shown that they are more likely to recognize and respond to risk, but tend to be more at the receiving. It is evident that approximately 46% of the city population falls in the vulnerable category.

Table 10-3 Female Population (Turbhe 2011)

VULNERABLE FEMALE POPULATION %Tot_F (Wrt Node Census Ward Tot_P Tot_M % Tot_M Tot_F Ward) 41 11487 7031 61.21 4456 38.79 42 9927 5765 58.07 4162 41.93 43 3360 1800 53.57 1560 46.43 TURBHE 57 14576 8467 58.09 6109 41.91 58 16467 9249 56.17 7218 43.83 59 7859 4119 52.41 3740 47.59

208 JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

VULNERABLE FEMALE POPULATION %Tot_F (Wrt Node Census Ward Tot_P Tot_M % Tot_M Tot_F Ward) 60 3950 2112 53.47 1838 46.53 61 12089 6949 57.48 5140 42.52 63 17182 9596 55.85 7586 44.15 64 14333 7461 52.05 6872 47.95 65 26634 13985 52.51 12649 47.49 Total 137864 76534 55.51 61330 44.49 Turbhe wrt NMMC 12.01 NMMC 1120547 610060 510487 NMMC % Female 45.56

Figure 10-2 Female Population (Turbhe 2011)

b) Population 0-6 Years Young children and elderly are the other section of society who find themselves fending for help even during normal situation. Any event makes them more vulnerable as they are dependent upon others from help. 10% of the city’s population under 6 years of age resides in this node.

Table 10-4 Population under 6 years of age (Turbhe 2011)

POPULATION UNDER 6 YEARS OF AGE

Node Census Ward Tot_ Population P_06 %P_06

41 11487 1484 12.92 42 9927 1292 13.02 43 3360 433 12.89 TURBHE 57 14576 1792 12.29 58 16467 2091 12.70 59 7859 1048 13.34 60 3950 482 12.20

209 JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

POPULATION UNDER 6 YEARS OF AGE

Node Census Ward Tot_ Population P_06 %P_06

61 12089 1718 14.21 63 17182 2010 11.70 64 14333 1311 9.15 65 26634 3101 11.64 Total 137864 16762 12.16 Turbhe wrt NMMC 2.39 NMMC 1120547 129591 NMMC % ToT Pop-06 11.56

Figure 10-3 Population under 6 years of age (Turbhe 2011)

POPULATION UNDER 6 YEARS OF AGE 16.00 14.00 12.00 10.00 8.00 NMMC % ToT Pop-06 6.00 Percentage %P_06 4.00 2.00 0.00 41 42 43 57 58 59 60 61 63 64 65 Census Ward

c) SC and ST populations According to the Arjun Sen Gupta Committee report, Dalits constitute 81% of India’s vulnerable population. They also constitute most of India’s population below poverty line. The pre-existing- vulnerabilities are compounded in the event of disasters. In Turbhe, as is evident from the table and chart given below, SC ST constitutes around 12% of the total population of Turbhe. However, Ward 42, 59 & 61 have SC population higher in comparison to the city average whereas ST population in wards is comparatively less than the city average.

210 JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

Table 10-5 Population SC & ST (Turbhe 2011)

VULNERABLE POPULATION SC ST Census % P_ Sc % P_St Node Total Population P_Sc P_St Ward (% Ward) (% Ward) 41 11487 1554 13.53 92 0.80 42 9927 2191 22.07 133 1.34 43 3360 437 13.01 26 0.77 57 14576 648 4.45 202 1.39 58 16467 688 4.18 185 1.12 TURBHE 59 7859 1840 23.41 87 1.11 60 3950 563 14.25 42 1.06 61 12089 1966 16.26 180 1.49 63 17182 1436 8.36 290 1.69 64 14333 885 6.17 110 0.77 65 26634 2470 9.27 498 1.87 Total 137864 14678 10.65 1845 1.34 Turbhe wrt NMMC 14.67 9.76 NMMC 1120547 100067 18913 NMMC % SC 8.93 NMMC % ST 1.69

Figure 10-4 Population SC & ST (Turbhe 2011)

c) Illiterate population Education is attributed a key role in both preventing and managing any event. It not only gives every individual access to decent earning but also an opportunity to become more aware about their rights and duties. The chart and table below clearly demonstrate that population without basic education, in comparison to the city average, is high in almost all the wards of Turbhe.

211 JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

Table 10-6 Illiteracy Rates (Turbhe 2011)

ILLITERACY CHART

Node Census Ward Total Population P_Ill % P_Ill Wrt Ward

41 11487 3834 33.38 42 9927 3079 31.02 43 3360 811 24.14 57 14576 3752 25.74 58 16467 4580 27.81 TURBHE 59 7859 2897 36.86 60 3950 1547 39.16 61 12089 4501 37.23 63 17182 4186 24.36 64 14333 2026 14.14 65 26634 4899 18.39 Total 137864 36112 26.19 Turbhe wrt NMMC 15.54 NMMC 1120547 232430 NMMC % Illiterate 20.74

Figure 10-5 Illiteracy Rates (Turbhe 2011)

ILLITERACY CHART 30.00

25.00

20.00

15.00 NMMC % Illiterate

Percentage 10.00 % P_ILL wrt Ward 5.00

0.00 39 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 Census Ward

d) Non workers and marginal workers As per Census, those workers who had worked for the major part of the reference period (i.e. 6 months or more) are termed as Main Workers. Those workers who had not worked for the major part of the reference period (i.e. less than 6 months) are termed as Marginal

212 JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

Workers28. A person who did not at all work during the reference period was treated as non- worker. The non-workers broadly constitute Students who did not participate in any economic activity paid or unpaid, household duties who were attending to daily household chores like cooking, cleaning utensils, looking after children, fetching water etc. The table and chart below indicate that approximately 92% of the total working population falls in the Main Worker category whereas the marginal working population forms the remaining 8% of the total working population of the node. When the working and non- working population of Turbhe are analysed it is evident that only 42% of the total population falls in the working category. This implies that more than 58% people residing in Turbhe fall in non-working category which largely comprises of students, women, elderly, children etc.

Figure 10-6 Working & Non-Working Population (Turbhe 2011)

Figure 10-7 Main & Marginal Working Population (Turbhe 2011)

28 https://data.gov.in/keywords/marginal-worker

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Table 10-7 Work Scenario (Turbhe 2011)

WORK SCENARIO

Census Total % Tot_Work % Main Marg %Marg Non_ %Non_ Node Tot_ Work_P Main Work_P Ward Population P Work_P Work_P Work_P Work_P Work_P

41 11487 4932 42.94 4826 97.85 106 2.20 6555 57.06 42 9927 4368 44.00 4114 94.18 254 6.17 5559 56.00 43 3360 1179 35.09 1144 97.03 35 3.06 2181 64.91 57 14576 6128 42.04 5771 94.17 357 6.19 8448 57.96 58 16467 6830 41.48 6480 94.88 350 5.40 9637 58.52 TURBHE 59 7859 3157 40.17 2787 88.28 370 13.28 4702 59.83 60 3950 1800 45.57 1587 88.17 213 13.42 2150 54.43 61 12089 5297 43.82 4381 82.71 916 20.91 6792 56.18 63 17182 7371 42.90 6779 91.97 592 8.73 9811 57.10 64 14333 5670 39.56 5128 90.44 542 10.57 8663 60.44 65 26634 10561 39.65 9776 92.57 785 8.03 16073 60.35 Total 137864 57293 41.56 52773 92.11 4520 8.56 80571 58.44 Turbhe wrt NMMC 12.58 12.58 12.55 13.80 Total NMMC 1120547 455485 419469 36016 583872 NMMC % Population 40.65 92.09 7.91 52.11

214

JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017 e) Slum location and population Data for slums has been collated from three sources; Census list of slums with number of households & population data, list of slums provided by NMMC ward officer and slums and encroachments as shown in Auto Cad drawings given by the TP Department, NMMC. The slums and encroachment as shown in the maps have been referred to as hutments hereafter. 4 slums were identified in Turbhe. Population and household details of few are listed in the Census 2011, based on which the following data has been compiled. It is quite possible that the slums with missing data are the ones identified post 2011.

Table 10-8 Slum Data (Turbhe (2011)

Census 2011 Sr. No Name of slum Number of H/H Population % of H/H % of Population 1 Ambedkar Nagar 1473 6465 4.5% 4.69% 2 Hanuman Nagar 2475 10862 7.6% 7.88% 3 Indira Nagar 2996 13148 9.2% 9.54% 4 Turbhe Store 7766 34089 23.8% 24.73% A TOTAL 14710 64564 45.13% 46.83% B TURBHE NODE 32598 137864

Table 10-9 Slum Area- As per NMMC Map

Area covered Ward Census Area covered by Sr. No Name by hutments Area Ward No hutments (%) (ha) (ha) 1 65 Juipada Gaon 2.57 TOTAL 2.57 42.29 6.08% 2 58 Turbhe Gaothan 1.66 TOTAL 1.66 53.19 3.12% TOTAL TURBHE NODE 6.80 1152.00 0.59% As seen in the table above, census ward 58 and 65 within Turbhe node have slums/hutments which cover approximately 0.59% of the node in terms of area. However in terms of population, as per census 2011, 46.83% of the population lives in slums. This figure is significant (refer map C7).

215 JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017 house which show signs of decay or those breaking down and required major repairs and are far from being in condition that can be restored or repaired are considered as dilapidated29. From the table and chart below it is evident that ward 43, 57, 61, 63 have high percentage of dilapidated buildings. Ward 41, 42, 43, 59, 60, 61 have very high percentage of houses with vulnerable roof. Ward 41, 57, 59 & 63 have high percentage of vulnerable wall and Ward 43, 57, 63, 64 have high percentage of vulnerable floor, when compared with city average.

Table 10-10 Vulnerable Housing (Turbhe 2011)

VULNERABILITY INDICATOR- HOUSING

Dilapidated Vulnerable Vulnerable Vulnerable Node Census Ward Houses Roof Wall Floor

41 0.1 59.3 7.3 0.9 42 0.1 66.1 2.2 0.8 43 5.2 64.1 6.5 5.5 57 2.1 30.1 10.5 3.6 58 0.3 19.9 12 2.2 TURBHE 59 1 80.1 37.2 0.8 60 0.1 75.8 1.3 1.4 61 1.7 72.4 6.7 1.6 63 1.4 25.6 7.9 3.4 64 0.1 1.2 4.3 4.4 65 0.4 5 2.4 1.5 NMMC 1.1 25.4 6.9 2.3

Figure 10-8 Dilapidated Buildings (Turbhe 2011)

29 Censusmp.nic.in – Housing condition and material used.

216 JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

Figure 10-9 Vulnerable Roof (Turbhe 2011)

VULNERABLE ROOF 100

40 NMMC

Percentage VULNERABLE ROOF 20

0 41 42 43 57 58 59 60 61 63 64 65 Census Ward

Figure 10-10 Vulnerable Wall (Turbhe 2011)

VULNERABLE WALL 40 35 30 25 20 15 NMMC Percentage 10 VULNERABLE WALL 5 0 41 42 43 57 58 59 60 61 63 64 65 Census Ward

Figure 10-11 Vulnerable Floor (Turbhe 2011)

VULNERABLE FLOOR 6

3 NMMC

Percentage 2 VULNERABLE FLOOR

0 41 42 43 57 58 59 60 61 63 64 65 Census Ward

217 JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

G Level of services a) Physical Infrastructure Under this section parameters which are indicative of the availability of basic services and amenities are covered. Safe drinking water is water that is free from disease causing organisms, toxic chemicals, colour, smell and unpleasant taste. Access to improved source of drinking water is a basic indicator of human development. Access to latrine and covered and proper drainage system are yet another service, which if not available can make the community highly vulnerable to diseases and health issues. Non availability and poor accessibility of basic amenities indicate improvement in public health infrastructure is an urgent need in such areas. Any community with decent earning and residing in legal localities are provided with all the amenities along with electric supply. Absence or fewer facilities are indicator of vulnerability. Percentage of unsafe drinking water is below the city average in all the wards of Vashi except 57. Other parameters considered to assess the vulnerability; source of water supply, unsafe light source, no access to latrine, unsafe drainage and unsafe medium of fuel used for cooking score considerably low compared to city average but Ward 39 possess concern.

Table 10-11 Physical Infrastructure Vulnerability (Turbhe 2011)

PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE VULNERABILITY

Unsafe Water Unsafe Unsafe Census No Access Unsafe Node Drinking Source Out Source Of Cooking Ward To Latrine Drainage Water Of Premises Light Fuel 41 3.9 24.4 3.2 0.2 25.4 73.4 42 0.9 53.6 1.1 0.4 40.3 68.6 43 6.6 6.9 5.8 6.2 7.2 11.7 57 3.4 7.3 1.1 0.1 7.6 18.2 58 2.2 9.4 1.8 0.2 6.2 27.7 TURBHE 59 2.5 56.4 2 4.6 27.8 87.6 60 2.2 10.4 1.3 0 43.3 74.1 61 7.6 58.7 3.3 9 31.5 72.4 63 1.4 17.1 3.1 4.1 20.2 23.1 64 1 11.5 0.2 0 0.5 5.1 65 0.7 10.9 1 1.6 2.2 6.3 NMMC 2.6 15.3 1.9 2.2 12.5 20.3

218 JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

Figure 10-12 Unsafe Drinking Water (Turbhe 2011)

Figure 10-13 Water Source out of Premises (Turbhe 2011)

Figure 10-14 Unsafe Source of Light (Turbhe 2011)

219 JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

Figure 10-15 Access to Latrine (Turbhe 2011)

Figure 10-16 Unsafe Cooking Fuel (Turbhe 2011)

b) Social infrastructure Through meeting and discussion with the ward officer of Turbhe node on the level of services available in the ward, such number of schools, hospital, fire stations and police stations were captured. Similarly during discussion with the officials of the fire department, it was noted that as per standards, one fire station can service a maximum areas of 10.5sq.km. To gauge whether hospitals, schools, community building and NMMC building fall within the ambit of 10.5sq.km, GIS based analysis was undertaken. Here facilities were seen in respect to their location within or outside the 10.5sq.km. Since 10.5sq.km is the fire station influence zone anything outside is not easily serviced in case of a hazard like fire, flood or building collapse. Also it is seen that the fire department is the first rescue mechanism in the city. Thus this analysis becomes all the more important to see. FIRE STATION

220 JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

The MIDC fire Station is located within the node. However there are jurisdiction issues when it comes to an emergency and NMMC has put up a request with the government to hand over the fire station to NMMC Fire Department, however this is still under process. Till then the fire station at Vashi serves the node. When the 10.5 sq.km radius is mapped, it is seen that most of the area is covered by the two fire station i.e. the one at Vashi and Turbhe, but the handing over of the MIDC fire station to NMMC will ease the issue further. HEALTH SERVICES Information on the number of health facilities in Turbhe was not available with the ward officer. However, location of 4 health facilities is shown on the map, of these 3 are in the safe zone whereas one is in the red/unsafe zone (refer Map No: D7). SCHOOLS AND AANGANWADI As per discussions with the ward officers, there are many private and 4 public schools within the ward. The GIS map (provided by NMMC) has location of few schools is mapped (refer map E7). As per the map most of these schools are located in the green i.e. safe zone. COMMUNITY BUILDINGS Similarly there are few NMMC properties and public buildings within the node and they all are located in the green zone i.e. in the safe zone (refer map F7). POLICE STATION/CHOWKI Within the ward there is 1 Police Chowki. These could not be mapped since GIS data was not available for them. ROADS Similarly the road network was also analysed in terms of its width. All roads less than or equal to 6mts (red) width were deemed as vulnerable, roads between 6 to 15mts (yellow) were deemed as safe if not obstructed and more that 15mts (green) were deemed safe. Also roads less than 6mts being in the red zone further increases vulnerability as it implies areas are not with the easily accessible zone and further the roads are too narrow for the fire tenders and other rescue vehicles like ambulances, earth movers etc. to reach to reach the disaster affected sites. . In Turbhe, the map (refer map G7) shows most of the roads in the green category. However, in the image below the map, one can see many roads which are not captured in the GIS data. Thus a complete analysis could not be done. But as seen in most wards, there roads are narrow roads which will be difficult for fire engines, ambulances and rescue vehicles to enter. RAILWAYS There are two railway stations within the node i.e. the Juinagar station and Turbhe Station. The node also has a railway car shed. It is part of the Vashi-Thane-Panvel Line. (Refer map H)

221 JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017 c) Social Security People who have their own house and bank accounts can be categorized under population with some possessions. A registered house helps in claims in case of any aftermath damaging the structure; similarly banks are medium to deposit excess money or savings which can be accessed during emergency situation. Any community having higher percentage of population falling in this category increases the overall capacity. People who rent do so because they are either transient or do not have the financial resources for home ownership. They often lack access to information about financial aid during recovery. In the most extreme cases, tenants lack sufficient shelter options when lodging becomes uninhabitable or too costly to afford. Having a bank account is an asset and suggests savings of some sort. Thus in a disaster situation, households with bank accounts are less vulnerable than households without bank accounts. Most of the Wards in Turbhe have very less percentage of population who stay in self owned houses. Wards 39 & 45 have a decent number of people living in self owned houses, 69% and 62% respectively. People residing in Vashi have utilized banking facility to much higher percentage, indicative of some economic backup, a positive indicator.

Table 10-12 Social Security (Turbhe 2011)

SOCIAL SECURITY

Node Census Ward Ownership Status Availing Banking Services

41 42.3 60.7 42 44.9 55.5 43 44.8 83.4 57 52.9 80.8 58 62.5 73.2 TURBHE 59 23.5 49.5 60 44.2 42.1 61 35.4 48.5 63 65.5 80 64 27.7 95.1 65 40.1 93.6 NMMC Ownership Status 40.8 NMMC Availing Bank Account 84.6

222 JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

Figure 10-17 Ownership Status (Turbhe 2011)

SOCIAL SECURITY 80 70 60 50 40 NMMC Ownership Status 30 Percentage OWNERSHIP STATUS 20 10 0 39 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 Census Ward

Figure 10-18 Availing Banking Services (Turbhe 2011)

AVAILING BANK SERVICES

120

100

60 NMMC Availing Bank Account

Percentage 40 AVAILING BANKING SERVICES 20

0 39 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 Census Ward

H Vulnerable areas and past incidences a) Contour analysis and Low lying areas Through discussions with the Deputy Chief Fire Officer, NMMC, it was understood that there are 6 low lying spots in Turbhe. This is also mentioned in the Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation Fire Hazards Response and Mitigation Plan, 2010. However, due to absence of contour data and old maps, these could not be mapped, nor are they available on GIS platform.

223 JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

However, from images available from map surfer of contour and SRTM maps, it is visible that the western edge has an undulating topography i.e. the Parsik hills (refer map I). Along the eastern edge of the ward are hills which have witnessed mining activities and thus are vulnerable to land slide and consequently building collapse (see images below). Also during the rains, the runoff from the hills caries the loose soil thus covering the foothills with sludge. Along the foothills are few industries and hutments. When mining activities are underway, the area experiences high levels of air pollution and high levels SPM. b) Proximity to water bodies Proximity of developed properties/houses/hutments etc. to water bodies is an important indicator of flood vulnerability. To gauge the same an analysis was undertake to see what part of the city fall within the maximum vulnerability, high vulnerability and medium vulnerability zones. Since the contour data for the city is not available, these buffers do not take into consideration the topography of that area. For lakes and holding ponds buffers on 100, 200 and 300mts were extracted and for nallahs buffers of 25, 50 and 100mts were considered. As seen in Map No: J7, some of the developed part of Turbhe node falls in these zones thus increasing the flood vulnerability of the area. However, being in the 10.5sqkm ambit of the fire station slightly reduces the vulnerability. c) Past Incidences and vulnerability During discussions with the ward officer, past incidences within the ward were discussed and noted. Mapping of these incidences was not done since information/maps were not available at the ward office. Here only major incidences were covered.

The slums are situated on a hilly area therefore water logging is not an issue in these slums. During monsoons also these slums do not face any water logging problem.

However, water logging does take place in certain. Sector 21, near ICL School is a major water logging spot. Recently there is a pump installed to resolve the issue.

Few fire incidences have been reported in the slums. In September 2015 there was a fire in a commercial warehouse in one of the slums. Fortunately, no loss of life however there was damage to the property. Though no major fire incidences have been report, the ward is highly vulnerable to fires. As mentioned earlier there are 2 slums pockets in the ward. The slum map has further revealed that most of this development is on land below high tension wires which further augments their vulnerability to fire.

224 JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

Sand mining does take place in this ward. In 2013, a rock fall incident occurred in the sand mining area taking 4 workers lives.

A list was published in 2015 by NMMC of the number cessed buildings within each ward/node. As per the list there are 3 such buildings within Turbhe. The approximate location of most was identified through google maps, as per which all building are in census ward 57.

225 JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

I Social Vulnerability Assessment: a) Fire Based on the methodology stated in the annexure, the Social Vulnerability Index for fire was calculated for all census 2011 wards (tables and figure below). The key observations are summarized below: 1. Vulnerability in this node (refer figure 10-20) is majorly attribute to the poor physical infrastructure and housing infrastructure. All the wards fall in the high to medium vulnerability brackets in terms of physical vulnerability. 2. Also in terms of Social vulnerability, all wards except three wards fall in the medium to high vulnerability bracket. 3. When seen in terms of overall vulnerability, except ward 60 which ranks 34th of 89 wards, all wards fall in the medium to high vulnerability bracket. 4. When seen at the nodal level, Turbhe ranks 7th out of 8 in terms of overall vulnerability towards fire and it is the in the medium high vulnerability bracket. (refer table 10-14) 5.

Figure 10-19 Turbhe – SoVI at the census 2011 ward level - Fire

Turbhe SoVI - Fire

0041 100.0 HOUSING 0065 0042 80.0 PHYSICAL 60.0 INFRA

0064 40.0 0043 DEMO

20.0 MARG. POPn 0.0 0063 0057 ECONOMIC

SOCIAL SEC

0061 0058

0060 0059

226 JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

Table 10-13 Turbhe – SoVI at the census 2011 ward level - Fire

Census Ward Physical Marg. Physical Housing Demo Economic Social Sec Social Vul Overall SoVI 2011 Infra Popn Vul 0041 57.0 72.5 62.75 47.00 24.25 33.50 4192.56 3074817.05 14710627334.39 0042 52.0 68.0 67.6 50.83 30.00 35.25 3600.00 4449133.76 16820261710.24 0043 80.0 64.0 24.75 16.00 1.25 45.50 5184.00 228977.20 3299122713.85 0057 73.0 55.0 65.63 43.83 52.75 50.00 4096.00 7921542.79 33232436368.64 0058 64.0 61.5 66.25 58.33 58.00 51.50 3937.56 11728487.45 46332936054.50 0059 74.0 75.0 55.50 46.00 33.50 8.00 5550.25 1633443.75 13285858000.68 0060 55.0 61.5 32.75 19.50 10.50 30.50 3393.06 295362.53 1825174173.05 0061 72.0 83.0 54.00 54.67 66.75 23.00 6006.3 6054421.21 41765208725.16 0063 70.0 70.0 63.75 70.50 74.00 56.0 4900.00 19046712.16 93538988476.1 0064 43.0 46.0 45.88 39.83 65.75 35.50 1980.25 4772427.57 9465718343.58 0065 49.0 57.0 52.13 78.2 85.3 49.50 2809.00 19275988.1 55927909996.85

227 JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

Table 10-14 Turbhe - SoVI ranking w.r.t. other wards - Fire

Census Ward 2011 Physical Vul Rank Phy Risk Social Vul Rank Social Risk Overall Rank Overall Risk

0041 67.0 4 45.0 3 49.0 3 0042 58.0 4 53.0 3 48.0 3 0043 73.0 5 8.0 1 56.0 4 0057 64.0 4 60.0 4 53.5 3 0058 60.0 4 67.0 4 53.5 4 0059 75.0 5 34.0 2 63.0 4 0060 56.0 4 1.0 1 34.0 2 0061 80.0 5 61.0 4 72.0 5 0063 70.0 4 80.0 5 73.0 5 0064 46.0 3 48.0 3 38.0 3 0065 54.0 4 85.0 5 78.0 5

Table 10-15 Turbhe - SoVI w.r.t. other nodes - Fire

Figure 10-20 Turbhe – Fire vulnerability at node level

PHYSICAL VULNERABILITY RANK SOCIAL VULN ERABILITY RANK OVERALL VULNERABILITY RANK

229 JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017 b) Floods Based on the methodology stated in the annexure, the Social Vulnerability Index for floods was calculated for all census 2011 wards (see tables and figure below). Detailed analysis of the data suggests the following: 1. Vulnerability in this node (refer figure 10-21) is majorly attribute to the poor physical infrastructure and housing infrastructure. All the wards except ward number 64, fall in the high to medium vulnerability brackets in terms of physical vulnerability. 2. Also in terms of Social vulnerability, all wards except two wards (61 and 65) fall in the medium to high vulnerability bracket. 3. Ward number 65, within the city stands at rank 3rd out of 89 wards and is the least vulnerable ward in the node, whereas ward 58 ranks 79th out of 89 wards and is the most vulnerable ward in the node. 4. When seen at the nodal level, Turbhe ranks 7th out of 8 in terms of overall vulnerability towards floods and it is the in the medium high vulnerability bracket. (refer table 10- 17)

Figure 10-21 Turbhe – SoVI at the census 2011 ward level – Floods

230 JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

Table 10-16 Turbhe - SoVI at the census 2011 ward level - Floods

Census Ward Physical Marg. Physical Housing Demo Economic Social Sec Social Vul Overall SoVI 2011 Infra Popn Vul 0041 43.60 65.30 62.75 47.00 24.25 33.50 2964.80 3074817.05 9556981160.90 0042 39.30 60.50 67.63 50.83 30.00 35.25 2490.01 4449133.76 11129802841.09 0043 59.70 69.90 24.75 16.00 1.25 45.50 4199.04 228977.20 2244147707.93 0057 56.60 52.90 65.63 43.83 52.75 50.00 2997.56 7921542.79 23761090156.52 0058 46.90 55.10 66.25 58.33 58.00 51.50 2601.00 11728487.45 30886902236.37 0059 56.80 73.40 55.50 46.00 33.50 8.00 4238.01 1633443.75 8912030574.27 0060 41.30 54.30 32.75 19.50 10.50 30.50 2284.84 295362.53 972286896.21 0061 56.10 80.10 54.00 54.67 66.75 23.00 4637.61 6054421.21 30086932337.42 0063 53.30 67.40 63.75 70.50 74.00 56.00 3642.12 19046712.16 69745861250.43 0064 34.50 32.10 45.88 39.83 65.75 35.50 1108.89 4772427.57 5695866849.27 0065 37.10 51.50 52.13 78.17 85.25 49.50 1962.49 19275988.13 41924999852.39

231 JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

Table 10-17 Turbhe SoVI ranking w.r.t. other wards - Floods

Census Ward 2011 Physical Vul Rank Phy Risk Social Vul Rank Social Risk Overall Rank Overall risk 0041 67.00 4 75.00 5 64.00 4 0042 61.00 4 61.00 4 72.00 5 0043 76.00 5 40.00 3 34.00 2 0057 64.00 4 48.00 3 40.00 3 0058 62.00 4 54.00 4 79.00 5 0059 77.00 5 44.00 3 28.00 2 0060 57.00 4 60.00 4 50.00 3 0061 82.00 5 11.00 1 30.00 2 0063 73.00 5 68.00 4 68.00 4 0064 33.00 2 47.00 3 33.00 2 0065 54.00 4 5.00 1 3.00 1

Table 10-18 Turbhe SoVI w.r.t. other nodes - Floods

232 JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

Figure 10-22 Turbhe – Flood vulnerability at node level

PHYSICAL VULNERABILITY RANK SOCIAL VULNERABILITY RANK OVERALL VULNERABILITY RANK

233 JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017 c) Landslides and building collapse Based on the methodology stated in the annexure, the Social Vulnerability Index for floods was calculated for all census 2011 wards. Based on the table and figure below, following are the key observation/analysis: 1. As seen earlier, the vulnerability in the node is a result of the poor infrastructure and dilapidated housing stock. 2. Overall, Turbhe node falls in the high medium risk zone and ranks 7th out of 8 in the vulnerability at the node level, thus being the most vulnerable ward.

Figure 10-23 Turbhe – SoVI at the census 2011 ward level - Building collapse/landslide

Turbhe-Bldg Collapse/landslide SoVI 0041 100.00 HOUSING 0065 0042 80.00

60.00 PHYSICAL INFRA

0064 40.00 0043 DEMO 20.00

0.00 MARG. POPn 0063 0057

ECONOMIC

0061 0058 SOCIAL SEC

0060 0059

234 JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

Table 10-19 Turbhe – SoVI at the census 2011 ward level - Building collapse/landslide

Census Ward Physical Housing Demo Marg. Popn Economic Social Sec Physical Vul Social Vul Overall SoVI 2011 Infra 0041 43.80 72.50 62.75 47.00 24.25 33.50 3381.42 3074817.05 11198680244.45 0042 39.50 68.25 67.63 50.83 30.00 35.25 2902.52 4449133.76 13138668658.77 0043 59.50 70.75 24.75 16.00 1.25 45.50 4241.27 228977.20 2284764697.64 0057 56.40 58.25 65.63 43.83 52.75 50.00 3286.16 7921542.79 26136646799.77 0058 46.90 59.25 66.25 58.33 58.00 51.50 2816.96 11728487.45 33247091451.52 0059 57.20 69.00 55.50 46.00 33.50 8.00 3981.61 1633443.75 8157232314.59 0060 41.70 71.00 32.75 19.50 10.50 30.50 3175.32 295362.53 1635547929.00 0061 56.30 75.75 54.00 54.67 66.75 23.00 4359.30 6054421.21 27916338568.43 0063 53.30 70.50 63.75 70.50 74.00 56.00 3831.61 19046712.16 73184418148.65 0064 34.50 26.50 45.88 39.83 65.75 35.50 930.25 4772427.57 4981552928.54 0065 36.70 48.75 52.13 78.17 85.25 49.50 1825.43 19275988.13 39733669698.16

235 JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

Table 10-20 Turbhe SoVI ranking w.r.t. other wards - Building collapse/landslide

Census Ward 2011 Physical Vul Rank Physical Risk Social Vul Rank Social Risk Overall Rank Overall Risk

0041 66.00 4 45.00 3 53.00 3 0042 61.00 4 53.00 3 52.00 3 0043 76.00 5 8.00 1 45.00 3 0057 63.00 4 60.00 4 48.50 3 0058 59.00 4 67.00 4 55.00 4 0059 72.00 5 34.00 2 46.00 3 0060 64.00 4 1.00 1 42.00 3 0061 80.00 5 61.00 4 66.00 4 0063 71.00 4 80.00 5 79.00 5 0064 35.00 2 48.00 3 37.00 3 0065 49.00 3 85.00 5 83.00 5

236 JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

Table 10-21 Turbhe SoVI w.r.t. other nodes - Building collapse/landslide

237 JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

Figure 10-24 Turbhe – Building collapse/landslide vulnerability at node level

PHYSICAL VULNERABILITY RANK SOCIAL VULNERABILITY RANK OVERALL VULNERABILITY RANK

238 JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

Appendix 11 Nerul Node

A Location Nerul is a residential and commercial node of the city of Mumbai. It consists of more than 50 sectors. Nerul East houses odd sectors while Nerul West includes even sectors. It is one of the biggest, and most populated residential nodes of the city. Nerul along with Seawoods is the second most developed zone of New Mumbai after Vashi. (Refer Map A8)

Table 11-1 Census Wards (Nerul 2011)

Municipal Ward Census Ward No No. of Census Wards 62, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, Nerul 15 80

JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017 legislative and competence of the States. Land use planning falls, therefore, under the responsibility of the State Governments30.

Nerul has 29% of its land use under residential area and 16% of the land use falls in the open space category.

Table 11-2 Land Use31 - Nerul

Sr. No Land use Category Area in Ha % Area 1 Residential 310.61 29.70% 2 Commercial 48.20 4.61% 3 Social Facilities 76.59 7.32% 4 Industrial 9.61 0.92% 5 Open Space 171.36 16.39% 6 Circulation 200.00 19.12% 7 Public utilities 106.09 10.14% 8 Infrastructure Corridor 123.30 11.79% 9 Storage 0.00 0.00%

10 Net Developed Area 1045.76

30Draft National Land Utilisation Policy

31 Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation Fire Hazards Response and Mitigation Plan, 2010

JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

Figure 11-1 Land Use - Nerul

D Population Density Population distribution has a very major role to play in case of any disaster event in a region. Any city which is densely populated results in congestion, limited escape routes, limited space for routing or plying emergency vehicles often this could also potentially render the infrastructure unsafe and is indicative of social and economic characteristic of the community. Population density of Nerul node is much higher than the city average. Almost all the wards of Nerul have population density higher than the city average. Ward 62 is the largest ward in the node, with regards to area but caters to only 1% of the node population. Out of remaining 14 wards, 12 wards have area less than 1 sq. km, but population density is very high. Density wise, ward 67, 69 and 78 needs to be addressed. This suggests uneven distribution of population with respect to the availability of land.

Table 11-3 Population Density (Nerul 2011)

POPULATION DENSITY % %Pop Census Total Area (Km Population Pop Node Wrt Ward Population Sq.) Density Wrt Nmmc Ward 62 11579 8.58 1350 6.87 1.03 66 14318 0.40 35793 8.49 1.28 67 15944 0.19 84561 9.45 1.42 68 7119 1.05 6764 4.22 0.64 NERUL 69 13773 0.26 53030 8.17 1.23 70 7639 0.16 46827 4.53 0.68 71 9526 0.24 39089 5.65 0.85 72 9816 0.57 17090 5.82 0.88 73 7708 0.44 17645 4.57 0.69

JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

POPULATION DENSITY % %Pop Census Total Area (Km Population Pop Node Wrt Ward Population Sq.) Density Wrt Nmmc Ward 74 7834 0.21 38008 4.65 0.70 75 10369 0.12 83717 6.15 0.93 76 7788 0.64 12143 4.62 0.70 77 13648 1.41 9690 8.09 1.22 78 22398 0.44 51344 13.28 2.00 80 9188 0.55 16587 5.45 0.82 Total 168647 15.27 11046 Nerul% Population wrt NMMC 15.05 Total NMMC 1120547 125.43 8934

Figure 11-2 Population Density (Nerul 2011)

JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017 percentage. Women are categorized under the vulnerable section of society, it is because they may not be fully equipped to respond and recover from any event. Past experiences have shown that they are more likely to recognize and respond to risk, but tend to be more at the receiving end. It is evident that approximately 46% of the city population falls in the vulnerable category.

Table 11-4 Female Population (Nerul 2011)

VULNERABLE FEMALE POPULATION

Node Census Ward Tot_P Tot_M % Tot_M Tot_F %Tot_F

62 11579 6554 56.60 5025 43.40 66 14318 7547 52.71 6771 47.29 67 15944 9043 56.72 6901 43.28 68 7119 3681 51.71 3438 48.29 69 13773 7358 53.42 6415 46.58 70 7639 4019 52.61 3620 47.39 71 9526 4967 52.14 4559 47.86 NERUL 72 9816 4996 50.90 4820 49.10 73 7708 3919 50.84 3789 49.16 74 7834 4134 52.77 3700 47.23 75 10369 5705 55.02 4664 44.98 76 7788 4127 52.99 3661 47.01 77 13648 7120 52.17 6528 47.83 78 22398 12135 54.18 10263 45.82 80 9188 4687 51.01 4501 48.99 Total Nerul 168647 89992 53.36 78655 46.64 Nerul % Female wrt NMMC 15.41 NMMC 1120547 610060 510487 NMMC % Female 45.56

JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

Figure 11-3 Female Population (Nerul 2011)

e) Population 0-6 Years Young children and elderly are the other section of society who find themselves fending for help even during normal situations. Any event makes them more vulnerable as they are dependent upon others from help. Nearly 14% of the city’s population under 6 years of age resides in this node.

Figure 11-4 Population under 6 years of age (Nerul 2011)

JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

Table 11-5 Population under 6 years of age (Nerul 2011)

POPULATION UNDER 6 YEARS OF AGE

Node Census Ward Tot_ Population P_06 %P_06

62 11579 1907 16.47 66 14318 1421 9.92 67 15944 2062 12.93 68 7119 630 8.85 69 13773 1534 11.14 70 7639 697 9.12 71 9526 827 8.68 NERUL 72 9816 841 8.57 73 7708 572 7.42 74 7834 734 9.37 75 10369 1119 10.79 76 7788 809 10.39 77 13648 1355 9.93 78 22398 2760 12.32 80 9188 807 8.78 Total Nerul 168647 18075 10.72 Nerul Pop-06 wrt NMMC 13.95 NMMC 1120547 129591 NMMC % ToT Pop-06 11.56 f) SC and ST Population According to the Arjun Sen Gupta Committee report32, Dalits constitute 81% of India’s vulnerable population. They also constitute most of India’s population below poverty line. The pre-existing vulnerabilities are compounded in the event of disasters. Nerul, as is evident from the table and chart given below, SC ST constitute around 10% of the total population of Nerul. The population of SC is much higher than the city average in Ward 62 & 66 and ward 62, 66, 69 & 76 have very high percentage of ST population.

Table 11-6 Population SC & ST (Nerul 2011)

VULNERABLE POPULATION SC ST Census % P_ SC (% % P_ST (% Node Total Population P_SC P_ST Ward Ward) Ward) 62 11579 3147 27.18 340 2.94 66 14318 1854 12.95 328 2.29 NERUL 67 15944 1347 8.45 263 1.65 68 7119 349 4.90 77 1.08

32 http://www.ncdhr.org.in/daaa-1/daaa-publication/NCDHR%20Climate%20Change%20.pdf

JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

VULNERABLE POPULATION SC ST Census % P_ SC (% % P_ST (% Node Total Population P_SC P_ST Ward Ward) Ward) 69 13773 769 5.58 998 7.25 70 7639 454 5.94 27 0.35 71 9526 511 5.36 112 1.18 72 9816 544 5.54 144 1.47 73 7708 403 5.23 66 0.86 74 7834 426 5.44 19 0.24 75 10369 814 7.85 34 0.33 76 7788 523 6.72 219 2.81 77 13648 736 5.39 220 1.61 78 22398 1981 8.84 258 1.15 80 9188 176 1.92 25 0.27 Total Nerul 168647 14034 8.32 3130 1.86 Nerul wrt NMMC 14.02 16.55 NMMC 1120547 100067 18913 NMMC % SC 8.93 NMMC % ST 1.69

Figure 11-5 Population SC & ST (Nerul 2011)

g) Illiterate population Education is attributed a key role in both preventing and managing any event. It not only gives every individual access to decent earning but also an opportunity to become more aware about their rights and duties. The chart and table below clearly demonstrate that approximately 18% of the population in Nerul is without any basic education. Ward 62, 67, 76 and 78 have percentage of illiterate population more than city average.

JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017

Table 11-7 Illiteracy Rates (Nerul 2011)

LITERACY

Node Census Ward Total Population P_Ill % P_Ill Wrt Ward

62 11579 4572 39.49 66 14318 2106 14.71 67 15944 3757 23.56 68 7119 856 12.02 69 13773 2735 19.86 70 7639 1006 13.17 71 9526 1423 14.94 NERUL 72 9816 1356 13.81 73 7708 799 10.37 74 7834 986 12.59 75 10369 1734 16.72 76 7788 1671 21.46 77 13648 2047 15.00 78 22398 4846 21.64 80 9188 1048 11.41 Total Nerul 168647 30942 18.35 Nerul wrt NMMC NMMC 1120547 232430 NMMC % Illiterate 20.74

Figure 11-6 Illiteracy Rates (Nerul 2011)

JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017 h) Non workers and marginal workers As per Census, those workers who had worked for the major part of the reference period (i.e. 6 months or more) are termed as Main Workers. Those workers who had not worked for the major part of the reference period (i.e. less than 6 months) are termed as Marginal Workers33. A person who did not at all work during the reference period was treated as non- worker. The non-workers broadly constitute Students who did not participate in any economic activity paid or unpaid, household duties who were attending to daily household chores like cooking, cleaning utensils, looking after children, fetching water etc. The table and chart below indicate that 91% of the total working population falls in the Main Worker category whereas the marginal working population forms the remaining 9% of the total working population of the node. When the working and non-working population of Nerul are analysed it is evident that around 40% of the total population falls in the working category. This implies that more than 60% people residing in Nerul fall in non-working category which largely comprises of students, women, elderly, children etc.

Figure 11-7 Working & Non-Working Population (Nerul 2011)

33 https://data.gov.in/keywords/marginal-worker

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Figure 11-8 Main & Marginal Working Population (Nerul 2011)

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Table 11-8 Work Scenario (Nerul 2011)

WORK SCENARIO

Census Total Tot_ Main % Main Marg %Marg Non_ %Non_ Node % Tot_Work P Ward Population Work_P Work_P Work_P Work_P Work_P Work_P Work_P

62 11579 5246 45.31 4703 89.65 543 11.55 6333 54.69 66 14318 5261 36.74 4758 90.44 503 10.57 9057 63.26 67 15944 6622 41.53 6219 93.91 403 6.48 9322 58.47 68 7119 2636 37.03 2380 90.29 256 10.76 4483 62.97 69 13773 5775 41.93 4990 86.41 785 15.73 7998 58.07 70 7639 2761 36.14 2624 95.04 137 5.22 4878 63.86 71 9526 3551 37.28 3079 86.71 472 15.33 5975 62.72 NERUL 72 9816 3683 37.52 3262 88.57 421 12.91 6133 62.48 73 7708 2987 38.75 2830 94.74 157 5.55 4721 61.25 74 7834 2973 37.95 2751 92.53 222 8.07 4861 62.05 75 10369 3940 38.00 3752 95.23 188 5.01 6429 62.00 76 7788 3187 40.92 2799 87.83 388 13.86 4601 59.08 77 13648 5026 36.83 4649 92.50 377 8.11 8622 63.17 78 22398 8736 39.00 8131 93.07 605 7.44 13662 61.00 80 9188 4197 45.68 3657 87.13 540 14.77 4991 54.32 Total 168647 66581 39.48 60584 90.99 5997 9.90 102066 60.52 Nerul wrt NMMC Total NMMC 1120547 455485 419469 36016 583872 NMMC % Population 40.65 92.09 7.91 52.11

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JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017 i) Slum location and population Data for slums has been collated from three sources; Census list of slums with number of households & population data, list of slums provided by NMMC ward officer and slums and encroachments as shown in Auto Cad drawings given by the TP Department, NMMC. The slums and encroachment as shown in the maps have been referred to as hutments hereafter. As per the various sources of data, there are no slums in Nerul (refer Map C8)

F Vulnerable Housing The condition of the housing stock reveals living condition of people. Navi Mumbai lies very close to the Panvel fault line increasing risk to unsafe constructions. Construction material used for wall, roof and floor indicate the vulnerability of those houses to any disaster event. Any house which show signs of decay or those breaking down and required major repairs and are far from being in condition that can be restored or repaired are considered as dilapidated34

Ward 62 of Nerul scores very high on all vulnerability indicators; dilapidated buildings, Vulnerable roof, vulnerable wall and vulnerable floor. This ward needs special attention. Ward 69 has high number of dilapidated buildings and ward 75 has high percentage of vulnerable roof.

Table 11-9 Vulnerable Housing (Nerul 2011)

VULNERABILITY INDICATOR- HOUSING Census Dilapidated Vulnerable Node Vulnerable Roof Vulnerable Wall Ward Houses Floor 62 6.1 91.9 31.7 9.3 66 0 1.5 0.6 0.2 67 0.5 15 6.3 0.4 68 0 1.3 0.6 0.6 69 1.8 16.1 3.9 2 70 0 5.6 0.6 0.2 NERUL 71 0.1 0.7 0.1 0.1 72 0.1 0 0 0 73 0 0.7 0.3 0.7 74 0.1 4.1 0 0.8 75 0.1 21.7 0.4 0.8 76 0.7 3.6 1.5 1 77 0.1 3.3 0.4 0

34 Censusmp.nic.in – Housing condition and material used.

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VULNERABILITY INDICATOR- HOUSING Census Dilapidated Vulnerable Node Vulnerable Roof Vulnerable Wall Ward Houses Floor 78 0 8.1 0.5 0.6 80 0 1 1.4 0.2 NMMC 1.1 25.4 6.9 2.3

Figure 11-9 Dilapidated Buildings (Nerul 2011)

Figure 11-10 Vulnerable Roof (Nerul 2011)

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Figure 11-11 Vulnerable Wall (Nerul 2011)

Figure 11-12 Vulnerable Floor (Nerul 2011)

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JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017 community highly vulnerable to diseases and health issues. Non availability and poor accessibility of basic amenities indicate high level of vulnerability in a disaster event, improvement in public health infrastructure is an urgent need in such case.

Any community with decent earning and residing in legal localities are to be provided with all the amenities along with electric supply. Absence or fewer facilities are indicator of vulnerability.

Yet again, ward 62 is suggesting highly vulnerable living conditions in all the aspects of physical infrastructure vulnerability. Percentage of unsafe drinking water scores higher than the city average in ward 76 and ward 67 has higher percentage of people using unsafe medium as cooking fuel.

Table 11-10 Physical Infrastructure Vulnerability (Nerul 2011)

PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE VULNERABILITY Water Unsafe Unsafe Unsafe Census Source No Access Unsafe Node Drinking Source Of Cooking Ward Out Of To Latrine Drainage Water Light Fuel Premises 62 9.3 54.8 5 24.9 49.4 64.4 66 1 1.7 0.4 0.3 0.1 3.3 67 0.4 4.3 0.7 0.1 6.5 23.5 68 1.2 0.7 0.2 0.1 0.1 2.2 69 2.3 13.3 2.5 0.8 2.5 16.1 70 0.6 0.4 0.3 0 0.1 1 71 1.4 1.3 0.9 0 1.2 2.5 NERUL 72 0.3 0.3 0.2 0 0 2 73 0.7 0.3 0 0 0 1.5 74 1.1 0.9 0.1 0.3 0.1 1.3 75 1 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.1 2.5 76 7.5 2.8 0.4 0 1.9 5.7 77 0.4 0.4 0 0 0 2.6 78 1.5 11.2 0.5 1.3 1.3 9.5 80 0.6 0.6 0.2 0 0.1 3 NMMC 2.6 15.3 1.9 2.2 12.5 20.3

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Figure 11-13 Unsafe Drinking Water (Nerul 2011)

Figure 11-14 Water Source out of Premises (Nerul 2011)

Figure 11-15 Unsafe Source of Light (Nerul 2011)

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Figure 11-16 Access to Latrine (Nerul 2011)

Figure 11-17 Unsafe Drainage (Nerul 2011)

Figure 11-18 Unsafe Cooking Fuel (Nerul 2011)

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JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017 b) Social infrastructure Through meeting and discussion with the ward officer of Vashi node on the level of services available in the ward, such number of schools, hospital, fire stations and police stations were captured. Similarly during discussion with the officials of the fire department, it was noted that as per standards, one fire station can service a maximum areas of 10.5sq.km. To gauge whether hospitals, schools, community building and NMMC building fall within the ambit of 10.5sq.km, GIS based analysis was undertaken. Here facilities were seen in respect to their location within or outside the 10.5sq.km. Since 10.5sq.km is the fire station influence zone anything outside is not easily serviced in case of a hazard like fire, flood or building collapse. Also it is seen that the fire department is the first rescue mechanism in the city. Thus this analysis becomes all the more important to see. FIRE STATION There is fire station situated in the southern part of the node known as the Nerul Fire Station. Also the Turbhe MIDC fire station is very close to the node. When the 10.5 sq.km radius is mapped, it is seen that the entire node of Nerul is not effectively covered by the fire stations. Being one of the biggest nodes in the city, a vast section of the node remain un- serviced by the fire stations HEALTH SERVICES The ward officer has pointed out that, there are 8 private clinics/hospital in the node and 1 government hospital in the node. Of these the location of four health facilities is available on the map. In Map No: D8, it is seen that except one, all three are in the unsafe zone i.e. the red zone. SCHOOLS AND AANGANWADI There are 4 public schools within the ward. There are also large number of private schools within the ward, however actual number was not available with the ward officer. The GIS map (provided by NMMC) has location of 10 schools is mapped (refer map E8). As per the map most of these schools are located in the red/unsafe zone. COMMUNITY BUILDINGS There are large number of public buildings and NMMC properties in the node. Most of these are in the red zone (refer Map F8) POLICE STATION/CHOWKI Within the ward there is 1 Police station and 3 chowkis. These could not be mapped since GIS data was not available for them.

ROADS

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Similarly the road network was also analysed in terms of its width. All roads less than or equal to 6mts (red) width were deemed as vulnerable, roads between 6 to 15mts (yellow) were deemed as safe if not obstructed and more that 15mts (green) were deemed safe. Also roads less than 6mts being in the red zone further increases vulnerability as it implies areas are not with the easily accessible zone and further the roads are too narrow for the fire tenders and other rescue vehicles like ambulances, earth movers etc. to reach to reach the disaster affected sites. . In Nerul, the map (refer map G8) shows most of the roads in the green category. However, in the image below the map, one can see many roads which are not captured in the GIS data. Thus a complete analysis could not be done. But as seen in most wards, there roads are narrow roads which will be difficult for fire engines, ambulances and rescue vehicles to enter.

RAILWAYS There is a railway station within Nerul. It is part of the Vashi-Thane-Panvel Line. (Refer map H) c) Social Security People who have their own house and bank accounts can be categorized under population with some possessions. A registered house helps in claims in the aftermath of a disaster which damages the structure. Similarly presence of banks and access suggests economic inclusion. People deposit savings which can be accessed during emergency situation. Any community having higher percentage of population falling in this category increases the overall capacity to cope with disaster. Further having a bank account is an asset and suggests savings of some sort. Thus in a disaster situation, households with bank accounts are less vulnerable than households without bank accounts. People who live in rented premises do so because they are either transient or do not have the financial resources town a house. They often lack access to information about financial aid during recovery. In the most extreme cases, tenants lack decent shelter options when lodging becomes uninhabitable or too costly to afford. Ward 62 score low in both ownership status and banking facility compare to other wards of Nerul. This node also has eight wards where majority of the residents are not living in self-owned houses. People residing in Nerul except in ward 62 have utilized banking facility to much higher percentage, indicative of some economic backup, a positive indicator.

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Table 11-11 Social Security (Nerul 2011)

SOCIAL SECURITY Census Ownership Availing Banking Node Ward Status Services 62 48.3 43.8 66 24.4 96 67 63.2 78.6 68 30.1 96.2 69 45.7 81.6 70 27 94.7 71 28.1 95 NERUL 72 28.6 97.9 73 57.5 99.6 74 31.2 97 75 45 96.1 76 55.5 94.1 77 27.6 99.2 78 48 91 80 21.3 98.7 NMMC Ownership Status 40.8 NMMC Availing Bank Account 84.6

Figure 11-19 Ownership Status (Nerul 2011)

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Figure 11-20 Availing Banking Services (Nerul 2011)

H Vulnerable areas and past incidences a) Contour analysis and Low lying areas Through discussions with the Deputy Chief Fire Officer, NMMC, it was understood that there are 5 low lying spots in Nerul. This is also mentioned in the Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation Fire Hazards Response and Mitigation Plan, 2010. However, due to absence of contour data and old maps, these could not be mapped, nor are they available on GIS platform. However, from images available from map surfer of contour and SRTM maps, it is visible that the western edge has an undulating topography i.e. the Parsik hills (refer map I). Along the eastern edge of the ward are hills which have witnessed mining activities and thus are vulnerable to land slide and consequently building collapse (see images below). Also during the rains, the runoff from the hills caries the loose soil thus covering the foothills with sludge. Along the foothills are few industries and hutments. When mining activities are underway, the area experience high levels of air pollution and high levels SPM. b) Proximity to water bodies Proximity of developed properties/houses/hutments etc. to water bodies is an important indicator of flood vulnerability. To gauge the same an analysis was undertake to see what part of the city fall within the maximum vulnerability, high vulnerability and medium vulnerability zones. Since the contour data for the city is not available, these buffers do not take into consideration the topography of that area. For lakes and holding ponds buffers on 100, 200 and 300mts were extracted and for nallahs buffers of 25, 50 and

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100mts were considered. As seen in Map No: J8, some of the developed part of Nerul node falls in these zones. Thus increasing the flood vulnerability of the area. Also large sections of the node are outside the 10.5sqkm ambit of the fire station, thus further increasing the vulnerability. c) Past Incidences and vulnerability During discussions with the ward officer, past incidences within the ward were discussed and noted. Mapping of these incidences was not done since that information/maps were not available at the ward office. Here only major incidences were covered.

No major incidences have been reported in this ward. However there are certain areas within the ward get water logged every year. One such area is the area around the Juinagar railway station. If this area gets water logged, major issues of commuting are faced by residents, hence as a solution, permanent pumps have been installed in this area which can immediately put to use if the city witnesses heavy rains. After the 2014 water lodging incident, new canals where made to avoid water lodging. Pre-monsoon cleaning of the canals to prevent water lodging during monsoons.

Though no major fire incidences have been report, the ward is highly vulnerable to fires. As mentioned earlier there are 2 slums pockets in the ward. The slum map has further revealed that most of this development is on land below high tension wires which further augments their vulnerability to fire.

A list was published in 2015 by NMMC of the number cessed buildings within each ward/node. As per the list there are 27 such buildings within Nerul. The approximate location of most was identified through google maps, as per which maximum number of building are in Sector 10 i.e. census ward 75.

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1. Vulnerability in this node (refer figure 11.21) is majorly attributed to the poor physical infrastructure and housing infrastructure. However, there are only certain wards which have high vulnerability, while the rest fall in the low and medium low brackets. 2. Ward number 62 and 78 are most vulnerable wards in the node, whereas 68 and 73 are the least vulnerable. 3. When seen at the nodal level, Nerul ranks 4th out of 8 in terms of overall vulnerability towards fire and it is the in the medium vulnerability bracket. (refer table 11.14)

Figure 11-21 Nerul – SoVI at the census 2011 ward level - Fire

Nerul SoVI - Fire

0062 0080 100.0 0066 HOUSING 80.0 0078 0067 PHYSICAL INFRA 60.0 DEMO 40.0 0077 0068 20.0 MARG. POPn 0.0 0076 0069 ECONOMIC

SOCIAL SEC 0075 0070

0074 0071 0073 0072

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Table 11-12 Nerul – SoVI at the census 2011 ward level - Fire

Census Ward Physical Housing Demo Marg. Popn Economic Social Sec Physical Vul Social Vul Overall SoVI 2011 Infra 0062 87.0 85.0 49.00 60.83 56.00 37.00 7396.0 6611764.04 59445875557.7 0066 4.0 32.5 53.50 65.50 67.50 35.00 333.06 9402751.47 6321363049.00 0067 46.0 50.0 68.5 71.83 63.00 52.75 2304.00 16799072.00 40828676409.76 0068 13.0 17.0 13.88 19.00 22.25 44.00 225.00 377131.52 99346942.28 0069 65.0 65.0 55.75 62.50 69.50 46.00 4225.00 11661824.81 49649000461.64 0070 11.0 18.5 35.63 20.17 17.00 33.00 217.56 489289.47 131437345.39 0071 3.0 40.5 47.25 27.83 50.25 35.75 473.06 2630040.68 1571498606.20 0072 1.0 9.0 32.88 28.33 49.75 47.50 25.00 2462750.24 489832385.62 0073 6.0 2.0 18.75 18.17 14.50 84.5 16.00 1333063.68 190440383.26 0074 23.0 10.0 36.50 21.17 22.00 47.25 272.25 1013525.46 358471695.37 0075 34.0 29.0 52.25 36.50 28.50 61.00 992.25 3943466.80 4225678286.05 0076 44.0 36.0 31.00 28.67 34.50 63.50 1600.00 2413901.69 3862799339.66 0077 10.0 3.0 38.38 40.17 56.50 49.00 42.25 4481513.04 1254414113.14 0078 19.5 54.0 68.25 79.3 79.0 54.50 1350.56 24383745.4 42599294623.40 0080 5.0 15.0 22.13 18.83 46.50 42.25 100.00 1105685.34 241306127.80

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Table 11-13 Nerul - SoVI ranking w.r.t. other wards - Fire

Census Ward 2011 Physical Vul Rank Phy Risk Social Vul Rank Social Risk Overall Rank Overall Risk 0062 86.0 5 54.0 4 83.0 5 0066 20.0 2 66.0 4 45.0 3 0067 48.0 3 75.0 5 58.0 4 0068 9.0 1 7.0 1 4.0 1 0069 66.0 4 69.0 4 59.0 4 0070 10.0 1 2.0 1 1.0 1 0071 29.0 2 29.0 2 20.0 2 0072 2.0 1 26.0 2 15.0 1 0073 1.0 1 68.0 4 60.0 4 0074 13.0 1 12.0 1 6.0 1 0075 33.0 2 46.0 3 30.0 2 0076 39.0 3 40.0 3 31.0 2 0077 3.0 1 44.0 3 27.0 2 0078 40.0 3 87.0 5 74.0 5 0080 4.0 1 15.0 1 7.0 1

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Table 11-14 Nerul - SoVI w.r.t. other nodes - Fire

Sr. No Census Ward 2011 Physical Vul Physical Vul Rank Social Vul Social Vul Rank Overall SoVI Overall Rank

1 DIGHA NODE 83.63 4 20.03 1 13.27 5 2 AIROLI NODE 87.34 6 23.69 6 13.34 6 3 GHANSOLI NODE 83.88 5 24.38 8 14.20 8 4 KOPARKHAIRANE NODE 103.77 7 22.58 3 12.35 3 5 VASHI NODE 62.89 1 21.13 2 12.10 1 6 TURBHE NODE 106.83 8 23.53 5 13.86 7 7 NERUL NODE 69.95 2 24.29 7 12.86 4 8 BELAPUR NODE 76.39 3 22.75 4 12.30 2

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Figure 11-22 Nerul – Fire vulnerability at node level

PHYSICAL VULNERABILITY RANK SOCIAL VULN ERABILITY RANK OVERALL VULNERABILITY RANK

266

1. Vulnerability in this node (refer figure 11.22) is an outcome of high social vulnerability rather than physical vulnerability. 2. Being slum free is reflected in better physical infrastructure and housing, thus the physical vulnerability helps curb the overall vulnerability in the node. 3. When seen at the nodal level, Turbhe ranks 4th out of 8 in terms of overall vulnerability towards floods and it is the in the medium vulnerability bracket. (refer table 11.17)

Figure 11-23 Nerul – SoVI at the census 2011 ward level – Floods

Nerul Flood SoVI

0062 HOUSING 0080100.00 0066 80.00 PHYSICAL INFRA 0078 0067 60.00 DEMO 40.00 0077 0068 MARG. POPn 20.00 0.00 ECONOMIC 0076 0069 SOCIAL SEC

0075 0070

0074 0071 0073 0072

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Table 11-15 Nerul - SoVI at the census 2011 ward level - Floods

Census Ward Physical Physical Housing Demo Marg. Popn Economic Social Sec Social Vul Overall SoVI 2011 Infra Vul 0062 68.60 83.20 49.00 60.83 56.00 37.00 5760.81 6611764.04 42635349037.82 0066 12.20 33.40 53.50 65.50 67.50 35.00 519.84 9402751.47 7782799204.33 0067 36.10 36.50 68.50 71.83 63.00 52.75 1317.69 16799072.00 27024557649.98 0068 16.00 25.70 13.88 19.00 22.25 44.00 434.72 377131.52 167174894.25 0069 48.00 61.20 55.75 62.50 69.50 46.00 2981.16 11661824.81 34872038931.86 0070 14.20 18.60 35.63 20.17 17.00 33.00 268.96 489289.47 151885110.94 0071 9.10 34.60 47.25 27.83 50.25 35.75 477.42 2630040.68 1580738915.19 0072 7.40 9.90 32.88 28.33 49.75 47.50 74.82 2462750.24 631812263.81 0073 13.80 10.20 18.75 18.17 14.50 84.50 144.00 1333063.68 358471695.37 0074 20.10 26.90 36.50 21.17 22.00 47.25 552.25 1013525.46 593116103.81 0075 28.80 31.40 52.25 36.50 28.50 61.00 906.01 3943466.80 3939820705.87 0076 35.10 40.30 31.00 28.67 34.50 63.50 1421.29 2413901.69 3435369749.73 0077 14.40 7.90 38.38 40.17 56.50 49.00 124.32 4481513.04 1654299362.42 0078 19.60 54.10 68.25 79.33 79.00 54.50 1357.92 24383745.41 42743664892.34 0080 12.90 17.80 22.13 18.83 46.50 42.25 235.62 1105685.34 365135497.92

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Table 11-16 Nerul SoVI ranking w.r.t. other wards - Floods

Census Ward 2011 Physical Vul Rank Phy Risk Social Vul Rank Social Risk Overall Rank Overall Risk 0062 87.00 5 74.00 5 69.00 4 0066 24.00 2 49.00 3 37.00 3 0067 40.00 3 10.00 1 67.00 4 0068 18.00 1 63.00 4 82.00 5 0069 66.00 4 66.00 4 55.00 4 0070 5.00 1 71.00 4 74.00 5 0071 25.00 2 89.00 5 89.00 5 0072 1.00 1 57.00 4 63.00 4 0073 3.00 1 58.00 4 57.00 4 0074 20.00 2 83.00 5 81.00 5 0075 29.00 2 37.00 3 24.00 2 0076 42.00 3 53.00 3 48.00 3 0077 2.00 1 41.00 3 53.00 4 0078 49.00 3 27.00 2 18.80 2 0080 4.00 1 84.00 5 86.00 5

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Table 11-17 Nerul SoVI w.r.t. other nodes - Floods

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Figure 11-24 Nerul – Flood vulnerability at node level

PHYSICAL VULNERABILITY RANK SOCIAL VULNERABILITY RANK OVERALL VULNERABILITY RANK

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JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017 c) Landslides and building collapse Based on the methodology stated in the annexure, the Social Vulnerability Index for floods was calculated for all census 2011 wards. Based on the table and figure below, following are the key observation/analysis: 1. As seen earlier, the vulnerability in the node is a result of the poor infrastructure and dilapidated housing stock. 2. Overall, Nerul node falls in the medium risk zone and ranks 4th out of 8 in the vulnerability at the node level.

Figure 11-25 Nerul – SoVI at the census 2011 ward level - Building collapse/landslide

Nerul-Bldg Collapse/landslide SoVI 0062 0080 100.00 0066 HOUSING 80.00 0078 0067 PHYSICAL 60.00 INFRA 40.00 DEMO 0077 0068 20.00 MARG. POPn 0.00 0076 0069 ECONOMIC

SOCIAL SEC 0075 0070

0074 0071 0073 0072

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Table 11-18 Nerul – SoVI at the census 2011 ward level - Building collapse/landslide

Census Ward Physical Marg. Physical Housing Demo Economic Social Sec Social Vul Overall SoVI 2011 Infra Popn Vul 0062 68.80 82.50 49.00 60.83 56.00 37.00 5722.92 6611764.04 42275946684.19 0066 11.80 28.75 53.50 65.50 67.50 35.00 411.08 9402751.47 6940607447.69 0067 36.30 53.00 68.50 71.83 63.00 52.75 1993.62 16799072.00 36383188573.42 0068 15.80 20.25 13.88 19.00 22.25 44.00 324.90 377131.52 130758752.09 0069 48.00 56.00 55.75 62.50 69.50 46.00 2704.00 11661824.81 31817396779.20 0070 14.20 25.75 35.63 20.17 17.00 33.00 399.00 489289.47 205397374.51 0071 9.30 45.25 47.25 27.83 50.25 35.75 743.93 2630040.68 2154705281.71 0072 7.60 14.75 32.88 28.33 49.75 47.50 124.88 2462750.24 748864348.31 0073 13.80 4.50 18.75 18.17 14.50 84.50 83.72 1333063.68 288323717.16 0074 20.30 13.75 36.50 21.17 22.00 47.25 289.85 1013525.46 372827725.84 0075 28.80 28.75 52.25 36.50 28.50 61.00 828.00 3943466.80 3684302682.18 0076 34.70 40.25 31.00 28.67 34.50 63.50 1404.38 2413901.69 3395763738.16 0077 14.00 4.50 38.38 40.17 56.50 49.00 85.56 4481513.04 1479717376.73 0078 19.40 41.75 68.25 79.33 79.00 54.50 934.83 24383745.41 34437081745.09 0080 12.90 20.25 22.13 18.83 46.50 42.25 274.73 1105685.34 399900929.49

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Table 11-19 Nerul SoVI ranking w.r.t. other wards - Building collapse/landslide

Census Ward 2011 Physical Vul Rank Physical Risk Social Vul Rank Social Risk Overall Rank Overall Risk

0062 87.00 5 54.00 4 78.00 5 0066 22.00 2 66.00 4 50.00 3 0067 51.00 3 75.00 5 64.00 4 0068 12.00 1 7.00 1 4.00 1 0069 57.00 4 69.00 4 57.00 4 0070 20.00 2 2.00 1 1.00 1 0071 38.00 3 29.00 2 23.00 2 0072 5.00 1 26.00 2 16.00 1 0073 1.00 1 68.00 4 67.00 4 0074 10.00 1 12.00 1 7.00 1 0075 31.00 2 46.00 3 31.00 2 0076 45.00 3 40.00 3 30.00 2 0077 2.00 1 44.00 3 27.00 2 0078 37.00 3 87.00 5 81.00 5 0080 9.00 1 15.00 1 8.00 1

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Table 11-20 Nerul SoVI w.r.t. other nodes - Building collapse/landslide

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Figure 11-26 Nerul – Building collapse/landslide vulnerability at node level

PHYSICAL VULNERABILITY RANK SOCIAL VULNERABILITY RANK OVERALL VULNERABILITY RANK

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Appendix 12 Belapur Node

A Location Central business district is main hub for commercial and official activities. This area is most accessible within NMMC area and is connected to Mumbai through rail and road. The idea to develop CBD was to promote business opportunities in NMMC area. Since 1990’s this area is developing at a faster rate as compared to the other commercial parts of NMMC area. It also houses the NMMC Headquarters (refer map A9)

B Node composition for analysis Census 2011 data is the latest available data at the micro level, wherein the city has been divided into 89 smaller wards. Few wards together form the node.

As per census 2011, 10 such wards are part of the Belapur Node.

Table 12-1 Census Wards (Belapur 2011)

Municipal Ward Census Ward No No. of Census Wards

Belapur 79, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89 10

JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017 land records, land management and alienation of revenue etc. fall under the purview of the State Governments. “Land” being a State subject, falls under the legislative and competence of the States. Land use planning falls, therefore, under the responsibility of the State Governments35.

Belapur has 17% of its land use under residential area and 23% of the land use falls in the open space category.

Table 12-2 Land Use36 - Belapur

Sr. No Land use Category Area in Ha % Area 1 Residential 104.59 17.00% 2 Commercial 85.24 13.85% 3 Social Facilities 33.46 5.44% 4 Industrial 0.00 0.00% 5 Open Space 141.90 23.06% 6 Circulation 117.91 19.16% 7 Public utilities 9.28 1.51% 8 Infrastructure Corridor 123.01 19.99% 9 Storage 0.00 0.00% 10 Net Developed Area 615.39

35Draft National Land Utilisation Policy

36 Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation Fire Hazards Response and Mitigation Plan, 2010

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Figure 12-1 Land Use - Belapur

D Population Density Population distribution has a very major role to play in case of any disaster event in a region. Any city which is densely populated results in congestion, limited escape routes, limited space for routing or plying emergency vehicles often this could also potentially render the infrastructure unsafe and is indicative of social and economic characteristic of the community. Ward 79 and 87 have almost the same and the highest population in the node but area wise, ward 79 is the second smallest whereas ward 87 is the largest ward in the node. Pointing out uneven distribution of population with respect to the availability of land.

Table 12-3 Population Density (Belapur 2011)

POPULATION DENSITY Area Census Total Population % Pop Wrt %Pop Wrt Node (Km Ward Population Density Ward Nmmc Sq.) 79 20815 1.15 18073 14.75 1.86 81 8670 1.37 6321 6.14 0.77 82 6978 2.16 3230 4.95 0.62 83 7834 1.32 5922 5.55 0.70 84 10800 0.90 11958 7.65 0.96 BELAPUR 85 17106 2.56 6670 12.12 1.53 86 13549 1.37 9878 9.60 1.21 87 20734 9.46 2192 14.70 1.85 88 19584 2.62 7469 13.88 1.75 89 15021 2.62 5722 10.65 1.34 Total 141091 25.55 5521

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POPULATION DENSITY Area Census Total Population % Pop Wrt %Pop Wrt Node (Km Ward Population Density Ward Nmmc Sq.) Belapur % Population wrt NMMC 12.59 Total NMMC 1120547 125.43 8934

Figure 12-2 Population Density (Belapur 2011)

E Vulnerable population Social Vulnerability refers to the socio-economic and demographic factors that affect the resilience of community. Female population, children below 6 years of age, illiterate people, people who have no or scarce income are very susceptible to any disaster. They fall in this category as they get adversely affected due to an event and are less likely to recover, unless special provisions are made. Community is considered more resilient if it has lesser number of dependent individuals. The following tables and charts give us a fair idea about the social fabric of Belapur node. a) Female population Nearly 13% of cities women population stays in Belapur. It is evident from the chart and table below that the percentage of women population residing in Belapur is slightly higher than the city percentage. Women are categorized under the vulnerable section of society, it is because they may not be fully equipped to respond and recover from any event. Past experiences have shown that they are more likely to recognize and respond to risk, but tend to be more at the receiving end. It is evident that approximately 46% of the city population falls in the vulnerable category.

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Table 12-4 Female Population (Belapur 2011)

VULNERABLE FEMALE POPULATION %Tot_F (Wrt Node Census Ward Tot_P Tot_M % Tot_M Tot_F Ward) 79 20815 10814 51.95 10001 48.05 81 8670 4553 52.51 4117 47.49 82 6978 3601 51.61 3377 48.39 83 7834 4018 51.29 3816 48.71 84 10800 5675 52.55 5125 47.45 BELAPUR 85 17106 9007 52.65 8099 47.35 86 13549 7236 53.41 6313 46.59 87 20734 10622 51.23 10112 48.77 88 19584 10222 52.20 9362 47.80 89 15021 7931 52.80 7090 47.20 Total Belapur 141091 73679 52.22 67412 47.78 Belapur wrt NMMC 13.21 NMMC 1120547 610060 510487 NMMC % Female 45.56

Figure 12-3 Female Population (Belapur 2011)

b) Population 0-6 Years Young children and elderly are the other section of society who find themselves fending for help even during normal situations. Any event makes them more vulnerable as they are dependent upon others from help. Nearly 12% of the city’s population under 6 years of age resides in this node.

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Table 12-5 Population under 6 years of age (Belapur 2011)

POPULATION UNDER 6 YEARS OF AGE

Node Census Ward Tot_ Population P_06 %P_06

79 20815 2130 10.23 81 8670 808 9.32 82 6978 626 8.97 83 7834 609 7.77 84 10800 1112 10.30 BELAPUR 85 17106 1930 11.28 86 13549 1714 12.65 87 20734 2246 10.83 88 19584 2129 10.87 89 15021 1924 12.81 Total Belapur 141091 15228 10.79 Belapur wrt NMMC 11.75 NMMC 1120547 129591 NMMC % ToT Pop-06 11.56

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Figure 12-4 Population under 6 years of age (Belapur 2011)

c) SC and ST population According to the Arjun Sen Gupta Committee report37, Dalits constitute 81% of India’s vulnerable population. They also constitute most of India’s population below poverty line. The pre-existing- vulnerabilities are compounded in the event of disasters. Belapur, as is evident from the table and chart given below, SC ST constitute around 13% of the total population of Belapur and are higher than the city percentage population of SC ST. Ward 84, 86, 87, 88, 89 have very high percentage of SC population and ward 79, 81, 84, 86, 88 and 89 have very high percentage of ST population.

Table 12-6 Population SC & ST (Belapur 2011)

VULNERABLE POPULATION SC ST

Census % P_ SC % P_ST Node Total Population P_SC P_ST Ward (% Ward) (% Ward)

79 10158 728 7.17 229 2.25 81 21800 611 2.80 450 2.06 82 7526 570 7.57 76 1.01 83 24138 578 2.39 101 0.42 84 11918 1568 13.16 240 2.01 BELAPUR 85 9844 789 8.02 195 1.98 86 7423 1584 21.34 254 3.42 87 9414 1603 17.03 144 1.53 88 10834 1558 14.38 231 2.13 89 7590 863 11.37 235 3.10

37 http://www.ncdhr.org.in/daaa-1/daaa-publication/NCDHR%20Climate%20Change%20.pdf

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Total Belapur 120645 10452 8.66 2155 1.79 Belapur wrt NMMC 10.45 11.39 NMMC 1120547 100067 18913 NMMC % SC 8.93 NMMC % ST 1.69

Figure 12-5 Population SC & ST (Belapur 2011)

d) Illiterate population Education is attributed a key role in both preventing and managing any event. It not only gives every individual access to decent earning but also an opportunity to become more aware about their rights and duties. The chart and table below clearly demonstrate that approximately 17% of the population in Belapur is without any basic education. Ward 84, 85, 86 and 89 have percentage of illiterate population more than city average.

Table 12-7 Illiteracy Rates (Belapur 2011)

ILLITERACY

Node Census Ward Total Population P_Ill % P_Ill Wrt Ward

79 20815 3209 15.42 81 8670 1361 15.70 82 6978 920 13.18 BELAPUR 83 7834 905 11.55 84 10800 2418 22.39 85 17106 3746 21.90

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86 13549 2954 21.80 87 20734 3082 14.86 88 19584 3212 16.40 89 15021 3162 21.05 Total Belapur 141091 24969 17.70 Belapur wrt NMMC 10.74 NMMC 1120547 232430 NMMC % Illiterate 20.74

Figure 12-6 Illiteracy Rates (Belapur 2011)

38 https://data.gov.in/keywords/marginal-worker

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The table and chart below indicate that approximately 90% of the total working population falls in the Main Worker category whereas the marginal working population forms the remaining 10% of the total working population of the node. When the working and non- working population of Belapur are analysed it is evident that only 40% of the total population falls in the working category. This implies that more than 60% people residing in Belapur fall in non-working category which largely comprises of students, women, elderly, children etc.

Figure 12-7 Working & Non-Working Population (Belapur 2011)

Figure 12-8 Main & Marginal Working Population (Belapur 2011)

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Table 12-8 Work Scenario (Belapur 2011)

WORK SCENARIO

Census Total Tot_ % Main % Main Marg %Marg Non_ %Non_ Node Ward Population Work_P Tot_Work P Work_P Work_P Work_P Work_P Work_P Work_P

79 20815 8313 39.94 7251 87.22 1062 14.65 12502 60.06 81 8670 3548 40.92 3140 88.50 408 12.99 5122 59.08 82 6978 2694 38.61 2616 97.10 78 2.98 4284 61.39 83 7834 3105 39.63 2984 96.10 121 4.05 4729 60.37 84 10800 4701 43.53 4506 95.85 195 4.33 6099 56.47 BELAPUR 85 17106 7372 43.10 6462 87.66 910 14.08 9734 56.90 86 13549 5153 38.03 4799 93.13 354 7.38 8396 61.97 87 20734 8220 39.65 7437 90.47 783 10.53 12514 60.35 88 19584 7749 39.57 7026 90.67 723 10.29 11835 60.43 89 15021 5709 38.01 5142 90.07 567 11.03 9312 61.99 Total 141091 56564 40.09 51363 90.81 5201 10.13 84527 59.91 Belapur wrt NMMC 12.42 12.24 14.44 14.48 Total NMMC 1120547 455485 419469 36016 583872 NMMC % Population 40.65 92.09 7.91 52.11

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Compilation of data from all the above, 5 slums were identified in Belapur, population and household details were taken from the Census 2011 data. The data indicates very small population residing in slums (refer map C9)

Table 12-9 Slum Data (Belapur2011)

Census 2011 Sr. No Name of slum Number of H/H Population % of H/H % of Population 1 Front of Ayappa Temple 30 141 0.1% 0.10% 2 Jai Durga Mata Nagar 59 295 0.2% 0.21% 3 Panchshil Nagar 48 225 0.1% 0.16% 4 Ramabai Ambedkar Nagar 360 1576 1.0% 1.12% 5 Sambaji Nagar 47 204 0.1% 0.14% A TOTAL 544 2441 1.56% 1.73% B BELAPUR NODE 34912 141091 Certain hutments were identified from maps. These were further analysed in terms of their location and area. In certain cases, clear boundaries were not shown between various hutment pockets, thus in such cases area of such pockets are calculated together.

Census Ward Area covered by Ward Area Area covered by Sr.No Name No hutments (ha) (ha) hutments (%) 1 79 Dharave 5.72 TOTAL 5.72 115.17 4.96% 2 85 Devalpada 6.65 TOTAL 6.65 256.47 2.59% 2 89 Karave 21.02 TOTAL 21.02 262.50 8.01% TOTAL BELAPUR NODE 33.39 2555.35 1.31% F Vulnerable Housing The condition of the housing stock reveals living condition of people. Navi Mumbai lies very close to the Panvel fault line increasing risk to unsafe constructions. Construction material used for wall, roof and floor indicate the vulnerability of those houses to any disaster event. Any house which show signs of decay or those breaking down and required

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Ward 86 of Belapur has very high percentage of dilapidated buildings in comparison to city average. Ward 86 also scores very high on housing vulnerability indicator – roof and floor. Ward 84 also has construction type which indicates towards vulnerable roof and floor. Ward 85 indicates towards high percentage of vulnerable wall.

Table 12-10 Vulnerable Housing (Belapur 2011)

VULNERABILITY INDICATOR- HOUSING Census Dilapidated Vulnerable Vulnerable Node Vulnerable Wall Ward Houses Roof Floor 79 0.4 3 4 1.1 81 0.5 8.3 1.4 1.2 82 0.4 9.6 2.4 8.3 83 0 0.7 8.3 0.2 84 0.4 29.1 0.1 10.1 BELAPUR 85 1.1 8.2 17.8 3.1 86 5.6 12.6 3.1 6.2 87 0 0.9 9.1 0.2 88 0 8.5 0.3 0.9 89 0 19.3 1 0.5 NMMC 1.1 25.4 6.9 2.3

39 Censusmp.nic.in – Housing condition and material used.

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Figure 12-9 Dilapidated Building Stock (Belapur 2011)

Figure 12-10 Vulnerable Roof (Belapur 2011)

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Figure 12-11 Vulnerable Wall (Belapur 2011)

Figure 12-12 Vulnerable Floor (Belapur 2011)

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Any community with decent earning and residing in legal localities are to be provided with all the amenities along with electric supply. Absence or fewer facilities are indicator of vulnerability.

Percentage of unsafe drinking water scores higher than the city average in ward 85, higher percentage of people residing in ward 82 use unsafe source of light and do not have access of latrine whereas ward 84 scores high on unsafe - source of light, drainage and medium of cooking fuel .

Table 12-11 Physical Infrastructure Vulnerability (Belapur 2011)

PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE VULNERABILITY No Unsafe Water Unsafe Unsafe Census Access Unsafe Node Drinking Source Out Source Of Cooking Ward To Drainage Water Of Premises Light Fuel Latrine 79 0.8 3.6 0.9 0.1 1.1 5 81 1.7 1.8 0.2 2.5 2 6.7 82 0.3 7.8 7.7 4.1 7.9 10.9 83 0 0.4 0.3 0.2 0 1.5 84 0.5 10 8.9 0.8 16.9 20.5 BELAPUR 85 3.3 6.3 2.3 0.2 3.5 8 86 1.6 9 4.8 0.2 9.5 12.7 87 0.4 3 0.2 0.1 0.1 3.8 88 0.4 1.4 0.2 0.2 0.7 5.5 89 1.1 13.4 0.7 0.4 2.7 17.2 NMMC 2.6 15.3 1.9 2.2 12.5 20.3

Figure 12-13 Unsafe Drinking Water (Belapur 2011)

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Figure 12-14 Water Source out of Premises (Belapur 2011)

Figure 12-15 Unsafe Source of Light (Belapur 2011)

Figure 12-16 Access to Latrine (Belapur 2011)

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Figure 12-17 Unsafe Drainage (Belapur 2011)

Figure 12-18 Unsafe Cooking Fuel (Belapur 2011)

b) Social infrastructure Through meeting and discussion with the ward officer of Belapur node on the level of services available in the ward, such number of schools, hospital, fire stations and police stations were captured. Similarly during discussion with the officials of the fire department, it was noted that as per standards, one fire station can service a maximum areas of 10.5sq.km. To gauge whether hospitals, schools, community building and NMMC building fall within the ambit of 10.5sq.km, GIS based analysis was undertaken. Here facilities were seen in respect to their location within or outside the 10.5sq.km. Since 10.5sq.km is the fire station influence zone anything outside is not easily serviced in case of a hazard like fire, flood or building collapse. Also it is seen that the fire department is the first rescue mechanism in the city. Thus this analysis becomes all the more important to see. FIRE STATION

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There is fire station situated in the central part of the node known as the Belapur Fire Station. When the 10.5 sq.km radius is mapped, it is seen that the entire node of Belapur is effectively covered by the fire station. HEALTH SERVICES The exact number of health facilities were not available at the ward office, however, location of few were available on the maps collected from NMMC, wherein it is seen that all facilities lie in the green/safe zone (refer Map No: D9). SCHOOLS AND AANGANWADI The exact number of schools were not available at the ward office, however, location of few were available on the maps collected from NMMC, wherein it is seen that all facilities lie in the green/safe zone (refer Map No: E9). COMMUNITY BUILDINGS There are large number of public buildings and NMMC properties in the node. Most of these are in the red zone. Of these the most important is the NMMC building, which again lies in the safe zone (refer Map No: F9). ROADS Similarly the road network was also analysed in terms of its width. All roads less than or equal to 6mts (red) width were deemed as vulnerable, roads between 6 to 15mts (yellow) were deemed as safe if not obstructed and more that 15mts (green) were deemed safe. Also roads less than 6mts being in the red zone further increases vulnerability as it implies areas are not with the easily accessible zone and further the roads are too narrow for the fire tenders and other rescue vehicles like ambulances, earth movers etc. to reach to reach the disaster affected sites. . In Belapur, the map (refer map G9) shows most of the roads in the green category. However, in the image below the map, one can see many roads which are not captured in the GIS data. Thus a complete analysis could not be done. But as seen in most wards, there roads are narrow roads which will be difficult for fire engines, ambulances and rescue vehicles to enter. RAILWAYS There is a railway station within Belapur. It is part of the Vashi-Thane-Panvel Line. (Refer map H) c) Social Security People who have their own house and bank accounts can be categorized under population with some possessions. A registered house helps in claims in the aftermath of a disaster which damages the structure. Similarly presence of banks and access suggests economic inclusion. People deposit savings which can be accessed during emergency situation. Any

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Further having a bank account is an asset and suggests savings of some sort. Thus in a disaster situation, households with bank accounts are less vulnerable than households without bank accounts.

People who live in rented premises do so because they are either transient or do not have the financial resources town a house. They often lack access to information about financial aid during recovery. In the most extreme cases, tenants lack decent shelter options when lodging becomes uninhabitable or too costly to afford.

Most of the Wards in Belapur have less than 50% of population staying in self-owned houses. Wards 81 & 86 have at least 50% of people living in self-owned houses. People residing in Belapur have utilized banking facility to much higher percentage, indicative of some economic backup, a positive indicator.

Table 12-12 Social Security (Belapur 2011)

SOCIAL SECURITY Availing Census Node Ownership Status Banking Ward Services 79 28.1 94.8 81 50.1 90.7 82 35 96.3 83 30.4 98.9 84 19.3 88.6 BELAPUR 85 29.8 93.1 86 55.4 91.3 87 35.9 98.5 88 37.2 95.4 89 43.1 89 NMMC Ownership Status 40.8 NMMC Availing Bank Account 84.6

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Figure 12-19 Ownership Status (Belapur 2011)

Figure 12-20 Availing Banking Services (Belapur 2011)

H Vulnerable areas and past incidences a) Contour analysis and Low lying areas Through discussions with the Deputy Chief Fire Officer, NMMC, it was understood that there are only 2 low lying spots in Belapur. This is also mentioned in the Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation Fire Hazards Response and Mitigation Plan, 2010. However, due to absence of contour data and old maps, these could not be mapped, nor are they available on GIS platform. However, from images available from map surfer of contour and SRTM maps, it is visible that the western edge has an undulating topography i.e. the Parsik hills (refer map I). Along the eastern edge of the ward are hills which have witnessed mining activities and thus are vulnerable to land slide and consequently building collapse (see images below). Also during the rains, the runoff from the hills caries the loose soil thus covering the foothills with sludge. Along the foothills are few industries and hutments. When mining activities are underway, the area experience high levels of air pollution and high levels SPM.

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JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017 b) Proximity to water bodies Proximity of developed properties/houses/hutments etc. to water bodies is an important indicator of flood vulnerability. To gauge the same an analysis was undertake to see what part of the city fall within the maximum vulnerability, high vulnerability and medium vulnerability zones. Since the contour data for the city is not available, these buffers do not take into consideration the topography of that area. For lakes and holding ponds buffers on 100, 200 and 300mts were extracted and for nallahs buffers of 25, 50 and 100mts were considered. As seen in Map No: J9, most of the developed part of Belapur node falls in these zones. Thus increasing the flood vulnerability of the area. c) Past Incidences and vulnerability During discussions with the ward officer, past incidences within the ward were discussed and noted. Mapping of these incidences was not done since that information/maps were not available at the ward office. Here only major incidences were covered.

No major incidences have been reported in the node except few water logging cases. These also have been resolved by installing automated pumping stations.

A list was published in 2015 by NMMC of the number cessed buildings within each ward/node. As per the list there are no such buildings within Belapur.

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Figure 12-21 Belapur – SoVI at the census 2011 ward level - Fire

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Table 12-13 Belapur – SoVI at the census 2011 ward level - Fire

Census Ward Physical Physical Housing Demo Marg. Popn Economic Social Sec Social Vul Overall SoVI 2011 Infra Vul 0079 45.0 52.0 53.25 64.00 84.75 35.25 2352.25 12376131.61 29889661266.97 0081 50.0 23.0 31.50 31.83 41.75 54.75 1332.25 2549349.99 3414785527.10 0082 58.0 69.0 13.8 24.00 7.3 51.00 4032.25 331776.0 2635855972.38 0083 15.5 18.5 17.50 23.5 13.00 54.50 289.0 541351.05 179465793.6 0084 53.0 72.5 42.00 46.50 27.50 18.5 3937.56 1278348.22 6621137174.21 0085 67.0 59.5 51.38 63.17 80.00 36.00 4000.56 11034629.32 44402344744.84 0086 68.0 66.5 45.63 52.83 52.25 59.50 4522.56 7627105.44 35958634665.54 0087 19.5 27.5 37.00 59.17 81.25 59.00 552.25 12203162.48 11108228711.14 0088 26.5 20.0 41.38 58.50 79.00 51.25 540.56 10955072.11 9603754712.68 0089 26.5 58.0 36.75 69.67 70.50 46.00 1785.06 9645621.06 18090765858.71

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Table 12-14 Belapur - SoVI ranking w.r.t. other wards - Fire

Social Vul Census Ward 2011 Physical Vul Rank Phy Risk Social Vul Social Risk Overall SoVI Overall Rank Overall Risk Rank 0079 49.0 3 23.49 79.0 5 14.81 68.0 4 0081 38.0 3 15.30 31.0 2 10.12 26.0 2 0082 63.0 4 12.92 11.0 1 12.33 41.0 3 0083 11.0 1 13.79 18.0 1 9.10 13.0 1 0084 62.0 4 13.49 16.0 1 12.56 43.0 3 0085 61.0 4 22.49 73.0 5 14.75 67.0 4 0086 68.0 4 18.82 56.0 4 13.49 50.0 3 0087 23.0 2 22.85 74.0 5 14.16 62.0 4 0088 21.0 2 22.05 72.0 5 13.69 55.0 4 0089 47.0 3 21.49 70.0 4 13.54 52.0 3

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Table 12-15 Belapur - SoVI w.r.t. other nodes - Fire

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Figure 12-22 Belapur – Fire vulnerability at node level

PHYSICAL VULNERABILITY RANK SOCIAL VULN ERABILITY RANK OVERALL VULNERABILITY RANK

303

1. Vulnerability in this node (refer figure 12.22) is majorly attributed to social vulnerability rather than physical vulnerability. This is due to higher density in the ward. 2. Ward number 83, 85, 86 and 88 are the most vulnerable wards. 3. When seen at the nodal level, Belapur ranks 2nd out of 8 in terms of overall vulnerability towards floods and it is the in the medium low vulnerability bracket. (refer table 12.18)

Figure 12-23 Belapur – SoVI at the census 2011 ward level – Floods

Belapur Flood SoVI

0079 100.00 HOUSING 0089 80.00 0081 PHYSICAL INFRA 60.00 40.00 DEMO 0088 0082 20.00 MARG. POPn 0.00 ECONOMIC 0087 0083 SOCIAL SEC

0086 0084

0085

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Table 12-16 Belapur - SoVI at the census 2011 ward level - Floods

Census Ward Physical Marg. Physical Housing Demo Economic Social Sec Social Vul Overall SoVI 2011 Infra Popn Vul 0079 35.70 36.80 53.25 64.00 84.75 35.25 1314.06 12376131.61 18930426034.28 0081 37.40 44.80 31.50 31.83 41.75 54.75 1689.21 2549349.99 4308673542.53 0082 43.70 56.70 13.75 24.00 7.25 51.00 2520.04 331776.00 1230102775.50 0083 19.00 17.90 17.50 23.50 13.00 54.50 340.40 541351.05 202525138.03 0084 39.80 58.80 42.00 46.50 27.50 18.50 2430.49 1278348.22 3438318775.74 0085 51.50 54.00 51.38 63.17 80.00 36.00 2782.56 11034629.32 30863933728.58 0086 51.20 58.30 45.63 52.83 52.25 59.50 2997.56 7627105.44 22888442267.17 0087 19.80 22.20 37.00 59.17 81.25 59.00 441.00 12203162.48 9983064457.88 0088 22.70 26.30 41.38 58.50 79.00 51.25 600.25 10955072.11 10136427399.82 0089 22.70 50.60 36.75 69.67 70.50 46.00 1343.22 9645621.06 14479362487.94

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Table 12-17 Belapur SoVI ranking w.r.t. other wards - Floods

Census Ward 2011 Physical Vul Rank Phy Risk Social Vul Rank Social Risk Overall Rank Overall risk 0079 39.00 3 62.00 4 62.00 4 0081 50.00 3 21.50 2 14.00 1 0082 60.00 4 1.00 1 20.00 2 0083 9.00 1 86.00 5 85.00 5 0084 59.00 4 34.00 2 58.00 4 0085 63.00 4 80.00 5 77.00 5 0086 65.00 4 85.00 5 84.00 5 0087 17.00 1 64.00 4 54.00 4 0088 21.00 2 88.00 5 88.00 5 0089 47.00 3 42.00 3 38.50 3

Table 12-18 Belapur SoVI w.r.t. other nodes - Floods

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Figure 12-24 Belapur – Flood vulnerability at node level

PHYSICAL VULNERABILITY RANK SOCIAL VULNERABILITY RANK OVERALL VULNERABILITY RANK

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JTSDS – TISS DRAFT – APPENDIX / JANUARY 2017 c) Landslides and building collapse Based on the methodology stated in the annexure, the Social Vulnerability Index for floods was calculated for all census 2011 wards. Based on the table and figure below, following are the key observation/analysis: 1. As seen earlier, the vulnerability in the node is a result of the poor infrastructure and dilapidated housing stock. 2. Overall, Belapur node falls in the low medium risk zone and ranks 2nd out of 8 in the vulnerability at the node level

Figure 12-25 Belapur – SoVI at the census 2011 ward level - Building collapse/landslide

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Table 12-19 Belapur – SoVI at the census 2011 ward level - Building collapse/landslide

Census Ward Physical Marg. Physical Housing Demo Economic Social Sec Social Vul Overall SoVI 2011 Infra Popn Vul 0079 35.70 44.75 53.25 64.00 84.75 35.25 1618.05 12376131.61 22039198002.21 0081 37.60 32.25 31.50 31.83 41.75 54.75 1219.76 2549349.99 3146801812.97 0082 43.90 72.50 13.75 24.00 7.25 51.00 3387.24 331776.00 1967974977.55 0083 19.00 20.25 17.50 23.50 13.00 54.50 385.14 541351.05 222975648.15 0084 40.20 77.00 42.00 46.50 27.50 18.50 3433.96 1278348.22 5449940877.95 0085 51.30 56.50 51.38 63.17 80.00 36.00 2905.21 11034629.32 32153288961.46 0086 51.40 70.50 45.63 52.83 52.25 59.50 3714.90 7627105.44 28758824899.06 0087 19.40 20.25 37.00 59.17 81.25 59.00 393.03 12203162.48 9488036055.32 0088 22.30 28.75 41.38 58.50 79.00 51.25 651.53 10955072.11 10591384159.10 0089 22.30 47.00 36.75 69.67 70.50 46.00 1200.62 9645621.06 13345117200.53

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Table 12-20 Belapur SoVI ranking w.r.t. other wards - Building collapse/landslide

Census Ward 2011 Physical Vul Rank Physical Risk Social Vul Rank Social Risk Overall Rank Overall Risk

0079 47.00 3 79.00 5 75.00 5 0081 41.00 3 31.00 2 22.00 2 0082 67.00 4 11.00 1 44.00 3 0083 17.00 1 18.00 1 13.00 1 0084 69.00 4 16.00 1 54.00 4 0085 60.00 4 73.00 5 69.00 4 0086 70.00 4 56.00 4 56.00 4 0087 18.00 1 74.00 5 68.00 4 0088 28.00 2 72.00 5 61.00 4 0089 42.00 3 70.00 4 58.00 4

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Table 12-21 Belapur SoVI w.r.t. other nodes - Building collapse/landslide

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Figure 12-26 Belapur - Building collapse/landslide vulnerability at node level

PHYSICAL VULNERABILITY RANK SOCIAL VULNERABILITY RANK OVERALL VULNERABILITY RANK

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Appendix 13 Census ward level vulnerability This section show the graphical representation of vulnerability for the various hazards at the census ward 2011 level and a brief description of the observations.

1. In most cases a clear pattern of vulnerability is seen in the residential and industrial sections of the city. The physical vulnerability, mostly an outcome of poor housing and infrastructure facilities is seen higher in the industrial sector. However, social vulnerability, a product of marginalized population, slums, dependent population etc. is higher in the residential zone of the city. 2. Also vulnerability reduces as one moves towards the south of the city. The reason being the southern part of the city was the first area to be developed and was planned. However as one moves toward the north i.e. areas of Airoli, Ghansoli and Digha which were added into the city jurisdiction a the city grew, vulnerability is higher. 3. Also, it is clearly seen, Vashi has the least vulnerability and Ghansoli the most across all hazards.

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Figure 13-1 Fire Vulnerability at Census Ward 2011 Level

PHYSICAL VULNERABILITY RANK SOCIAL VULNERABILITY RANK OVERALL VULNERABILITY RANK

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Figure 13-2 Flood Vulnerability at Census Ward 2011 Level

PHYSICAL VULNERABILITY RANK SOCIAL VULNERABILITY RANK OVERALL VULNERABILITY RANK

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Figure 13-3 Landslide and Building Collapse Vulnerability at Census Ward 2011 Level

PHYSICAL VULNERABILITY RANK SOCIAL VULNERABILITY RANK OVERALL VULNERABILITY RANK

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Appendix 14 Data Sources Census data at the ward level constituted the base for data around indicators. Besides, discussions were held at the DM Department of NMMC to identify various data sources based on that a data requirement list was prepared. The team met various department heads and officers to collect data. A list of data sources and departments are listed below:

Table 14-1 Data Sources

Name and designation Designation and Department Data source

Mr Madhukar Sanap UNDP-NMMC Reports and further contacts.

Mr Baban Awadh Koparkhairane ward office For census data

List of past disasters/ incidences Mr Rane Dy Chf Fire Officer @ vashi FS related information

DP Document, GIS maps, Land Mr S Chowdhary Chf. Engg (CIDCO) Use map

Mr. Ashok Pachpute NMMC, TP Dept., Map in-charge Auto-CAD maps

Dr Paraopkari NMMC Health Dept For location of hospitals

Jt. City Engg (Electrical/IT) For GIS Data

Mr. Mahendrasingh Thoke Ward Officer - Airoli

Mr. Mahendra Gaikwad Ward Officer - Belapur All ward level data was collected from the ward officers. A questionnaire was prepared to Mr. Ganesh Aghav, Shri. Prakash systematically collect and collate Ward Officer - Digha Waghmare data.

Mr. Shankar Khade Ward Officer - Ghansoli

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Name and designation Designation and Department Data source

Mr. Patil, Shri.Ashok Madhavi Ward Officer - Koparkhairane

Mr. Uttam Kharat Ward Officer - Nerul

Mr. Mahendrasingh Thoke, Shri. Ward Officer - Vashi Mahendrasingh Thoke

Mr. Bharat Dhande Ward Officer - Turbhe

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Appendix 15 References Andharia, J., & Lakhani, V. (2013). Towards Measuring Resilience of Low Income Settlements in Cities: The Case of Mumbai. Tata Institute of Social Sciences, and Gujarat State Disaster Management Authority, India.

Charles Perrow, (2007). The Next Catastrophe (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press

Cutter, S. L., Boruff, B. J., & Shirley, W. L. (2003). Social vulnerability to environmental hazards. Social science quarterly, 84(2), 242-261.

Develop a Baseline Document to Capture and Analyse Existing Approaches and Methodologies for Hazard Risk and Vulnerability Assessment. Winrock International India.

Dr. Ila Gupta (2012). Socio-Economic Vulnerability Assessment - Nainital Township

Ebert, A., & Kerle, N. (2008). Urban social vulnerability assessment using object-oriented analysis of remote sensing and gis data. a case study for Tegucigalpa, Honduras. The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 37, 1307-1312.

GoI: Censusmp.nic.in

ISDR (2008). Adaptation to Climate Change by Reducing Disaster Risks: Country Practices and Lessons: Briefing Note 02, International Strategy for Disaster Reduction, Geneva.

ISDR (2008). Strengthening climate change adaptation through effective disaster risk reductions: Briefing Note 03, International Strategy for Disaster Reduction, Geneva.

Lundgren, L., & Jonsson, A. C. (2012). Assessment of social vulnerability: a literature review of vulnerability related to climate change and natural hazards.

Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation Fire Hazards Response and Mitigation Plan (2010).

NMMC Environmental Status Report (2012-2013).

Ostrom, L. T., & Wilhelmsen, C. A. (2012). Risk assessment: tools, techniques, and their applications. John Wiley & Sons.

Parikh, J., G. Sandal, and P. Jindal (2014). Asian cities climate resilience: Working Paper Series 8 - Vulnerability profiling of cities A framework for climate-resilient urban

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development in India. The Rockefeller Foundation, IIED and Integrated Research and Action for

Patnaik, U., & Narayanan, K. (2010). Vulnerability and climate change: an analysis of the eastern coastal districts of India. MPRA Paper No. 22062.

Report on Environmental Status of Navi Mumbai Region – Maharashtra (2014-2015).

Resort Municipality of Whistler June (2012). Hazard, Risk & Vulnerability Assessment.

UNISDR (2009): https://www.unisdr.org/we/inform/terminology

United Nations Development Program. Hazard Risk and Vulnerability Analysis (HRVA) of the City of Bhubaneswar (Odisha), Enhancing Institutional and Community Resilience to Disasters and Climate Change.

United Nations Development Program. September (2014). Hazard Risk and Vulnerability Analysis (HRVA) - City of Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh.

United Nations Development Program. September (2014). Hazard Risk and Vulnerability Analysis (HRVA) City of Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh.

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