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Problems During Drinking Water Treatment of Cyanobacterial-Loaded Surface Waters: Consequences for Human Health

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Problems During Drinking Water Treatment of Cyanobacterial-Loaded Surface Waters: Consequences for Human Health Stefan J. Höger Problems during drinking water treatment of cyanobacterial-loaded surface waters: Consequences for human health CO 2H CH3 O N HN NH O H C OMe 3 H C O 3 O NH HN CH 3 CH CH H H 3 3 N N O O CO 2H O CH3 HN N NH CH N 2 + HNN H O 2 H2N+ CH3 O P O O OH O CH CH O 3 3 H O HO N N N N OH H H O O NH2 S OH HO O NH H H H N N N N N NH H H 2 O O N O O OH O O HN NH H2N O H H O N RN NH2Cl NH ? ClH N N 2 OH OH H O 9 N 10 CH3 8 1 2 3 7 6 5 4 Dissertation an der Universität Konstanz Gefördert durch die Deutsche Bundesstiftung Umwelt (DBU) Problems during drinking water treatment of cyanobacterial-loaded surface waters: Consequences for human health Dissertation Zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades des Doktors der Naturwissenschaften an der Universität Konstanz Fakultät für Biologie Vorgelegt von Stefan J. Höger Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 16.07.2003 Referent: Prof. Dr. Daniel Dietrich Referent: Dr. Eric von Elert Quod si deficiant vires, audacia certe laus erit: in magnis et voluisse sat est. (Sextus Propertius: Elegiae 2, 10, 5 f.) PUBLICATIONS AND PRESENTATIONS Published articles Hitzfeld BC, Hoeger SJ, Dietrich DR. (2000). Cyanobacterial Toxins: Removal during drinking water treatment, and human risk assessment. Environmental Health Perspectives 108 Suppl 1:113-122. Hoeger SJ, Dietrich DR, Hitzfeld BC (2002). Effect of ozonation on the removal of cyanobacterial toxins during drinking water treatment. Environmental Health Perspectives, 110, 1127-1132. Hoeger SJ, Shaw GR, Hitzfeld BC, Dietrich DR (2003). Occurrence and elimination of cyanobacterial toxins in Australian drinking water treatment plants, in preparation. Hoeger SJ, Hitzfeld BC, Dietrich DR. (2003). Occurrence and elimination of cyanobacterial toxins in Swiss and German drinking water treatment plants, in preparation. Hoeger SJ, Hitzfeld BC, Dietrich DR. (2003) Chemical and toxicological characterisation of microcystin by-products after ozonation, in preparation. Published abstracts, oral or poster presentations Hoeger SJ, DR Dietrich, BC Hitzfeld (1999). Effect of ozonation in drinking water treatment on the removal of cyanobacterial toxins, 38th Annual Meeting of the Society of Toxicology (New Orleans, USA); Toxicological Sciences 48:33. Hoeger SJ, DR Dietrich, BC Hitzfeld (2000). Microcystin-LR ozonation by-products: chemical and toxicological characterization, 39th Annual Meeting of the Society of Toxicology (San Francisco, USA); Toxicological Sciences 54:330. Hoeger SJ, DR Dietrich, BC Hitzfeld (2000). Effect of ozonation in drinking water treatment on the removal of cyanobacterial toxins and toxicity of by-products after ozonation of microcystin-LR (oral presentation); 9th International Conference on Harmful Algal Blooms (Hobart, Australia). Hoeger SJ, BC Hitzfeld, DR Dietrich (2001). Efficacy of different methods in removal of cyanobacterial toxins in drinking water treatment and toxicity of by-products after ozonation of microcystin-LR; 9th International Congress of Toxicology (Brisbane, Australia). Hoeger SJ, DR Dietrich, BC Hitzfeld (2001). Cyanotoxins in drinking water treatment, (oral presentation); 5th International Conference on Toxic Cyanobacteria (Noosa, Australia). Hoeger SJ (2001). Cyanobakterien in der Trinkwasseraufbereitung (oral pre- sentation); 5. Statuskolloquium “Pharmaka in der Umwelt”(Konstanz, Germany) Hoeger SJ, BC Hitzfeld, DR Dietrich (2002). Elimination of cyanobacterial toxins in German and Swiss water works, 10th International Conference on Harmful Algal Blooms (St. Pete Beach, USA). Hoeger SJ, GR Shaw, BC Hitzfeld, DR Dietrich (2002). Elimination of cyanobacterial toxins in Australian water works, 10th International Conference on Harmful Algal Blooms (St. Pete Beach, USA). Dietrich DR, SJ Hoeger, BC Hitzfeld (2002). Comparison of different methods for microcystin detection, 10th International Conference on Harmful Algal Blooms (St. Pete Beach, USA). Awards Promotionsförderpreis der Universitätsgesellschaft Konstanz E.V. (20/10/2001). Cooperations Participant of an international intercomparison exercise: Fastner J, Codd GA, Metcalf JS, Woitke P, Wiedner C, Utkilen H. 2002. An international intercomparison exercise for the determination of purified microcystin- LR and microcystins in cyanobacterial field material. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 374:437-44. Participant of the DIN/ISO Microcystin working group (coordination: Prof. Dr. Bernd Luckas, University of Jena) CONTENTS General Introduction CYANOBACTERIA - ECOLOGICAL FACTS ................................................................... 1 CYANOBACTERIAL TOXINS ............................................................................................. 5 HISTORY.................................................................................................................................. 5 TOXICOLOGY........................................................................................................................... 6 Cyclic Peptides................................................................................................................... 6 Toxin Synthesis.............................................................................................................. 6 Structure ......................................................................................................................... 7 Exposure Route, Transport and Distribution of Microcystins in Humans and Animals 7 Targets of Microcystin ................................................................................................... 8 Consequences............................................................................................................... 10 Acute and Subacute Symptoms.................................................................................... 11 Tumour Promoting Activity......................................................................................... 11 Other Effects ................................................................................................................ 12 Detoxification............................................................................................................... 13 Neurotoxins ...................................................................................................................... 13 Cylindrospermopsins........................................................................................................ 14 Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) .............................................................................................. 14 Other Toxic Compounds Synthesised by Cyanobacteria ................................................. 14 TOXIN RELEASE..................................................................................................................... 15 DEGRADATION OF CYANOBACTERIAL TOXINS ....................................................................... 16 EFFECTS OF TOXINS ON DIFFERENT ORGANISMS .................................................................... 18 CYANOBACTERIA AND THEIR SECONDARY METABOLITES IN CONTACT WITH HUMANS .......... 19 Cyanobacteria in Water ................................................................................................... 19 Blue-Green Algae Food Supplements .............................................................................. 22 Irrigation Water and the Food Chain .............................................................................. 23 DRINKING WATER............................................................................................................. 24 DRINKING WATER TREATMENT.............................................................................................. 24 CYANOBACTERIA AND POLITICS ................................................................................ 26 OBJECTIVES......................................................................................................................... 29 Cyanobacterial Toxins: Removal during Drinking Water Treatment, and Human Risk Assesment INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................. 31 CYANOBACTERIA .............................................................................................................. 32 MORPHOLOGY AND TAXONOMY ........................................................................................... 32 BLOOM FORMATION .............................................................................................................. 32 CYANOBACTERIAL TOXINS ........................................................................................... 33 CYCLIC PEPTIDES .................................................................................................................. 33 Toxin Synthesis.................................................................................................................33 Structure and Uptake ....................................................................................................... 35 CYLINDROSPERMOPSIN ......................................................................................................... 35 NEUROTOXINS....................................................................................................................... 36 MICROCYSTINS .................................................................................................................. 37 ANIMAL TOXICITY ...............................................................................................................
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