Das Schöne in Der Gesellschaft Des Spektakels. Zu Warhols Lonesome Cowboys (1968)*

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Das Schöne in Der Gesellschaft Des Spektakels. Zu Warhols Lonesome Cowboys (1968)* Regine Prange Das Schöne in der Gesellschaft des Spektakels. Zu Warhols Lonesome Cowboys (1968)* Erschienen 2017 auf ART-Dok URN: urn:nbn:de:bsz:16-artdok-51220 DOI: https://doi.org/10.11588/artdok.00005122 URL: http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/artdok/volltexte/2017/5122 * Der Text wurde ausgearbeitet im Zusammenhang der Ringvorlesung Easier than Painting. Die Filme von Andy Warhol. Die Reihe wurde im Wintersemester 2013/14 und im Sommersemester 2014 vom Institut für Theater-, Film- und Medienwissenschaft (Prof. Dr. Vinzenz Hediger und PD Dr. Marc Siegel) und dem Kunst- geschichtlichen Institut (PD Dr. Henning Engelke und Verfasserin) der Goethe Universität in Kooperation mit dem Deutschen Filminstitut im Kino des Deutschen Filmmuseums durchgeführt. Der Beitrag wird in dem von Henning Engelke und Marc Siegel unter dem Titel der Lecture-Reihe edierten Sammelband im Fink Verlag (in der Reihe Film Denken) erscheinen. Regine Prange Das Schöne in der Gesellschaft des Spektakels Romanze oder Western? Abb. 1a-d Der Film beginnt, ohne Rahmung durch Titel und Trailer, mit einer überraschenden, dem erwarteten Genreformat nicht entsprechenden und ungewöhnlich langen, fast acht Minuten dauernden Einstellung. Wir sind, aus nächster Nähe, Zeugen einer in nächtliches Dunkel gehüllten Liebeszene zwischen einem Mann und einer Frau, die offenbar im Freien stattfindet (Abb. 1a–d). Gebannt verfolgen wir, wie die beiden ei- nander entkleiden und sich umarmen, wie das blendend weiße Inkarnat der extrem mageren doch erzengelhaft schönen Frau und das bräunliche Inkarnat des Mannes, der einem Siegfried gleicht, zu magisch leuchtender Erscheinung kommen. Wir betrach- ten fasziniert das bildfüllende Muskelspiel des athletischen männlichen Rückens, der von den filigranen Armen der Frau umschlungen und liebkost wird und deren zarter Körper unter diesem Rücken beinahe verschwindet. Da keine Schnitte das Geschehen in Einzelansichten auflösen, bleibt der Blick beschränkt, trotz der Beweglichkeit der Kamera, die mit uns gleichsam den Versucht unternimmt, durch Zooms den Raum 2 Regine Prange Das Schöne in der Gesellschaft des Spektakels zwischen den anmutigen Körpern zu erkunden. Wir gewinnen jedoch keine Orientie- rung, keinen Zugang zu den Personen, können an ihrer Intimität nicht teilhaben. Ein Zoom auf die Achselhöhle des Mannes erbringt allein die abstrakte, gesteigert opake Nahsicht auf Körperoberflächen und Gliedmaßen, die sich in langsamer, unaufgereg- ter Bewegung befinden. Die wechselnden Konstellationen des Paars im Kader halten uns auf Distanz, bleiben numinose Bilder auch in der immer wieder forcierten Nah- sicht. Wenn sich die beiden nach der endlich erfolgten Entkleidung nackt umfangen halten und rhythmische Bewegungen den Liebesakt anzudeuten scheinen, sehen wir sie zwar erstmals beide im Profil beinahe ganzfigurig; doch die zunehmende Dunkel- heit distanziert sie erneut von uns. Erst im Verlauf des Films erfahren wir die Namen der hier einführten Protagonis- ten: Ramona, gespielt von Superstar Viva (Susan Hoffman), und Julian, dargestellt von Tom Hompertz, der bis dahin in Filmen Warhols noch nicht aufgetreten war. Deut- lich ist die Anspielung auf Skakespeares großes erotisches Drama Romeo und Julia, wobei die Vertauschung der Geschlechter – Romeo wird Ramona, Julia wird Julian – schon auf den im Weiteren sich entfaltenden Liebesreigen jenseits konventioneller Heterosexualität verweist. Julian wird im gesamten Film die eher stumme Rolle des von Bandenführer Mickey (Louis Waldon) und seinen Brothers eifersüchtig begehrten sexuellen Objekts und damit eine eher klassisch weibliche Rolle innehaben, während die Prostituierte und Ranchbesitzerin Ramona mit ihrer androgynen Gestalt herrisch, klagsam und provozierend eloquent agieren wird. Das Liebesspiel zwischen Ramona und Julian, als erste einer ganzen Reihe von ero- tischen Zusammenkünften, die die Filmhandlung mehr oder weniger konstituieren, lässt sich als ein Prolog verstehen, der inhaltlich wie formal als programmatische Kon- densierung des gesamten Films fungiert, obwohl oder gerade weil er nicht klar in eine diegetische Logik eingefügt werden kann. Denn die eigentliche Western-Narration beginnt erst nach einem weiteren Prolog – einer Publikumsansprache Taylor Meads, auf die wir später zu sprechen kommen – mit der Ankunft der berittenen Männerschar auf der Hauptstraße von Old Tucson, wo Viva-Ramona in Begleitung ihrer „Amme“, gespielt von Taylor Mead, die Ankommenden erwartet. Julian gehört zu der Männer- gruppe, trifft also erst hier auf Ramona. Die erste Einstellung des Films erweist sich mithin eine Vorwegnahme zukünftiger Geschehnisse, setzt aber zugleich jede Hand- lungsdramatik außer Kraft. Als Vorausblende würde das einträchtige Zusammenspiel zwischen Ramona und Julian nur Sinn entfalten, wenn die Beziehung der beiden aus dem Verlauf der Filmhandlung, der eine Konfrontation homosexuellen und heterose- xuellen Begehrens durchaus innewohnt, als Klimax gewissermaßen hervorginge, was keineswegs der Fall ist, wie die Handlungsbeschreibung noch deutlich machen wird. Die erste Einstellung verbleibt, hierin exemplarisch für alle weiteren, in einer unauf- gelösten Spannung zwischen erzählerischer, dokumentarischer und rein ästhetischer Logik, zwischen diachronem Handlungs- und synchronem Collage-Element. 3 Regine Prange Das Schöne in der Gesellschaft des Spektakels Das Handlungsmotiv wird jenseits des dem Western eigenen zivilisationsgeschicht- lichen Pathos eingeführt, ja es bietet sich als dessen groteske Persiflage an, die auch jedem psychoanalytischen Ernst sich entzieht, denn es zeigt sich in provozierend al- berner Weise auf libidinöse Belange eingeschränkt: Mickey fordert Ramona auf: „Stay away from boys“. Dass Ramona, die einiges Interesse der „boys“ auf sich zieht, die Avancen des Chefs mit Peitschenhieben beantwortet, resultiert in einer Rangelei und einer Verfolgungsjagd. Unter Gejohle und zum Vergnügen auch des Sheriffs (Frances Francine), der sich zuvor als nächtlicher Angestellter Ramonas eingeführt hat, treiben die Männer Ramona und ihre Amme aus der Stadt hinaus. Dass sie später auf Ihrer Ranch von den Männern vergewaltigt wird, scheint ebenfalls aus dieser feindseligen Konstellation hervorzugehen, doch ist auch dieses Handlungsmotiv nicht konsequent entwickelt, wie schon das inkonsistente Benehmen des Sheriffs in diesem Kontext an- deutet. Vivas Klage gegen die sexuellen Übergriffe beantwortet dieser mit Ausflüchten. Später sieht man aber beide wieder einträchtig vereint in einer Verkleidungsszene, bei der der Sheriff als Transvestit auftritt. Auch folgen weitere Liebesspiele Ramonas mit ihren vormaligen Vergewaltigern, erst mit Eric (Eric Emerson), dann wieder mit Julian, wobei zuletzt auch noch die Amme Taylor Mead hinzukommt. In dieser Szene markiert Viva ihren Tod und zitiert damit das tragische Ende von Romeo und Julia. Allerdings stirbt sie allein. Julian wird am Ende von Erik abgeworben, die Gruppe zu verlassen und mit ihm nach Florida zum Surfen zu gehen, zur Enttäuschung von Mickey. Von einer irgendwie gearteten Auflösung des Konflikts kann also nicht die Rede sein, denn die vorgeführten Affekte sind nicht, wie es der Erzählfilm suggeriert, Movens einer in sich schlüssigen Spielhandlung. Sexualität als Schein. Warhol und der Underground-Film Dass die Frage, ob hier ein Western oder eine Verfilmung von Romeo und Julia vorliegt, freilich falsch gestellt war, lässt sich schon dem Auftreten von Underground-Schau- spielern wie Frances Francine und Taylor Mead entnehmen. Mit diesem Casting de- monstriert Warhol wie schon in früheren Filmen seine Bezugnahme auf Jack Smith und dessen legendäres, von der Zensur verfolgtes Meisterwerk Flaming Creatures (1963) 1, in dem Frances Francine mitgewirkt hatte und für das auch Mead als Teilneh- 1 Hierzu Marc Siegel: Documentary That Dare / Not Speak Its Name: Jack Smith’s Flaming Creatures, in: Chris Holmlund und Cynthia Fuchs: Between the Sheets, In the Streets. University of Minnesota Press 1997, S. 91–106. Zur Rezeption siehe Henning Engelke: “Just look at the surface”. Warhols frühe Filme und das New American Cinema, in: Rolf Bier und Nils Büttner (Hg.): Who is that pale man? Neues zu Andy Warhol, S. 127–156, München 2010, hier S. 134–140. 4 Regine Prange Das Schöne in der Gesellschaft des Spektakels mer angefragt worden war. Warhol hat keinen Hehl daraus gemacht, dass er als Filme- macher dem Beispiel Jack Smiths Grundlegendes verdankte; 2 wenngleich die Koope- ration der beiden in Zwist mündete. Dass Warhol die polysexuelle Performance seiner Darsteller mit dem Format des Westerns und Anspielungen auf die Shakespeare-Tra- gödie verband, während Smith die Figur des Vampirs und eine Vielzahl mondän-exoti- scher Kostümierungen jenseits narrativer Funktionszusammenhänge eingesetzt hatte, führt auf die Spur des Dissens,3 der in den Äußerungen der Filmkünstler hingegen nur verfälscht zum Ausdruck kommt – als vermeintliche Kontrastierung ästhetischer Autonomie, die Smith für sich reklamierte, gegenüber der Anpassung an eine kom- merzielle Logik, die Warhol in Anspruch nahm, wodurch er die Vorwürfe gegenüber seinem Geschäftssinn, wie sie nicht zuletzt Smith geäußert hatte,4 zu bestätigen schien. Die Differenz besteht jedoch allein in den künstlerischen Methoden, durch die jeweils das Erbe Hollywoods angeeignet, die Musik- und Modeindustrie verarbeitet und die Künstlichkeit jener Massenproduktion des Schönen ebenso wie die Materialität des Filmmediums ausgestellt werden. Die Wahl der Westernthematik richtet sich an den Mainstream,
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