Appendix: Excerpts from the Irish Builder

Appendix: Excerpts from The Irish Builder

‘The Rise and Progress of Printing and Publishing in Ireland’ This series of articles was written by Christopher Clinton Hoey, a frequent contributor to The Irish Builder. See Chap. 5 for information on Hoey and on the series itself. The transcription below retains some idiosyncracies in grammar and punctuation found in the original, though the most obvious errors have been corrected. See Fig. A.1 for locations of businesses mentioned in the text.

‘The Caxton Exhibition’, The Irish Builder 19.422 (15 July 1877): 209 (This note about the opening of the Caxton Exhibition on 30 June 1877 at the South Kensington Museum [later the Victoria and Albert Museum] is not part of Hoey’s series, but is of contextual interest here.) As briefly announced in our last issue, the Caxton Exhibition opened on the 30th ult. at South Kensington. The daily papers have furnished the ordinary surroundings of the ceremonial of the opening. The exhibition, as a whole, is very interesting, and will well repay the little trouble and cost of a visit. Briefly described, the arrangement of the exhibits consists as follow(s): Class A is devoted to the exhibition of the works of Caxton, and shows the development of the art of printing in England. This collection of Caxton’s actual work is the most complete that has ever been attempted. Class B is intended to show the development of printing in foreign countries commencing with block books in use before the invention of printing

© The Author(s) 2020 169 E. Tilley, The Periodical Press in Nineteenth-Century Ireland, New Directions in Book History, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30073-9 170 APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER

Fig. A.1 Map of Dublin, c. 1876. (Courtesy University College Dublin Library, Digital Repository.) from moveable types. Class C exhibits the same development, illustrated by specimens of the Holy Scriptures and Liturgies. This class is one of particular interest, and may be briefly described as a unique and magnificent collection, beginning with the Gutenberg Bible from Earl Spencer’s library, and the Meutz Psalter on vellum from the library of Her Majesty the Queen. Classes D and E include specimens of printing noticeable for rarity and beauty, commercial printing, and a curious collection of early printed newspapers. Class F is devoted to specimens illustrating the great varieties of music printing, while Class G gives an epitome of the art of book illustration. Class H is occupied with autographs and portraits of authors, printers, &c., and Class I contains books relating to printing, both technical and APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER 171 historical. Class K comprises curiosities and miscellanies. By the help of the typefounder, the printer, and the engineer, the actual processes of type- casting, composing, stereotyping, electrotyping, and printing are exhibited in operation in Classes L, M, and N. Class O exhibits antique papers with watermarks, and illustrates papermaking by hand in actual operation. In a general way we may add that the first objects that attract the eye on entering the building are specimen sheets of some of the oldest English newspapers of which copies are existing. The staircase is lined with a collection of about 300 prints of portraits of celebrated printers of all nations, classified in their respective countries, along with which are cases containing exhibits of every description of Bible and prayer book, lent by the different Bible societies, and specimens of types sent by the various founders. The first gallery contains the wondrous collection of Bibles lent by Mr Stevens, Mr Caspari’s splendid prints, the value of which is untold, adorning the walls to the left, the right being occupied by specimens of every description of colour printing, and the finest collection of music in the world. Amongst the books exhibited in the cases in the centre of the room are a number printed in the East, in various languages, and the second edition of Shakespeare, being the identical copy used by King Charles I, and bearing his autograph, this being lent by Her Majesty. In addition to this, there are the Queen’s Psalter and the first Mazarin Bible, already mentioned. On entering the ‘Caxton Room’, we find eight cases filled entirely with the product of his press, to the number of about 150 volumes, some score of which are unique. There are also documents bearing upon Caxton’s life, and giving the date of his apprenticeship, by which the date of his birth may be approximately calculated. Around the walls are hung portraits in oil of celebrated printers, whilst over the dais—which is ornamented with a trophy of flags—is Wehnert’s painting of the Caxton press in Westminster Abbey. In the centre of this room are the two cases containing what may not inappropriately be termed the backbone of the exhibition. The first is The Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye, translated from the French by Caxton, 1469–1471, printed shortly after, probably at Bruges, in 1474. This work, lent by the Duke of Devonshire, is the first book ever printed in English. Caxton says of this that it was during the progress of this book through the press that he learnt the new art. In this copy is the autograph of Elizabeth Grey, Queen of Edward the Fourth. It was purchased at the Roxburghe sale in 1812 for 1000 guineas. The other, felici- tously termed ‘the foundation stone’ of the present celebration, is The Dictes and Sayinges of the Philosophers, translated by Earl Rivers, and printed by Caxton in 1477. This is the first book from Caxton’s press, 172 APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER with an indisputable date, with the printer’s name and date of printing. This unique volume has been lent to the collection by Mr S. Christie-Miller. The printing machinery—a marvellous collection of printing plant, showing what has been in use for the last two centuries—is to be seen in the basement floor of the building. What the exhibition may be financially, and bring substantially to the Printers’ Pension Corporation, we cannot anticipate; but the request of the committee of the exhibition for loans of exhibits has, at all events, been highly successful, both in especial relation to Caxton in particular and in the printing art in general. It would appear that some umbrage has been taken on the part of the working printers to the fact of the exclusion of the names of one and all of their body from the list of the committee of management. This exclusion of the toiling printer will not unnaturally be construed into a studied slight by some; but the least that can be said is that it is certainly a serious mistake, and it is so considered by other of our contemporaries. The exhibition was not only organized to do honour to the memory of Caxton, but was got up for the avowed purpose of aug- menting the Printers’ Pension Fund, and therefore the working craftsman should be represented upon the committee in the person of one or more members of the trade. Apart from this mistake, we trust that the exhibition, while it remains open, will continue to be well patronized, and that at its close all parties will have reason to feel satisfied on the score of its success, not only as a practical exhibition of all that concerns printing tech- nically, but in its financial outcome, for the benefit of that worthy object, the Printers’ Pension Fund.

Part One: The Irish Builder 19.421 (1 July 1877): 183–185 In view of the Caxton Celebration and exhibition of printing materials, works, and appliances, just opened, we thought it would not be amiss in an Irish journal devoted to literary and professional interests to give some historical account of the rise and progress of printing and publishing in Ireland. […] The first attempts at printing in Ireland are enveloped in much doubt, and the few disciples of Faust and Gutenberg who found a footing in this Insula Sanctorum had no unusual obstacles to contend against in the exercise of their mystic art, and the preservation of their lives and household effects. It was not the rage of the rabble or the superstition of the mob that APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER 173 beset them, but high-handed and irresponsible authority often swooped down upon them, seized their plant, and, if failing to capture the unlucky printers, outlawed them by warrant or ukase for their ‘seditious and trea- sonable practices’. The early printers, publishers, and booksellers of Ireland, in the eye of the law, were always a contumacious and stubborn race of daredevils, who had not the fear of God nor respect for the Executive before their eyes. They were narrowly watched, and though licensed betimes, were scarcely trusted, except when State printers, to pursue their calling without a constant espionage. The truth of these statements will be seen as we proceed. Ireland was one of the latest of the European nations into which the art of printing was introduced, but it is not to be inferred from this that learning was at a very low ebb in consequence. The monastic establishments of the country were nearly all of them seats of learning, and the pens of the monks and their assistants and contemporaries, the native genealogists and historiographers, were busy. Piles of Irish manuscripts in the native dialect and the Latin tongue were to be found in every ecclesiastical institution, and art as well as caligraphy [sic] was encouraged and assisted to live in the composition and illuminat- ing of manuscript volumes on various subjects. Whatever may have been the shortcomings of the monks and friars of old, the literature of their religion and their country’s history had for them an undying charm. They worked diligently and laboriously and toiled incessantly at this labour of love in writing, collating, transcribing, and translating, long centuries ere a ‘first proof’ passed from under a printing press on the soil of Ireland. […] The first Dublin newspaper was printed or published by Robert Thornton, bookseller, at the sign of the Leather Bottle in Skinner’s-row, AD 1682. It comprised a single leaf of small folio size printed on both sides, each number being dated, and commencing in the form of a letter with the word ‘Sir’. In 1700 the first regular newspaper entitledPue’s Occurrences made its appearance. Castle-street was the principal haunt of booksellers previous to and during the eighteenth century, and one Eliphod Dobson (a not very euphonious name) was one, if not the most wealthy bookseller in Castle-street. His house was called the ‘Stationer’s Arms’, and it flourished during the reign of James II. During the Commonwealth there was only one printer who proclaimed his craft and followed his calling with the permission of the authorities. The law was arbitrary, and printers were not to be trusted, for fear they would set the Liffey on fire. Works about to be printed during the Commonwealth had 174 APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER to be submitted to a Clerk of the Council to receive his imprimatur before being published. Under the reign of William, the press in Dublin and the printing trade were equally and arbitrarily trampled upon. Malone was dismissed from the office of State printer and was tried with John Dowling at the Queen’s Bench for publishing ‘A Manuall of Devout Prayers’, intended for the use of Catholics. This was the year 1707. In 1698 William Molyneux, a member of the University of Dublin, published a work entitled ‘The Case of Ireland Stated’. This book was condemned to be publicly burned by the common hangman. From this period till nearly the close of the eighteenth century, printers and publishers and booksellers in Ireland were obliged to be careful of what they printed against the powers that ruled. […] We may fitly conclude our first article with the reproduction of the ‘Booksellers’ Charter Song, &c.’, written by a Dublin bookseller and poet of the name of Fegan or Fagan in 1840, and sung on the occasion of one of the late John Cumming’s annual book sales in that year. In our next paper we will retrace our steps a little by giving some account of the trade and lives of the worthy native printers, publishers, and booksellers whose names occur in the following poem, as also of others more or less distinguished in their professions, from towards the close of the seventeenth until the middle of the present century.

The Booksellers’ Charter Song, &c. Air—“The Fine Old English Gentleman.” I’ll sing the praise of our proud Trade, since Fourteen sixty-nine, The glorious freedom of the Press, which never lay supine; And call to mind the noble souls of other days long past, Whose actions glow like beacon lights, to guide us to the last: In solemn silence drink to those, all of the olden time. Why not remember Britain’s sons, who lent, by art and pen, Their aid, to snatch from Ignorance, worlds of unlettered men? Who smote that demon to the earth?—I’m sure you all can guess, It was renowned Will Caxton, with his fine old wooden press: In silence drink his memory, his of the olden time. Wynken de Worde, and Pynson, first printer to Harry Eight, Lettow, Julian Notary and Machlinia, still more great; Will Faques, and Henry Papwell, first Bookseller of those times, And Bretton, who first imported books from Europe’s lettered climes: In solemn silence drink to those, all of the olden time. APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER 175

Skott, Godfrey, Rastell, Butler, the Copelands, and old Wyre, Redman, Banks, and Andrew, who transfused the living fire; Kynes, Byddle, Gibson, Grafton, and the famed Miles Coverdale, Whose name shall stand recorded through England’s woe or weal: In solemn silence drink to those, all of the olden time. Petit, Weyland, Hester, Lant, Middleton, Reynald, Wight, Wolf, Powell, Lynne, and Norton, who tore from darkness, light; And flung its rays o’er all the earth, which smote the power of hell, That now shall sleep for ever, ‘neath old Caxton’s wooden knell: In solemn silence drink to those, a long and fond farewell. Besides some thousand noble souls, whose names I can’t recall, Yet shine in Old Black Letter, as the writing on the wall; But come we to a class of men, who shone beyond our seas, Who took from Death his sable lock, and melted down his keys, And opened wide the gates of life, for ages and for days. Fause, Guttemberg [sic], Manutius, Aldus, Baynard, Froben too, The Elzevirs, and Stephens, Burman, Plantin, and Barbou; And next, the Bibliographers, Harless, Renouard, March, De Bure, Harwood, Maittaire, and Panzar, with all the rest, I’m sure You’ll drink in solemn silence, those of the olden time. And next, our great Historians, Stowe, Grafton, Hollinshed, The Dramatists, Will Shakespear, Fletcher, all the illustrious dead; Our antiquarians, Britain’s stars, Grose, Carter, Strutt and King, With Dugdale, Ware, and Weever, of whom I love to sing: In solemn silence drink to those, all of the olden time. Once more I claim your special grace, let every glass be drained, In sweet remembrance of the men who o’er our Press long reigned, First Bensley, Boydell, Baskerville, Reeves, Foulis, Kincaid, Bowyer, George Faulkner, Chambers, Ewing, White, with many hundreds more: You’ll drink in solemn silence, these of the modern time. If we have drunk with ecstacy, the memories of those gone, Come let us give a bumper to Bentley, Murray, Bohn, To Longman, Cadell, Colburn, to Pickering, Priestly, Sharpe, Who give to trade its varied tones as strings upon our harp: In rapture drink their honored healths, these of the present time. And now with proud enthusiasm, we’ll give the noble souls, Who guide the Press of Britain, whilst with lightning’s speed it rolls, The pilots, Boyd and Oliver, Black, Simpkins, Ballantyne, Our Dublin Folds, and Belfast Symms, in sparkling champagne wine, With cheering rapture drink their healths, these of the present time. 176 APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER

I’m now at home—fill up each glass, we’ll drink our noble selves, And first, JOHN CUMMING’S honest health, long may he fill our shelves; Smith, Curry, Tyrrell, Webb, Keene, Tims; Grant, Milliken, and Coyne, And our own SHARPE, whose knock is felt, from London to the Boyne, With cheering rapture drink their healths, these of the present time.

Part Two: The Irish Builder 19.422 (15 July 1877): 200–202 […] Between 1680 and the commencement of the eighteenth century several booksellers started, and plied their trade with profit, but the State printers had nearly all the trade to themselves. It is not our intention to particularize from this date onwards the names of all the printers who commenced the practice of their art, and several successfully; but, as we proceed, we shall mention a few of the most remarkable of them who printed and published throughout the century, and who were otherwise noticeable. In Gilbert’s History of Dublin and in Dr Madden’sHistory of the Periodical Literature of Ireland particulars of several early newspapers and their printers will be found, with other matters which would be out of place here. Edwin Sandys, who published at the old Custom House printing office in Essex-street, in 1709,The Flying Post, or the Post Master’s News, was the licensed printer of the Dublin Gazette as early as 1705, in Crane-lane, from which he removed to Essex-street. He is mentioned in Mr Gilbert’s work as an artist employed as draughtsman by the government and by the Dublin Philosophical Society, and residing in Crane-lane towards the end of the seventeenth century. The only portrait of Sir William Petty, first president of the society, was drawn and engraved on copper by Sandys, who, likewise, says the same authority, executed “A New Map of the City of Londonderry, with its confines, as it was besieged by the Irish army in the year 1689, exactly surveyed by Captain Nevill”. This is a large map, in four sheets, comprising views of the city and public buildings, with a dedication by Sandys to their Excellencies Henry Lord Capel, Baron of Tewkesbury; Sir Cyril Wych, knight; and William Duncombe, Esq., Lord Justices and General Governors of Ireland. Edward Lloyd, who had a printing office in Essex-street, at the corner of Sycamore-alley, was a somewhat remarkable printer. In 1707 he was ordered into custody by the Irish House of Lords for having published an objectionable political pamphlet. Later, in 1713, he fled from Dublin, to escape the consequences of an indictment found against him in the Queen’s Bench for having in his News-Letter advertised a proposal for APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER 177 publishing by subscription the ‘Memoirs of the Chevalier St. George’. Lloyd’s papers were seized by the order of the Lords’ justices, to prevent the publication of this pamphlet. He petitioned, and showed he had no evil design, and, having promised future good conduct, the Duke of Ormond, the then viceroy, put a stop to the proceedings. Edward Waters, who also lived at the other end of Sycamore-alley, and who was established there as a printer as early as 1711, was the object of a government prosecution in 1720, for publishing one of Swift’s productions—‘Proposal for the Universal Use of Irish Manufacture in Clothes, Furniture, and Houses, &c., utterly rejecting and renouncing everything wearable that comes from England’—for burning in fact everything that came from England but her coal. This interference with the interests of the English traders was not to be tolerated on the part of an Irish subject, so the unlucky wight was prosecuted with a vigour. The jury, though packed, brought in the printer not guilty, and though sent back nine times, and detained 11 hours, they still held out, and left it to Judge Whitshed finally as a matter of mercy to record a special verdict. The then Lord Lieutenant, Duke of Grafton, granted subsequently, by advice from England, a nolle prosequi, but the poor printer was almost ruined by this prosecution. Edward Waters, later in the century, published on the Blind-quay, in 1729, The Dublin Journal, with Advices Foreign and Domestic; and on the same quay, near Fishamble-street, Sarah Harding, the widow of one of Swift’s persecuted printers, published in the above year Swift’s celebrated satire entitled ‘A Modest Proposal for Preventing the Children of Poor People from Being a Burthen to Their Parents or the Country, and for Making Them Beneficial to the Public’. Dublin printers of the national type had hot times of it in these years. Several attempts at founding newspapers were made during the first half of the eighteenth century, but few were long-lived. The last half of this century became more signalized by its ambitious ventures in the newspaper and periodical line, several of which were highly creditable in every branch of the printing art. It is not, however, to be inferred that the press of Ireland was not distinguished by literary merit and typographical excellence in the first half of the eighteenth century. Bad and wretched printing there was no doubt in Dublin, and some was to be found in other cities and towns in the sister kingdom. A few names stand out boldly and brightly among the list of Dublin printers and booksellers even early in the eighteenth century, who reflected a credit upon their craft, and some of 178 APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER these and their direct successors continued with reputation in the same line to the close of the century. As early as 1709, in Essex-street, at the sign of the ‘Two Bibles’, the printing office of George Grierson was established. The family of Grierson from that time almost to the present has been connected closely and honourably with the history of the printing art in Ireland in several of its branches. Among the productions of George Grierson’s press was the first edition of ‘Paradise Lost’, published in Ireland (1724). He also published a translation of Dupin’s ‘Ecclesiastical History’, 1722–1724, in four volumes. This work has been accounted by several of our bibliographers the most valuable edition of the work in English. Grierson was the publisher of Sir William Petty’s Maps of Ireland, and as editor as well as printer and publisher dedicated them to Henry Petty Earl and Baron of Shelburne, Viscount Dunkerrin. By this nobleman’s munificence, the editor says, the original copperplates were freely communicated to the public. George Grierson issued several good editions of the Latin classics, one of Persius, with an English version and commentaries by Dr Thomas Sheridan, in 1729. In the same year he issued an accurate and handsome quarto edition of ‘Publii Ovidii Nasonsis Metamorphoseon’, &c. In 1730 he published the works of Tacitus in three volumes, 8vo, edited by his accomplished wife Constantia Grierson, from the text of Ryckius. Mrs Grierson, though she died young at the age of 27 in 1733, was gifted with extraordinary talents, and was proficient in Greek, Hebrew, Latin, and French, and it is stated she understood mathematics as well as most men. She was a native of Kilkenny, and her parents according to one authority were “poor illiterate country people”. Her learning, writes the same authority (Mrs Pilkington), “appeared like the gift poured out on the apostles, of speaking all languages without the pains of study; or like the intuitive knowledge of the angels; yet inasmuch as the power of mira- cles is ceased, we must allow she used human means for such great and excellent acquirements”. Constantia Grierson was well known and appreciated by the literary celebrities of her day, including Swift and his friends. The Grierson edition of Tacitus is now very rare, and much sought after by book collectors. Prefixed to this edition is a dedication to Lord Carteret, the then Viceroy. In 1727, George Grierson obtained, through the influence of Lord Carteret, a reversion of the patent office of King’s Printer in and through all Ireland; and in the same year he published in 82 mo, in the Elzevir style of typography, an edition of Justin, followed by one of Terence—‘Acceserunt emenditiones omnes Bentleianæ Editio Novissima. APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER 179

Dublinii: Ex Officiana Georgii Grierson, 1727’. The eldest son of Constantia Grierson, George Abraham, is described as a young gentleman of uncommon learning, and of great art and vivacity. This son died at the same age as his mother at Dusseldorf in 1755, his father having died two years previously. The history of printing and publishing in Ireland is inseparably connected with the Grierson family during the last and present century. The name of Powell, or Powel, appears to have been early and long associated with the printing craft in Dublin, for it occurs as early as 1551 in the case of Humphrey Powel as before-mentioned, and the name is conspicuous among the names of the Dublin printers of the eighteenth century. In 1708 a newspaper was published called “The Flying Post, or the Postmaster, printed by S. Powell and F. Dickson, in the Lord Chief-Baron’s Yard on Cork-hill, where fresh and full news will be hereafter printed, without imposing old trash on the public”. Samuel Powell became an eminent typographer, and during his career had printing offices in Skinner’s-row, Crane-court, and finally in Dame- street, opposite Fownes’s-street, where he built a large printing office in 1762. Thomas Gent, the author of the History of Rippon, was an apprentice of Powell. A notice of him in Mr Gilbert’sHistory of Dublin says Gent decamped to England in 1710, and the persecution which he afterwards experienced from Powell when he returned to Dublin, his native city, was the cause of his quitting Dublin and settling in York, with the printing annals of which his name is now inseparably connected. The printing work turned out by Powell has long been acknowledged as excellent, and chal- lenging comparison with any of the London printers of the time. It certainly excelled his Dublin contemporaries in beauty and accuracy. Powell during his long career did a large amount of printing, and in great variety; and as printer, his name is connected with several newspaper and periodical undertakings, which we will allude to hereafter. Among other outlawed and unfortunate printers early in the last century was Pressick Ryder, the father of the Thomas Ryder, who became one of the most celebrated actors on the Dublin stage, and manager of Smock-alley Theatre. In 1725 a periodical entitled Dictator was issued jointly by Thomas Harbin and Pressick Ryder, from offices in Old Cork House, adjoining the present Cork-hill. The elder Ryder having printed a pamphlet against the government, and a proclamation offering a reward for his apprehension having been issued, he was obliged to fly the country under the assumed name of Darby. He continued for many years in England as a strolling player. 180 APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER

One of the most noted and facetious printers of Dublin in the early portion of the last century was James Carson, of whom Mr Gilbert has compiled some interesting particulars. He had a printing office in 1724 in Coghill’s-court, off Dame-street, and in that year published the ‘Dublin Intelligence, containing a full and important account of the foreign and domestic news’. The following year Carson commenced a Saturday newspaper of four pages, small folio, in double columns, with the following title surmounted on either side with the harp and crown and the city arms, ‘The Dublin Weekly Journal, Saturday, 3 April 1725’. The remarkable fea- ture concerning this journal is that it was the only Irish newspaper of its day which had original articles. Sir Walter Scott was of (the) opinion that two of the said articles were the production of Swift. The principal writer was Dr James Arbuckle, whose contributions to it were afterwards printed in two volumes under the title of Hibernicus’s Letters. Francis Hutcheson, the noted moral philosopher, was also a contributor to Carson’s newspaper. In 1729, Carson, like some other journalists of our own day, complains of the shabbiness of people, who instead of buying his paper at three- halfpence, procure it at ‘a halfpenny a read’ from the hawkers. “I’m obliged”, says the irate journalistic printer, “to keep secretaries, messengers, and devils”; and, further on, “I must go to balls, masquerades, operas, and plays; I must frequent the Exchange; Lucas’s, Templeogue; the Green, and Bason, to pick up the news for the ladies.” It seems, after all, though the facetious printer kept secretaries, messengers, and devils to do his work and go his errands, he performed not a little travelling and reporting himself upon ‘Shanks’s mare’. Though long known as the ‘facetious Jemmy Carson’, and being a favourite subject for some of the small wits and rhymers of his time, our Dublin printer was an excellent typographer. He published a folio edition of Dermod O’Connor’s translation of ‘Keating’s History of Ireland’, and one of the plates of this exhibits Carson’s own armorial bearings: Argent, a chevron gules between three crescents. In 1745 ‘Jemmy Carson’s Collections’ appeared in one volume, and it reached a second edition. This facetious yet industrious and enterprising printer died in Temple Bar, in the year 1767. As the eighteenth century advanced, printers and booksellers became numerous in Dublin, and book auctions common. Piratical editions of London and foreign publishers were also produced to some extent, and some London printers and booksellers are found returning the compli- ment when any good or noticeable work was issued from the Dublin Press. But of these and other matters we will take notice as we proceed with our APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER 181 sketch of the principal and most notable members of the printing and publishing trade in Dublin. […]

Part Three: The Irish Builder 19.423 (1 August 1877): 216–218 We would again remind the reader that our sketch in its present form is but a rapid one, and cannot include more than a tithe of names of men and of matters connected with the early rise and progress of printing and publishing in Ireland. From towards the close of the seventeenth century to the end of the eighteenth, mere printers and booksellers of newspapers, pamphlets, tracts, broadsides, ballads, squibs, chap books, almanacks, and a variety of other miscellaneous printed literature grew yearly more numerous, and it would fill a volume to enumerate them, and their publications and surroundings. During Swift’s time alone in Ireland, the literature that he himself created, and that his publications, on the other hand, gave rise to, is very large in quantity, of the pamphlet, broadside, and ballad kind. The literature in connection with the history and disputes of the Irish Stage, relating to managers, actors, rivals, and others, is somewhat extensive, too, and no small portion of it will be found in the current newspapers and other journals of the times. The most we can do here is to take note of some names and books in interest in illustration of our subject. Castle-street, Skinners’-row (now Chirstchurch-place), Essex-street, the Blind-quay, Cork-hill, Dame-street, and contiguous streets were throughout the eighteenth century the principal streets of note, and the chief headquarters of the printers and booksellers. One of the most noticeable printers of the eighteenth century in Dublin was George Faulkener. Indeed, the appellation of the ‘Prince of Dublin Printers’ as applied to Faulkener was not an inapt one. His connection with Swift brought him into prominent notice as a printer, but he subsequently became more famous under the combined professions of printer, bookseller, publisher, and journalist, or newspaper proprietor. Mr Gilbert in his History of Dublin brings together many interesting particulars of Faulkener’s life and career, some of which we shall avail ourselves. By birth he was a native of Dublin, born in 1699, and the son of a respectable vict- ualler. The rudiments of his early education were received under Dr Lloyd, who was accounted one of the most eminent schoolmasters of his time. Faulkener’s first acquaintance with the printing trade was in the office of Thomas Hume, a noted printer or publisher in Essex-street, to whom the 182 APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER former was bound apprentice. Hume, as well as his apprentice, afterwards was a newspaper owner and printer. So Faulkener’s tastes were imbibed. At the end of his apprenticeship, young Faulkener, in connection with James Hoey, as well as his son, afterwards became noted in the printing and publishing line, opening a bookselling and printing establishment in Skinner’s-row. The partners here commenced in 1724 a newspaper called the Dublin Journal. Swift, requir- ing a printer after Harding’s death, sent to the publishers of the Dublin Journal, and was first waited upon by Hoey, and subsequently by Faulkener. His choice fell upon the latter, and in 1730 the partnership was dissolved between Hoey and Faulkener, the latter removing to Essex-street. From this time forth, Faulkener and Swift’s connection and intimacy appear to have been of the closest character. In 1731, Faulkener, as the printer and publisher of the Dublin Journal, was ordered by the Irish House of Lords to attend at the bar of the house for having inserted in his paper certain queries reflecting upon the honour of their house. Owing to a prorogation of business, Faulkener was not brought up before October 1733, when he presented a petition, praying to be discharged without fees from the custody of Sir Multon Lambert, Usher of the Black Rod. Faulkener’s prayer was acceded to, but not until upon his knees he received a severe reprimand. There are many anecdotes and stories told of Faulkener, illustrative of his eccentric ways and manners, some true and others doubtless invented by the wits of his time, some of whom took a pleasure in annoying him. In a letter to Alderman Barber in 1735, Swift describes his printer, Faulkner [sic], as the “printer most in vogue, and a great undertaker, perhaps, too great a one”. During one of his visits to London, Faulkener met with an accident that necessitated the amputation of a leg, so henceforth his artifi- cial limb served the wits of the city for cracking their jokes for long years. Some classical-minded punsters dubbed Faulkener the ‘oaken-footed Elziver’. In 1735 the printer got into conflict again with the legislature, having published a pamphlet, written by Dr Josiah Hort, the bishop of Kilmore, entitled ‘A New Proposal for the Better Regulation and Improvement of the Game of Quadrille’, which, containing some reflections of the character of Sergeant Bettesworth, the latter worthy represented to the House of Commons as a breach of privilege. Faulkener was committed to Newgate, but in a few days was set again at liberty. In lieu of their fees each of the legal officers accepted, and we suppose content- edly, a new edition of Swift’s works. Sir Walter Scott, in his Life of Swift, honourably observes that “Faulkener was the first who had the honour of APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER 183 giving to the world a collected and uniform edition of this distinguished English Classic.” By the last prosecution mentioned, Faulkner [sic] obtained considerable notoriety, and his reputation increased daily. His shop became a noted rendezvous for the chief literary and political characters of the day. Urged by his patrons he commenced the publication of the Ancient Universal History, continuing it with spirit, and completing it in a satisfactory manner. And here let it be noted that during the publication of this work, he met with a most zealous opposition on the part of his brother booksellers in Dublin, and also the London publishers, who made at the time a determined but unsuccessful attempt to crush the prospering printing trade in Ireland. [Either the fourth part of the series is missing or an error in the running order was made by the journal].

Part Five: The Irish Builder 29.424 (15 August 1877): 234–236 In 1760, and some years later, Edward Exshaw carried on the printing, publishing, and bookselling business at the ‘Bible’, Dame-street, and in 1782, and for several years subsequently, John Exshaw, the last and most remarkable and representative member of the family, carried on the business at 98 Grafton-street. John Exshaw did a large amount of business in his line in the printing and publishing way, and for many years was a conspicuous member of the Corporation. In the year 1782 he was elected to the aldermanic gown, and shortly afterwards he figures in our directories as “alderman, coroner, and bookseller”. In 1790 he became lord mayor, and in the same year he contested the city of Dublin in the Irish Parliament unsuccessfully. During the disturbances of 1797 and 1798 he took an active part on the side of ‘law and order’, commanding the Stephen’s- green yeomanry—a battalion upwards of 1000 strong. Exshaw was likewise adjutant-general of the entire yeomanry forces of the Dublin district, and, as an obituary notice at his death says, “was considered an excellent officer, reversing the adage, cedant arma togæ”. On one occasion during these disturbances the whole command of the Dublin garrison devolved upon Exshaw, in consequence of the absence of the troops of the line. Previous to his death he was one of the police magistrates of the second division, the senior alderman, and the oldest magistrate in the County of Dublin. John Exshaw died at his seat at Roebuck on 6 January 1827, at the age of 76. He was for many years the publisher of the Hue and Cry, the emoluments of which in his hands were stated to be about £1000 a year. He also issued for some years the English Registry, uniform in shape 184 APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER with Wilson’s Citizen’s and Gentleman’s Almanack and Wilson’s Dublin Directory, with which works it was usually bound. From the brief outline we have given of John Exshaw’s career it may be seen he was a somewhat remarkable representative of the printing and publishing trade in Ireland. James Hoey, whose name we have already mentioned as being a partner with Faulkener, carried on the printing and bookselling business for several years in Skinner’s-row, after the dissolution of the partnership, the old shop faced the Tholsel building. Hoey appears to have done a pretty fair share of business for several years, but nothing approaching to that of his early partner, Faulkener. Later in the century, however, his son, James Hoey, became a noted bookseller and publisher at the sign of the ‘Mercury’, Parliament-street, near Essex-gate, west side. James Hoey, the younger, like his father, and his father’s partner, was associated for several years with journalism in this city, having been the publisher of a newspaper of some note, the Mercury. Hoey’s newspaper, although he himself was a Catholic, became the organ of the Irish government during the viceroyalty of Lord Townsend, 1767–1772. In the newspapers for these years were published all the government notices and proclamations. Mr Gilbert in his History of Dublin brings together several interesting mem[orandums] connected with Hoey’s paper, its contributors, and the controversies the writings therein excited. The Mercury was published thrice a week, and among its principal contributors, for some years, were Richard Marley, Dean of Ferns; Robert Jephson, the dramatist and wit; Rev. Mr Simcox, appointed in 1772 Rector of Fecullen; Captain John Courtenay, subsequently a commissioner of the English Treasury; and Denis, one of the chaplains of Lord Townsend. An extract here from Mr Gilbert’s volume will be to the purpose:

A series of well-written papers, entitled the ‘Bachelor,’ signed ‘Jeoffry Wagstaffe,’ appeared in the Mercury, which discharged perpetual volleys of satires and epigrams against Dr. Charles Lucas and the ‘committee for conducting the Free Press,’ as the editors of the Freeman’s Journal styled themselves. The latter, irritated at being called the ‘Puritan Committee,’ declared that the writers in the Mercury were a knot of Jesuits, employed by Hoey, a popish printer, to subvert the State, and added that his sign of Hermes, the flying thief, correctly typified the principles of the paper. The contest was maintained with much wit and talent on both sides. Faulkener and Howard fell victims to the ridicule of Jephson; and the Mercury incurred the censure of Wesley while in Dublin, for having published a letter in 1767, reflecting upon the love-feasts of the Methodists, in which the latter were styled ‘sanc- APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER 185

tified devils, cursed gospel gossips, scoundrels and canting hypocritical vil- lains’. Hoey, who continued to reside in Parliament-street for many years after the departure of Lord Townsend, died in 1782. In 1792 his daughter, Elizabeth Hoey, one of the greatest beauties of her day, was married at Bordeaux to Charles Talbot Earl of Shrewsbury, her sister became the wife of an eminent merchant named Guestier, and their son represented Bordeaux in the Chamber of Deputies.

Several of the productions which appeared in the columns of Hoey’sMercury appear to have been afterwards re-published separately. A literary war was carried on for some time between the contributors of the Mercury and Faulkener’sDublin Journal. Mr Gilbert says:

A continuous fire of epigrams from the columns of Hoey’sMercury widened the breach between Faulkener and Howard, both of whom, to their great consternation, were suddenly in 1771 made the laughing-stock of the entire town by the publication in the Mercury of a satire in prose and verse entitled ‘An Epistle to Gorges Edmond Howard, Esq.; with Notes Explanatory, Critical, and Historical. By George Faulkener, Esq., Alderman’. Robert Jephson, the principal author of this production, dined with a large party at Faulkener’s house on the day before the appearance of his ‘Epistle,’ and found himself in an awkward position when the host, rising, informed his guests of the intended publication, and called upon them to drink to the health of the author.

The same authority adds that this piece passed through nine editions, and was considered one of the most witty satires ever published in Ireland. In this ‘Epistle’ Faulkener’s style is closely parodied, and an ironical description given of the printer, bookseller, and author of the Dublin Journal. The Charles Talbot above mentioned as the husband of Elizabeth Hoey was the 15th Earl of Shrewsbury in England and Wexford and Waterford. His lordship was born in 1753. What is noteworthy of his marriage with Elizabeth Hoey was the fact of her being on her way to Bordeaux to take the veil, when she was met by his lordship. This Dublin beauty was the eldest daughter of our Dublin printer, but the marriage resulted in no issue; the earl died at his house in Stanhope-street, London, on 6 April 1827, possessed of nearly half a million of money, independent of landed and other property. In tastes the earl was much given to music and mechanics. 186 APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER

The bookselling business was carried on for many years after James Hoey’s death by his wife, Jane Hoey, at 19 Parliament-street, but was dropped in name as far as that branch of the family is concerned a few years before the close of the last century. Of Peter Hoey, bookseller and publisher at 1 Skinner’s-row, and afterwards for several years in the present century at Upper Ormond-quay, we will have something to say hereafter. Returning back for some years we find Samuel Powell, the noted Dublin typographer, of whom we have already given some particulars, as the printer of the first original critical and literary periodical issued in Ireland. This novelty in literature was started in 1744 by the Rev. Jean Pierre Droz, a clergyman of the Reformed Church of France. Before the publication of Mr Gilbert’sHistory of Dublin there was not much to be found in a connected form about Droz’s life or literary enterprises, save what could be unearthed from his publications, and a short notice of him in the Anthologia Hibernica in 1793. From both sources we are able here to supply some interesting facts. Droz’s work was issued with the title ‘A Literary Journal: October, November, and December, 1774. Dublin: Printed by S. Powell for the Author. 1774’. Four numbers were published every year, so it was a quarterly journal, containing a review or literary history of the three months preceding. Considered for the time, it was a very creditable work, for the author endeavoured to furnish his reader with a list of all books of note published abroad, and of doings at the seats of learning in ‘Muscovy, Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Holland, Switzerland, France’. The editor’s accounts of contemporary continental literature under the heading ‘Literary News’ were ample, the essays were chiefly theological and scientific, but the literature of Ireland found but small notice at the hands of the editor, although one of his correspondents drew his attention to this deficiency. In the whole work, from 1744 to the last number in 1749, there are but three papers on Irish subjects. Droz kept a book shop first in College-green, and imported a considerable quantity of foreign books. In 1749 he removed to Dame-street, and, as the advertisements said, “next door to the sign of the ‘Olive Tree,’ and exactly opposite to George’s-lane” (now South Great George’s-street). A series of French comedies and several works written by French refugees in Ireland were issued by him; he also edited Broughton’s Dictionary of Religions. He appears to have been a very active and energetic person, for on Sundays he officiated as clergyman at the French Church of St Patrick. […] John Butler, who appears among the names of booksellers and publishers on Cork-hill in 1751, was the printer of the first general work on APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER 187 architecture of its kind, we think, in Ireland. The author of the work was John Aheron, an Irish architect. The manuscript of this work is at present in the British Museum, and for many years it was supposed that the work was never printed, so rare are the printed copies, until the present writer made the fact known. This work is entitled A General Treatise on Architecture, divided into five books. Its original consists of 176 folio pages with this epigraph: “This book was written and drawn in pen and ink, and finished by the 13th of April, 1751, by John Aheron.” The printed copy bears “Dublin: Printed for the author by John Butler, on Cork-hill, MDCCLIV”. The book, which is a good-sized volume, is well arranged, well printed, and illustrated with 140 plates well engraved, and all drawn by the author himself. It has a long list of subscribers’ names, comprising several of the most celebrated public men of the day—lords, earls, prelates, knights, public officers, Irish and English, holding appointments under the government in Ireland, ladies of title, architects, and several building operatives. There are several members of the universities, including Oxford, and some authors who then and afterwards were known to fame—Philip Dormer Stanhope, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, known as Lord Chesterfield; the Earl of Mornington (of the Duke of Wellington’s family); Dr George Stone, Primate of Ireland; Richard Boyes, Earl of Cork and Burlington; Henry Howard, Earl of Carlisle; the Earl of Abercorn; Dr Delany and Dr Dunkin, friends of Dean Swift; and numerous others. The list goes to prove that the Irish architect and author was well known and patronized. In his preface the author acknowledges his indebtedness to the Earl of Burlington, who, it is said, perused the work before it was put to press, and gave it his entire approbation. Aheron laments the sudden death of his patron while the plates were under the hands of the engravers. […]

Part Five [sic]: The Irish Builder 19.425 (1 September 1877): 250–251 The history of the Irish newspaper press is full of vicissitudes, and even the most prominent and longest-lived of our journals have had stormy careers. Many of them which were once powerful, popular, and influential declined in public favour, despite of [sic] the greatest exertions of their proprietors, and were forced to give way to new aspirants, who, again, after dictating and leading opinion for many years, had also to give way to newcomers. Short-lived newspapers in the eighteenth century were many in Dublin, both in the first and in the latter half. Until quite recently we had in this city three regular newspapers long past their 100th year. Indeed, one of them, a short time deceased—the Dublin Evening Post—dated from 1725; 188 APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER next Saunders’s News-Letter, 1745; and the Freeman’s Journal, 1763. The Dublin Gazette of course dates from 1711, or perhaps a short time previous; but it is not, strictly speaking, a newspaper, being mostly confined to government, parliamentary, and legal notices. A brief account of the establishment and career of Saunders will not be without interest. It was first known asEsdall’s News-Letter, from its original founder, who was an apprentice of George Faulkener. Shortly after the establishment of the News-Letter in 1745, Esdall became the publisher also of a Saturday paper entitled the Censor, or the Citizen’s Journal. This organ was edited by the celebrated Charles Lucas, and we read that several numbers of it were condemned by the Irish House of Commons as “highly and unjustly reflecting on the King, Lord Lieutenant, and parliament, jus- tifying the bloody and barbarous rebellion in this kingdom, and tending to create a jealousy between the kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland, and to disunite the affection of His Majesty’s common subjects closely connected by the same civil and religious interests”. In consequence of this condemnation, Esdall was obliged to secrete himself for some time, to escape being punished; but his wife had to put in an appearance, and (was) compelled to declare the name of the writer of the obnoxious paragraph published in the News-Letter. Poor Esdall was involved in a series of trou- bles consequent on publishing the productions of Lucas, and suffered severely in pocket and position. In 1755, after the death of Esdall, the paper became the property of Henry Saunders, who had been in Esdall’s employ; and from its new proprietor it received the name which it retains to the present. Henry Saunders, as a printer and bookseller, lived in Christ-church-lane previous to Esdall’s death, and subsequently at the sign of the ‘Salmon’ in Castle- street. We find him about the year 1773 at 20 Great Ship-street, where he died a sheriff’s peer in 1733, as appears by our old directories. The News-Letter, after Saunders’s retirement, passed into the hands of James Potts, who, like Esdall, had also been an apprentice of Faulkener. At the sign of ‘Swift’s Head’ in Dame-street, in 1766, James Potts published a paper entitled the Dublin Courier, issued on Tuesdays and Saturdays; and in 1771 he issued the first number of a once popular monthly periodical entitled the Hibernian Magazine, from its subsequent proprietor, Thomas Walker, who published at ‘Cicero’s Head’, 79 Dame-street. Thomas Walker was succeeded by Joseph Walker as publisher, who died in 1805. Sets of Walker’sHibernian Magazine are now becoming scarce, and sought after on account of their usefulness as references for illustrations of APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER 189

Dublin society and Irish life in various ways in the last century and early in the present. Saunders’s News-Letter was originally published three times a week, and contained 12 columns, but it was afterwards enlarged to 16, selling for a penny. In 1777 the News-Letter was issued as a daily paper, and in 1791 James Potts was ordered into custody, for publishing in his paper an advertisement which was declared a gross violation of the privileges of the House of Commons. “Sometime after this”, says Mr Gilbert, in his History of Dublin, “Giffard, the editor of the Dublin Journal, commenced to assail Potts under the name of ‘Jacobin,’ and accused his paper of disseminating seditious principles. A paragraph reflecting on the ‘Dog in Office’ having appeared in Saunders’s News-Letter on Saturday, October 18th, 1794, Giffard, Ex-Sheriff of Dublin, and his son Harding, afterwards Chief Justice of Ceylon, assaulted and horsewhipped Potts on the following day, while officiating as churchwarden of Taney, County Dublin. Although the punsters asserted that it was natural for ‘the Dog to lick Potts,’ Giffard was brought to trial before Baron Smith in July, 1795, condemned to suffer four months imprisonment, and to pay a fine of five marks. This sentence was remitted by the Lord Lieutenant on condition of his paying twenty pounds to the poor of Taney, twenty pounds to those of Stillorgan, and ten pounds to the Four Courts Marshalsea.” James Potts died in 1796, and his successor, John Potts, in the following year came into contact with the authorities for too plain speaking. He was committed to the Sergeant at Arms, and reprimanded by the Speaker for publishing an obnoxious article. An apprentice of James Potts, Andrew Cherry—afterwards known as a respectable actor and dramatic author—quit his master’s employment for the stage in 1779, making his first appearance as an amateur one in the character of Lucia in ‘Cato’, in a room at the ‘Blackamoor’s Head’ in this city. Cherry’s début as a professional actor was made afterwards at Naas. He died in 1812 in Wales, previously passing through many vicissitudes, from a strolling actor to that of a manager of a theatrical company. Saunders’s News-Letter continued from the last century until a couple of years ago, say a period upwards of a 100 years, in the possession of one family. It was once the chief daily advertisement medium in this city, and for long years in the present century it was a journal without ‘leading articles’ of its own, the articles of the principal morning journals or extracts from them being in lieu. Its make-up otherwise was confined to news, reports of meetings, and advertisements. It is not our purpose to write particularly at present of Saunders in late years under the last 190 APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER representative of the Potts family. Since that representative retired from it recently, it has passed through the hands of three proprietors in a short time. It is now a journal with ‘leading articles’, if not a leading journal; but, as far as our wishes go for the sake of old memories, we wish ‘old Saunders’ a renewed lease of life and pristine vigour. The names of Peter Wilson and his son are honourably and long and creditably connected with the printing and publishing trade of this city, through their works and the novelty and enterprise exhibited in their publications. Before his appearance in Dame-street, about 1747, as a successor to Phillip Crampton, publisher, at the corner of Castle-lane, at ‘Addison’s Head’, Wilson resided near Fownes-street, at the sign of ‘Gay’s Head’. In 1762, Wilson published the first original monthly magazine of its kind in Ireland. It continued for two years, and comprised original articles, verse, and prose, accompanied with engravings executed by G. Byrne, a native artist. As early as 1749, Wilson, with his apprentice, Watts, appears to have been summoned before the House of Commons for having printed certain papers relative to the dispute with Charles Lucas. In 1764, he appears again in conflict with the authorities for publishing in hisDublin Magazine a paragraph reflecting on Sir Arthur Brook, one of the members of the Commons. He was committed to Newgate, but on making a humble apology, he was released the following month. The most notable of Wilson’s literary enterprises was the issue of a Dublin Directory, the first known attempt of the kind in this kingdom. This little threepenny pamphlet containing a very limited list of merchants and traders was issued by him in 1752. A second edition of this directory was also issued in an enlarged form at sixpence. The circulation, however, was so small that it did not cover the cost of printing and paper. Mr Gilbert brings together several interesting particulars in connection with this enterprise so creditable to Wilson. The result of Wilson’s first attempt was, we are told, so discouraging that he for a time abandoned the undertaking; but owing to the practical sympathy of two respectable Dublin merchants, Messrs Pim and Pike, who rallied around Wilson, and solicited shilling subscriptions, he was encouraged to renew his effort. In 1755 Wilson issued a new and much enlarged edition, appending an engraved plan of the city. Henceforth the Dublin Directory till the present day has been continued without interruption, yearly growing larger and larger until it became a gigantic volume in the hands of Mr Alexander Thom in our own day. In 1771, Peter Wilson, through declining health, resigned his business to his son, who carried it on till 1781, when APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER 191 circumstances brought his creditors down upon him, who, believing that the copyright of the directory belonged to him, disposed of it by auction. The elder and original compiler instituted immediate proceedings, and the sale was set aside, and the copyright declared the sole property of its founder, Peter Wilson, senior. From this time until 1801 the son continued to publish the directory, “when”, to use the words of his father, “death put an end to one, who, it must be acknowledged, was possessed of a spirit beyond his income, and abilities superior to the common ranks of tradesmen—witness his ‘Post Chaise Companion,’ his new ‘Plan of Dublin,’ and his ‘Travelling Pocket Map of the Roads of Ireland’”. Peter Wilson died in 1802, at the advanced age of 82, at 7 Glasnevin- road, opposite Philbsborough, and his activity was evidenced in superintending the issue for that year. He bequeathed the copyright of the publication to his daughter and grandson, from whom it was purchased by William Corbet, printer, of 58 Great Britain-street. The Travelling Pocket Map of the Roads accompanying the Post Chaise Companion was a very useful one in stage-coach days, and the Companion independently was a good guide as to mileage and direction; besides, it acted as a sort of Topographia Hibernica. Lewis in his Topographical Dictionary improved upon Wilson in one sense; but, apart from alphabetical arrangement, Lewis imitated Wilson not only by describing ancient objects of interest in different places, but in particularizing noblemen’s and gentlemen’s seats, for the purpose of swelling his list of subscribers. The Plan of Dublin annexed to early issues of the directory ‘Printed for William Wilson, No. 6 Dame-street’ was drawn by Samuel Byron, the city surveyor. A copy of Wilson’s Directory for 1786 before us gives the names of Christopher Byron, card-maker, and Samuel Byron, land and city surveyor, both residing at 18 Eustace-street. Coming on ten years later we find the directory printed by instead of for William Watson, 6 Exchange- court. We also find this announcement in directory of the last-named year (1796): “The subscribers of the third edition of the ‘Post Chaise Companion or Travellers’ Directory through Ireland’ are respectfully informed that the work is now getting forward with all possible expedi- tion, the new map of Ireland and several of the plates being already finished in a style of excellence, for correctness and effect, that I hope will meet the general approbation of an indulgent public”—W.M. Wilson. […] Of music publishers, the most noted in Dublin about the middle of the last century and for some years subsequently was Benjamin Rhames. His 192 APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER shop was at the sign of the ‘Sun’ on the upper Blind-quay. This locality was altered in name at the request of a number of the inhabitants, the upper and lower quays, or ‘keys’, as they were sometimes written, becoming respectively Upper and Lower Exchange streets. Benjamin Rhames’s widow appears to have carried on business for several years after his death, for her name appears in the two last decades of the eighteenth century in Wilson’s directory—“Elizabeth Rhames, musicseller and haberdasher, 16 Exchange-street”. Robert Rhames, a printer, about the same time was established for some years at 6 Marlborough-street. He was probably the son of the aforesaid Benjamin, as in 1796 there are no other persons of the name mentioned in our directories, save Elizabeth, the widow, and Robert, already mentioned. Of other music publishers and music sellers of note before the close of the eighteenth century were John Lee, at 70 Dame-street, and Samuel Lee, subsequently Edmond Lee, of the same family, who was a harpsi- chord and pianoforte maker at 2 Dame-street. All the Lee family of Dame- street appear to be connected in one form or another with music publishing and selling and musical instrument making, and the trade continued for several years in their hands and that of their direct successors in the same business establishments.

Part Six: The Irish Builder 19.426 (15 September 1877): 266–268 […] The Dublin almanack publishing trade sometime after the middle of the last century came chiefly into the hands of Jackson and his son, printers, Meath-street, and after their deaths, their successors became the sole proprietors, by death, purchase, relinquishment, or resignation, from the authors or assignees. A very interesting volume could be written on the almanack printing and publishing trade in Dublin, and the quarrels and law-suits between rival compilers and publishers. An Historical Account of IrishAlmanacks was indeed written to some extent in the early years of the present century by one Patrick Lynch, one of the editors of our Dublin almanacks, and a man of respectable ability. Our Irish almanacks of the last century, like the English ones, had a few pages set apart for mathematical questions and their solutions, with poetical effusions, comprising enigmas, rebuses, and riddles, and, before the era of Dublin penny journals and cheap literature generally, no doubt this almanack literature diffused a taste for science and knowledge to some extent among the lower classes. APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER 193

For superintending the scientific and poetical department of his magazines, Jackson employed a Mr Wade, who appears to have been a weaver; but love of strong drink shortened Wade’s merry life, and the management of the poetical and scientific department was given to one Mark Morton or rather Moran, a native of the Queen’s County, and of the farming or agricultural class. After Jackson’s death, sometime early in the last decade of the last century, the copyright and printing materials of these almanacks were purchased from his executors by Patrick Wogan, a noted and wealthy publisher, of ‘Old Bridge’ and Ormond-quay. Before passing on to notice the future publishers of our almanacks, we may mention here that Robert Jackson, of Meath-street, was a somewhat noted bookseller and typefounder in the last century, and that he printed and published a variety of works, and several of an educational kind. Some of his books were reprints of London editions, but others were by native authors. Dr John Rutty’s Essays Towards a Natural History of the County Dublin, in two volumes, was ‘Printed for the Author and Sold by W. Sleator, in Castle-street, and R. Jackson, in Meath-street. 1772’. We believe that Jackson printed some other of Rutty’s works. He also printed about the same period “Practical Book-keeping, after the True Method of Dr. and Cr., by way of Double Entry; upon the System of the late ingenious D. Dowling, gent. By William Jackson, accomptant. To which is added a new piece on Exchange, in two Tables”; “The Elements of Euclid, with select Theorems out of Archimedes. By the learned Andrew Tacquet. To which is added Practical Corollaries, shewing the Uses of many of the Propositions. By William Jackson. With an Apendix of Practical Geometry. By Se.E. The Tenth Edition”. Jackson also issued a variety of copy-books for the use of schools, and among these are announced “A New Copperplate Copy-book, in Quarto, being an Introduction to the Art of Writing, or select Examples of Penmanship performed by several of the most eminent Masters, and engraved by D. Malone”—a native engraver, we presume, at the time. Rutty’s volumes, whether printed by Jackson or Sleator in Castle- street, are very well turned out for the period—paper, typography, and binding. But to return. A very short time after Wogan came into possession of Jackson’s almanack plant, Jones, a bookseller in Thomas-street, published a piratical edition of the almanacks. The calendar of these was compiled by Morton or Moran, the mathematical and poetical department being conducted by a person of the name of Sally, who was acknowledged to be “a gentleman esteemed for his candour and honesty, while his former 194 APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER correspondence in the Irish diaries, evince his abilities as a mathematician, and an intelligent scholar”. This character is given of him by Patrick Lynch. We learn in a few years that, in consequence of Jones’s piratical edition, as also the stamp duty and the annual establishment of similar almanacks in Belfast and Cork, Wogan’s diaries did not sell so extensively as formerly. Another cause was said to be bad management of the compilers in conducting the mathematical and poetical departments of the almanacks. In these days of sound elementary and technical education it is worth- while quoting the remarks of Patrick Lynch as to the scope of almanacks, and what might be expected from their proper management, as also what the government of the day should do, but did not, for it was interested then and many years afterwards, in taxing knowledge not only in almanacks, but in magazines, newspapers, and books. “Since the first insertion”, writes Lynch,

of arithmetical questions in these almanacks a little after the commencement of the last century, it is scarcely conceivable what an instantaneous influence they had in diffusing a taste for those useful sciences over the nation at large. By these annual publications a laudable spirit of inquiry and emulation was excited even among the country farmers; and mechanics, weavers, tay- lors [sic], shoemakers, soldiers, flaxdressers, and tradesmen of all descriptions became able mathematicians, nay, eminent professors of the science. How impolitic, then, was it in a legislature commiserating the national ignorance and repeatedly professing its promptitude to establish a system of education for the Irish people, could but a feasible plan be devised, to lay a prohibitory tax of ninepence on a sheet of paper originally sold for three- pence to sixpence, and thus prevent the expansion of knowledge by means of that annual vehicle throughout the nation.

It was hard, indeed, that the country farmers and mechanics could not be let enjoy their annual publication without having it weighed down by what amounted in several cases to a prohibitory tax. Apart from the arrant trash of an astrological nature contained in these Dublin almanacks, they afforded some instruction and amusement to the humbler classes in years when there was little or no schooling to be had cheaply for the poor man’s child. Laboissiere, the predecessor of Jackson, or rather the schoolmaster who conducted the former’s almanack, was in the habit of inserting a number of his pupils’ names in his almanack, and their supposed problems and effusions. Moran continued to do the same APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER 195 thing. He graced the catalogue of his contributors with the name of his father as William Morton, Esq., and his infant son, Sir Isaac Newton Morton, Esq., followed by other names of illiterate persons. Morton’s or Moran’s management of Wogan’s almanacks appears not to have added to their reputation or sale, coupled with other causes already alluded to. […]

Part Seven: The Irish Builder 19.427 (1 October 1877): 282–284 Before the year 1780 no general work in illustration of the public buildings of Dublin, with descriptive matter, appeared in this country. True, as we have already stated, George Faulkner projected a ‘Vitruvius Hibernica’, which was not proceeded with, and it is a matter of great regret that the excellent idea was not carried out. Occasional ‘views’ of public and private princely mansions of note in Dublin and the provinces were drawn and engraved by Irish artists about the middle and throughout the latter half of the eighteenth century; but these prints are now scarce. Joseph Tudor, a painter, received several premiums from the Dublin Society for his land- scapes, and one of his contemporaries (as quoted by Mr Gilbert) writes of him that it was owing to Tudor “this metropolis can boast of the glorious produce of artists, excelling any other of its extent, not only adorning itself, but illustrious in other cities more populous and heretofore more remarkable for studies of this nature.” A series of views of Dublin were painted by Tudor, which were well engraved, and were published with inscriptions in French and English. Samuel Madden’s premium of £5 for the best drawings performed by any boy or girl under 15 years of age was paid in 1746 to Miss Jenny Tudor for drawings executed the year before. Her drawings in black and white, after Raphael and Titian, were adjudged the best submitted. A number of Tudor’s views were engraved by John Brooks, of Cork-hill—an excellent but unfortunate artist, whose end was rather miserable in London, to which he removed several years before his death, and where he executed several works, and some of a not commend- able character. Among other views of Dublin before 1780 were those of the Irish Parliament House, by Rowland Omer, engraved by Messrs Mazell and Halpin; and a view of Lord Charlemont’s Casino at Marino, Clontarf, drawn by Thomas Ivory, the architect of the Blue Coat Hospital and other public buildings in Dublin. The latter view was engraved by E. Rooker. Both Ivory’s and Omer’s names appear in the list of competitors who sent in designs in 1769 for the Royal Exchange, Cork-hill (now City Hall). 196 APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER

Among the names of artists and engravers who were employed in the illustration of Walpole’s British Traveller, published in 1784, there are some Irish artists. Brooks, the engraver, who was established on Cork-hill some years before the close of the first half of the eighteenth century, was the teacher of a number of engravers of note, including Spooner, Purcel, Houston, and James M’Ardel—the latter one of the best, if not the very best, mezzo-tint engraver of his day. Some of the few plates of birds illustrated in Rutty’s Natural History of Dublin were engraved by Charles Spooner above named. In 1780 appeared the first general work of its kind—“Views of the Most Remarkable Public Buildings, Monuments, and Other Edifices in the City of Dublin, Delineated by Robert Pool and John Cash”. This work gives a series of views, with brief historical descriptions of each building, and it was issued under the patronage of the Dublin Society. The work was ‘Dublin: Printed for J. Williams, No. 21 Skinners’-row. 1780’. It contains a good list of subscribers’ names, among whom are several of the noted public men of the day. The work contains an introductory historical sketch of the City of Dublin, ancient and modern, and the typography and paper are good, and, on the whole, the publication is creditable to the printing and publishing trade of this city. The printer, James Williams, executed other works, and some years afterwards was established at 20 Dame-street, as bookseller and stockbroker; and in the latter capacity, if we are not astray, the representatives of the bookseller of Skinners’-row continued for many years in Dame-street in the stock-broking business. Prior to the last-named volume appeared an architectural work of note, by George Semple, a Dublin architect, entitled A Treatise on Building in Water. This work contains 63 copperplates, but they contain no engraver’s name. The work contains two parts—the first giving a succinct account of the repairs and re-building of Essex Bridge, of which Semple was the architect; and the second part deals generally with the subject of building bridges, and all other kinds of work whose foundations require to be laid in deep salt or fresh water, bogs, morasses, and other situations. We may have occasion to speak more in detail of this book hereafter, and its author. Semple’s work was published at his own cost, and in its title page the place of its publication is thus stated: “Dublin: Printed for the Author by J. A. Husband, (No. 28) Abbey-street. MDCCLXXVI”. The volume in size is 4to, and paper and printing are fairly good. William Paulett Carey, afterwards known as a journalist of some note and a United Irishman, published between 1780 and 1790 a number of APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER 197 political prints. Carey was both a portrait painter and an engraver, and among his prints was one, published in 1877, representing the famous Father O’Leary, and the Presbyterian Dr Campbell joining hands on the altar of peace. In 1791, Carey commenced the publication of a journal of 16 columns in large folio, entitled The Rights of Irishmen; or the National Evening Star. The front page was surmounted by a print representing a Protestant, a Catholic, and a Presbyterian shaking hands, with the inscription—In hoc signo vinces, indicating, of course, a uniting of Irishmen—as much to be desired now as in Carey’s day, irrespective of creed or party. Carey’s paper and surroundings are so fairly given by Mr Gilbert, we shall quote his description in preference to anything we might say on the subject:

The principles of The National Evening Star were those adopted on the foundation of the Society of United Irishmen later in the year of its publication. This paper, written almost entirely by Carey, soon gained popularity from its tone, and its editor was styled the ‘printer of the people;’ his essays most attractive to the public taste were those signed ‘Junius Hibernicus’; and his poetic contributions under the name of ‘Scriblerius Murtough O’Pindar’ were subsequently printed, and entitled ‘the Nettle, an Irish bouquet, to tickle the nose of an English Viceroy; being a collection of political songs and parodies, dedicated to the Marquis Grimbaldo [Buckingham], Governor of Barataria, by Scriblerius Murtough O’Pindar, now handing about in the first circles of fashion, and sung to some of the most favourite airs. To which are added, the Prophecy, an irregular ode, addressed to his Excellency shortly after his arrival; and the Triumph of Freedom, addressed to the Right Hon. Henry Grattan, by the same author.’ Carey became notorious by the decided opinions he promulgated relative to the various points then being agitated; and he devoted a considerable space in his paper to the advocacy of Tandy, while the latter was under prosecution. Considering it his duty to censure Dr. Theobald MacKenna for differing with the Catholic Committee, he assailed him in a series of letters published under the name ‘William Tell.’ MacKenna, in retaliation, succeeded in having Carey rejected when proposed a member of the United Irish Society by Rowan and Tandy; however, on a second bal- lot he was elected by a large majority. In 1792, Carey was prosecuted for having published certain political documents issued by the United Irishmen, for which the Society promised him indemnification, but finding himself deserted by them when in difficulties, he, in self-defence, gave evidence on the trial of Dr. Drennan in 1794, and appealed to the public in justification of his conduct. Carey engraved several of the plates, and wrote the majority of the verse in The Sentimental and Masonic Magazine, published from 1792 to 1794, and subsequently emigrated to America, where he died. His sons 198 APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER

were long the most considerable booksellers in Philadelphia, where they published in 1819 Mr Carey’s elaborate Vindiciæ Hibernicæ, a compendium of which was given to the public under the title of a ‘Memoir on Ireland, Native and Saxon,’ by the late Daniel O’Connell.

Samuel Price, an eminent bookseller, was established in Dame-street in 1764, and before he retired from business, he lived for some years at 55 Henry-street. He died at Balls’ Bridge in May 1793. Bernard Murray, of Chronicle-court, Dame-street, was established as early as 1778. At ‘Virgil’s Head’, in the same street, lived for several years Samuel Watson. The shop was opposite Shaw’s-court, and by him was issued for long years the well- known Watson’s ‘Gentleman’s and Citizen’s Almanack’. In after years Watson and his representatives lived at 71 Grafton-street. Watson did a lucrative business for several years towards the close of the last century. He issued several diaries and memorandum books. One of these dedicated to her Grace the Duchess of Rutland, and styled the Rutland Memorandum Book, is noticeable from the advertisement announcing it about 1786. It is described as

elegantly printed from copperplates, and ornamented with an engraving of her Grace the Duchess of Rutland, with her coat of arms, &c. This elegant pocket-book, though so small as to go under a frank to any part of Ireland, contains engagements for every day in the year; blank paper for memorandum; a kalender [sic] with tables for the rising and setting of the sun and moon, the tides, interest, exchanges, tables of guineas from 1 to 1000; rates of carriages, post tours, rates and distances from Dublin, with a variety of other useful tables and lists. Bound in silk, cases beautifully gilt over, with pocket pencil, asses skin, &c. To these who wish to oblige their friends, no present can be given at this season of the year so useful, elegant, and acceptable, as the ‘Rutland Memorandum Book’.

This was not a bad advertisement of Samuel Watson. His Compleat Memorandum Book was ‘humbly inscribed to her Grace the Duchess of Leinster’. His Queen’s Kalender, 1786, which, for cheapness and elegance, not to be exceeded, he announces as “printed on the finest writing paper, and embellished with an engraving of her present Majesty Queen Charlotte … gilt over in a most elegant manner, inlaid with four beautiful engravings of Earl of Charlemont, Hibernia, General Washington, Liberty, &c”. In 1786, the Gentleman’s and Citizen’s Almanack was [titled] “Dublin: Printed for Samuel Watson, Bookseller, at 71 in Grafton- street, and Thomas Stewart, Bookseller, No. 1 King’s Inns-quay”. Coming APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER 199 some years further we find the Almanack compiled by ‘John Watson Steward’, and ‘printed by Thomas Stewart and John Watson Stewart, Booksellers and Stationers’, at the same address on King’s Inns-quay. Whether the successor of Samuel Watson was his nephew or not, or his son-in-law who incorporated his name with his own, we are unable to say, but the Stewarts continued to publish the Almanack for several years into the present century; and, if we remember aright, the firm was for some years known as ‘Stewart and Hope’ or vice versa. Samuel Watson, we might have added, published for a short time a periodical entitled The Young Gentleman’s and Young Lady’s Magazine, or the Repository of All Entertaining, Useful, and Polite Knowledge. There was also towards the close of the last century a William Watson, a bookseller of note at 7 Capel- street, afterwards William Watson and Son, booksellers and stationers, but whether of the same family as the above we are unable to say. A society formed in Dublin in 1792 for ‘the purpose of Discountenancing Vice and Promoting the practice of Virtue and Religion’ held their weekly meetings at the house of Watson in Capel-street. In 1793 this association had 150 members, comprising many public, professional, literary, and ecclesiastical men of note at the time. William Watson, senior, was the secretary, and William Watson, junior, the treasurer. The questions discussed at the weekly meetings consisted of such matters as

The religious education of the rising generation by parents, schoolmasters, and others; the best means of promoting a regular and conscientious atten- dance on public worship and the holy communion, and due observance of the Lord’s day; how most effectually to recommend and restore the practice of family prayer; how to restrain profane swearing, cursing, and to guard against the horrid crime of perjury; what may be the best means of promoting honesty and industry, and discouraging idleness in the lower classes, and of preventing and discountenancing intemperance, dissipation, and ruinous extravagance in the upper classes of the community, and, in a word, whatever may contribute to the temporal as well as the eternal welfare of mankind.

This was a wide field for the association, and they succeeded, we believe, for a time to effect some good. One of the public prints of the time fur- nishes the following account of some of the labours of the association:

Last Monday [the first Monday in November, 1793] exhibited a spectacle in this city highly pleasing to every friend of virtue and humanity. A procession formed of all the several parochial charity schools in the metropolis, conducted by their school-masters and mistresses, to and from St. Werburgh’s 200 APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER

Church, where an examination of the progress made by each in the principles of the Christian religion was held by the Rev. George Miller, A.M., F.T.C.D., before the Association for Discountenancing Vice and promoting the Practice of Virtue and Religion; when silver medals, with emblematic devices, bibles, &c., were given as premiums. The association, we understand, intend to hold such examinations annually in future, and also publishing the names of the successful children, as well as those of the respective masters, as the best means to excite emulation in both.

On the occasion referred to several of the members of the association joined in the public procession, walking two by two before the children, and nearly 500 children are stated to have attended at St Werburgh’s. Alexander Stewart, a printer and publisher of some journals and works, lived for some years in Dame-street. He kept a circulating library, and in 1774 he published St. Patrick’s Anti-Stamp Chronicle, or Independent Magazine of News, Politics, and Literary Entertainment. Later we find Alexander Stewart established in the printing business at 86 Bride-street, where he printed Wenman Seward’s Topographia Hibernica in 1797. The volume is 4to, and is dedicated to the then Duke of Leinster. Seward’s volume may be described as a topographical dictionary on a less ambitious scale than Lewis’s that followed in the present century. The typography and the topography of the volume are not above criticism, but far worse executed works were turned out from the Irish press at the time. The volume before us has a number of illustrations inserted, which were struck off from plates previously used and executed for the Anthologia Hibernica of 1793 and 1794. Seward, some years previous to the publication of the above volume, issued a somewhat similar volume, but on a less extended scale, entitled the Hibernian Gazetteer. In announcing his new volume, Seward says in his preface: The following work, however (except in the mere form of alphabetical arrangement), is materially different from the former, as it contains a description of several hundred additional places, and has been enlarged and improved throughout with the utmost care and attention. We think it unnecessary to point out the obvious utility of such an undertaking; we submit the merit of our design and the execution of it to the judgment of an indulgent and impartial public. Seward was the author of another work entitled Collectanea Politica, published in 1801, in three volumes. There are reasons for supposing that William Wenman Seward was a contributor to the pages of Anthologia Hibernica; his name, however, figures amongst the list of the subscribers to that publication during its existence. APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER 201

William Sleater, printer and bookseller at 51 Castle-street, whose name we have already mentioned in connection with Robert Jackson of Meath, as publisher of Rutty’s Natural History of Dublin, removed to the New Building, 28 Dame-street, sometime about, or shortly before, the commencement of the last century. In Dame-street Sleater carried on the combined business of printer, publisher, bookseller, and stationer. He is also known as the publisher of Sleater’s Dublin Chronicle, commenced in 1787. A short sketch of the life and character of Captain Grose, the antiquary, appeared anonymously in Sleater’s Dublin Chronicle on 25 May 1791. This sketch was from the pen of Joseph Cooper Walker, the antiquary, and member of the Royal Irish Academy. Grose died on 16 May in the above year, and was buried in the village churchyard of Drumcondra, near this city. Gandon, the architect, and Grose were attached friends, and, when the architect died at an advanced age in 1822, he was by his own desire buried in the same grave as his friend, the antiquary. The sketch of the life of Grose in Sleater’s Chronicle was afterwards re-published, we should have added, in the Anthologia Hibernica for 1794. An extract from it will not be out of place here, for it indicates that a monument was contem- plated to the memory of Grose in this city:

A very beautiful model has been made for this purpose by the ingenious and celebrated architect, Mr. Gandon, whose immortal works embellish this city in so superior a manner, and the Reverend Dean and Chapter of Christ Church has given leave to have it erected in their cathedral.

Captain Francis Grose came to Ireland to illustrate her antiquities, and he had made some progress with the work when his death occurred. The Rev. Edward Ledwich undertook to prosecute the task, and Lieutenant Grose, the nephew of the Captain, made a tour throughout the country, to take plans and drawings for the purpose. Volumes of the Dublin Chronicle are now very scarce, but they are indispensable in many particulars for local history purposes, as they were published during an interesting period in Dublin history, rife with political life and many-sided projects. Sleater’s name is also associated with another publication known as the Public Gazetteer, published in this city several years previous to the first- named print. “To Correspondents” The Irish Builder 1 October 1877, 295 Re NOTES ON PRINTING, &c.—In one of the works mentioned in our last issue as printed by Jackson, in Meath-street—“The Elements of 202 APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER

Euclid, &c. The Tenth Edition. By William Jackson”—should read “William Whiston, M.A.”. The series of articles being written currente calamo, some slight errors have unavoidably occurred.

Part Eight: The Irish Builder 19.428 (15 October 1877): 298–300 Literary activity in Ireland between 1770 and 1780 became more marked, and the issue of books and pamphlets and other kinds of publications more frequent. Many of the works printed were only reprints, while those written by Irish authors were mostly published by subscription. During the last two decades of the last century—comprising the period of the existence of the Irish Parliament—printing and publishing in Dublin received a great impetus, and newspapers, magazines, pamphlets, and works by native authors became more numerous, and several of those volumes were, and still remain, excellent specimens of the typographic art; the paper and binding of these Dublin-printed volumes were also good. At the present hour, in the second-hand book trade in London, the Dublin reprints, or Dublin editions of popular authors of the last century, are anxiously enquired after, meet with a ready sale, and bring a good price. Before resuming the proceeding with our subject by furnishing some notes respecting a few of the volumes and other publications of the time at which we have now arrived, we will make a digression, not apart from, but kindred to, our subject, for the purpose of showing the condition of literary property in Ireland towards the close of the eighteenth century—a state that continued to exist for long years in this century, and which in some of its phases still exists, to the injury of authors and others. The evil was foreseen and complained of a century since, but no redress came. In the last century the Irish people as a class were not a reading public, for journalistic and periodical literature did not reach the hands of the masses. The annual almanack, with a chance newspaper and journal, had to suffice for the amusement and instruction of that portion of the industrial classes who could read, in the absence of penny journals and magazines, which did not appear until our own time. Let us suppose we are living during the era of the Irish Parliament, and thoughtfully looking around us and looking back for the purpose of estimating the state and wants of the time in respect to literature and literary property in Ireland. Glancing back, then, from our standpoint, we find that as early as the era of Queen Anne statutes were passed for the protection of literary property; yet in this country, although many of the English statutes were enforced, no regulation existed for affording this country the benefit of the laws passed in respect to literature. The English legislature secured to English authors in literature, APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER 203 designers in painting and engraving, music, &c., the exclusive benefit of their labours at home for the space of 14 years. In the last century, at the same period, the American statute went further, securing a similar exclusive privilege to authors and musicians and their assigns for the period of 20 years. There was a summary remedy for the infringement of an author’s or owner’s copyright which was duly registered, which meant the entire destruction of the pirated copy or edition, and a penalty of a certain sum for every sheet found in the possession of the offending party. In Dublin and London in the last century piratical printers and publishers were not a few, and were prone to profit at another’s loss when they got the chance. Of course, a London or a Dublin book might be reprinted in America or on the continent, but particularly in the former place, entailing a great loss on the author or the owner of the copyright; and these cheap piratical editions were smuggled into the British Islands. This was often done, and continued to be done to a large extent until quite recently, notwithstanding the acts of the fifth and sixth Vic. What was the situation of an author or proprietor of a literary work, map, engraving, or music in Ireland in the days of the Irish Parliament, 1782–1800, and for years subsequently? After the labour of years and perhaps the whole of his life, the unfortunate author or proprietor was at any moment liable to be ruined by the issue of an obscure pirated edition of his work or works. As the law stood, the only protection it afforded him was that he might commence a suit in chancery for an injunction. For compensation he might bring his action on the case or for the money he had or received, taking his chance of recovering damages by a verdict of the jury. The risk was so great that it was not worth taking, for even if a verdict was obtained the poor author was not likely to be consoled by a barren victory that ruined him by its cost. The infringement of copyright was thought to be in some measure prevented in Dublin at the period of which we are writing, by the existence of a body called the United Company of Booksellers, but this was a mere voluntary association of individuals which did not extend beyond the metropolis, nor comprise the whole of the printers and booksellers of Dublin. Such a body afforded no protection whatever to authors who ventured to print and publish on their own account, or to those printers and booksellers who were not members of this voluntary association. It was objected that the provisions of an act to secure literary property in Ireland at the time could be readily evaded by the printing of pirated editions in England and sending the impressions over, or by prefixing 204 APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER

London title pages to Irish piracies. This objection was met with the answer that we should adopt the policy of England. Irish editions of books published in England were subject to forfeiture on importation into that country, and it was said why should not a similar restraint be put on the importation of English editions of works originally published in Ireland. Another objection was put forward at the period of which we speak—that a great part of the employment of printers in this country consisted in bringing out cheap editions of works originally printed in England, which not only circulated through Ireland, but became an article of export to America, and that, were an act to secure literary property and a registry of copyright introduced here, English booksellers would avail themselves of the registry to stop a branch of business which cut off the market of Ireland in a great measure from English printed books. It was suggested at the time that this inconvenience might have been easily obviated by restricting the right of protecting literary property by a registry of natives of Ireland, or persons who should have been at least one year resident in Ireland, it being considered by some a great object to put ‘the literary, the musical, and the graphic author’ on as good a footing in this country as they were in England, in the belief that our Irish printers might have in that case some better employment than mere re-publication of English works. The above views which we have summarized were urged upon the attention of the Irish public and the native Parliament, and a local writer, in advocating them, thus expresses his opinion:

I am convinced that many gentlemen who deservedly fill stations of trust and dignity in the long robe of this country, have such a sincere regard for the cause of literature [query litigation], [sic] and for the honour of their native land, that were such a matter introduced in Parliament, it would experience their most decided and zealous support. To these gentlemen I would address myself and conjure them, as they value the interest of learning, and the reputation of their country, to bestow some share of their attention on this important subject.

Before leaving the subject of copyright as it existed and as it now exists, we may note here that it is now mainly regulated by the fifth and sixth Vic., which provides that the copyright of every book (under which word is included, in the construction of the act, every volume, pamphlet, sheet of letterpress, sheet of music, map, chart, or plan separately published) which shall be published in the lifetime of its author shall endure for his natural life and for seven years longer, or, if the seven years should expire APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER 205 before the end of 42 years from the first publication, shall endure for such period of 42 years, and that when the work shall be post-humous the copyright shall endure for 42 years from the first publication, and shall belong to the proprietor of the author’s manuscript. Should a work be pirated or unlawfully printed within the British dominions, an action for damages must be brought within 12 calendar months; and, if unlawfully printed in any place outside the British dominions and imported into the United Kingdom, it may be seized and forfeited by any officer of the Customs or Excise, and the offenders are liable to penalties. There are several later acts of the present reign bearing upon the question of copyright in other matters besides books—models, casts, ornaments, works of art, dramas, inventions, &c., and there is an International Copyright Act in the same interest. The question of copyright is, after all, still in an unsat- isfactory state, and American publishers and printers and proprietors of magazines pirate a number of British and Irish productions, to the great loss of British authors and their publishers. In an Irish periodical of the last century, and often quoted in these pages, we find the following remarks on the subject of the then current ‘Irish Literature’. The observations were to a large extent true:

Were the abilities of the Irish to be estimated by their literary productions, they would scarcely rank higher than those nations who had just emerged from barbarism and incivility. Notwithstanding this unfavourable appearance, letters are almost universally cultivated in this isle, and the presses groan beneath the weight of voluminous and expensive publications. But these are not the works of native writers. Various causes stop the growth of authorism in Ireland. 1. The law has not given security to the possession or transfer of literary property. This must ever damp the vigour of mental exertions. We are happy to hear a remedy is providing for this evil, by men of distinguished abilities, learning, and patriotism. 2. Men of letters receive no patronage from the great in this island. This is a dishonour to them, not to those who stand in need of their countenance and protection. If learning, as Ovid remarks—emollit mores sinit esse feros—softens the ferocity of rude nature, and polishes our manners, we may easily determine the precise state in which the minds of those great are, who suffer learned merit to pine in obscurity and penury. Alexander looked to letters for immortality, and not to his victories. The passage in the Archia poeta of Cicero deserves notice: ‘Alexander, cum in Sigæo ad Achillis tumulum adstitisset, O fortunate, inquit, adolescens, qui tuæ virtutis Homerum præconem inveneris.—Et vere, nam nisi Ilias extitisset, idem tumulus qui corpus ejus contexerat, nomen etiam obruis- set.’ 3. The Fellows of our University, from whom much is expected, have 206 APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER

not that—otium cum dignitate—which they so highly merit. Confined for many years to a small pittance which we hope to see enlarged from the ample revenues of the foundation; or engaged in the instruction of youth and collegiate duties, they have neither the means nor the opportunities of rendering themselves eminent in the walks of literature. When they arrive to the rank of Seniors they are so far advanced in life, that their habits are formed, and compositions of great extent or importance cannot be expected from them. Not one publication worth notice has appeared this month [April, 1793], yet the literary genius of Ireland is still alive, its scintillations are visible in the Anthologia, which has hitherto, and continues still to be honoured by the productions of men of taste and erudition. The originality of its materials, and the beauty of its engravings, will be found equal to those of the best magazine in Europe. Nor does the editor desire or expect the favourable and ample patronage he has as yet experienced longer than he is able to promote the cause of literature, virtue, and the arts in Ireland.

The above remarks upon Irish literature were doubtless written by the Rev. Edward Ledwich, who was the chief moving spirit in establishing the magazine in question, and whose pen was busy throughout its pages while the noted magazine existed. Some of the statements made in the above extract might be justly canvassed, for at the time they were published not a few useful and valuable works, not mere reprints, were issued from the Irish Press, and several other literary productions of note in book form and in magazine literature were being issued from the London Press, the authors or writers of which were Irishmen. A book treating upon Irish matters, and written by a native author, does not cease to be Irish literature because it is printed in London. Even if the subject is foreign, and the writer a native of this island, the typography and the printing materials, though they may be English, the intellect that produced the literature is Irish. Many of the dramatic authors, magazine writers, poets, journalists, and general authors of the last century residing in London were, as many now are, natives of this country, and their productions were necessarily issued through London printers, booksellers, and publishers. As to the question of want of patronage which was deplored in the past, it is a pleasure to know that the literary profession has outlived the necessity of such aid. Literary men of ability do not now stand in need of princely or lordly ‘countenance and protection’ in the form it was once vouchsafed. The days are happily gone by for slavish dedications and lowly prostration, though tuft-hunting is not yet extinct in the land. A book will now make headway on its own merits if it be a good one and supplies a need, and if APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER 207 critics are just, and printers and publishers do their duty by their author. En passant, a portion of a sentence in the remarks quoted above, written as we said, in 1793, reminds us of Byron’s well-known lines in English Bards and Scotch Reviewers, written at Newstead, in 1808. The Irish critic remarked in his time—“the presses groan beneath the weight of voluminous and expensive publications”; Byron several years subsequently embodied the idea in a poetical form:

The loaded press beneath her labour groans, And printers’ devils shake their weary bones.

If there were no dearth of bards or prose writers in 1793, or in 1808, and if the old hand presses groaned beneath their labour, how stands the case now under the lightning action of giant steam. But we must not run ahead of our subject, and anticipate what we are not called upon to describe here. To resume the question of native printing and publishing. Special wants of a public character gave rise throughout the eighteenth century to a considerable deal of discussion, which found vent not only through the medium of the press but in books and pamphlets. Several professional men, not living or obliged to live by literature as a profession, turned authors betimes to work out their ideas and bring them before the public with a view to their adoption. The literature of the water supply of Dublin in connection with the Liffey and the Dodder and the tributaries of the former and latter in connection with the canals is somewhat extensive and interesting. In 1735 Richard Castles, an Irish practising architect of note, though a German by birth, published An Essay Towards Supplying the City of Dublin with Water. Castles was an architect of large practice, and designed several extensive mansions in this city and the provinces for the nobility and gentry, but he is principally known as the architect of Leinster House (Royal Dublin Society), Kildare-street, and the Rotundo Lying-in Hospital, Great Britain-street, founded by Dr Bartholomew Mosse. Castles also erected the first stone lock in Ireland—that on the Newry Canal. In the same year (1735), Gabriel Stokes, a mathematical instrument maker in Essex-street, published A Scheme for Effectually Supplying Every Part of the City of Dublin with Pipe-water, Without Any Charge of Water-engines, or any Water-forcers, by a Close Adherence Only to the Natural Laws of Gravitation, and the Principles, Rules, and Experiments of Hydrostaticks. Gabriel Stokes 208 APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER was also the author of the Mathematical Cabinet of Hydrostatical Balance Unlocked, or an Easy Key to All its Uses. In 1787 a pamphlet was published in Dublin, entitled Remarks and Observations on the Intention of Turning the Course of the River Dodder in Order to Show the Inexpedience of Such a Measure, 8vo. This was in reference to a plan for diverting the river from its natural bed into a new channel, which was effected in 1796. In 1804 a pamphlet was published by Joseph Miller (8vo)—Observations on the Defects of the Port of Dublin. […]

Part Nine: The Irish Builder 19.429 (1 November 1877): 314–316 In our last paper we dealt at some length with the subject of the law of literary property or copyright in Ireland towards the close of the eighteenth century. Earlier in the same century we might have pointed out the grievances and injustice that native authors and Irish printers, booksellers, and publishers laboured under. As Swift’s works and his dealings with his printer and publisher, Faulkner, afford some pertinent illustrations of the law, or rather the want of law, to protect authors’ and publishers’ rights in this country, we will again return to the subject, for the purpose of showing the rank injustice the printing and publishing trade of this country suffered at the hands of English legislature. George Faulkner exhibited great energy and enterprise throughout his life, not only in printing the works of Swift and other native writers, but in printing and projecting editions of popular English and foreign authors. We have already shown that he excited the jealousy of the London publishers and booksellers, and even some of his own brethren in the trade. Swift, who acted as a counsellor and friend to his printer, was often con- sulted by the latter when he felt his rights were invaded and his interests injured by piratical printers in Dublin or London. Benjamin Motte, a noted London bookseller, filed a bill in chancery in England against Faulkner for printing Swift’s works, to stop the sale of them there. The following letter, dated Dublin, 25 May 1736, was addressed by Swift to Motte, remonstrating with him for his harsh conduct towards Faulkner. Throughout the letter it will be seen that the Dean administers some hard knocks, not alone to the London bookseller, but to the government of the day, that permitted such a one-sided law to exist:

SIR,—I lately received a long latter from Mr. Faulkner, grievously complain- ing upon several articles of ill-treatment he had met with from you, and of the many advantageous offers he had made you, with none of which you APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER 209 thought fit to comply. I am not qualified to judge in the fact, having heard but one side; only one thing I know, that the cruel oppressions of this kingdom of England are not to be borne. You send what books you please hither, and the booksellers here can send nothing to you that is written here. As this is absolute oppression, if I were a bookseller in this town I would use all the safe means to reprint London books, and run them to any town in England that I could, because whoever neither offends the laws of God or the country he liveth in, committeth no sin. It was the fault of you and other booksellers, who printed anything supposed to be mine, that you did not agree with each other to print them together, if you thought they would sell to any advantage. I believe I told you long ago that Mr. Faulkner came to me and told me his intention to print everything that his friends told him they thought to be mine, and that I was discontented at it; but when he urged that some other bookseller would do it, and that he would take the advice of my friends, and leave out what I please to order him, I said no more, but that I was sorry it should be done here. But I am so incensed against the oppression from England, and have so little regard to the laws they make, that I do, as a clergyman, encourage the merchants both to export wool and woolen manufactures to any country in Europe, or anywhere else, and conceal it from the custom house officers as I would hide my purse from a highwayman if he came to rob me on the road, although England had made a law to the contrary; and so I would encourage our booksellers here to sell your authors’ books printed here, and send them to all the towns in England, if I could do it with safety and profit, because (I repeat it) it is no offence against God or the laws of the country I live in. Mr. Faulkner hath dealt so fairly with me that I have a great opinion of his honesty, although I never dealt with him as a printer or bookseller; but since my friends told me those things called mine would certainly be printed by some hedge bookseller, I was forced to be passive in the matter. I have some things which I shall leave my executors to publish after my decease, and I have directed they shall be printed in London. For except small papers and some treatises writ for the use of this kingdom, I always had those of any importance published in London, as you well know. For my own part, although I have no power anywhere, I will do the best offices I can to countenance Mr. Faulkner. For although I was not at all pleased to have that collection printed here, yet none of my friends advised me to be angry with him, although if they had been printed in London by you and your partners, perhaps I might have pretended to some little profit. Whoever may have the hazard or advantage of what I shall leave to be printed in London after my decease, I will leave no other copies of them here; but if Mr. Faulkner should get the first printed copy and reprint it here, and send his copies to England, I think he would do as right as you London booksellers who load us with your’s [sic]. If I live but a few years, I believe I shall publish some things that 210 APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER

I think are important; but they shall be printed in London, although Mr. Faulkner were my brother. I have been very tedious in telling you my thoughts on this matter, and so I remain. &c.

Swift’s remarks as to hiding his purse from a highwayman, and his encouragement to Dublin booksellers to reprint books here, and send them to all the towns in England, were not very pleasing to the London trade. In one of the London editions of Swift’s works the following note is appended in reference to Swift’s advice: “This we apprehend is better patriotism than good casuistry; but perhaps we are too prejudiced in our turns by the Dean’s own principle”—The English Booksellers. The works which Swift alluded to that should be left with his executors to publish after his decease were said to be his Directions to Servants and the History of Last Session of Queen Anne and of the Peace of Utrecht, both of which, we believe, were first printed in London. Faulkner, nevertheless, printed and reprinted several of Swift’s productions, and, let us repeat again, in the words of Sir Walter Scott, “Faulkner was the first who had the honour of giving to the world a collected and uniform edition of this distinguished English classic.” In Swift’s letter to Sir Charles Wogan, written about the year 1731, occur some remarks, which, as they have a bearing upon our subject, we will quote here:

Your directions about publishing the epistle and poetry will be a point of some difficulty. Dublin booksellers have not the least notion of paying for a copy. Sometimes things are printed here by subscription, but they go on so heavily that few or none make it turn to account. In London it is otherwise; but even there the authors must be in vogue, or, if not known, be discovered by the style; or the work must be something that hits the taste of the public; or what is recommended by the presiding men of genius.

In the postscript to this letter Swift mentions the following Dublin editions of English works: Dr Young’s ‘Satires’, Gay’s works, Pope’s works, Pope’s Dunciad, Gay’s Fables, Art of Politicks, and some other trifles in verse which he proposed forwarding to this correspondent. Pope writes to Swift in 1735–1736 about Faulkner’s intention of publishing his (Pope’s) works:

As to his design about my works, I beg you will desire him to postpone it until he sees the duodecimo edition of them here with the first volume published by Lintot, for that joined to the rest by Gillevere [Lawton Gillever, a APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER 211

London bookseller], will make the completest hitherto extant, and is revised by me. I guess they will be out about Christmas.

Swift, in his ‘Rhapsody on Poetry’, written in 1733, alluded to publishing; and Lintot, the publisher, alluded to Pope’s letter:

Your poem in its modish dress, Correctly fitted for the press, Convey by penny post to Lintot; But let no friend alive look into’t. If Lintot thinks ‘twill quit the cost, You need not fear your labour lost; And how agreeably surpris’d Are you to see it advertis’d. The hawker shows you are in print As fresh as farthings from the mint— The product of your toil and sweating, A bastard of your own begetting.

As we have retraced our steps in this paper to give some further illustrations of printing and publishing in connection with Swift and his time, we will make a few more passing remarks on Faulkner, notwithstanding that we have already pretty fully treated of his life and printing and publishing associations. It was in a letter of introduction to the Earl of Oxford, written by Swift, that Faulkner was first described ‘The Prince of Dublin Printers’. This letter bears date Dublin, 16 February 1733, and opens thus:

The bearer, Mr. Faulkner, the prince of Dublin printers, will have the honour to deliver you this. He tells me your lordship was so gracious as to admit him into your presence and receive him with great condescension, which encouraged him to hope for the same favour again, by my mediation which I could not refuse. Although for his own profit he is engaged in a work that very much discontents me, yet I would rather have it fall into his hands than any other on this side.

In the letter of introduction given to Faulkner for presentation to his Grace the Lord Archbishop of Cashel (Dr Theophilus Bolton), bearing date, Dublin, 14 August 1735, Swift again expresses a high opinion of the Dublin printer, humorously describes his characteristics, and desires him to bring back certain information. As the letter is not long, and as it is interesting we will give it entirely: 212 APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER

The bearer, Mr. Faulkner, our famous printer, goes in an hour to Kilkenny and Cashel to gather up his country debts. Ten to one your grace may owe him a dozen shillings, and your town coffee house (if you have one) a dozen more. But his pretences to me for writing are the honour of being admitted to your grace by a line from my hand. I am not in fear of his shaming me as others have done; however, I would not have you leave your manuscripts about the room, for he would be terribly tempted to beg them, and return them back next winter in four volumes, as he served me; although I never let him touch or see one. He has the name of an honest man, and hath good sense and behaviour. I have ordered him to mark narrowly whatever you are doing as a prelate, an architect, a country gentleman, a politician, and an improver, and to bring me a faithful account when he returns; but chiefly about your health, and what exercise you make use of to increase or preserve it. But he is in haste to be gone, and I’m forced to conclude.

A somewhat similar letter on the same day was written by Swift to be presented to Lord Howth, in which the bearer, Faulkner, is described “as an honest man and the chief printer; and that I know him and treat him with indulgence because I cannot help it. For although he printed what I never would have done, yet he got the consent of my friends, and so I shall get nothing by being angry with him.” Many printers in Dublin profited and suffered by printing the patriotic tracts and verses of Swift. The Dean of St Patrick was not obliged in Dublin to write for bread, but he was the means of putting bread into many a poor printer’s mouth, though the severity of the law afterwards took it out of their mouths. Copyright was not understood in Swift’s earlier time in Ireland, and booksellers here, as Swift himself remarked, had not the least notion of paying for copy. Although nearly a century and a half has passed since then, unfortunately we have still many London and Dublin publishers and booksellers who have not the least notion of paying an author for his copy. Down till near the close of the eighteenth century in Ireland there was but little market for literary labour in Dublin on the part of those who were obliged to live by their pens, unless those persons were themselves owners of journals or periodicals, or were otherwise subsidized to write in some party interest. We have mentioned in the course of our papers several journals and magazines previous to 1800, but few of the former were prosperous or long-lived, and none of the latter exceeded a few yearly volumes. These young writers, then, who took to literature in Dublin for a livelihood were obliged in a short time to pass over to London. Want drove some of them APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER 213 over the channel, and misfortune and offences others. Poets, artists, engravers, musicians, and other professionals at intervals followed suit. In fact, journalism and periodical literature, such as it existed down to the close of the last century and for a portion of the present century, was the rampant literature of the dominant party, save in a few instances at intervals. During the era of the Irish Parliament three creditable monthly representatives of periodical literature were published in Dublin: Walker’s Hibernian Magazine, the Sentimental and Masonic Magazine, and the Anthologia Hibernica, a monthly collection of science, belles-lettres, and history. The first-named magazine, however, was in existence several years before the Parliamentary era, the first number of it having been published in 1771. The Sentimental and Masonic Magazine commenced in 1792 and continued till 1794, and the Anthologia Hibernica existed exactly two years, commencing in January 1793, and ending in December 1794. It is now generally to be found in our libraries, bound in four half-yearly volumes. The Anthologia has become a somewhat historical and more than ordinarily noted publication from several causes, some of which will appear as we proceed. It was commenced as a purely literary magazine, disclaim- ing and eschewing religious or political discussions, yet after a while some of its writers indulged a little of their political, party, and religious views. The magazine was the outcome of antiquarian controversies, and was established as the organ of the discontented antiquarian section, headed by the Rev. Edward Ledwich, who had seceded from the Collecteana, edited by General Vallancy [sic], the antiquary. An extract from the ‘advertisement’ to the first volume of theAnthologia will show the views enter- tained by its conductors:

They conceived that the improved state of civility and knowledge in Ireland called for a publication better adapted to the learned and polished part of the community than has hitherto appeared. They reflected that an insipid novel or ludicrous story might satisfy those whose education fitted them for no higher intellectual enjoyment; but that the scholar and man of taste could receive pleasure only from science, the belles-lettres, and history, for these include every branch of useful and ornamental learning. They determined that religious or political disputes should never find a place in their pages, nor that the Anthologia should ever become the organ of any sect or party; but that illustrations of sacred subjects by critical essays, general hints for improving legislation, and police, and antiquarian disquisitions, particularly as relate to Ireland, will at all times be acceptable, as would original poetry and every effort of ingenuity and erudition. 214 APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER

In plan and mechanical get-up the Anthologia Hibernica was not unlike the old Gentleman’s Magazine of London. The Dublin periodical commenced under favourable auspices, with a large stock of original materials, and much promised aid from members of the University, the Royal Irish Academy, and other bodies. It commenced also with a goodly list of subscribers, comprising lords, earls, ladies, members of Parliament, professional and literary men—indeed, several from various ranks, many of them then distinguished, and others who became distinguished a few years afterwards. It would be too tedious to enumerate here even the more prominent of the subscribers. In passing, we may note among the list of names in the first year’s volume are those of Miss Owenson (the future Lady Morgan) and the Hon. Arthur Wesley, otherwise Wellesley, the future Duke of Wellington, of Waterloo fame, but in 1793 and for some time afterwards lieutenant-colonel of the 33rd Regiment. The Anthologia contained in its monthly issue one or more well-executed copperplate engravings executed by Dublin artists—Brocas, Henecy, and Clayton. The engravings were mostly in illustration of Irish antiquities, and the sketches of many were drawn by William Beauford, the antiquary, and a contributor to the magazine, as also a disciple and advocate of Ledwich’s antiquarian views. Samuel Clayton was the father of Benjamin Clayton, who executed several of the woodcuts in the Dublin Penny Journal. The plates the former engraved for the Anthologia Hibernica were surprising specimens of youthful workmanship, as the young artist was but a boy in his teens, as the following notice, extracted from the September number of the Anthologia for 1793, will show:

In our next will be given an engraving of the church of Castle Dermot (County Kildare), by Samuel Clayton, a lad of sixteen years of age: we hope it will be found a specimen of a young artist’s labours, which will entitle him to public notice and encouragement.

The Anthologia devoted a considerable space to antiquarian essays and poetry. It contained also reviews of new native and foreign books, domestic and foreign intelligence, mathematical problems from school masters or principals of military and classical academies, a theatrical register, lists of bankrupts, births, marriages, and deaths, &c. The first two half-yearly volumes contain the most original matter, and, on the whole, they are the most valuable. In the third volume there is a falling off, and a still greater in the last half-year’s and concluding volume. Accompanying each bound APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER 215 volume there is a frontispiece engraving well executed. Among the more remarkable poetical contributors to the pages of the Anthologia were Thomas Moore and Thomas Dermody—both mere lads at the time. In the autobiographical prefaces appended to some of the later editions of Thomas Moore’s life, he alludes to some of his juvenile verses which appeared in the Anthologia thus:

A sonnet to my schoolmaster, Mr. Samuel Whyte, written in my fourteenth year, appeared in a Dublin Magazine called the Anthologia, the first and I fear the only creditable attempt in periodical literature of which Ireland has to boast. I had even at an earlier (1793) [sic] sent to this magazine two short verses prefaced by a note to the editor requesting the insertion of the ‘following attempts of a youthful muse,’ and the fear and trembling with which I ventured upon this step were agreeably dispelled not only by the appearance of the contribution, but still more by my finding myself a few months after hailed as ‘our esteemed correspondent J.M’.

In each ‘advertisement’ or preface to the three first volumes the editors or conductors continued assuring their readers and subscribers of their intention of continuing the publication and making it more worthy of their acceptance and support; but, notwithstanding this assurance, the magazine was failing gradually for want of a hearty support, even on the part of its published list of subscribers, who, there is internal evidence for believing, did not punctually pay their subscriptions. There were several bookselling agencies for the magazine in Dublin and the provinces, and it had some London and foreign agents. The following “Valediction to the Correspondents of the Anthologia Hibernica” appears in the last number of the magazine:

The publishers of the Anthologia Hibernica at the conclusion of their labours in this line of their profession, would justly deem themselves defi- cient in gratitude to their truly respectable and numerous correspondents, if they did not embrace the opportunity to return to them their sincerest thanks for their many valuable and original communications, such as no similar work was ever honoured with in this country. Succeeding to the respectable appointment (Booksellers to the Hon. Society of King’s Inns) to fulfil the duties of which in a manner suitable to its importance will demand much of that time which hitherto has been devoted to the Anthologia, they add for this reason principally the work is closed; others they have alluded to in the advertisement. To conclude, they earnestly request their friends, that 216 APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER

to prevent disappointment they will immediately complete their sets before some of the numbers are out of print, and also discharge their arrears for those already delivered, which will add to the favours already conferred, and on which the publishers will ever reflect with pleasure.

Turning to the ‘advertisement’ preface prefixed to the concluding volume, some suggestive reasons are given for discontinuing the periodical, and other reasons also may, perhaps, be deduced by readers who possess the volumes of the noted magazine in question, and who are well acquainted with its career, materials, and its chief contributors. We doubt much whether the Anthologia reckoned many regular paid contributors among its staff, as literary contributors are understood in our time. The work of printing and engraving and other mechanical work connected with its get- up was of course paid for, but outside its editorship the paid-for literary matter must have been small, and voluntary contributions can never be depended upon long. Even when help is promised by men of title, professional men, and men of literary abilities not obliged to write for an income, that help will not be continuous. The Anthologia, no doubt, suffered from these causes, for it depended for a large share of its materials on the voluntary aid of men who were not obliged to write, except when it pleased their fancy. The following is an extract from the preface of the last volume:

The time has at length returned when the editors of the Anthologia Hibernica must address the public. Upon such an occasion, when all the formalities of language are necessary to engage attention, they feel themselves more than commonly affected to declare, that in this capacity, they now speak for the last time, and this task being once accomplished they lay down their office, and shall address them no more. After a declaration so opposite to that prefixed to their preceding volume, many will, no doubt, be surprised, and many more disappointed. With those who are disappointed, they join their own regrets, and to those who are surprised, they shall explain their reason. From the commencement of the undertaking, the editors have indefatigably laboured to exalt their work to the first standard of estimation. Whatever could be reaped by diligence, or be gained by cost, whatever could promote science and literature, they spared no pains to secure; they supposed themselves devoted to the cause of learning, and their labours were unfelt in the discharge of their duty. But occurrences which must always be expected in the present state of human vicissitude, have lately happened, which have defeated at once both their pursuit and design. Some of their associates have been dispersed to remote distances, and some have entered into professions which exclude all opportunities of similar literary disquisi- APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER 217

tions; induced by those circumstances, they relinquish their task, which, however it may ensure favour when properly conducted, must always produce contempt by a false and awkward appearance.

The farewell address of the editors, as a whole, is a feeling one, but such a one in the present day would sound oddly if the same reasons were given for suspending a popular magazine. The fourth and concluding volume is inscribed to John Lord Viscount Fitzgibbon, Lord Chancellor of Ireland, and it is the only volume of the four in which we find a dedication. Having said so much about the magazine, it is but right its printer and publisher should come in for some notice. The Anthologia Hibernica was ‘Dublin, printed for Richard Edward Mercier and Co., Booksellers, No. 31 Anglesea-street’. Mercier was a descendant of a Huguenot settler in Ireland. He appears to have married his cousin, for we find he was married on 6 April 1793, to Miss Maria Mercier, of Portarlington. This town was one of the first places in which the Huguenots settled in this country. Besides being publisher of the Anthologia, Mercier published in 1796 and 1797 a now extremely rare periodical, entitled The Flapper, containing essays on various subjects. The [sic] Flapper was issued on Tuesdays and Fridays at the price of twopence, and it consisted of two folio pages. Mercier did a considerable deal of printing, and the works he issued were turned out in a very creditable style. He was for several years an eminent book auctioneer, bookseller, and a large importer of foreign books, and there is no reason to doubt what Mr Gilbert says of him that he “possessed extensive and accurate bibliographic information”. The Anthologia was an octavo in size, and the paper and typography were good. Mercier was bookseller to the Society of King’s Inns and Trinity College for many years, the first appointment dating back to 1794. His death took place in 1820, but his name will live for long years in connection with the periodical literature of Ireland, and the printing, publishing, and bookselling trade of Dublin.

Part Ten: The Irish Builder 19.430 (15 November 1877): 329–332 An architectural work of more than ordinary note appeared in the last decade of the last century, which, though printed in London, was jointly published in this city. This work, which calls for more than a passing notice, is now becoming scarce, and is briefly known asMalton’s Views of Dublin. Its full title, however, is as follows: “A Picturesque and Descriptive View of the City of Dublin, Delineated in a Series of Most Interesting 218 APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER

Scenes, Taken in the Year 1791. By James Malton. With a Brief Authentic History from the Earliest Accounts to the Present Time.” According to the preface, though the views were all taken by Malton in 1791, yet the work was in hands till 1797. A reference to the plates, however, shows that some of them were issued as late as 1799, so the work was longer in hands than the time stated on the preface. Though each of the plates in the work is separately dedicated to distinguished public men in some cases, and to public bodies in other instances, yet the work, as a whole, commences with a general dedication as follows: “To the Right Honourable the Lord Mayor, Aldermen, Sheriffs, Common Council, Freemen, and Citizens of the City of Dublin, this work, intended to contain a Concise, yet Complete Description of the Capital of Ireland, is humbly Dedicated and Given to their Protection by their Obedient Servant, James Malton.” This ornamental dedicatory frontispiece contains the old city arms. Preceding the regular views there are maps of Dublin in 1610 and 1797. The former appears to be a copy of Speed’s well-known map, but it is laid down according to Malton in an improved manner, and giving the supposed original form or plan of the Castle as it stood in 1610. On the plate we also have two ancient seals of the City of Dublin, one dated 1459. There is also a map giving ‘A Correct Survey of the Bay of Dublin, 1795’. In his description of Dublin, the author having in one place stated that the width of the bay was eight miles, and in another place six miles, he resolved during the course of the publication to give the last-named map correctly laid down. He followed the nautical survey of Bernard Scale and William Richards, taken in the year 1765. The authorities followed in the Brief History of Dublin accompanying Malton’sViews were Harris’s History of Dublin, Leland’s History of Ireland, Hume’s History of England, Descartes’s Life of Ormond, Ware’s Bishops of Ireland, Archdall’s Monasticon Hibernicum, and Pool and Cash’s Views of Dublin. Accompanying each of the views of the buildings given in the work there is a short letterpress description, and at the head of the page with each dedication is given the arms of the different personages and bodies to whom the plates are respectively inscribed. […]

Part Eleven: The Irish Builder 19.431 (1 December 1877): 346–348 It is a strange fact that in several of our public libraries of this city there exist no copies of many important architectural and other works originally published in this country. Some of the works we allude to have had second APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER 219 editions brought out in London, and in other instances the Irish editions appear to have been pirated by publishers and booksellers in the same city. The present writer has often watched and hunted up for years copies of works published in the last century on Irish subjects, and failed to find a copy to purchase, and in some instances even one for reference. What he sometimes failed to find in Dublin libraries he has found in London ones, and what he looked for in vain on Dublin bookstalls he several times picked up on street bookstalls in the sister capital. Dublin eighteenth- century editions of popular and once popular authors are yearly getting more scarce and difficult to procure, and many of the second-hand booksellers of London make not a little profit in executing commissions in respect to old Dublin editions bearing upon Irish history, antiquities, and architecture. Some Irish works and Dublin editions of English authors are eagerly hunted up, not for their literary value, but for their curiosity, so to speak, and because they are useful as references for persons engaged in literary pursuits. The Dublin editions of some works published by Faulkner and also by Grierson are not often readily procurable in good condition. A perfect set of Swift’s works by Faulkner, notwithstanding the many English editions, will find a ready sale in London. The work of which we gave a detailed notice in our last paper— Malton’sViews of Dublin—although it was printed in London, has always been very popular in this country. Indeed, from the nature of the subject, and from other reasons that need not be specified, Malton’sViews of Dublin will always be a popular work with Dublin citizens. In passing, we may observe that a good copy of Malton was disposed of at the recent sale of the library of Dr Thomas Willis in this city. The catalogue stated that the copy had “33 plates, with prospectus and list of plates, folio, Russia, gilt”. Perfect copies like this are not often to be met with at the second-hand booksellers, for, if some plates are not missing, one or other of the maps may. In 1793 an architectural work was published in this city, which deserves a notice on account of its author, who afterwards became a distinguished architect. The work in question was entitled “Useful and Ornamental Designs in Architecture: Composed in the Manner of the Antique and most Improved Taste of the Present Day; the Whole Being Peculiarly Adapted for Execution. By Richard Morrison, Architect”. This work was a folio, and was published by Crosthwaite. The volume was dedicated to the Archbishop of Cashel, and prefixed was an historical sketch of the rise and progress and extent of architecture, and estimates were given for executing the works of which plans and elevations were supplied. This work 220 APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER of Richard (afterwards Sir Richard) Morrison was first issued in parts, the first number or part containing 12 engravings. Considered with respect to the time, the work was creditably turned out. The author was a pupil of James Gandon, and he could not have had a better master. Sir Richard’s father also, John Morrison, was an architect and possessed mathematical and scientific ability of no small kind. Richard Morrison may be said to have descended from a race of architects and builders, for his father, grandfather, and great grandfather were all in the building line. The family of the Morrisons resided for several generations at Middleton, in the County Cork. Richard Morrison resided for some time at Clonmel before coming to Dublin, and it was while residing in the former place his afterwards gifted son, William Vitruvius Morrison, was born in April 1793. This son—alas!—died young in 1838, but not too young or before he proved the possession of abilities that would have done any architect credit. […] In 1793 was also published in Dublin, in two volumes, the first English translation of the Ogygia of Roderick O’Flaherty. The title page of this Dublin edition runs “Ogygia, or a Chronological Account of Irish Events, Collected from Very Ancient Documents, Faithfully Compared and Supported by the Genealogical and Chronological Aid of the Sacred and Profane Writings of the First Nations of the Globe”. Written originally in Latin by Roderick O’Flaherty, Esq. Translated by the Rev. James Hely, A.B. Dublin: Printed by W. M’Kenzie, No. 33 College-green. The ‘Translator’s Address’ and account of the work is “most humbly inscribed to the Irish Nation”, and is dated from Trinity College. Mr Hely tells his readers that he presents them with the translation of a work “which has within the course of those fifty or sixty years past been undertaken by several, but has never been completed till now”. […] During the course of his address the translator speaks favourably of the labours of Colonel Vallancey, and gives a rub to those critics of the day— “gentlemen who employ themselves in endeavouring to detect mistakes in Colonel Vallancey’s etymologies, and after so glorious an exploit, filling volumes with the superior savageness of our old inhabitants; an assertion, which if a fact, might surely be confined to a sheet of paper.” Hely had evidently the Rev. Edward Ledwich and his coadjutors in his mind’s eye, when he alluded to Vallancey’s detractors. We have not far to go afield to prove the truth of our belief. In the March number of the Anthologia Hibernica for 1793 there is a review or notice of Hely’s translation of APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER 221

O’Flaherty’s work, and it was not to be expected in a periodical of which Ledwich was the guiding spirit that O’Flaherty or his translator would get much praise. We are tempted to quote the whole of the Anthologia review:

“O’Flaherty has endeavoured to give a body and shape, in his Ogygia, to the fleeting and unsubstantial tales of bards and senachies. He endeavours to establish Irish history on Chronology, genealogies, and tradition.—These are excellent grounds could they be supported; but, unfortunately, they cannot. Stillingfleet, in the preface to his British churches, supplants the first, by observing, that the Irish accounts are undeserving [of] notice, as they have no characters of time determined by eclipses and astronomical observations. O’Conor, in his notes on Ogygia Vindicated, gives up the Irish genealogies as very inartificially [sic] formed, and not to be relied on. And, as to tradition, Sir Isaac Newton, in his chronology, declares it does not extend, for the purpose of history, above an hundred years. We cannot, therefore, but smile at an assertion of O’Flaherty’s, when he gravely tells us—the Scots landed in Ireland on Friday, the seventh of the moon (the dominical letter being E), the calends [sic] of May, and in the year 3698 of the Julian period.—In what he says on this subject, there is not a line that goes to authenticate any of these points. “What is equally powerful in subverting the mythologic history of Ireland, is the pretended MSS. from which it is deduced. If they were antient they would not now be intelligible: for Colonel Vallancey assures us, in his tract on the Punic language, that the Irish of but four hundred years ago totally differs, in sense and orthography, from the present. No man can explain the Brehon laws, though we know they were well understood in the reign of Charles I. if not later: so that the intrinsic merit of O’Flaherty’s work, as to information and certainty, is nothing; nor can it be of any use, unless to a retailer of fables. “In our opinion, Mr. Hely should have appreciated the value of his author before he engaged in the laborious talk of translating him. His time could surely have been more advantageously and profitably employed. Besides, it required the knowledge of a veteran antiquary to clear difficulties, and illustrate the text by judicious notes. The translation is literal, and executed with tolerable fidelity. There are some passages which, for want of skill in antiquities, he seems not to understand: we allude particularly to the thirtieth chapter of the third part, where he treats of the Irish alphabet.”

There is a great deal of assertion in the above criticism worthy of the author, who denied the existence of St Patrick and his labours in Ireland. O’Flaherty may not be correct in several of his dates, or in regard to the 222 APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER identity of some of the very early personages of whom he gives us some account in his history, but he was a diligent historian for all that, and he has given us in his Ogygia much the truth of which cannot be questioned. Hely’s translation is, of course, not the best that could be produced—not such a one as a good Celtic scholar gifted with other requisites would turn out—still it was a work called for at the time, and it paved the way for other works, besides satisfying the long yearning among Irish readers on both sides of the Atlantic. Hely’s translation of O’Flaherty’s work obtained a very fair share of patronage at the time of its publication, and appended to the first volume there is a good list of subscribers’ names. Among these patrons are several of the nobility and gentry, churchmen, members of Parliament, professional men, and noted public and literary men of the day. The volumes are 8vo, and, as specimens of Irish printing, paper, and binding, they will bear favourable comparison with other similar works of the period. Mr M’Kenzie, the bookseller and publisher, previous to opening in College-green, carried on business at 63 Dame-street. During the last 20 years of the eighteenth century, he appears to have done a fair share of business in his line, and we meet several works bearing his name, though none of them very large. During the era of the Irish Parliament one of the most noted publishers and booksellers in Dublin was Patrick Byrne, 108 Grafton-street. Byrne added to his other business that of lottery-office keeper—a business that several other booksellers in Dublin at the time carried on with profit. In 1784, and previously, Byrne lived in College-green; but it was not until the last decade of the eighteenth century that he became prominently noticeable. Most of the works issued by Byrne were of a political kind, and many of them pamphlets bearing upon parliamentary reform and Catholic emancipation, and other political and religious questions. Byrne was publisher of some of Wolfe Tone’s pamphlets, and others of the ‘United Irishmen’. “Byrne’s shop”, says Mr Gilbert in his History of Dublin, “in Grafton-street was the usual literary rendezvous of the United Irishmen; and the publisher himself, a member of that association, was the first Roman Catholic admitted to the guild of booksellers after the relaxation of the penal laws in 1793.” There were other Roman Catholics admitted to the guild of stationers and booksellers at the same date as Byrne, for we find in a public print of the time (2 July 1793): “This day being quarter day of the Corporation of Cutlers, Painters-Stainers, and Stationers, or Guild of St. Luke, the following gentlemen of the Roman Catholic APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER 223 persuasion were unanimously admitted to the freedom of the said corporation, in pursuance of the act of the present session: Thomas M’Donnell, stationer; Richard Cross, do.; Patrick Wogan, do.; Patrick Byrne, do.; Hugh Fitzpatrick, do.; Peter Hoey, do., &c.” The three other Catholics admitted to the guild were painters, namely, Luke Dempsy, John O’Neille, and Thomas Smith. The six first named were booksellers, publishers, or printers—in some cases all combined. The once remarkable letters of Joseph Pollock—“Letters to the Inhabitants of the Town and Lordship of Newry”—were published by Byrne in 1793. Pollock was nominated from the town of Newry to the convention at Dungannon; but, not subscribing to the sentiments of the majority on public measures, he states in his published letters his own opinions, and the reasons on which they are grounded. Some of his criti- cisms are severe, and his style vigorous. Pollock took an active part in the first Dungannon meeting of 1782, and also in the one early in 1793. At this last convention there were 15 resolutions passed, strongly expressive of the emancipation of the Roman Catholics, parliamentary reform, and the rejection of a national militia. Pollock’s pamphlet gives the private history of this convention from his own point of view. Pollock certainly went in for reform, but he feared to commit himself to the advanced views of the United Irishmen. Joseph Pollock was a barrister of some note in his day, and practised for several years in Dublin. He was called to the bar in 1778, and lived for some time at 68 Marlborough-street. Before the close of the last century he became a Commissioner of Bankrupts, and resided in North Earl-street. Among other works published by Byrne, about the same period as Pollock’s pamphlet, was “Mullala’s Political History of Ireland”, 8vo, and Bishop Troy’s “Pastoral Letter on the Duties of Christian Citizens”. This letter of Dr Troy gave rise at the time to considerable public discussion, and uneasiness on the part of members of the State Church, and counter pamphlets were the consequence, dealing with Bishop Troy’s views, political and religious. The era of the Irish Parliament was truly the era of religious and political pamphleteering, and Byrne and other Dublin booksellers and publishers of the time issued a legion of them. On 23 January 1793, Byrne’s house in Grafton-street suddenly fell, but the family were apprised in time to make their escape. By this accident Byrne sustained a considerable loss, as he had a large and valuable stock of books, which were buried in the ruin. A public print of the day, in alluding to the fall of Byrne’s house, thus brackets a chapter of accidents and coin- cidence occurring together: 224 APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER

The bridge lately erected between the New Custom House and Ballybough, by the Royal Canal Company [Newcomen Bridge] fell yesterday, killed two of the labourers in the canal and much wounded others. The circumstances in which Mr. Byrne at present stands render him worthy of peculiar com- miseration. In consequence of the fire at Richardson’s [Benjamin Richardson, a woollen draper, next door], he suffered very considerably—the fall of his house and the innumerable losses and inconveniences which such a calamity must necessarily induce, are owing entirely to the same melancholy event. It is not a little remarkable that the canal boat overset and Mr. Richardson’s house was burnt on one and the same day, and at the same hour the canal bridge and Mr. Byrne’s house fell.

The works issued by Byrne were generally creditably turned out, and he appears to have done a brisk trade. There is reason, however, for thinking that Byrne’s political proclivities, and his advanced opinions at the time coupled with his creed, injured him in a business way, and limited his publications to a certain order. As his shop was the resort of several of the United Irishmen and their sympathizers, of course the bookseller himself was suspected and his loyalty valued at little worth by the government agents at that stirring period of Irish history. Politics and passions aside, the name of Patrick Byrne will live in the literary annals of Dublin as a noted publisher and bookseller.

Part Twelve: The Irish Builder 19.432 (15 December 1877): 362–363 We would fain linger over Irish native literature and its associations, and Dublin printers, publishers, and booksellers, shortly previous to and during the era of the Irish Parliament, for there would be much that would be historically interesting to recount. Our task, however, is not to enter into exhaustive details, but to give, as we have already stated, a rapid review or sketch, stopping now and again to say a few words about particular books, their authors, publishers, or printers, whose lives and works suggest more than a mere passing allusion. Among the booksellers of Dame-street in the last century of more than ordinary note was John Archer, afterwards Alderman Archer. We find him living in 1786, and previously, at 18 Crampton-court, but in a few years afterwards his shop was at 80 Dame-street. Archer did a good trade here for some years, and had numerous patrons. Mr Gilbert, in his History of Dublin, alludes to Archer, “whose shop was the rendezvous of the literary men during the last ten years of the eighteenth century”. Several very creditable works were issued by Archer, and he appears to have issued a APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER 225 catalogue of books published in Ireland up to about 1770. Among the books published by Archer were The Poetical Works of William Preston, 2 vols. 8vo (1793). He also published a tragedy of Preston’s in the same year, entitled Democratic Rage, which had a long and popular run at the Crow-street Theatre. An edition of Preston’s poems had been issued about 13 years previous to that of Archer’s, by William Hallhead, a bookseller in Dame-street; but Archer’s edition comprised several additional and miscellaneous poems not previously printed, as also several dramatic pieces, with the tragedies of “Offa”, “Ethelbert”, “Messene-freed”, and “Rosamunda, or the Daughter’s Revenge”. The tragedy of Democratic Rage is founded upon the fate of Louis XVI and the then state of French society. Preston’s poetical works, as issued by Archer, were printed on good paper with good type, and the work was embellished with vignettes well engraved by Esdell. Prefixed to the first volume is a portrait of the author, engraved by Brocas, a Dublin artist of note, from a painting by Robertson. A local print of the time, in noticing this edition of Preston’s works, remarks of the author: “It was always our opinion that our ingenious author courted Thalia with more success than any of the Muses, and from a careful perusal of this collection our sentiments are not changed. In many of these poems there is an originality, and in all a lively fancy and correct taste.” There are some eulogistic verses in the August number of the Anthologia Hibernica of 1793, addressed ‘To William Preston, on his tragedy of Democratic Rage’. Preston was a member of the Royal Irish Academy, and was popular and lionized for some time on account of his poetical and dramatic works. In 1793, Reilly, of Aston’s-quay, published an edition of the Douay Bible, folio, in numbers. The work was intended to be completed in 50 parts, to come out weekly, at 1s. 1d. each. A number of plates, painted by Stothard, and engraved by Bartolozzi and Schiavonetti, were promised. Some numbers of the work were published, but we believe the work as a whole was never completed. Another attempt at publishing the Douay Bible in parts was made early in the present century by Christie, but the publication was suspended. Of other works issued by Christie, we will speak hereafter. In 1794, William Folds, of 38 Great Strand-street, published the second volume of Hitchcock’s An Historical View of the Irish Stage, the first volume having been printed in 1788 by R. Marchbank, 11 Dame-street. Marchbank figures at the above period as a printer, bookseller, and stationer in Dame-street, and some years afterwards we find 226 APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER him at 10 Temple-lane, off Dame-street, as a ‘printer and patent medicine- seller’. Hitchcock was for many years towards the end of the last century, and for some years in the present, connected with Crow-street Theatre, first as a prompter, and afterwards as deputy manager. He was originally a performer on the York stage, and afterwards as a prompter at the Haymarket Theatre, London. He was author of two or three plays. The volume issued by Marchbank was well printed, as also the second volume by Folds. Hitchcock inscribes his work to the Right Honourable the Earl of Grandison. There is appended to the first volume a list of subscribers, embracing many personages of note at the period. Both in 1788 and in 1794, when the second volume of his work was published, Robert Hitchcock was living at 4 Clarendon-street, Dublin. Hitchcock’s wife acted for some time on the boards of the Crow-street Theatre, during the time of her husband’s connection with that house. Marchbank appears to have done a considerable deal of profitable printing in his time, and had influential friends in corporate and public offices. He lived many years into the present century. William Folds, of Great Strand-street, perpetuated his business and name in the persons of his sons, John S. Folds, of Bachelor’s-walk, and George Folds, of St Andrew-street. William Folds, of Great Strand-street, for long years conducted a respectable and profitable printing business. The now very rare tract of Joseph Monck Mason’s “Essay on the Antiquity and Constitution of Irish Parliaments” was printed by William Folds in 1820. Folds was one of the old school of respectable Dublin printers, and in costume and habits kept up the customs of the eighteenth century. John S. Folds in 1832 removed from his former premises 56 Great Strand-street to 5 Bachelor’s-walk. He was the first printer of the Dublin Penny Journal, 29 issues of the periodical being printed in Strand-street, before his removal, and 24 on Bachelor’s-walk. The publication next passed into the hands of the late Philip Dixon Hardy, then of Cecilia-street, in whose hands it continued till it ceased in 1836, having completed four volumes. It will not be out of place to embody here what we have written a few years ago in connection with Bachelor’s-walk. No. 5 (now No. 6) was a rather historical printing office during the management of J.S. Folds, and was visited by many of our dead and still living literati, several of whose works were printed there. It was at one period one of the largest and most respectable printing offices in the city. An alarming fire broke out in Folds’s printing premises on New Year’s night, 1841, by which they were entirely reduced to ashes. Many rumours were circulated as to the origin APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER 227 of the fire, which was put down to the act of an incendiary. There were several Scotch and English compositors employed, brought across the channel to take the place of society hands who had struck work some few months previously, and the fire was attempted to be attributed to their instigation. It was said that a well-known ‘rough’ drayman of the name of H----y, belonging to the ‘Lotts’, was bribed to set Folds’s premises on fire; but we believe the true cause was owing to a stove whose fire was incau- tiously raked out on the boards of the flooring at leaving-off time. At the time the insurance had lapsed, through some dispute with the agents. Folds sought compensation for malicious burning from the city, and at a trial at Queen’s Bench the jury awarded him £2000 damages. A short time previous to the fire Folds had an offer of £8000 for the good-will of his business from a London firm, but he wanted £10,000. The sheets of the late Charles Lever’s ‘Charles O’Malley’ suffered to a large extent by the fire. In the novelist’s epistle to G.P.R. James, an English brother novelist, Lever, thus alludes to the incident:

With a scrap of note-paper just saved from the flames, I sit down to write to you, my dear James.

In 1845 J.S. Folds started in a newspaper speculation, and issued the Dublin Times. This newspaper venture was begun by Folds in conjunction with a few other persons; but after a short time Folds’s partners deserted him. The paper came out first with a great flourish of trumpets, and it was circulated for a while by a number of red-coated runners, dressed not unlike huntsmen, and with glazed hats. The following year the printer levanted to America, and was adjudged a bankrupt. After his disappear- ance several untrue charges as to money transactions were made against poor Folds, but we believe they were false, and were preferred to screen the doings of others. The concerns passed into the law courts, and, being put up for sale, were purchased as a speculation by our late Irish novelist, Joseph Sheridan Le Fanu, with money advanced by M---h, a solicitor. The successor to Folds was put into the concerns by the novelst; but Bull [sic] having died after a short interval, the solicitor took the concerns into his own hands, as his advances had remained unpaid. In passing we may remark that the Warder and Protestant Watchman were published in this office on Bachelor’s-walk for some time. The former paper, which still lives, was once a lively journal in the days when the witty Terry O’Driscoll’s letters appeared in its columns, whose letters were 228 APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER dated from Stonybatter. The ‘Stonybatter’ idea had a much older origin, for we were informed some years ago by the late Michael Staunton, then Collector-General, and the founder and proprietor for many years of the Morning and Weekly Register, that the term was first used in theRegister . The Dublin Penny Journal was the first earnest and partially successful attempt at founding in this country a cheap national literature. The publication of the Dublin Penny Journal evoked a considerable deal of native genius and talent in various directions. It created a number of young poets, novelists, antiquaries, and artists, and the journal was the pioneer of many subsequent and similar literary ventures in this city. Although the Dublin Penny Journal of Folds and Hardy (1832–1836), the Irish Penny Magazine of Coldwell (1833), and the Irish Penny Journal of Gunn and Cameron (1840–1841) were non-political, yet they were truly ‘racy of the soil’, and laid the foundation of the literature of the ‘Young Ireland’ school of literature and politics. Among the principal contributors to the pages of the Dublin Penny Journal were the late John O’Donovan; George Petrie; Cæsar Otway (under the nom de plume of ‘Terence O’Toole’); Hickey (i.e. ‘Martin Doyle’); James Clarence Mangan; Thomas Ettingsall, a fishing-tackle manufacturer and a good story teller; Robert Armstrong, originally a jour- neyman painter, and afterwards a parish schoolmaster at Raheny, who was a good artist and an antiquary; Samuel M’Skimmin, the historian of Carrickfergus; Edward Walsh, the poet and story writer, and a number of others. Some of the writers on the Dublin Penny Journal contributed to the pages of the Irish Penny Magazine, and afterwards to the Irish Penny Journal, the second enlivened by the pen and pencil of Samuel Lover, and the topographical sketches of the late John D’Alton. But we are travelling ahead of our subject. The volumes of the first Dublin Penny Journal are yearly getting very scarce. They are a real store- house of Irish legends and antiquities. The woodcut illustrations—several of which were by Benjamin Clayton, the son of Samuel Clayton, who engraved a number of the copperplates in the old Anthologia Hibernica of 1793–1794—were very creditably executed for the period. Many of these woodcut illustrations have from time to time for years been made to do service in a variety of ways in cheap story-books and illustrated almanacks. In fact, many of the illustrations of the Irish Penny Journal, Irish Penny Magazine, as well as the original Dublin Penny Journal of Folds have been utilized in various ways, and ‘used up’, and again copied and re-copied, and re-cut and re-cast. APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER 229

From 1794 we have run down the course of years in connection with one Irish firm, from the early days of the elder Folds to the end of the Dublin career of his son. These intervening years witnessed great changes in the Irish printing and publishing trade, some particulars of which we may hereafter relate. The present writer may be excused for pointing out that between the cheap early native literary enterprise of Folds nearly half a century ago and the Irish Builder there is a connecting link. The first and present printer and proprietor of this journal began his career in the office of John S. Folds on Bachelor’s-walk, and doubtless he can remember much of what the writer has stated, and can testify to its truth. It is a something [sic] for one to be able to point back to early days and early associations connected with a creditable literary venture; and at the end of nigh 50 years to be found assisting and endeavouring to develop another nigh 20 years in existence, and sus- taining it despite many obstacles, and making it yearly more creditable to the literature of the country, and the professional interests it represents. In 1793 appeared an architectural work, which, though not printed in this city, bears jointly the London and Dublin publisher’s or agent’s name—‘Hooper, London; Mercier, Dublin’. This volume deserves some notice, as it was the work of a young Irish author and architect—James Cavanah Murphy. The work is entitled “Principles of Gothic Architecture Illustrated from the Designs of the Church and Royal Monastery of Batalba, in Portugal; with an Historical and Descriptive Account of that Famous Structure; Translated from the Portuguese of Father Lewis de Sonsa, to Which Is Prefixed an Introductory Discourse on Gothic Architecture”. This work was folio, and was issued in parts. The work of Murphy owed its appearance to the patronage of the Right Honourable William Conyngham, to whom other native authors were also much indebted. When Mr Conyngham was in Portugal he visited the structure mentioned, and, on his return to Ireland, having a high opinion of Murphy’s talents, he advised and assisted him in making a journey to Portugal, for the special purpose of delineating and describing the building named. The work contains a general plan of the church and monastery, elevations and sections, and is dedicated to Mr Conyngham. There is a good likeness given of Murphy’s patron, engraved by Schiavonetti, from a painting of Stuart’s. In this architectural work Murphy propounds a curious theory in his introduction respecting the origin of the Gothic arch. […] 230 APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER

Part Thirteen: The Irish Builder 20.433 (1 January 1878): 5–6 The journalistic literature of the Irish capital in the 20 years preceding the Union and the 20 years subsequent to it exhibited many curious phases of party feeling and spirit. Satire and duelling kept pace with each other; and if men could not settle their political or other enmities in the parliamentary arena, or in the columns of a newspaper, they settled them in the field. Past party, political, and religious animosities are mere matters of history, which can be now touched upon without giving offence except to the most super-sensitive; therefore no apology is necessary in referring to them in illustration of part of our subject. The Irish Executive, as well as the English government, did not scruple to employ the aid of the press by subsidizing it, and corrupt men in scores were found only too ready to sell their talents, and write as they were inspired or bid. Conscience or principles were ignored, and corrupt journalists wrote according to their pay and not to their real beliefs. Before the Union in Ireland, and for several years afterwards, the few journals on the side of the people, as opposed to those supporting the government, were carried on under great difficulties. They had to depend upon a very limited circulation, and the advertising interest was small, giving little promise of the dimensions it assumed in our time. The government organs not only secured a subsidy, but also secured good paying advertisements; and their proprietors, so long as they secured these ends, had little need of being concerned as to the amount of contributions their respective journals obtained. The paper and advertisement duties had, of course, the effect of limiting the number of newspapers and other publications, and thereby increasing their price; and as the masses were neither educated nor well paid for their labour, newspapers were seldom to be found in humble family circles. Political literature and polemical controversy constituted nearly the general literature of the country, and scientific literature was only to be heard of in the transactions of a few exclusive institutions, or in big tomes or other works not within the means of the people in general. Those possessed of a smattering of elementary education, for the want of facilities for improvement and extending their knowledge, were placed on almost the same footing as the wholly illiterate, and the public amuse- ments of the one became the pastimes of the other. The national Parliament was only national in one sense while it existed. It might have been split into two or more parties, but all the members were the representatives or supporters of the State Church. The journalism of the country, like the parliamentary power, with an odd exception APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER 231 perhaps, was in the hands of the same class, though kindly and liberal Protestants pleaded the cause of their Catholic countrymen. To espouse and defend the cause of the people as against the ruling authority was to become marked, to be stigmatized as an incendiary, a rebel, and, worse, and to have all sorts of obstacles thrown in your way. The laws were intensely severe, and the popular publicist or writer who spoke his mind freely was certain to have not only one, but half-a- dozen partisans hounding him down or pointing him out as a victim for a common persecution. The writers in subsidized organs often libelled their adversaries right and left, and were permitted to do so with impunity, and it was useless for the aggrieved to prosecute, for the juries would not convict. The Dublin Journal, of which we have already given a notice in connection with its founder, Faulkener, affords an instance in its later days of how journalism was prostituted to subserve [sic] corrupt purposes. In 1790 the Dublin Journal became a violent government partisan paper, under the editorship of the notorious John Giffard. Of this man, Mr Gilbert writes in hisHistory of Dublin:

Its editor, John Giffard, educated in the Blue Coat Hospital, commenced life as an apothecary, distinguished himself as a member of the Volunteer Association, and a strong opponent of the English Government. He subsequently changed his politics completely; was appointed Director of the City Watch, and, having acquired notoriety from defending his house against the assaults of a number of riotous collegians, he became a subordinate agent of the Government, and manager of their newspaper, the Dublin Journal, and from his conduct acquired the name of the ‘Dog in Office.’ In 1790 he publicly insulted Curran, who wrote in the following terms to Major Hobart, the Secretary, demanding the dismissal of Giffard from his post in the Revenue: ‘A man of the name of Giffard, a conductor of your press, a writer for your Government, your notorious agent in the city, your note- taker in the House of Commons, in consequence of some observations that fell from me in that House, in your prodigality in rewarding such a man with the public money for such services, had the audacity to come within a few paces of me, in the most frequented part of the city, and shake his stick at me in a manner which, notwithstanding his silence, was not to be misunder- stood.’ This affair resulted in a duel between Curran and Major Hobart. Giffard, however, continued to enjoy the patronage of the Government, through the influence of which he was appointed Sheriff in 1794, when it became their object to convict Hamilton Rowan. The violence, virulence, vulgarity, and mendacity of the Dublin Journal from the time it came into Giffard’s hands, were, we are told, of so extreme a character, that in the 232 APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER

present day its advocacy would be held detrimental and disgraceful to any party. A perpetual war raged between the Dublin Journal and the Press, the organ of the United Irishmen, in the columns of which the former always figured as theDog’s Journal, while the name of ‘Il Grotto del Cane’ was applied to the office in Parliament-street, where it was published.

Ryan, the printer of the Dublin Journal, fell in the attempt to arrest Lord Edward Fitzgerald, and Giffard’s son met his death in an engage- ment with the peasantry in the Rebellion of 1798; “and these two matters”, observes Mr Gilbert, “were not calculated to mollify the editor of the journal, who persevered in his valiant career”. Giffard’s detestation of the Pope and his admiration of King William were manifested in an exces- sive and most ridiculous manner, some of his own party acknowledging that he seemed delirious on these questions. In the Dublin election of 1803, Giffard came forward publicly to object to Grattan’s vote, and the conduct of the partisan scribe drew from the orator the following fierce invective: “Mr. Sheriff, when I observe the quarter from whence the objection comes, I am not surprised at it being made. It proceeds from the hired traducer of his country, the excommunicated of his fellow-citizens, the regal rebel, the unpunished ruffian, the bigoted agitator! In the city a firebrand, in the court a liar, in the streets a bully, in the field a coward! And so obnoxious is he to the very party he wishes to espouse that he is only supportable by doing those dirty acts the less vile refuse to execute.” No wonder that Giffard was thunderstruck, and lost his usual assurance under Grattan’s sledge-hammer blows, for we are told the only reply he was able to make was the following unmeaning exclamation, “I would spit upon him in a desert.” The services of Giffard as editor of the Dublin Journal became of less importance to the government after the unsuccessful attempt of Robert Emmet in the Insurrection of 1803. “One of Giffard’s last acts in his editorial capacity”, writes Mr Gilbert, “was the suspension of a huge placard from an upper window of the house in Parliament-street, contradicting in unmeasured terms, a report circulated through the city, that Dr. Patrick Duigenan, a notoriously violent cham- pion of the Protestant ascendancy, became a convert to the doctrines of the Catholic Church”. In his early years Giffard is said to have enjoyed the reputation of being ‘a gentleman well stocked with poetic literature to the happy application of which he owed much of his reputation as a public speaker’. Apart from his violent and bigoted opinions, it is written of him that he never allowed the bitterness of party feelings to impede the dictates of benevolence, and APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER 233 that in private life he was always found to be a steadfast and generous friend. The worst of men, public and private, have some redeeming points, but, publicly viewed, Giffard’s conduct and journalistic advocacy merits the strongest reprobation, and the character given of him by Curran and Grattan was fully deserved, and the language not a bit too strong. The journalism of party is one thing, but the literature of mendacity is another. Prejudices in connection with politics and political parties will more or less exist, but it is to be hoped that journalistic advocacy of the Giffard stamp will never again be found pressed into the service of a government or against a government. Talented and unscrupulous partisans there are still in the ranks of journalism, but newspapers in these days are generally conducted in a respectable way; and no matter how strong may be their articles, certain recognized limits are seldom exceeded where conductors desire to be considered as gentlemen. The most powerful journal cannot, if it willed, insult the public in these days with impunity, and though it may always justly claim and exercise its right to speak, it must nevertheless hold itself amenable to the public will. Walter Thom succeeded Giffard as proprietor of the Dublin Journal, but Thom’s connection with the paper ceased shortly before his death in 1824. In the following year the last issue of the Dublin Journal appeared, having existed for a century since it was first published in Skinner’s-row in 1724 by George Faulkener, in connection with his partner, James Hoey. In the pages of Cox’sIrish Magazine, throughout several volumes, Giffard’s name will be found bracketed in many ways, and the ‘Dog’ in office pilloried. The celebrated ‘Watty’ himself affords an illustration of the violence that characterized party warfare on the people’s side, although there were certainly strong excuses to be urged in his favour at one time. Cox satirized and lampooned right and left betimes, but his attacks were particularly levelled against the ultra-loyalists, public personages, and government agents and officials, who made themselves conspicuous during the Rebellion, and again in accomplishing the Union. In an article in the Irish Magazine for August 1810, under the heading of the ‘Duke of Richmond’ Cox writes inter alia:

Leaving the obnoxious police, its ignorant lawyers, its privileged barbers, tinkers, and bankrupt deputies, in the exercise of their high powers, we will quote another example of his Grace’s respect for the people of this country. The well-known Giffard, whose vulgar and rancorous character has been rendered so obnoxious to the Catholic body, that our surprise at the avowed patronage he receives is only equal to our astonishment at the temerity of 234 APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER

any administration, at this perilous period, that would presume to affect an attachment to Catholic rights, and at the same moment be so profuse in rewarding their calumniators. Giffard has got a sinecure of £1400 a year, and his son a judge’s place in the Island of Ceylon.

Until the abolition of the stamp upon newspapers a criterion was afforded for estimating the circulation of newspapers, whether in the interest of the government or of the people. The number of stamps issued was not always an infallible guide, particularly in more recent years preceding their disuse, as cunning practitioners adopted tricks for misleading the public on particular occasions, when they wished to make it appear that the circulation of their newspapers was much larger than it really was. In our own times we have known certain political adventurers in the newspaper line getting a very large stock of stamped sheets, a tithe of which number was only printed off for one issue, the rest being held over for future working off. The large issue of stamps was quoted as a proof that the number of sheets they represented were printed off, and the public were thereby led to believe that the paper or papers in question had a large circulation, and a consequent great influence. We have known several instances, also, where double and treble the number of stamped copies were printed than were circulated. Long before the stamp on newspapers was abolished, the Stamp Office allowed for the stamps upon those sheets that never passed into circulation through the post, for otherwise the money expended would be a dead loss to the honest newspaper proprietor. Looking back at the era of the Dublin Journal and its government contemporaries in the early years of the present century, one is surprised at their very limited circulation, and it is impossible to conceive that such public prints had much influence on the public mind, or were of much use to advertisers. A well-known writer in 1811 publicly made known through a popular magazine that boasted of a circulation at each monthly publication that the Dublin Journal published only 150 copies every day of its publication. Without the subsidy of the Treasury, of course, such a circulation would go but a very short way in paying for the printing, not to speak of the other incidental expenses of the newspaper. The Hibernian Journal, a daily paper in the service of the Irish Executive, was said to have not printed more than 150 each issue, and at an expense of not less than £2000 a year. These two journals were distributed in a forced way, and were seldom to be found anywhere save in the public offices. The news- men were said to have refused vending the Dublin Journal at the period APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER 235 of which we are writing, and the other organ was but little patronized by the servants of the government, though they condescended to read it when it was provided for them at the public expense. The Patriot, a newspaper established ‘under the auspices of the Wellesleys’, published about 450 copies daily. “Several eminent men”, observes a writer in the Irish Magazine, “of all the learned professions have tried their strength upon the poorPatriot, and in vain, for it never appeared in any estimation, either for ingenuity or originality, but by the dull stupidity with which loyalty, without principle, always accoutres itself.” Of course, the Irish Magazine is not a truly impartial authority; but newspapers of past times cannot be judged entirely by their own statements, and one must be quoted against the other, by way of illustration or confirmation of other historical statements apart. In allusion to the above-mentioned newspaper, the magazine writer already quoted observes: “These are the kind of publications to which Mr. Foster paid £40,000 last year (1810) for distributing proclamations. Mr. Foster, with as much sense, might as well paste his proclamations in his wig box as conceal them in newspapers that are unknown, except in the list of public burdens, and, yet Mr. Foster had the effrontery to charge the country £40,000 for such services, and refuse Maynooth College £10,000 towards the education of the Irish priesthood.” It must have been most galling for the government organs of the day to be twitted by Cox and his coadjutors on their lax principles, their subsidies, and the amount of their circulation. The Irish Magazine used satire and ridicule in prose and verse, sometimes keen and at other times rather rough; but its adversaries too often, instead of replying with the same weapons, kept hounding the authorities upon their opponent, and pointing him out for constant prosecution and persecution. Here are some of the remarks of the Patriot in answer to Irish Magazine exposure of the surroundings of the government papers, the Patriot inclusive: “He (Cox) states that he circulated monthly four thousand of his infamous magazine, and has been obliged to reprint most of his numbers. It is truly a subject not only of wonder and surprise, but of the most melancholy and alarming consideration, that there should be so large a class of people in this country who encourage so glaring and dangerous a publication.” In following the career of the Dublin Journal, we have been led to touch incidentally upon other newspapers of a kindred kind established in later times. We have also introduced the name of the once celebrated 236 APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER

‘Watty’ or Walter Cox, and his remarkable Irish Magazine in connection with other matters in illustration of our subject, but rather in advance of our purposed course. Cox himself and his literary enterprise, together with the principal political and literary characters he had a tilt with, and whose actions formed a good deal of the material he used up in his magazine, would make a little volume in itself. We may or may not hereafter treat more fully, if not exhaustively, of some phases in the life of Walter Cox, and the class of literature of which his Irish Magazine was a characteristic and thorough exponent.

Part Fourteen: The Irish Builder 20.434 (15 January 1878): 21–22 During the last 20 years of the eighteenth century, several arts and trades more or less kindred to and dependent upon printing and publishing showed an increased activity. Several engravers, copperplate printers, seal cutters, die sinkers, letter founders, &c., and last, though not the least important, paper makers carried on their respective arts, and some of them with considerable success. Mere stationers were many, and, of course, these and the map and print sellers who did a good business were large importers of the wares they sold. Native paper manufacturers, however, received for a time a steady encouragement throughout the era of the Irish Parliament, and Cook-street locality appears to have been the headquarters of this trade. Printing-ink would appear to have been mostly an imported article, for we find only one printing-ink manufacturer’s name in the Dublin Directory in the period alluded to, Edward Stacey, 31 Mecklenburgh-street. In 1786 the following paper makers had ware- houses in the city: Michael M’Donnell, 19 Cook-street; John M’Donnell, 31 Cook-street; and Robert Keeling, 2 Anglesea-street. In 1796 the papermakers were Daniel Sullivan, 3 Cook-street; Jeremiah Sullivan, 14 Lower Ormond-quay; Hurst and Green, 31 Cook-street; Thomas Freeman, 25 Cook-street; Andrew Fawcett, 32 Abbey-street; Mathew M’Donnell, 40 Cook-street; Michael M’Donnell, 19 Cook-street; Darby M’Donnell, 20 Cook-street; Jackson and Co., 31 Essex-street; John Dowling, 4 Essex-street. There were in the above-mentioned two periods several parchment makers on the south side of the Liffey. The following names and trades kindred to our subject may be given as evidences of what we have advanced, but they are nowise exhaustive of the branches touched. In the 20 years preceding the Union the following representatives were to be found: William Mossop, letter founder and die sinker, 13 Essex-quay; Stephen Parker, letter founder, 97 Grafton-street; Mathew APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER 237

Parker, die sinker and letter founder, 14 Bachelor’s-walk; Robert Jackson, letter founder, 20 Meath-street, also a noted printer and bookseller already mentioned; Patrick Fitzpatrick, engraver, 12 Fownes-street; John Duff, engraver, 17 Exchange-street; John Debenham, engraver, 15 Anglesea-street; Samuel Close, engraver, 134 Capel-street; William Esdell, engraver, 3 Gordon’s-lane (Charlotte-street); Rencher and Waller, engravers, 12 Dame-court; Richard Jackson, engraver and copperplate printer, North-strand; Robert Hudson, copperplate printer, 39 Fishamble- street; John Huddleston, die sinker, seal cutter, and engraver, 36 Clarendon-street; Charles Henecy, engraver and copperplate printer, 25 Abbey-street; Alexander Ferguson, engraver, 3 Essex-quay; Francis Dawson, engraver and seal cutter, 16 Essex-quay; Brigly and Brooks, copperplate printers, 52 South Great George’s-street; Henry Brocas, engraver, 9 Gordon’s-lane, an artist of high repute in his line, and others. To the above may be added the name of Samuel Clayton; though a very young man at the period, yet he was an excellent engraver. As a medallist, William Mossop, sen., excelled them all, and in subsequent years his son was worthy of his sire in the same art. Henecy, Brocas, and Clayton were excellent engravers, and good specimens of their art will be found in a number of plates of the Anthologia Hibernica, and other periodicals and books before and after the Union. Several of the engravings in the magazine just named were from drawings made by W. Beauford, an antiquarian contributor. Independent of painters—portrait, landscape, miniature, &c.—during the period alluded to, there were several artists who used their pencils if not their brushes with effect in illustration of the antiquities of Ireland; some of them were foreigners in name and extraction, but they adopted this country as their home, and were looked upon as racy of the soil. Among these were Gabriel Beranger and John James Barralet, and other artists already incidentally mentioned in the course of our papers. In 1786 Gabriel Beranger resided at 67 South Great George’s-street, and Barralet at 22 South Cumberland-street. A number of practitioners who went under the appellation of ‘drawing masters’ performed some creditable artistic work for publications in Dublin, some of these men being the principals of schools and academies in the city and throughout the provinces. It will not be amiss, perhaps, to include here a short list of the most distinguished of the artists proper, landscape painters, portrait painters, &c., who practised with success in Dublin previous to, and some years subsequent to, the Union. Amongst them were Barry, Shee, Peters, 238 APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER

Barrett, Mulready, and Thompson. These artists passed over to London, and incorporated themselves with their brethren in the Royal Academy. Other native artists continued to reside at home for several years afterwards, many of them of equal talents to the former. Among these were Ashford, Hamilton, Roberts, and Comerford. The Act of Union was, however, a sore blow to native artists of all kinds, for by the passing over to London of the greater part of the nobility and landed gentry patronage and practice rapidly declined in the capital of Ireland. In 1788 it was computed there were 14,327 dwelling-houses in Dublin and 110,000 inhabitants; 220 peers and 300 commoners had separate residences. Dublin was indeed a fashionable and gay city at the period, and several branches of trade flourished, particularly the building ones. We have it on good authority that there were 5000 house carpenters fully employed during the era of the Irish Parliament, and 15,000 silk weavers. In 1810 the journeymen carpenters dwindled down to 220. A large number, we may suppose, had emigrated to America, or migrated to the sister kingdoms. Between 1782 and 1800 the population of the country increased from 3,000,000 to 5,000,000. These items are not printing and publishing ones; but it may be seen from the statement what a disastrous effect the loss of a resident nobility and gentry had upon the printing and publishing trade and kindred branches, as well as other trades, in Ireland, and particularly in Dublin. The following names which are to be found in our directories, 1786–1796, are worthy of note in connection with their art: John Angel, professor of stenography, 7 Fownes-street; and R. Kempston, corrector of the press, Prince of Wales’s-court, Skinner’s-row. Of course there must have been several correctors of the press and note-takers in the Irish Parliament and attending public meetings for press purposes, but these callings at the period of which we are writing were not organized into regular professions. Many newspaper editors in Dublin took notes for their own papers, and some barristers attended to the legal reporting. Stenography, or shorthand, as it is known in our day, was little known and practised, and a distinct brotherhood of reporters, or rather shorthand writers, as understood in our time, did not exist. John Angel’s name, we believe, stands alone in the directories of the periods mentioned as a ‘professor of stenography’, and also that of J. Kempston as a professed ‘corrector of the press’. For several years back in the sister capital both shorthand writers and correctors of the press are represented by distinct associations. […] APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER 239

Part Fifteen: The Irish Builder 20.435 (1 February 1878): 34–36 […] It cannot be amiss to inform the reader and all interested in the subject of these notes that the 14 parts or papers that have already appeared, extending over a period of seven months, were written currente calamo some hundreds of miles distant from the capital, without the aid of a public library or any ready reference; and the writer had often to trust his own memory and recollection of former readings, and rely to a large extent upon his own acquired knowledge of the history and literature of his country in drawing his conclusions. If he would offer any excuse at all for his shortcomings, or if he should have made any serious mistakes (which he doubts), an apology perhaps will be found in what he has just stated; and also that it is a fact that, circumstanced as he was, most of his papers, owing to the exigencies of publication and time, were published to the world without the author having had an opportunity of seeing a proof or a revise. Having said this much about ourselves personally, we will proceed as rapidly as our subject admits towards our conclusion, touching but lightly men and matters for the remainder of our way. Among the most extensive booksellers and publishers during the earlier years of the present century in Dublin were the firm of Messrs Gilbert and Hodges, in Dame-street. This firm in after years was represented in the persons of Messrs Hodges and Smith, of Grafton-street, and it still sur- vives as a publishing and bookselling house of respectability under the name of Hodges, Foster, and Figgis. During the era of the Irish Parliament, William Gilbert, the founder of the house, was established in the bookselling business at 26 South Great George’s-street, and his specialty for some years was medical works. The firm of Hodges and Smith for several years did a large and lucrative business, and, besides being publishers of books printed at the University Press, they issued numerous general and educational works, and many in relation to Ireland in various fields. Many political pamphlets were issued from time to time from the house of Hodges and Smith, in Grafton-street, and some written by lawyers, judges, and churchmen, who would not now like to acknowledge their authorship. This publishing house always turned out its works in a creditable manner, and in all branches—paper, printing, binding, &c.—its publications were equal to any produced in the sister capital. Towards the close of the last century Daniel Graisberry was established as a printer at 10 Back-lane. Subsequently the trade was carried on in 240 APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER partnership under the name of Graisberry and Campbell, and continued several years into the present century. This house appears to have done a good printing business for several years. Some of the works and statistical surveys issued under the auspices of the Royal Dublin Society were printed by this firm; and we have come across pamphlets on public questions in the issue of which the firm were, of course, printers and publishers. John Chambers, 5 Upper Abbey-street, was a noted Dublin printer, and the house had its rise in the last century. There is a Dublin edition of Cervantes’ Don Quixote in four volumes, with plates, issued by Chambers in 1796. In the second decade of the present century the firm was known as Chambers, Halligan, and Chambers, printers, at 4 in the same street. The house was still represented in name for a few years after 1840 in Abbey-street, and principally known as John Chambers, account-book manufacturer, printer, and stationer. Later again the name continued as a representative of the above branches at establishments at the corner of Capel-street, Essex Bridge, and in Dame-street, at which latter place the trade continues. The celebrated, or should we write the notorious, Luke White, a wealthy bookseller, was established in business at 86 Dame-street, in 1786. Some years afterwards, before the close of the century, he is found at 42 Dawson-street as a wholesale bookseller. Luke White was certainly a public character in his day, and from a very humble origin amassed a large fortune. He was nicknamed the ‘Flying Stationer’, a name that stuck to him through life, for nicknames in Ireland are ‘racy of the soil’. If Luke hawked books and prints in his early days, as stated, he lived to partly rule the bookselling trade afterwards. Like other booksellers of note, he dab- bled in the lottery speculations of his time. In a volume sold recently at the auction of Dr Thomas Willis’s library was Luke White’s catalogue of books for 1777, and advertisements for ‘Irish State Lotteries, 1785’, and bound with it Isaac Corry’s (Chancellor of Exchequer for Ireland) Speech on Luke White’s Petition to Parliament, respecting the Irish Loan of 1800. The above was printed by John Rea, Exchequer-street, Dublin, 1800, 8vo., 78 pages. The following is a short extract from Corry’s speech on White’s petition: “From his own letter (White’s), written prior to the meeting of Parliament, he was at that period what he was from the outset of his contract, as I have more than once had occasion to observe, a surprised, disabled, and bankrupt contractor. I apply the term to his character of contractor, and I say a bankrupt contractor.” In Dr Willis’s volume there was inserted a biographical sketch of White, but we cannot enter APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER 241 into details. Woodlands, known in the last century as Luttrelstown, was purchased by Luke White, as his residential seat. It was a truly magnificent demesne, and White, about the commencement of the century and for some years afterwards, carried out considerable improvements there. He added to the plantations, and a fine lake near the Castle was laid dry in 1800, and upwards of 60,000 loads of material or manure raised from its bottom, which, when mixed with a portion of lime, was spread over the lands. A portion of the Castle at Woodlands, though the chief part of it was erected in the last 20 years of the eighteenth century, is nearly 600 years old. One of the chambers in the Castle is called ‘King John’s Chamber’, and it is supposed the king slept in it when he was in Ireland in 1210. Woodlands, when Luttrelstown, was the seat of the Earl of Carhampton. At the commencement of the present century there was a gigantic elm tree, the glory of old Luttrelstown, which was broken off within 10 ft. of the ground in the great storm of 1802. Luke White felt much grieved at the loss, and concerning the affair, a writer of the time observed: “Much to the honour of Mr. White, he intends to preserve this precious stump, which it is probable will shoot out again, and continue for many years to add to the beauties of its native spot.” The Rev. Gilbert Austin, a noted preacher in Dublin, took the dimensions of this famous elm, and Hely Dutton, the author of Observations on Mr. Archer’s Statistical Surveys of Dublin, 1802, gives these dimensions as follows: 4 ft. from the ground, 14 ft. 9 in. circumference; 15 ft., ditto, 4 ft. 9 in. ditto; 79 ft. ditto, 1 ft. ditto. This was truly a noble elm, and we are not surprised to hear that other folks as well as the famous old bookseller took an interest in the preservation of the ‘precious stump’. The life of Walter Cox, and particulars of his noted Irish Magazine and Monthly Asylum of Neglected Biography, may be found in other pages. We have already incidentally touched upon Watty, and the pungent political and literary periodical through which he sinned and suffered much from its establishment in 1807 till its suspension about 1815. He published with a vigour and a vengeance at 150 Upper Abbey-street his brimstone and lunar caustic lucubrations and effusions, libelled and libelling in return, gibbeting ultra-loyalists, government hacks, and backsliders in his own ranks, and standing now and again in the pillory, and spending months in prison for not having the fear of God and the law before his mind. Cox was in sooth a strange character, a man and a journalist, who, though he cannot be pronounced a good subject, performed some useful service in his perilous time for the rights of the downtrodden poor and the 242 APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER many. Cox was originally by trade a gunsmith, and was to some extent in the confidence of the chiefs of the ‘United Irishmen’, and is said to have furnished military data to Lord Edward Fitzgerald. His Irish Magazine had a wonderful success for several years, and, judging the literary enterprise by the light of the period, and the difficulties and surroundings of its productions, it must be allowed that in mechanical get-up and in pictorial illustration, the periodical on the whole was not behind the age. Cox himself was a somewhat vigorous writer, judging him by those letters to which his name is appended. The Irish Magazine was an octavo periodical, each page being printed in double columns. Besides biography, essays, and general political and literary matter, it devoted space in each issue to original poetry, mathematical problems, occasional correspondence, &c. Satire, however, was its principal weapon, and all sorts of expedients and forms of writing in prose and verse were adopted to effect the objects of its conductor. A complete set of Cox’sIrish Magazine is not often in the market for purchase. Though much of the contents of the magazine for present-day purposes are useless, still the Irish Magazine, as a whole, will be found very useful to the local or even the national historian. John Cumming is a name well remembered by many of our old citizens as an enterprising and prosperous bookseller for several years on Lower Ormond-quay. He came to Dublin early in the present century, and started at 16 (afterwards known as 17) on the same quay. In the adjoining house was Patrick Wogan, alluded to in former papers, who was previously established at 23 ‘Old Bridge’. A partnership was entered into between the two booksellers, and the business was carried on for some time under the name of ‘Wogan and Cumming’. About this period John and his brother James took up the business of the ‘Hibernia Press Company’ in Temple-lane, Dame-street, and continued the printing branch of the business as the ‘Hibernia Press’. The partnership was dissolved about 1824, and the printing materials were taken over by Mr Michael Henry Gill to the ‘University Press’ office. The veteran Mr Gill, senior, is still alive in our midst, and may possibly live to be a centenarian, having already got half- way between his 80th and 90th years. John Cumming had a bright and prosperous career before him at one time, as he did a large trade. He was, however, a publisher as well as a bookseller, and issued several educational works, editions of school books and the classics, besides occasional other works of various kinds. A pocket edition of Moore’s melodies, published by Cumming, had a large sale. John Cumming married a daughter of Lewis, the book auctioneer, of Dame-street. During his hey-day of APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER 243 prosperity this bookseller lived in high style, drove his carriage, and kept his country house. The once busy and influential house collapsed in the ‘Famine Period’, and shortly before this the firm was known as ‘Cumming and Ferguson’, but after the break-up the latter emigrated to America. John Cumming’s annual trade sales were characterized by considerable spirit and liberality, and were looked forward to with interest by the bookselling trade. In the commencement of our papers we gave ‘The Booksellers’ Charter Song’, a poem composed specially to celebrate one of these re-unions in 1840, the song in question being the composition of another Dublin bookseller of the name of Fagan, who was established for several years in business at the corner of Liffey-street, Ormond-quay. Peter Hoey, who carried on a lucrative bookselling business for several years on Upper Ormond-quay, corner of Charles-street, was originally established in the same business at 1 Skinner’s-row (now Christ Church- place). Towards the beginning of the last decade of the eighteenth century, or about 1788, he removed to the north side of the Liffey. The shop on Ormond-quay was known by the sign of the ‘Flying Mercury’, and the sign-board, though much weather-beaten, with name and representation almost undecipherable, remained on the front of the house up till a quarter of a century ago. It is at present stowed away in one of the upper rooms. Hoey published occasionally some books and pamphlets, but his trade was mostly confined to selling books, of which he imported a large number from the sister kingdom. Since Peter Hoey’s time, early in the present century, the shop on Ormond-quay passed through three or more hands in the same line of business. After Hoey’s death his widow, Margaret Hoey, continued the business for some time as bookseller and stationer. The old ship, through a change in numbers, became known as 38 instead of 33. Sometime after 1820 Hoey’s widow was succeeded in business by Robert Dalton, and after his death by his widow, Margaret Dalton, who carried on the same business till about 1851. Mrs Dalton was succeeded by Mr King, of the Stamp Office, who died in 1874, and since then the old business is carried on by his sons. The business of which Peter Hoey was the founder has now existed for nigh a century. William Corbet, bookseller and printer, at 57 Great Britain-street before the commencement of the present century, was the founder of a printing house of reputation, which continued down till our own time. As already stated in some of our former papers, after the death of Peter Wilson in 1802, the Dublin Directory, which bore his name for long years, came into the possession of William Corbet, who purchased the copyright of the 244 APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER work from Wilson’s daughters and grandsons, to whom it was bequeathed by the elder Wilson. In the second decade of this century Corbet carried on his business for some time at 30 Little Strand-street; but before 1830, and down to a more recent date, the printing business founded by Corbet was carried on at 3 Upper Ormond-quay. Later again, we believe, the firm was known as Corbet and Co., on the same quay. In the early years of the present century, J. Christie started in business as a printer in Ross-lane, off Bride-street. He was the publisher of the first and only volume issued, of Halliday’s translation of Keating’s History of Ireland, 1811. The work was never concluded, owing to the premature death of the young and gifted translator, who, had he lived, would doubtless have won a high place in the list of Irish scholars, and writers on Irish historical subjects. William Halliday, jun., died in 1812, at the age of 24, and among the monumental inscriptions in Taney churchyard, Co. Dublin, will be found one inscribed to his memory. Christie issued several works and new editions of standard works in his time. […]

Part Sixteen: The Irish Builder 20.436 (15 February 1878): 50–52 […] The name of Philip Dixon Hardy was associated with the printing, publishing, and bookselling trade of Dublin for many years in the present century. Hardy commenced the printing business between the years 1820 and 1830. He must be written of in the character of author, printer, publisher, and bookseller, in each and all of which he figured. About the beginning of 1830 he printed some literary ventures in the periodical line. After the publication of the first and a few numbers of the second volume of the original Dublin Penny Journal by John S. Folds, of Bachelor’s-walk, the periodical passed into the hands of Hardy, then of Cecilia-street, and was conducted by him till its cessation in the year 1836, ending with the completion of the fourth volume. The printing and publishing business of Hardy was carried on for several years in Cecilia-street. He subsequently removed to larger premises in Sackville-street, between the Gresham Hotel and Gregg’s-lane, where he carried on the bookselling and publishing trade under the title of ‘Philip Dixon Hardy and Son’. He retired from the trade some 17 or 18 years since. Hardy was the author of some works and tracts of a religious bearing, apart from his contributions to the magazines or other publications he conducted or printed. Hardy was a man of active business habits, small in stature, and sometimes extreme in his APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER 245 religious views, and took more than ordinary interest in certain religious societies and kindred organizations connected with the Protestant communion. He is, no doubt, well remembered by many of our still living citizens. He died at the advanced age of 81, at his residence, 2 Frankfort-place, Upper Rathmines, on New Year’s Day, 1875. He was probably at the time of his death the oldest, or nearly the oldest, representative of the printing and publishing trade in Dublin. Thomas Webb, who died on the 5 October 1873, was a very old representative of the bookselling trade. He commenced business in the year 1816, and for 57 years carried on his business in the same street. He saw the uprise and witnessed the extinction of not a few flourishing printing, publishing, and bookselling houses. Webb was one of the first, if not the very first, to introduce the circulating library system into Ireland, and was instru- mental in largely developing it. He also introduced the foreign element into it, and brought together an extensive French library, and by no means an indifferent German one. Other Dublin booksellers before him in the last century and present imported foreign works, but not for circulating library purposes, as far as we are aware. In connection with the trade of Webb, the sale of books for juvenile readers was a specialty. The veteran bookseller died at his residence, 47 Lower Sackville-street, on 7 October 1873. […] Nearly opposite to Webb’s bookshop, at 11 Lower Sackville-street (corner of Lower Abbey-street), G. Tyrrell, bookseller, carried on business for several years before the middle of the present century. He appears to have done a fair trade for some years, and was the publisher of occasional works. ‘Dublin Delineated’ was issued by him in 1837. It was a kind of itinerary pointing out the leading streets and the principal objects of attraction—public buildings, statues, &c.—in Dublin. It contained 26 well-engraved views, accompanied by brief descriptions. Several of these views were from drawings by the late George Petrie, the Irish author and distinguished antiquary. The late John Cameron, of the firm of Gunn and Cameron, although a newspaper proprietor, is entitled to notice otherwise for his connection with Irish literature. The clear-headed, deep-sighted, and persevering Scotchman, whose name was associated with the establishment of the General Advertiser, now nigh 40 years ago, was also, in connection with his partner, the printer and publisher of that creditable literary effort, the Irish Penny Journal of 1840–1841, edited by Petrie, and contributed to by O’Donovan, Carleton, Mrs Hall, Martin Doyle (i.e. Rev. W. Hickey), 246 APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER

Clarence Mangan, John Keegan, Lover, Richards, Edward Walsh, Thomas Ettingsall, Rev. James Wills (the J.U.U. of the Dublin Penny Journal), and others. Only one year’s volume was issued. The journal had a better circulation in some towns in England than in the large cities of Ireland. It was well printed, and the woodcut illustrations were equal to the average of the time. Cameron, during his life, took an active part in the struggle for the repeal of the obnoxious taxes on knowledge, and was honorary secretary to the association started in Dublin to abolish the paper duty. He also took an active part in the agitation for the abolition of the compulsory stamp upon newspapers. The history of the establishment of the General Advertiser, and the journeys and labours of Cameron in connection, would form a remarkable chapter in Irish newspaper enterprise—redound- ing, however, much to the credit and industry of the Scotchman. It may not be generally known that Cameron was also the proprietor of the North British Daily Mail, a successful paper published in Glasgow, and at present conducted by Dr John Cameron, M.P., the son of the former. In 1853—the year of Dargan’s Dublin Exhibition—the Exhibition Expositor was published by Gunn and Cameron. The publication was well got up and well written. John Cameron died from the effects of an attack of apoplexy on 22 October 1873, in the 69th year of his age. […] The publishers of some of our periodical serials in the present century were large book importers and booksellers, and in some instances printers. Before the establishment of the Dublin University Magazine in 1833, the native, monthly, or weekly serials started in the preceding part of the present century were not long-lived, if we except Cox’sIrish Magazine and Dr Brennan’s most eccentric and irregularly published Milesian Magazine, which was governed by laws of its own or its conductor. The Milesian Magazine was a professed monthly, but there are no terms to hand to express the order of its fitful appearances from 1812 ill its last issue about 1825. It was a political and literary magazine, started, no doubt, to help some party purpose. Dr John Brennan broke ground in the last century in the pages of the Anthologia Hibernica, and, we believe, in other serials, as a poet or rhymer, and some effusions of small merit and not very delicately phrased epigrams will be found in the magazine alluded to. In the earlier volumes of Cox’sMagazine will also be found some of Brennan’s effusions, new or reproduced. The writer of these papers understands that Dr Madden is of the opinion that the mission of the Milesian Magazine was a government one, and that it was started to bring the Irish Magazine of APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER 247

Cox and the Catholic leaders and committees of the time into disrepute. En passant, however, the writer may here observe that though he has already incidently [sic] alluded to Dr Madden’s volumes, he has not had the pleasure up to the present moment of ever reading his work on the “Periodical Literature of Ireland”. The Cyclopedian Magazine and Dublin Monthly Register (1808), the Hibernia Magazine, Dublin Monthly Panorama, and the Monthly Pantheon (1808–1809), we believe, extended to no more than two volumes each. These monthly serials were literary and political, and made biography of public men a speciality. The Pantheon contained plates, and the Hibernia had numerous portraits, maps, and folding plate caricatures, &c. These magazines, on the whole, apart from their objects and party warfare, were well got up and respectable specimens of Dublin printing and publishing for the period. The Dublin and London Magazine, published in the third decade of the present century, was short-lived but well written, and had some articles of an interesting national character. The National Magazine, of Wakeman, about 1830–1831, lived only through two volumes. This monthly periodical is noticeable from the fact that it contained some of the early productions in prose and poetry, stories and essays, &c., from the pens of Farley, R.G. Johnson, Lover, and Carleton, and other native writers. Wakeman published in 1833 a fine edition, in five volumes, of Carleton’sTraits and Stories of the Irish Peasantry. Wakeman also issued several other works of national character, and his house deserves honourable mention as a respectable publishing and bookselling one for several years in Dublin. Before 1840, apart from dictionaries, grammars, Irish tracts, &c., published for the purpose of encouraging the study of the Irish language, some serial ventures were made, but were attended with very poor success. One of these magazine attempts is worthy of a passing note. In 1835, Philip F. Barron started a weekly magazine called Ancient Ireland, for the special purpose of reviving the cultivation of the Irish language. Only five numbers of the magazine appeared. Barron also brought out some Irish primers and Irish sermons, with literal translations. These were the works for which Christie, alluded to in our former paper, cut the Irish character. Contemporaneously with Barron’s venture in 1835, the firstDublin Penny Journal was appearing, though nearing its final volume, and we must conclude that the time seemed favourable enough for the effort. The consideration, however, arises whether the people, as a body, were 248 APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER educated or interested, or patriotic enough to support the effort made by Barron. The age of the penny magazines, as journals, had arrived, but we fear the people were not prepared enough to appreciate the advent of a cheap and wholesome literature unless it was intensely political, doctrinally bel- ligerent, or extremely diverting. The story teller was still in request, and the poor scholar was not yet extinct; national prejudice reigned supreme, and pugnacious patriots were more fond of cudgelling than scholaring.

Part Seventeen: The Irish Builder 20.437 (1 March 1878): 67–68 The publishing house of William Curry, jun., and Co., 9 Upper Sackville- street, stands out prominently for upwards of 30 years in the literary annals of Dublin. The late William Curry commenced business about 1826, and was the publisher of the Dublin University Magazine from its establishment in 1833, and for several years afterwards. From his house were issued numerous works, national and general, political and religious, antiquarian and topographical sketches, and Irish tales, sketches, poems, &c. The list, if given, would be a voluminous one, and the writers included most of the prominent native authors in various fields, many of whose names have already been mentioned throughout these papers. Besides the University Magazine, Curry issued other series from time to time; the Christian Examiner was continued for several years, having among its contributors Cæsar Otway, Carleton, Dr Singer, and others who contributed also to the pages of the University Magazine. The Irish Pulpit published by Curry, comprising several volumes, contained a collection of original sermons by clergymen of the Protestant community in Ireland. Several of Lever’s early novels appeared in the pages of the Dublin University Magazine, of which the late racy novelist was for several years the editor. Simultaneously with the appearance of some of Lever’s stories in the magazine, Curry issued the story in monthly parts. It is somewhat difficult to obtain information as to the rate of remuneration paid by Dublin publishers to contributors on the early serial ventures, published in the present century. We understood the rate of the Dublin University Magazine was about £3 per sheet of 16 pp., and we heard that Lever entered into an arrangement whereby he received £100 per month for editing, which included his serial story. The copyright of authors in their works was never in this country, as far as we can learn, clearly recognized or established as a system between publishers and authors. Some few here published the copyright of native authors’ works, and are said to have seriously lost by them. Be that as it APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER 249 may, we have known London publishers of Irish works gaining a profitable return for their enterprise, and some Irish publishers, had they had sufficient public spirit, could have done the same. Our Dublin publishers, we think, never sufficiently advertised their publications. A publisher’s own lists or circulars are good in their way, but information should be sown broadcast [sic] in suitable journalistic channels, for homœopathic doses in pilules and driblets are no use. The majority of the early writers of the Dublin University Magazine are in their graves, but a few are still hale and hearty in our midst. Among the more prominent of the early contributors were Lever, Carleton, Lover, Ferguson, Anster, the two O’Sullivans (Mortimer and Samuel), Otway, Clarence Mangan, Sheridan Le Fanu, the late Sir William Wilde, Isaac Butt, and many others. The craftsman poet, J.D. Jean (the late John Fraser), a cabinetmaker, contributed, we believe, some poems to the pages of the magazine between 1842 and 1850. John S. Folds, of Bachelor’s-walk, of whose house we have already given some particulars, printed during his time most of the works published by Curry. It was during the time that the late James McGlashan, publisher, was in partnership with Curry that a number of Lever’s works were published by the firm. William Curry continued in business in Sackville-street till about 1864, when he retired. Shortly after his failure this respectable old Dublin publisher went to his brother’s in Liverpool, where he died about 1870. The old publishing house at the corner of Elephant-lane was taken down since Curry gave up business, and the site is now occupied by the Scottish Provincial Assurance Company. James McGlashan (afterwards McGlashan and Gill, publishers, in Sackville-street), started in business soon after he left Curry, in 1846. He first opened in D’Olier-street, and in 1849 removed to Sackville-street, where he continued in business till he failed, in 1855. Besides being publisher of the Dublin University Magazine, McGlashan published many works in relation to Ireland in a variety of fields, and throughout a part of his career evidenced considerable enterprise. The works turned out of the firm of Curry’s and those of McGlashan were equal in mechanical get- up—printing, paper, binding, illustrations—to any in a similar way issued in London. On 1 January 1856, the Dublin University Magazine passed by purchase into the hands of Messrs Hurst and Blackett, the London publishers, for the sum of £750. At the same date, the stock, &c., of the publishing house, 50 Sackville-street, was sold to the veteran Mr M.H. Gill, of the University Press, for the sum of £2966 odd. It is not necessary to continue the history of the house, as we do not propose, or did not 250 APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER propose, carrying our subject further than mid-way in the present century, except when unavoidable incidents rendered the following up of a noted name or incidents in connection. En passant, however, we may add that the publishing firm in Sackville-street still continues in the hands of Messrs Gill and Son, and we trust it may have a long and prosperous career. George Herbert, publisher and bookseller, of 117 Grafton-street, before starting in business on his own account, was with William Curry in Sackville-street, where he left about 1851. After McGlashan’s failure, Herbert published for some time the Dublin University Magazine. Since passing into the hands of the London publishers, he has acted as Dublin agent. George Herbert has issued some respectable works since his start, and has done a respectable bookselling business. It is not our intention to write up or advertise any existing house in our notes, but we may incidentally remark here that three volumes of sermons, by Rev. W.H. Krause, published by Herbert, have had a very successful sale, the publisher having sold 20,000 copies. […] Between 1840 and 1848, James M’Cormick was a rather noted Catholic and political character as book and print seller and publisher, in Christ Church-place, nearly opposite the Cathedral. During the Repeal Agitation of 1843, he published a series of cuts or cartoons, illustrative of current events in connection with the government and O’Connell’s movements. These cartoons were somewhat clever and pungent, and attracted a good deal of notice, and sold readily at the period. M’Cormick, during his time, made a few unsuccessful attempts in starting serial publications, and newspapers of a semi-newspaper and periodical character. Shortly after the issue of Duffy’s Library of Ireland, M’Cormick started, in 1846, the National Library of Ireland, at the price of fourpence a volume (the price of Duffy’s being a shilling). The volumes contained a considerable amount of matter for the price, and were well printed on fair paper, with a green emblematical cover. The volumes, which ran for several months, had apparently a pretty good sale, but they had to contend against those issued by Duffy, and they were looked upon by a large number of the Young Ireland school, represented by the Nation, as an ungen- erous opposition. Of course, the Young Ireland party were very much interested in the success of Duffy’s volumes, for the Library of Ireland was one of their favourite projects, and owed its inception to Davis, Duffy, Dillon, Mitchel, M’Nevin, and others whose names need not be mentioned, each and all of whom worked to make it a success. Quoting APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER 251 from memory, amongst other volumes M’Cormick’sNational Library contained the lives of O’Connell, Curran, Grattan, Philip Roche; Fermoy’s Commentary on the Life of Wolfe Tone; the Rising of ’98; and a volume on the National Poetry of Ireland. The issue suddenly ceased without any particular explanation being given by the publisher, but most likely the suspension of the series was for want of sufficient circulation to cover the expense of the production, and from the fact, also, that Duffy’s volumes were first in the field. A remarkable fact about these volumes of M’Cormick’s is that in a very short time after the cessation of their publication they became exceedingly scarce, and complete sets of them are now very rarely to be met with. In 1847, M’Cormick issued a remarkable pamphlet in exposure of the Dublin Police system, ‘By John Flint, Ex-Inspector, and Secretary to the Police Grievance Association’. This pamphlet created considerable surprise in Dublin and alarmed the Irish Executive, and it was asserted that, in consequence of this publication, M’Cormick had to fly to America to escape a government prosecution. M’Cormick, however, if our memory does not prove us false, remained in Ireland till the summer of 1848. He published several issues of The Black List, giving the names of those who voted for the Union, the honours conferred upon them, and the rewards and pensions they received, accompanied with other cognate political matter. He also issued The Black History of Ireland, in 20 numbers, in 1848, giving ‘A Complete History of the Great Rebellion in 1641, the massacre and murders committed on the Irish in that year’, &c., royal 8vo. Copies of M’Cormick’s issue are now very scarce. In 1848, during the Young Ireland agitation, he issued a broadsheet periodical called The Irish National Guard, which continued till the midsummer of that revolutionary year. Fourteen numbers of this periodical had already appeared when it was suppressed. The articles and poetry were of a hot steaming kind, like most of the national revolutionary literature of that impulsive era. Some of the Young Ireland poets contributed, including James Clarence Mangan. The National Guard was the last literary venture in Ireland of James M’Cormick, who, to escape arrest and prosecution, left for America, dying in New Orleans not long after his arrival. The house in Christ Church- place existed for some time after M’Cormick’s departure from Dublin, and the printing, bookselling, and stationery business was carried on by Joseph M’Cormick, one of the family. We believe the latter also made an unsuccessful effort in starting a small newspaper called the Free Press, which was discontinued after one or two issues. 252 APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER

The Dublin Journal of Temperance, Science, and Literature, which started on 30 April 1842, was a creditable serial, well printed, and had several able contributors. It was specially started to aid in the Temperance cause, which it did pretty ably. Father Mathew evidenced his interest in it by ordering 100 copies a week for distribution. The veteran Richard Allen, and the late James Haughton, with other Temperance advocates, substantially assisted the publication. It was royal 8vo, of 16 pages, printed in double columns, unillustrated like Chambers’s Journal, and published at the same price, three-halfpence. It lived through only two half-yearly volumes when it ceased. The first half-yearly volume was ‘printed at 22 Bachelor’s-walk for the Typographical Total Abstinence Society, and published at their office 150 Abbey-street’. T. Tegg and Co., of 8 Lower Abbey-street, became the publishers. Changes soon took place, and at the commencement of a second volume, the journal was ‘printed for the proprietors at the office 32 Lower Sackville-street, and published by T. Tegg and Co., 8 Lower Abbey-street’. Not many issues of the numbers of second volume appeared when another change took place, and the journal was ‘published by T. Le Messurier (late Tegg and Co.), 8 Lower Abbey- street’, the printing still being done at 32 Lower Sackville-street. Still another change—a few weeks before the close of the second volume, T. Le Messurier’s name is dropped as publisher, the journal being still printed for the proprietors at 32 Lower Sackville-street. On the title page issued with the last number of the second volume appeared “Dublin, George R. Tracy, 32 Lower Sackville-street. Sold by all booksellers, 1843”. In this Dublin Journal appeared several well-written Irish tales, sketches, and prose and poetry, and among the contributors were Edward Walsh, Clarence Mangan, and J. De Jean (John Fraser). The periodical also contained a number of good social, literary, and historic essays. The ‘Scraps from Irish History’, which appeared occasionally, and ran through several numbers, were well-written pieces of ballad history. The late Denis Holland, the founder of the present Irishman newspaper, a very young man at the time, wrote some of his first and earliest essays in story writing in the pages of the Dublin Journal of 1842–1843. J.J. Condon, of Waterford, contributed a number of respectable poems, but we cannot stop to particularize all the writers, which included several in various ranks of life from professed journalists, ladies, public men, merchants, and professionals, down to the artisan and labouring school. Among the two latter classes were some excellent contributors. A Dublin cabinetmaker, a Waterford blacksmith, and a humble Dublin porter contributed some of APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER 253 the best poetry to the two volumes of the Dublin Journal. A biography of Thomas Furlong, the poet, which appeared in the first volume, was written by the latter. The unpublished manuscript pieces of Furlong were handed over to the proprietors of the journal, for publication, by the late James Hardiman, M.R.I.A., the historian of Galway, and the sincere friend and patron of the poet during his lifetime.

Part Eighteen: The Irish Builder 20.438 (15 March 1878): 91–93 […] Frederick William Conway, in connection with his journalistic career with the Weekly Messenger, Freeman’s Journal, and finally with the Dublin Evening Post, from the early years of the present century till past its middle, is a very difficult character to describe. He was a compound of bad and good, many-sided, many-opinioned, time-serving, and constantly changing, yet withal he exercised a large amount of influence as a journalist, and was trusted betimes by the Catholic priesthood and people, and denounced anon as a ‘Castle Hack’. During the first decade of the present century, and for a portion of the second, Conway formed a constant target for the pen of Watty Cox and his co-labourers in the Irish Magazine. He was ridiculed and gibbeted by the famous magazine in all forms of satire and abuse, in prose and rhyme, his parentage traced, his alleged tricks and lies exposed, his face and form, and habits, and manners sketched and illustrated, and his double dealing and anonymous writings in different channels unearthed and exposed. Cox took delight during the Veto period in constantly and persistently attacking Conway and goading him to mad- ness, and betimes the newspaper editor retaliated in a pungent manner. Anyone interested, and wishing a surfeit of the personalities and political animosities that characterized the newspaper warfare of the time, as between Cox and Conway and others, in the contemporary Dublin newspapers will find ample materials alone in the Irish Magazine, particularly in the years 1810–1811. Cox was in the habit of designating Conway by various soubriquets, but particularly ‘Con, the Daggerman’, ‘Con Catspaw’, ‘Little Con’. In 1807, Conway was prosecuted for libelling one Dwyer, an actor, in the Messenger, and he was fined £200. Of this affair and other matters in connection … (with) … Miss Walstein, a celebrated actress at Crow-street Theatre, Cox utilized with merciless severity, and for a long time continued to brand Conway as the ‘Daggerman’, and the cowardly assassin of female character. A very severe letter was published by Cox in 1810, in the Evening Herald, addressed “To Frederick William Conway, 254 APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER editor of the Freeman’s Journal and Weekly Messenger”, which letter was reproduced in the Irish Magazine. Conway accused Cox in the Weekly Messenger of being an assassin and the author of the Union Star. The authorship of the Union Star, of course, was previously acknowledged by Cox, who surrendered to the government, but only to outwit the authorities, for he knew he was likely to be detected by a large reward being offered. Cox defended with ability his conduct in respect to the publication of the Union Star. Conway in the Messenger also accused Cox of kill- ing a carpenter in 1797, and of other lesser crimes, but these statements were paid back with compound interest in the letter addressed to the Evening Herald in reply to Conway, and in articles in the Irish Magazine of the period. Cox was wont to bracket Conway and the Major (Sirr) together, and to allude to his connection with the Sham Squire’s late journal. Here is a humorous poke in the ribs:

After fixing his sentinels and dispatching his Messenger, Con returns to the city to commence his literary labours on the Sham’s journal; there he figures in another character since that very immaculate paper was allowed to soar into the regions of patriotism by having the ballast of £1200 a year thrown overboard that kept it floating over the Castle. For his labours on the part of poor Higgins’s farm, Con is paid three guineas a week, and no man acquits himself better for a restoration of the Constitution of 1782, Catholic Emancipation, clean footways, wide street, and lamp lighting, and other great questions that his journal discusses in revenge for the loss of its pension.” The above actions are pointed to as an instance of ‘Con’s dexterity’, and there are other instances humorously given, but in stronger terms, of Conway’s loyalty, vigilance, economy, sensibility, &c. ‘Con’s sensibility’ is thus described in 1810: “A few days ago Con was riding with his employer and lady by Kilbarrack churchyard, where the remains of the SHAM are deposited under a magnificent tomb and splendid inscription. The party naturally stopped to pay a grateful tribute to departed worth. Con mounted the flinty covering, and after reading with impassioned energy the eulogium it bore, burst into tears, and declared upon his honour the composition was unequalled in the history of sepulchral literature.

The discovery made by Dr Madden regarding Higgins’s services to the government in 1798, and the payment made to him in consequence of the betrayal of Lord Edward Fitzgerald, and the subsequent facts elicited and stated by Mr W.J. Fitzpatrick in his volume on the ‘Sham Squire’, &c., led, we believe, to the complete destruction of Higgins’s tombstone in APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER 255

Kilbarrack churchyard. About the year 1846 the present writer visited Kilbarrack churchyard for the first time, and at that date he remembers seeing Higgins’s tombstone in a complete state, with the exception of one of the lower angles, a small piece of which was broken off. The inscription was quite legible. About the same period a correspondent in the Nation drew public attention to the bequest of Higgins, as stated on the tombstone, and desired to know what became of the money and how it was applied. This reminiscence may not be altogether amiss in connexion with our subject. […] An incident in the history of steam power in connection with Irish newspaper printing is worthy of a note here. Philip Dixon Hardy, already noticed, was the first who set up a steam printing machine in Dublin, at his works in Cecilia-street. The next steam printing machine was in connection with the Dublin Evening Post under Conway. These introductions were about the year 1834, about 20 years after the introduction of steam printing in connection with the Times newspaper, which took place in 1814. The Times, however, was not, as generally supposed, the first instance of steam printing in England. As early as 1811 a sheet of the Annual Register was printed for experiment by steam machinery. […] Trade and professional periodicals are of rather late growth in this country. Some of the earlier magazine attempts were short-lived, and, though designated philosophical and scientific, &c., on their title pages, they were rather periodicals of a miscellaneous kind. Some magazines which bore ‘Dublin’ on their title pages were really London printed and published, though out of courtesy called ‘Dublin and London’ magazines, or vice versa. The Dublin Philosophical Journal and Scientific Review, 1825–1826, 8vo., lasted two volumes; it contained numerous plates. The Dublin Weekly Journal, a Repository of Literature, Music, and Miscellaneous Knowledge, small folio, 1832, expired after 32 issues. In 1845 a trades organ was started in this city called the Dublin Argus. It was announced to be under the patronage of the Dublin trades association or bodies. It was a broadsheet of eight pages, and was well written. It was almost a semi- newspaper in character, and was disposed to chronicle news in a peculiar way of its own, until the stamp authorities gave it a hint that it must desist, as it was not a newspaper. The Dublin Argus contained leading articles on trade subjects; and some good poetry and rhyme, with occasional tales and other miscellaneous matter, were generally given. It was edited by 256 APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER

J.M.C. Brady, who occasionally wrote respectable poetry in its pages. Many creditable volunteer writers contributed to the Argus essays and poems, and several discussions on various subjects of interest were initi- ated and carried on by letters of correspondents in its pages. After some months certain correspondents became a little too personal in their criti- cisms, and the paper was not benefited. The Argus, nevertheless, advo- cated the interests of the Dublin trades with good effect for some time. Mr Thomas Arkins, the City Sword-bearer, was fiercely assaulted in the columns of the Argus, which resulted in a prosecution. The suit failed through technical difficulties and other difficulties regarding the identification of the editor or securing a responsible party. After the failure of the trial the Argus ridiculed the plaintiff in prose and rhyme. Some artisan contributors of the Argus furnished excellent essays and articles on various subjects, and among them were respectable poets, who afterwards wrote in the higher- class journals. ‘An Operative Carpenter’ contributed a series of articles entitled ‘Thoughts on Things’. If we are not mistaken, the writer’s name was John Graeme, and, if so, he was the author of more ambitious perfor- mances in trade, biography, and social science. James Hamilton, ‘the phi- lanthropist’, the author of an Essay against Duelling, published early in the present century, and who exerted himself zealously to put down the practice, contributed some matter in prose and verse. Hamilton has been a strangely overlooked character by Irish writers, as his life and career would furnish much recounting. James Hamilton died at his residence, Annadale Cottage, Phillipsburgh-avenue (where he resided for many years), about 20 or 25 years since, leaving behind him two daughters. A cabinetmaker of the name of Frederick S. Ryan was also the contributor of some excellent letters on trade subjects, and another Dublin carpenter named Thomas Reilly was a poetic contributor. Reilly was afterwards a contributor of poetry to the national papers. Andrew Kirwan, a marble mason, brother to the late Mr Kirwan, marble chimneypiece manufacturer, of Bolton-street, was the writer of some capital letters on Irish artists and sculptors re the Davis Testimonial. There were several other contributors whose names do not occur to our memory at present. The Argus had not entered many weeks on its second volume, which evidenced an improvement in its shape and title, when it ceased to exist. Its editor, Brady, emigrated to America, and settled down at Pittsburgh for a while, where, we heard, he edited a paper and drove his carriage. In connection with the career of the Argus some humorous anecdotes might be related. The publication, owing to exigencies inseparable from APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER 257 many literary adventures, was sometimes behind time in its weekly issue. It was printed by O’Donohoe, in Golden-lane. The shop of the house on the street level was a chandler’s establishment, kept by O’Donohoe’s brother (at the corner of Chancery-lane). The paper was machined on the north side of the Liffey, consequently the ‘printers’ devils’ had often to wheel the formes in a handcart across the city. On one occasion, the handcart broke down in College-green, and nearly all the matter was knocked into ‘pie’. Type and dirt had to be gathered up as fast as the affrighted devils could gather it, and the empty formes wheeled back to Golden-lane. This was on Saturday morning, and the proprietors had to hunt all the spare compositors they could get hold of. Some of the undistributed matter on the galleys of the previous week was pressed into service, and by hard work until past midnight, the paper was brought out by Sunday morning. The editorial “we” in a note excused themselves for their late appearance in a very philosophical manner. They consoled themselves with the thought that opposite the same spot in College-green where their formes broke down, just 48 years previously, the Irish Parliament met the same fate. Comparing little things with great, the excuse of the Argus editor was not a bad joke. Another interpretation, however, might be given as to why the Argus was so late out on that occasion, particularly when it is recollected that a large portion of the matter of the previous week was undistributed on Saturday. In a word, it is likely that pecuniary difficulties intervened to render it doubtful whether that week’s publication would appear at all; but good fortune, making her appearance at the 11th hour, supplied the ‘needful’, and secured a longer life to the Argus. Some months after the decease of the Argus, a somewhat similar trade publication, called the Guardian, was started by Cornelius Mahony in Capel-street. Mr Mahony was for some years Secretary to the Dublin Mechanics’ Institute; subsequently he opened a reading-room in Capel- street, which had but an indifferent success. The Guardian had no great vitality, and was not nigh as ably written or successful as its predecessor, the Argus. It ceased to exist in [illegible in original text] months. [Illegible in original text] century had closed before another attempt was made, about 1851, in founding a trade organ. This periodical was called the Tradesman’s Advocate. J.H. Greene, a journalistic writer of ability, a distant relative of Dr Lanigan, the author of the Ecclesiastical History of Ireland, and John Fraser (J. De Jean), a popular national poet and a cabinetmaker by trade, were the principal promoters and writers. The articles were respectable, and a series of well-written and stirring lyrics entitled 258 APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER

‘Lays of Labour’ under the nom de plume of J.A.C. Plane (i.e. Jack Plane) were contributed by Fraser. The Advocate proved a failure, and ceased to appear after a couple of months. Greene emigrated shortly afterwards to America, where he edited some journals, and published some works; and poor Fraser died in a little time, having experienced for some years broken health. Previously to the above-noticed trade journal we do not remember any published in Dublin worthy of note, or as long-lived as the Argus, which had entered on its second volume ere it ceased. In 1846 a well-written literary periodical called the Irish National Magazine and Weekly Journal of Literature, Science, and Art, royal 8vo, was started. This periodical contained several good sketches, essays, biog- raphies, and poems, by Irish writers of note; it was unillustrated, and published at three-halfpence. It looked promising at the commencement, but it ceased with its 14th issue. The Irish National Magazine was edited by Stephen Joseph Meany, who, during the Repeal Agitation, was a reporter on the Freeman’s Journal, but afterwards took a leading part in the Young Ireland movement in 1848, as a writer and organizer, and after many vicissitudes was finally implicated in the Fenian movement. Meany wrote on the Tribune of Kevin Izod O’Doherty and Richard Dalton Williams (Shamrock), which was suppressed in 1848 after a few issues. Meany was also a contributor to other national journals, and suffered imprisonment for some months in 1848. Of his trials and travels at home and abroad, and his political associations since 1850, it would not become us in these papers to particularly detail. The Irish National Magazine, we might have added, was published by Le Messurier, Lower Abbey-street. The same house in after years under other names was the headquarters of other literary and newspaper enterprises; and alongside and opposite other journals and publishing offices cropped up and existed during the last 30 years and upwards, to some of which we may possibly allude ere we conclude our papers. […]

Part Nineteen: The Irish Builder, 1 April 1878: 98–100 [This part of the series, largely concerned with the provincial newspaper press, is not included in these extracts.] […] APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER 259

Part Twenty: The Irish Builder 20.440 (15 April 1878): 114–115 There are still a few printers and publishers who were established and carried on their business for several years previous to the close of the half-century (1850) that deserve some passing notice. Some of these men, who made a name and a reputation, began in a very humble way, and their representatives need not feel ashamed of the world hearing the simple facts of their predecessors’ origin and rise. The story of the printing, publishing, and bookselling trade of Dublin, embodied in that of the lives of its representatives, is full of strange pictures, sudden surprises, and weird dissolving views. Though we have already written at considerable length, and told much in our epitome, much more necessarily must remain unwritten at present. We have all through treated the subject in an impartial spirit, irrespective of creed or party, doing justice, we hope, to foreigner and native, the wildest and the most loyal, Republican and Conservative, or of whatever other party might be the person or personages of whom we have written. Among other Catholic representatives of the printing, publishing, and bookselling trade, not already noticed, we cannot pass over the name of the late James Duffy, who, for over 30 years in the present century, carried on first the bookselling and ultimately the publishing and bookselling business in Anglesea-street and Wellington-quay. James Duffy, and the late John Donegan, the noted watchmaker and jeweller, of Dame-street, came to Dublin about the year 1830, and both in the very humble but honest calling of packmen or pedlars. As pedlars or hawkers of various wares they continued for years, making tours occasionally into the country and across the channel. Duffy, after some time, added books to his calling, and as Bibles, prayer books, and other devotional works at cheap prices were in much request, those articles were added to his stock-in-trade. Duffy made visits to Liverpool, Manchester, and other Irish quarters monthly. About the year 1837–1838, Duffy took a small shop in Anglesea-street, and he joined the late Bryan Geraghty in bringing out some religious works. He continued the bookselling business in Anglesea-street up to the year 1846, but up to about 1843–1844 his business was on a rather small scale. At this date the works he issued were of the cheap book kind, the prices rang- ing from twopence to sixpence, including such books as the Battle of Aughrim, the Seven Champions of Christendom, the Lives of the Irish Highwaymen, and other kindred literature. The first good lift Duffy got was the publication of the Library of Ireland, a series of shilling volumes, a work which owes its inception to Thomas Davis and his literary companions on the early Nation newspaper of Gavan Duffy. The Library of Ireland 260 APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER series extended to over 20 volumes, and it turned out a very successful literary and publishing venture. For the earlier volumes of the series there was a great demand, and the spirit of the works was well suited to the tastes of the Young Ireland school of literary aspirants and politicians. The publishing and bookselling business of Duffy having greatly increased, he removed to larger premises on Wellington-quay in 1846. He first opened at 10, but shortly moved to 5, and finally to 15, where the business is still carried on by his representatives. Between 1846, and till a period shortly before his death, Duffy made three or four efforts at establishing a successful periodical, but none of his magazines, though ably written, and having a number of clever contributors, had a long run. His first serial venture was the Irish Catholic Magazine about 1847, and his subsequent ones, the Fireside Journal and the Hibernian Magazine, a monthly journal of literature, science, and art. The last-named publication relates to a period later than what we intend to include, although incidentally it is necessary to mention it, as we have perforce to take cognizance of the publisher’s death a few years afterwards. Duffy was firmly established in the publishing and bookselling business by 1850, and by that time had published a number of works, national and religious, chiefly in native fields and by Irish writers, clerics, and laymen, several of whom are dead, and a few who still survive in our midst, or are fighting the battle of life in London, America, and Australia. In 1846, among other works, Duffy published the Spirit of the Nation, containing the songs and ballads by the writers of the Nation newspaper of that day. In this volume the original and ancient music was arranged for voice and pianoforte; the volume is 4to. The original edition contains an appendix, tracing the derivations and etymology of Irish names, &c., compiled by the late William E. Hudson, who is said to have paid £300 for printing the work, which he presented to Duffy immediately after. Patrick O’Kelly’s translation of Abbe MacGeoghegan’s History of Ireland was issued in parts by Duffy, about 1844; and, in subsequent years, several of Carleton’s tales and stories, and volumes of Irish tales and poetry by Irish writers. Excellent editions of the Douay Bible and Catholic prayer books were issued from the publishing house of Wellington-quay, the mechanical get-up of which was equal to the works issued from English and Scotch firms. The Rev. C.P. Meehan, who broke ground in the early Nation, and in one of the volumes of the Library of Ireland, and who still lives in our midst, had all his works, historical and ecclesiastical, published by Duffy, and, indeed, his volumes added to the reputation of the house. We cannot enter into long details of matters near our own times, and of APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER 261 affairs connected with the late publisher’s property and business of quite recent date. The late Mr Duffy was a native of Monaghan; four of his sons are dead, but three daughters survive their father. He died on 4 July 1871. The late W.B. Kelly, of Grafton-street, publisher and bookseller, commenced life in quite as humble a way as the celebrated Luke White, of Union memory, already noticed, or even as James Duffy. His early begin- nings in bookselling was in travelling through the country with his wares, selling and buying, and saving betimes, with a view to the future. Getting tired at last of journeys on the foot, he determined to make a stand and start in the city in the second-hand bookselling line. In Adam-court, off Grafton-street, within a few yards of his late extensive shop he erected a bookstall, and after a short while rented a small house or rooms in the court. In a few years his venture having turned out lucky he took the shop, and speculated pretty largely in rare historical and antiquarian works. Patrons grew in number, and business increasing, new as well as old works were added to the publisher’s stock. During the 40 years or upwards he was engaged in the bookselling trade, many changes took place in that business in this city—great houses collapsed and small houses thrived apace, but of both there were many melancholy failures. Kelly held his ground as a bookseller, and having a practical knowledge of his business, and, knowing how to buy in a cheap market valuable antiquarian works, sold them advantageously. He bought extensively betimes in London, and was entrusted with many commissions in this country to secure certain rare works, for which he was paid his own price. Among the periodical publications issued by Kelly was the Irish Quarterly Review, 1851–1857, 9 vols. This was an excellent native periodical containing a vast mass of varied matter of interest to Irish readers generally. In this periodical appeared a series of articles on the ‘Streets of Dublin’, which subsequently were embodied by their author, Mr J.T. Gilbert, M.R.I.A., in his History of Dublin. Numerous excellent essays and reviews appeared in the Irish Quarterly Review by well-known native writers, and several notices of artists, dramatists, poets, orators, &c. We may incidentally mention here that two of the last works issued by the late publisher were the Ecclesiastical Architecture of Ireland to the Close of the Twelfth Century, by the late R.R. Brash, M.R.I.A., and two volumes of a new edition of Archdall’s Monasticon Hibernicum, edited with extensive notes by the Rev. Patrick F. Moran, D.D., Lord Bishop of Ossory, and other antiquaries. The late Mr Kelly was a Roman Catholic in religion, but he was generally respected by all classes of his fellow citizens. Shortly before his death he opened a 262 APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER branch establishment, for the sale of his rare historical and antiquarian books, at 4 Lower Ormond-quay. The publisher died at his private residence, Sandymount-road, on 14 June 1877, after a long and painful ill- ness, in the 60th year of his age, leaving a widow but no children. He was interred in Glasnevin Cemetery. After his death his valuable collection of books were auctioned, and his old shop in Grafton-street is in the possession of others. Some of Mr Kelly’s late assistants are now in business for themselves, and we believe are doing a successful trade in the same line as the late worthy old bookseller and publisher, whom for long years we had known as one of the old literary landmarks of Grafton-street. Although a still living printer in our midst, the name of Pattison Jolly deserves a passing note, on account of the number of years he is engaged in the trade, and through his connection as printer with the late James Duffy’s publications. Mr Jolly printed and stereotyped the volumes of Duffy’s Library of Ireland , and several other works. During Duffy’s residence in Anglesea-street Mr Jolly was his opposite neighbour. He has executed a large amount of excellent printing, extending over a period of between 30 and 40 years. For a considerable time back Mr Jolly has carried on his trade in the large premises in Exchange-street, for many years previously occupied by the Griersons, the Queen’s printers in Ireland, of whom we have given particulars in former papers. As we incidentally mentioned the name of the late John Donegan, the watchmaker, in Dame-street, in connection with that of Duffy, a word or two may not be entirely out of place here, although Mr Donegan was not a literary man. For a number of years in Dublin it has been currently reported—and the statement has never to our knowledge been denied— that John Donegan assisted more than one national newspaper to tide over its difficulties in ‘hard times’. Whether the recipients of his bounty would like to acknowledge the fact, it is more than we know. The revived Nation of Charles Gavan Duffy in 1849 is said to have been assisted by him more than once. If this be true, it is to the credit instead of the dis- credit of the worthy old citizen that the fact should be known apart even from the question of party or national politics. In later times than 1848–1849 national newspapers and periodicals have been assisted to live in Ireland by patriotic merchants and citizens. […] About the same period was published in Dublin, and continued up till about 1835, the Dublin Satirist. Its name bespeaks its mission, and it appeared to have fulfilled it perhaps too well, or rather too ill for many including its projectors. APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER 263

[…] A little satire from an educated pen is useful betimes, but low scurrilous abuse and personalities should never be tolerated. The firstPaddy Kelly’s Budget, or a Pennyworth of Fun, 1832–1836, was a serial that dealt in a good amount of satire and scandal that appeared to find favour with a certain class of Dublin citizens, upwards of 40 years ago. Apart from the gossip and scandal ventilated in the Budget, it contained occasionally other interesting matter. It gave rise to many imitations for a quarter of a century after, but none of them were at all equal to the original Budget. It was only necessary to become a subscriber to the Budget to secure immunity against personal attack. The faults and failings, the oddities, eccentricities, the beauties and the deformities, the virtues and the vices of the people, particularly amongst the middle and lower classes, were a stock-in-trade for the scribblers in the Budget. If one neighbour fell out with another, if a lass jilted, and beau forsook his belle, the Budget was sure to hear of it immediately, and in hearing it obtain a new subscriber who intended forthwith to vent his or her injured or spiteful feelings in the Penny Scandalmonger. Paddy Kelly’sBudget might be called by some a witty journal, but it was a low-class wit that signalized its pages, and every imitation of the original periodical descended lower and lower, until the public refused any longer to encourage or support such publications. Satire, lying, and ‘black mail’, however, did not die out with Satirists or Dublin Paddy Kelly’sBudgets. We had newspaper proprietors and journalists, who, years subsequently, were ready to prostitute their papers and their talents in writing up a bad cause and writing down a good one, in supporting a government or writing it down on all and every occasion, whether its measures were good or bad. Previous to 1850, in the present century, some few attempts were made to found a truly comic journal, but we do not remember any of them living beyond a few numbers. Indeed, one or more of them died with their first or second issues, and were born and dead before many of the public knew that they had existed. A journal named Punchinello made its appearance from an office in Fleet-street several years ago (we forget the exact date), but it died immediately. The caricatures that signalized Dublin life between 40 and 50 years ago, and which might be seen in printsellers’ shops, north and south of the Liffey, supplied the place of the comic journal. Crowds of persons hourly surrounded the printsellers’ windows, eye- ing and ogling these amusing caricatures, and passing their opinions thereon. The working man or woman who could not read could see, and 264 APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER as each had tongues to ask, they generally found an obliging old gentleman or younger man about town to inform ‘what it all meant’. These were the times when the printers of almanacks and street ballads in Cook-street, Meath-street, and other southern quarters did a brisk trade in dying speeches, last declarations, and melancholy lamentations in prose and verse. These were the times when public characters abounded in low life as well as in the upper walks. ‘Cantering Jack’—that is, Kildare Jack—ran against the mail coaches. Owney Morris marched like a city marshal or usher of the white rod before the hearses of the great city merchants and shop-keepers, or those who were generous to the poor in life, including Owney himself. These were the times when Blind Biddy or Peggy, with her babe in her arms, and Blind Sadler warbled and howled their plaintive ditties, or fierce Repeal or war songs. These were the times when Michael Moral (Blind Zosimus) walked the flags singing sedition, high treason, and preaching Magna Charta to his Milesian brothers, whose eye-sight was not affected like his, and whose practical sympathy he was sure to obtain. The ballad printers helped the above, and a score or two more public characters, to earn a livelihood. The old blind clarionet player, with his little dog holding a cap in his mouth for the halfpence, has long departed. How feeling and mournful was it not to hear him giving the ‘Last Rose of Summer’. The old bard with the bag-pipes, and he of the harp and the white locks, like the Druid under the oak tree, are vanished; and fiddlers by the dozen, whose faces were as well known in the streets of Dublin as the hero of the Boyne in College-green. Gone, aye! All gone; and last, though not least, the old booksellers of the pavements and the dead walls, they, too, are departing.

Art is long, and time is fleeting, And our hearts, though stout and brave, Still, like muffled drums, are beating Funeral marches to the grave.

We, too, will be departing perhaps one of these days; but while we live let us hope, and while we can let us snatch back the fading memories of the past, and spare a note among our other ‘Notes’ for the remembrance of those erratic outsiders who afforded a fund of amusement to the old citizens, in years when the printing, publishing, and bookselling trades of Dublin were powerful and were worthily represented. APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER 265

Part Twenty-One: The Irish Builder 20.441 (1 May 1878): 135–136 We have in our former papers included in one shape or another nearly all the publishers and printers of note, and the periodical literature of Ireland issued from time to time, bringing down our subject to the close of the half-century. There are, of course, several literary efforts of the magazine and newspaper class which did not call for particular notice, and a few more, from the hurried nature of our review, have been omitted, though well deserving of a few words. Among the latter class may be mentioned the Citizen and the Irish Monthly Magazine of 1840–1842, well-written and well-printed and conducted Dublin periodicals, containing many able articles and papers by native writers of ability. In the pages of the Citizen several excellent papers on Irish biography, music, and subjects of national interest appeared, and this native periodical is well entitled to a place in every cultured Irish gentleman’s library. […] A monthly periodical started in 1843 and lasting until 1845, called the Dublin Literary Journal and Select Family Visitor, is, perhaps, entitled to a passing notice. This journal was published by its proprietor and editor, Joshua Abell, in Eustace-street. Abell was a member of the Society of Friends, and the magazine was more or less conducted in the interest of that body. It proposed, at its starting, to devote its pages to essays on agriculture, humanity, slavery, peace, notices of biblical literature, Irish antiquities, and, indeed, to act essentially as a review of new books and publications. Some good papers appeared in the journal, and several interesting reviews of native and general works. Joshua Abell, the proprietor, was a contributor of prose and poetry to its columns. It contained, from time to time, a few illustrations; but these woodcuts were used previously in other native Irish and English magazines. Abell appears to have been a many-sided individ- ual. He conducted a day-school—English, classical, and scientific education—in Eustace-street, and, in one of his announcements, speaks of it as being established for 25 years previously. He was appointed by the Lord Lieutenant to be a practitioner of medical electricity and galvanism to his Excellency. Again, in one of his advertisements, he informs the public that “at the suggestion of scientific friends, he has converted his well known, extensive, and valuable cabinet of minerals and fossils into a public deposi- tory, where publishers will meet with several regular series of beautiful specimens and Irish geological collections, scientifically arranged, and at a very moderate price.” He announced also private conversational lectures on mineralogy, illustrated by the specimens of the above-mentioned 266 APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER cabinet. Abell was a persevering man, but his literary journal cannot be said to have been a success. The Dublin Literary Journal contained advertisements, and the first three numbers bear the government stamp. The Stamp Office objected to Mr Abell issuing unstamped copies for the city, but without the privilege of going through the post-office, as was permitted to London publications. This led to a correspondence with the authorities and a delay in the publication of the journal. In the next number it, however, appears by a notice to his subscribers that the proprietor succeeded in overcoming the prejudice of the stamp authorities, for it is announced that they had agreed to the editor’s proposition of allowing him to print unstamped copies for distribution in the city, but not for supplying subscribers through the medium of the post-office. Abell availed himself, of course, of the privilege; but we may suppose his stamped circulation afterwards was very limited. It is amusing to look back for 30 or 40 years and witness the petty exactions and conditions insisted on by the government authorities. One by one they have nearly all disappeared by force of public opinion, but not without hard fighting and some severe suffering on the part of the upholders of a free press. The good fight has been bravely fought and won by humble and not wealthy men. […] The compulsory government stamp has since gone, and a halfpenny- affixed stamp sends the registered newspaper organ far and wide. When a certain weight is paid for, and is covered by a halfpenny stamp, we hold that a fortnightly and monthly publication should be allowed the same privileges as a daily or weekly newspaper or periodical. A fortnightly or monthly professional publication devoted to science, art, and industrial pursuits, advocating sanitary and social wants and public improvements, and not appealing to the interests of novel readers, is a class of publication that should be allowed the same privileges as ordinary journals, whether it be published within the period of seven days or not. Professional periodicals are disseminators of useful and often invaluable knowledge, and the articles they contain have generally more sterling merit than those written for the daily press. The articles in most of our daily papers are read to-day and forgotten to-morrow, but professional journals and a number of our monthlies are bound by their purchasers, and put in their libraries for reference. All unnecessary restrictions, therefore, to the spread of knowledge should be removed by the government, and the best public instructors and educators we have are the professional journals. […] APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER 267

In Elephant-lane (now Tyrone-place), not far from the office of the Pilot newspaper, was started about 1846–1847 a very advanced revolutionary periodical called Peter Carroll’s Register. Peter Carroll, so called, sometime previous to this broke ground in the columns of the Nation newspaper, in a number of letters signed ‘Peter Carroll, Stone Mason’. Many thought that this modern Peter who denied himself was really an operative mason, and that a new William Cobbett had arisen to lash the political and other vices of the day. Peter, however, had a better card to play, and, as it turned out afterwards, he played it well. Peter Carroll’sRegister did not run for many weeks, but, while it lasted, it administered strong doses to the Irish Executive of the day, and gained the applause of several of the National and Old Ireland party. Apart from its politics, Carroll’s Register was well written, and occasional illustrations graced its pages— portraits of popular men, with notices. The publication in a short time suddenly ceased, for Peter was provided for elsewhere by a promise, followed by a colonial appointment. Some hinted that he was bought up, others that he was silenced, while more, again, roundly asserted that the starting of Carroll’s Register was a government dodge, and that it served the purpose intended. We will let the reader draw his own conclusions— suffice it to say that thesoi disant Peter was no other than John Donnellan Balfe, who figured not long afterwards as Governor of Tasmania or Van Dieman’s Land, and termed the ‘gaoler-in-chief’ of Smith O’Brien and his political companions while state prisoners in Australia. It would not become us here to enter further into the sins advanced against Balfe in his capacity of governor, or to treat of his life further. His name has been introduced into these notes on account of his literary belongings. […] As we incidentally alluded to the name of the late Bryan Geraghty in connection with that of James Duffy, a few words about the old bookseller will be in place. Bryan Geraghty was established for many years as a bookseller at 11 Anglesea-street, and published some valuable Irish works. A few years before his death he issued, in 12mo, ‘A Grammar of the Irish Language. By Owen Connellan, Irish Historiographer to Their late Majesties’. This was about the year 1844. This grammar of Connellan was intended to supply the place of Nelson and Halliday’s, then out of print. It contained extracts from the Annals of the Four Masters rendered into English. In 1846, Bryan Geraghty issued an expensive edition in parts of the ‘Annals of Ireland from the Original Irish of the Four Masters. By Professor Connellan, with Annotations by Philip M’Dermott and the 268 APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER translator’. This volume was 4to, and it contained a rare topographical and historical map of Ancient Ireland, showing the district held by each clan; the volume also had an illuminated title. It was stated at the period of poor Geraghty’s death in 1849 that the expenses of bringing out this costly edition of the Four Masters crippled the publisher’s resources, and paved the way to his subsequent difficulties and broken health. We were informed some years ago, despite the difficulties and the not very great support the publisher received, he was proud of his undertaking, and was glad to have been the instrument of placing in the hands of his patriotic countrymen a volume, in which he considered they ought to take a pleasure in reading and possessing. In 1848 was printed a catalogue of Bryan Geraghty’s valuable collection of Irish manuscripts, which were sold that year by the well- known Sharpe, book auctioneer, in Anglesea-street. […]

Part Twenty-Two—Conclusion: The Irish Builder 20.443 (1 June 1878): 160; 163 [This part is split in The Irish Builder by architectural drawings filling page 161–162] Our 21 preceding papers have afforded, we think, a pretty fair outline of our subject, and the most noteworthy matters in connection, from the earliest times, in this country down to our own time—printing, publishing, newspapers, periodicals, their chief representative men, and the principal literary characters associated with Irish literary undertakings. It is not desirable to further extend our papers, and in concluding with our present article we will perforce be compelled to omit details of men and literary enterprises within our own recollection, but too close to the period of our writing to render publicity on the whole desirable to all the parties concerned. […] Between the years 1840 and 1848 inclusive, several newspaper and periodical enterprises were started, but we have already enumerated the principal of them. In October 1842, the Nation newspaper (still in existence) was started, but its history—literary, political, and revolutionary, its writers and political leaders—would make a volume in itself. Its old series, from its starting till its suppression in July 1848, form its most remarkable volumes. The revived Nation, too (1849), till the period of the departure of its editor and proprietor (now Sir Charles Gavan Duffy) to Australia, is not without considerable interest. The establishment of the Nation, and APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER 269 its career during the Young Ireland outbreak, forms an era in Irish national journalism brimful of incidents. Three of the most conspicuous men who were among the founders of the Nation were Thomas Davis, the poet and essayist, who died young in 1845; the late John Dillon, barrister, and for some years before his death a member of the Dublin Corporation; and Charles Gavan Duffy, the proprietor and editor in chief. Davis during his connexion with the Nation was almost its life’s blood. Although the Nation was not the pioneer of Irish national journals, it was after its establishment the chief representative, and by its advocacy it created a new literary spirit in the country that found vent in various ways in the fields of prose and poetry and Irish historical studies, literary and political. […] During the revolutionary year of 1848, several periodical ventures were started—some dying with their first or second issues, and others lasting a few months. Of one or more of these we have already given some notes. The United Irishman of John Mitchel lasted from February till the end of May. On the morning of his transportation, we witnessed his departure from the North Wall, saw the dock draw-bridges withdrawn, as the police van passed over, and the people beat back by a cordon of policemen. A body of Mitchel’s admirers, members of the Confederate Clubs, inter- rupted at the Custom House, made round by Sheriff-street, where a fierce fight ensued between them and the police stationed at the canal bridge. Three times the Young Irelanders beat back the police, and three times were beaten back—some, however, making good their passage to the point of the North Wall. Stones were freely used, and some slight wounds resulted. Within an hour afterwards we made our way to the United Irishman office in Trinity-street, and on our arrival we found two drays drawn up outside, and the police and dray-men engaged in carrying out the cases of type and other printing plant belonging to the convicted journalist. The plant, if we remember aright, was carted to stores in the Lower Castle-yard. The Felon newspaper, by John Martin, the successor to Mitchel’s paper, lasted only about five numbers before its suppression and the subsequent surrender of its proprietor. The Tribune of Kevin Izod O’Doherty and Richard Dalton Williams had about the same brief existence before its suppression and the arrest of its conductors. Several of the writers of poetical contributions of the Nation and United Irishman contributed to the Felon and Tribune newspapers during the few weeks of their existence. William Carleton, the novelist, commenced an Irish story, called the ‘Evil Eye’, in the pages of the Tribune; it, of course, was never 270 APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER finished in that journal. Some scribe in one of the other papers drew public or rather government attention to the fact of Carleton’s contributing to a revolutionary organ, at the same time of being in receipt of a government pension. The animus manifested, however, did the Irish novelist no harm, for his pension was obtained a short time previous for the literary merits of his works, and altogether apart from politics. There were hot and stirring times in sooth ’twixt the early days of February and the last days of July in Dublin in the year 1848. With the succeeding State Trials came a depression in many industrial fields, and perhaps in no field in Dublin was greater depression felt than in the literary market. Printers and publishers—of the national type at least—printed no longer with ‘a vigour and a vengeance’; but even apart from national literary ventures, there was dearth and dampness in the printing and publishing trades, and little literary activity. Many suspected and non-suspected young men, literary and professional, left Ireland for America and other places, and in less than two years, when the sun rose upon the commencement of the last half of the nineteenth century, Irish journalism of the national type was a changeling of sober tint, and native periodical literature had not, we believe, one weekly representative. The penny journals and magazines of more ambitious class and general periodicals had vanished, a host of writers and readers were scattered to the winds, and most of those who elected to stay at home grew careless or indifferent for a long time to new literary or political uprisings or speculations. […] Ere drawing our Notes to a conclusion, we would be inclined to venture a few words prospectively on the future of printing, publishing, and literature in general in Ireland. At present, the Irish publishing trade is almost non-existent. Our publishers are nominal booksellers in fact, and mere English and Scotch publishers’ agents. We do not care to lift the veil too high, for the whole exhibition would be a sad one. We must confess, however, that there is a want of enterprise and energy, as well as a want of capital, and if the former requisites were more often evidenced, the latter would be forthcoming. The London mint mark is still thought indispensable to sell a book—a London publisher’s name, even although a Dublin typographer turns out the work, as he often does. Authors who have to live by their works are, perhaps, under the present circumstances of the publishing trade, not to be blamed for going to London; but from year to APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM THE IRISH BUILDER 271 year there are many works that are the production of persons not dependent upon their pen for a living, which could be produced in Dublin quite as well as in London. We know now, and we have known in recent years, books and journals, nominally published in this city, but in reality printed and published in London, and some of these by pronounced and professing patriots. In view of these facts and tendencies in the same direction, how are we to hope and speculate? Our job-printing trade and our newspaper trade constitute nearly the whole of our publishing. Our learned and scientific bodies afford some little work in the year, and the Corporation and local boards have their own appointed printers for yearly reports and balance-sheets. Some railway printing is done in Ireland, and the old firm of Alexander Thom does a considerable amount of government printing, connected with Irish departments. The University Press still works; but, after all is summed up, it may be truly said—‘Great cry and little wool’, for we have no book-publishing trade, and we are unable to predict the advent of a wished-for better time. Plenty of sham patriotism exists, but there is little public spirit, or true amor patriæ. We are speaking irrespective of sect or party, for Ireland, to be served truly, must be served by all her children, and at home, whenever it is possible. Our task is ended for the present, though our subject has not been half exhausted; but health, time, and opportunities are denied to us to pursue our task any further. Twelve months have nigh elapsed since we took up our pen, and in each issue of this journal during that period we have continued our papers without intermission, up to the last issue, with scarcely time for thought or writing, no time for necessary references, and with but a very odd chance for correcting a proof before publication. Our series of Notes, with all their imperfections upon their heads, are now before the public, and we do not regret the labour or the time expended, though if we were to begin our task again, we would hesitate upon entering upon it under the same conditions. Whether our outline history will in the course of time expand into a larger work we cannot say just now; but in laying down our pen in this particular field, we trust that we have not written in vain.—Farewell! C.H.C. Bibliography

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A Advertising, 67–69, 71, 80, 87, 92, Abell, Joshua, 265, 266 97, 127, 146, 148, 153, 155, Abolition of slavery, 17 159, 162, 230 Absentee landlords, 17, 18 Advocate, 258 Academy, 40–43, 55 Agnes Grey, 124 Academy Council, 41 Agrarian outrages, 15, 17, 23 Academy Library, 41 Agricultural improvement, 11, 12, Act of Union, 2, 4, 7, 8n8, 9, 11, 23, 47, 88n9 26, 30, 35n48, 63, 107, 108, Agricultural journals, 15, 16 134, 238 Agricultural labourers, 10, 18 Adams, Charles Frederick, 87 Agricultural matters, 16, 18 Adversaria Hibernica: Literary and Agricultural newspapers, 13 Technical, 103 Agricultural surveys, 16 Advertisement duties, 164n5 Agricultural wages, 10 Advertisements, 12, 18, 68–71, 92, Agriculture, 10–12, 17, 18, 51 94, 97, 99, 111, 142, 146, 151, Almanack, 192–194, 199, 202, 153, 154, 157, 159–162, 189, 228, 264 198, 215, 216, 230, 265, 266 America, 29 Advertisers, 16, 69, 70, 97, 107, American Civil War, 82 162, 234 Ancient Ireland, 247

1 Note: Page numbers followed by ‘n’ refer to notes.

Ancient Irish Literature, 54 Audience, 106, 111 Andrews, J.H., 60n20 Australia, 82, 83 Anglo-Irish, 71, 78, 81–86, 90n51, 108 Anglo-Irish Studies, 8n15 B Annals of the Four Masters, Balfe, John Donnellan, 267 41, 44, 52, 267 Ballin, Malcolm, 25, 35n49 Annual Register, 255 Banim, John, 78, 126 Anster, John, 65, 249 Barbados, 23 Anthologia Hibernica, 1, 186, 200, Barker, Hannah, 35n56 201, 206, 213–217, 220, 221, Barny O’Reirdon, 66 225, 228, 237, 246 Barralet, John James, 237 Anti-Catholic, 65 Barron, Philip F., 247, 248 Antiquarianism, 41 Bartlett, Thomas, 25, 32n14, Antiquarian Journal, 37–58, 104, 116, 34n42, 35n46 213, 214 Bath and West of England Antiquity/antiquities, 12, 37, 41, 44, Society, 15 46, 49, 52–54, 72 Beauford, William, 214 Anti-slavery law, 17 The Beauties of Ireland: Being Original Anti-United Irish tracts, 25 Delineations, Topographical, Antonina, 70 Historical, and Biographical, of Applied science, 12, 100 Each County (Brewer), 48, 61n37 Archaeological, 48 Beetham, Margaret, 86, Archaeologists, 43 90n58, 166n28 Archaeology/archaeological, Belfast Magazine, 30 41, 47, 51–53 Bell, Currer, 69 Archbold, Johanna, 25, 35n48 Bell’s Weekly Messenger, 16 Archer, John, 224, 225 Benatti, Francesca, 60n30, Architects, 92, 94, 95, 97, 102, 105 61n52, 137n17 Architecture/architectural, Bennett, Scott, 61n52 92, 102, 104 Benson, Charles, 2, 8n8, 62n55 drawings, 95 Bentley, 67, 70, 75, 85 landscape, 96 Bentley’s Miscellany, 72 Argus, 256–258 Beranger, Gabriel, 237 Armstrong, Catherine, 35n48 Bernard, Morrogh (Rev. Mother), Armstrong, Robert, 228 156, 157 Arnold, Matthew, 140, 164n3 Bernard Scale, 218 Art, 110 Berry, Henry F., 11, 32n9, 32n10 Artisan classes, 99 Betham, Sir William, 41–43, 52, 53, Artisans, 99–101 56, 59n14, 59–60n16 Ascendancy class, 4, 20, 37, 125 Bew, Paul, 35n47 Athenaeum/athenæum, 38, 70 Bible Society, 116 INDEX 283

Bibliographical Society of Ireland, Burke, Edmund, 49, 82 66, 88n1 Burrows, Simon, 35n56 Bindon, S.H., 121, 137n19 Butler, John, 186, 187 The Black History of Ireland, 251 Butler, William Archer, 65 Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine, 5, Butt, Isaac, 65, 84, 249 65, 67, 73, 81, 88n2 Byrne, Patrick, 222–224 Blake, Caroline, 157 Byron, Lord, 207 Bolton, Theophilus, 211 Boney’s Oraculum, 116 Book of Common Prayer, 8n5 C Book of Kells, 96 C.H.C., 271 Book trades, 12, 17 Cameron, Charles A., 159 Bookseller, 110, 115, 136n1 Cameron, John, 167n43, 228, Booksellers, 47 245, 246 ‘The Booksellers’ Charter Song,’ Canada, 83 174, 243 Carey, William Paulett, 196–198 Bowen, B.P., 165n13 Carleton, William, 2, 8n9, 47, 56, 58, Bowen, Elizabeth, 85, 90n54 66, 76, 78–80, 84, 87, 89n34, Boyce, D. George, 141, 165n8, 165n9 105, 119, 126, 130, 245, Braddon, Mary Elizabeth, 87 247–249, 260, 269, 270 Brady, Cheyne, 89n37 Carlyle, Thomas, 124 Brady, J.M.C., 256 Carmilla (Le Fanu), 85 Brake, Laurel, 61n52, 90n58, 165n12 Carnival, 146 Brennan, John, 246 Carnivalesque, 146 Breviaries, 110 Carroll, Peter, 267 Brewer, J.N., 48, 61n37 Carson, James, 180 Brigandage, 83 Carson, Jemmy, 180 British Board of Trade, 21 Cartoons, 142, 144, 148, 149 British Farmers’ Chronicle, 16 Castle, 13, 25, 26, 33n27, Broadsides, 12, 25, 26 106–108, 254 Brocas, 225, 237 The Castlereagh Letters and Brooker, Peter, 167n49 Dispatches, 68 Brougham, Lord, 46 Castles, Richard, 207 Brown, Barbara Traxler, 59n7 Catechism of the Council of Brown, Stephen, 53, 61n48 Trent, 136n3 Browning, Elizabeth Barrett, 70 Catholic, 7, 26, 69, 83, 89n45, 103, Browning, Robert, 70–71 107, 109, 110 Builders’ Weekly Reporter, 92 Catholic Church, 6, 27, 74, Building, 102 96, 97, 120 Building trades, 5, 91, 92, 96, Catholic Emancipation, 2, 4, 5, 20, 101, 102 27, 29, 43, 65, 99, 116, 222, 254 Built environment, 97 The Catholic Guardian, 135 284 INDEX

Catholic hierarchy, 26, 122 ‘Coming woman,’ 155 Catholic literature, 117 Commercial paper, 13 Catholic Penny Magazine, 44 Committee of Publication, 42, 59n7, Catholic press, 109, 110 59n13, 59n15 Catholic University Gazette, 135 Conference of Librarians, 102 Caxton, 104, 169, 171, 172 Connaught, 20 Caxton Celebration, 172 Connolly, Robert, 29, 30 Caxton Exhibition, 169 Connolly, S.J., 136n14 Caxton Room, 171 Construction, 92 Celtophilia, 41 Consumerism, 155, 159 Censor, 188 Consumers, 153, 162, 164 Censorship, 104 Conway, Frederick William, 253–255 Chambers, 69, 121, 240 Conyngham, William, 229 Chambers, John, 240 Cooper, Fenimore, 70 Chambers’s Edinburgh Copper, 40 Journal, 44, 252 Copyright, 203–205, 208, 212 Chancellor of the Irish exchequer, 21 Copyright law, 8n8 Chapman and Hall, 70 Corbet, William, 191, 243, 244 The Christian Examiner and Church of Cork papers, 16 Ireland Magazine, 44–45, Cork Gazette, 12 60n24, 66, 248 Cork School of Design, 147 The Christian Family Library, 135 The Cornhill, 81 Chromolithographs, 147, 148 Council, 40, 41 Chromolithography, 148 Cox, Walter, 27–29, 33n27, 35n54, Church of Ireland, 44, 81, 96, 97 233, 235, 236, 241, 242, 246, Circulating libraries, 121, 245 247, 253, 254 Circulation figures, 13, 30, 56, 95 Cox, Watty, 4, 9, 18–30, 33n27, Citizen’s Journal, 188, 265 33n29, 33n31, 34n41, 34n42, 77 Civis, 102, 111 Craftsmen, 104 Claflin, Tennessee, 157 Crampton, Phillip, 190 Clayton, Benjamin, 46, 60n31, Crawford, Gary William, 89n34 214, 228 Crime reportage, 16 Clayton, Samuel, 214, 228, 237 Critic, 124 Cobbe, Frances Power, 112n17 Crookes, Gearoid, 103, 104, Cockburn, Sir W.S.R., 74 112n6, 113n29 The Coiner, 129 Cross, Richard, 223 Coldwell, 228 Crosthwaite, 219 Collins, Mortimer, 81 Cullen, Cardinal, 120 Collins, Wilkie, 70 Cullen, L.M., 111n1 Colonialism, 125 Cultural nationalism, 53, 58 Co. Louth, 33n25 Cumming, John, 174, 242, 243 Comic, 149 Cunningham Memoirs, 38 INDEX 285

Currier and Ives, 148 Dowling, John, 174 Curry, William, 72, 80, 105, 248–250 Doyle, Martin, 228, 245 Curtin, Nancy J., 25, 34n44 Drennan, William, 197 ‘Cut and paste’ journalism, 54 Drew, Catherine, 112n17 Cyclopedian Magazine, 247 Drew, Sir Thomas, 97, 112n17 Drougheda Journal, 16 Droz, Jean Pierre, 186 D Dublin and London Magazine, 247 D’Alton, John, 228 Dublin Argus, 255 Dalton, Margaret, 243 Dublin Builder, 95, 102, 112n6, Dalton, Robert, 243 112n7, 112n8, 112n11, 112n13 The Daltons, 70 Dublin Castle, 25, 34n41, 107 D’Arcy Magee, Thomas, 130 Dublin Chronicle, 201 Davis, Richard, 136n10 Dublin Courier, 188 Davis, Thomas, 80, 89n34, 118, 133, ‘Dublin Delineated,’ 245 136n10, 136n11, 250, 259, 269 Dublin Directory, 184, 190, 236, 243 Dawson, Thomas, 11 Dublin Evening Mail, 80 De Chatelain, Madame, 71 Dublin Evening Post, 187, 253, 255 De Jean, J., 252, 257 Dublin Gazette, 33n30, 176, 188 de Nie, Michael, 164n2, 165n17 Dublin Intelligence, 180 Demoor, Marysa, 61n52 Dublin Journal, 29, 35n55, 107, 182, Dempsy, Luke, 223 185, 189, 231–235, 252, 253 Denman, Peter, 88n2 Dublin Journal of Temperance, Science, Dermody, Thomas, 215 and Literature, 252 Derrida, Jacques, 144, 165n16 The Dublin Journal, with Advices Dialogues in the Margin: A Study of the Foreign and Domestic, 177 Dublin University Magazine, 67 Dublin Literary Gazette, 61n47 Dickens, 69–72, 76, 78 Dublin Literary Journal, 266 Dictator, 179 Dublin Literary Journal and Select A Dictionary of Irish Artists Family Visitor, 265 (Strickland), 60n31 Dublin Magazine, 190 Dictionary of Irish Biography, Dublin markets, 15 59n14, 61n47 Dublin Mechanics’ Institute, 257 Digital humanities, 7 Dublin Monthly Panorama, 247 Dillon, John, 250, 269 Dublin Monthly Register, 247 Directory, 190, 191 Dublin newspapers, 38 Directory of United Irishmen, 25 The Dublin Penny Journal (DPJ), 5, Disestablishment, 97 37–58, 60n23, 60n27, 60n32, Disraeli, Benjamin, 69 61n35, 61n38, 61n39, 61n41, Dix, Ebenezer, 13, 18, 32–33n16 61n43, 61n44, 61n46, 61n49, Donegan, John, 259, 262 61n51, 62n56, 83, 92, 126, Douay Bible, 225 129–130, 214, 226, 228, 244, Douglas, Roy, 165n11, 166n21 246, 247 286 INDEX

Dublin Paddy Kelly’s, 263 Duffy’s Weekly Volume of Catholic Dublin Philosophical Journal and Divinity, 121 Scientific Review, 255 Duigenan, Patrick, 232 Dublin Philosophical Society, 176 DUM, 54–56, 60n30, 67 Dublin Review, 105 Dunlop, Durham, 87 Dublin Satirist, 262 Dunne, Tom, 61n36 Dublin Society, 4, 11, 20, 23, 32n9, 34n41, 37, 59n1, 195, 196 Dublin Society Fine Arts E Committee, 34n41 Earl of Ormond, 52 Dublin Society for Improving ‘The Early History of the Stage in Husbandry, Manufactures, and Ireland,’ 103 other useful arts, 32n7 Easley, Alexis, 167n52 Dublin Times, 227 Ecclesiastical architecture, 96, 97 The Dublin University Magazine Edinburgh Weekly Chronicle, 16 (DUM), 5, 44, 53, 55, 56, Education, 99–102, 118 61n53, 62n56, 70, 88n2, 88n3, Educational matters, 102 88n13, 88n17, 88n20, 88n21, 1816 (‘the year without a summer’), 10 89n22, 89n31, 89n45, 90n46, 1832 Reform Bill, 65 90n49, 90n59, 90n60, 99, 108, Emancipation, 99, 156, 223 109, 246, 248–250 Emigration, 17, 81, 83 Dublin University Magazine Emmet, Robert, 232 Advertiser, 68 English Farmers’ Journal, 16–17 Dublin Weekly Journal, a Repository of English Printers’ Pension Fund, 104 Literature, Music, and English Registry, 183 Miscellaneous Knowledge, 180, 255 Engraved/engravers/engraving, 24, Duffy, Charles Gavan, 76–80, 87, 27, 30, 40, 48, 117, 128, 131, 89n34, 153, 250, 251, 262, 148, 236 268, 269 Engraving, 148 Duffy, James, 6, 21, 34n31, 34n37, Enniskillen Chronicle, 16 105, 110, 113n47, 115–135, Ephemera, 142, 165n12 259–262, 267 Esdall, J., 188 Duffy’s Fireside Magazine, Esdall’s News-Letter, 188 123–125, 135 Esdell, William, 225 Duffy’s Hibernian Sixpenny Magazine: Etruria-Celtica: Etruscan Literature A Monthly Journal of Literature, and Antiquities Investigated; or, Science, and Art, 128, 129, 131, the Language of that Ancient and 135, 136 Illustrious People Compared with Duffy’s Historical Works, 121 Iberno-Celtic, and Both Shown to Duffy’s Irish Catholic Magazine, 122, 135 be Phoenician, 59–60n16 Duffy’s Library of Ireland, 121, 250 Ettingsall, Thomas, 228, 246 Duffy’s National Library of Evans and Ruffy’s Farmers’ Ireland, 121 Journal, 15, 16 INDEX 287

Evening Herald, 253, 254 Folds, George, 226, 228, 229 Evening Mail, 38 Folds, J.S., 48–51, 54, 61n43, 92, Evening Post, 38 105, 112n6, 226, 227, 229, Exhibition Expositor, 246 244, 249 Exshaw, Edward, 183 Folds, W.S., 112n6 Exshaw, John, 183, 184 Folds, William, 226 Folklore, 49 Foreign intelligence, 18 F Foster, John, 11, 18, 20, 21, 26, A Fagot for Christmas, 71 32n8, 33n25, 34n35, 235, 239 Fall of Rome, 70 France, 15, 29 Famine, 58, 75, 81, 82, 124 Frankenstein (Shelley), 33n21 Farley, 247 Fraser, Hilary, 166n33, 167n44 Farmers, 10, 11, 15, 17 Fraser, John, 257 Farmers’ journals, 91 Fraser, Robert, 32n12 Farming, 5, 10, 20, 30 Fraser’s Magazine, 65, 67, 73, 258 Farming communities, 15, 18 Free libraries, 102 Farming journal, 19 Freeman’s Journal, 130, 142, 165n14, Farming Society, 11, 18, 20, 32n9 184, 188, 253, 254, 258 Farm labourers, 21 Free Press, 251 Faulkener, George, 181–185, 188, French Revolution, 82 208–212, 219, 231, 233 Fun, 147 Faulkner’s Journal, 11 Furlong, Thomas, 253 Faversham on His Way to Fame, Fussell, G.E., 33n18 128, 129 Felon, 269 Female, 156, 157 G Female authors, 160 Galway Mechanics’ Institute, Femininity, 150, 155 112n18, 112n19 Fenianism, 81, 82, 141 Gandon, James, 220 Fenians, 83, 103, 110, 141, 258 Gaskell, Elizabeth, 71 Ferguson, Samuel, 56, 62n56, 65, Gaspar, The Pirate: A Tale of the 88n2, 105, 249 Indian Seas, 74 Finnegan’s Wake, 90n64 Gavan Duffy, Charles, 118–120, Fireside Journal, 260 136n15, 137n17 Fireside Magazine, 123 Gazetteer of the World, 68 Fitzgerald, Edward (Lord), 34n41, Gender, 151, 155, 164 232, 242, 254 General Advertiser, 38, 245, 246 Fitzgibbon, John Lord Viscount, 217 Gentleman farmer, 30 Fitzpatrick W.J., 254 “Gentleman’s and Citizen’s The Flapper, 217 Almanack,” 184, 198 The Flying Post, or the Post Master’s Gentleman’s Magazine, 214 News, 176, 179 Geography, 55 288 INDEX

George IV, 32n7, 59n1 Hall, S.C., Mrs., 58, 78 George Petrie (1790–1866): The Hall, Wayne E., 67, 88n5, 88n12, Rediscovery of Ireland’s 89n34, 90n62, 90n63 Past, 61n36 Hallhead, William, 225 Geraghty, Bryan, 116, 117, 259, Halligan, 240 267, 268 Hames, Jane Hayter, 25, 35n45 Ghost Stories and Tales of Mystery, 71 Hamilton, Edwin, 142 Giffard, John, 29, 35n56, 107, Hamilton, Susan, 112n17 113n38, 189, 231–234 Harbin, Thomas, 179 Gilbert, J.T., 34n31, 176, 179–181, Hardiman, James, 253 184–186, 189, 190, 195, 197, Harding, Sarah, 177, 182 217, 231, 232, 239, 261 Hardy, Philip Dixon, 53–56, 58, Gilbert, William, 239 60n16, 61n47, 62n54, 62n55, Gill, Michael Henry, 105, 242, 249, 250 62n59, 105, 228, 244, 255 Gillever, Lawton, 210 Harris, Michael, 8n8 Girls Own Paper, 161 ‘Harry Lorrequer,’ 72, 73, 76, 77 Gladstone, 6, 81, 104, 140, 141, 144 Harte, Liam, 165n11, 166n21 Goddard, Nicholas, 10, 32n3, 33n17 Hayley, Barbara, 7, 8n12, 8n15, 59n7, Government, 107, 109 111n2, 115, 136n2 Government patronage, 19 Hely, James, 220–222 Government printing, 110 Herbert, George, 250 Grand, Sarah, 150 Hibernia Magazine, 247 Grattan, Henry, 197, 251 Hibernian Academy, 40 Gray, F. Elizabeth, 112n17 Hibernian Journal, 234 Green, Alice Stopford, 164, 167n56 Hibernian Magazine, 188, 213, 260 Green, Stephanie, 167n44 Hibernia Press Company, 242 Greene, J.H., 257, 258 Hickey, 228 Grierson, Constantia, 178, 179, Higgins, William, 23, 254, 255 219, 262 Higher woman, 154, 155 Grierson, George, 178, 262 Highland and Agricultural Society, 15 Griffin, Gerald, 123, 129 Hinks, John, 35n48 Griffiths, Anthony, 148, 165n19 Hinton, Jack, 72–74, 77 Groombridge, Richard, 60n16 History, 53, 55 Guardian, 257 History of Dublin, 261 Guild of St. Luke, 222 The History of Irish Periodical Gunn, 228, 245, 246 Literature, From the End of the Gutenberg, 170 17th to the Middle of the 19th Century (Madden), 1, 8n3 Hobbs, Andrew, 165n15 H Hodges, 239 Haddelsey, S.P., 89n35 Hoey, Christopher Clinton, 102–111, Hadjiafxendi, Kyriaki, 167n49 113n25, 113n33, 113n35, 115 Hall, S.C., 87, 245 Hoey, Elizabeth, 185, 243 INDEX 289

Hoey, James, 182, 184, 186 Ireland in Fiction (Brown), 61n48 Hoey, Jane, 186 Ireland’s Eye, 142 Hoey, Margaret, 243 Irish antiquity, 42 Hoey, Peter, 186, 223, 233, 243 Irish Book Lover, 66, 117, 136n3 Hogan, Robert, 136n4 The Irish Builder, 5, 6, 92, 94–97, Holland, Denis, 252 99–104, 106–111, 112n3, Hollander, Joel A., 165n11, 165n14 112n6, 112n17, 112n20, Home Rule, 5, 6, 65, 139, 140, 149, 113n24, 115, 136n1, 229 158, 166n34 The Irish Builder and Engineer Jubilee Hourican, Bridget, 61n47 Issue 1909, 112n5, 112n17 The House by the Churchyard, Irish Catholic Magazine, 260 87, 90n64 Irish Catholics, 20 Household Words (Dickens), 69, 70 Irish Drama, 111 Howes, Marjorie, 90n51 Irish Ecclesiastical Journal, Hue and Cry, 183 68, 69, 88n8 Hugh Fitzpatrick, 223 Irish economy, 5 Hume, Thomas, 181 Irish Executive, 230, 234, 267 Hurst & Blackett, 89n40 Irish farmers, 10 Hutton, Clare, 8n14 Irish Farmers’ Journal, 4, 9, 10, 13–18, 23, 32n9, 33n19, 33n22, 33n26 I Irish folklore, 83 Idea of a University, 135 Irish Independent, 165n14 IFJ, 13, 15–19, 30 Irish Industries’ Association, 156 The Illustrated Dublin Journal, Irish landowners, 10 95, 126–129, 136 Irish language, 7, 24, 41, 43 Illustrated papers, 142, 151 Irish language manuscript sources, 52 Illustrated periodical, 141 Irish Legends, 49 Illustrations, 24, 27, 30, 48, 52, 55, Irish Magazine, 4, 10, 23, 27, 33n31, 56, 66, 92, 95, 97, 104, 124, 77, 233, 235, 236, 242, 246, 126, 149, 153, 155, 161, 162, 253, 254 196, 267 Irish Magazine and Monthly Asylum of Index to the Serial Publications of the Neglected Biography, 4, 9, 34n32, Royal Irish Academy 34n33, 34n36, 34n40, 34n41, (Transactions, Proceedings, 35n51, 35n52, 35n54, 35n58 Cunningham Memoirs, Todd Irish manuscripts, 41 Lecture Series, and Irish Irish Manuscript Series, 38 Manuscript Series), 59n6 Irish manuscript sources, 43 Inglis, Brian, 32n15 Irish Monthly Magazine, 24, 34n43, International Copyright Act, 205 119, 120, 123, 131, 133, Investigative journalism, 155–156 136n5, 265 Ireland in 1846 Considered in Reference The Irish National Guard, 251 to the Rapid Growth of Popery, 53 Irish nationalism, 24 290 INDEX

Irish National Magazine and Weekly K Journal of Literature, Science, and Kavanagh, Julia, 130 Art, 258 Kavanagh, Robin J., 8n13, 60n22 Irish Parliament, 11, 20, 107, 195, 202, Keegan, John, 246 213, 223, 224, 236, 238, 239, 257 Kelly W.B., 261, 262 Irish Penny Journal, 46, 56, 58, Kennedy, Liam, 32n12 62n60, 62n64, 125, 126, 130, Kennedy, Patrick, 83, 84 135, 228, 245 The Key to Heaven, 117 Irish Penny Magazine, 5, 126, 228 King, Andrew, 166n24, 167n52 Irishman, 252 King’s Printer, 178 The Irish People, 83 Knight, Charles, 121 Irish politics, 18 The Knight of Gwynne, 75 Irish provincial press, 3 Knight’s Penny Magazine, 44 Irish Pulpit, 248 Kooistra, Lorraine Janzen, 167n54 Irish Quarterly Review, 1, 261 Irish rebellion, 26 Irish reprint industry, 8n8 L Irish Research Council, 33n20 Labourers, 15 The Irish Times, 159 Ladies, 70, 151, 157, 159 Irish trade figures, 10 The Ladies Companion At Home and Irish type, 24 Abroad, 70 Irish Volunteers, 119 Ladies Home Journal, 161 Irish women’s education, 7 The Ladies’ Pioneer of Shopping, 7, 151 Italy, 83, 90n49 The Ladies’ Work-Table Book, 70 Lady Aberdeen, 166n34 Land Act, 144 J Landed aristocracy, 18 Jackson, Robert, 192, 193 Landholder, 11 James, G.P.R., 80, 227 Land League, 125, 141, 157 Jane Eyre, 124 Landlord, 10, 11 Jean, J.D., 249 Landowner, 10, 18, 149 Jerrold, Blanchard, 128, 129 Landowning class, 15, 18 Job-printing, 110 Land War, 139, 149 John Foster: The Politics of the Anglo- Le Fanu, Sheridan, 5, 65, 71, 80–82, Irish Ascendancy 84–87, 89n40, 90n51, 90n56, (Malcomson), 34n35 90n60, 90n64, 227, 249 Johnson, R.G., 247 Le Messurier, T., 252 Johnston, Judith, 167n44 Learned societies, 100, 102 Jolly, Pattison, 262 Leary, Patrick, 148, 166n22 Jones, Aled, 90n58 Ledwich, Edward, 43, 201, 206, 213, Journalism, 107 214, 220, 221 Joyce, James, 87, 90n64 Lee, Edmond, 192 INDEX 291

Lee, John, 192 Lower classes, 110 Lee, Samuel, 192 Loyalist, 110 Leerssen, Joep, 52, 59n12, 60n18 Lucas, Charles, 184, 188, 190 Legend, 50 Lyons, John Joseph, 92, 95 Legg, Marie-Louise, 3, 8n10, 141, 148, 165n7, 165n11, 165n18 Leinster House, 207 M Lever, Charles, 5, 58, 61n47, 65, MacCartney, Donald, 43, 60n19 70–81, 84, 86, 87, 88n16, MacManus, M.J., 137n21 89n31, 89n34, 90n59, 105, 227, MacNevin, Thomas, 119, 137n17 248, 249 Madden, Lionel, 90n58 Liberator, 30, 74 Madden, Richard Robert, 1, 2, 8n3, Libraries, 102 8n6, 8n7, 21, 23, 24, 29, 34n37, Library of Ireland (Duffy, James), 34n38, 34n42, 35n57, 35n61, 121, 250, 259, 260, 262 176, 247, 254 The Life and Labours in Art and Maginn, William, 73 Archaeology of George Petrie Mahony, Cornelius, 257 (Stokes), 59n9 Maidment, Brian, 161–162, 167n52 Liggins, Emma, 166n31 Major (Sirr), 254 Limerick Advertiser, 16 Major Hobart, 231 Linen trade, 17 Malcomson, A.P.W., 20, 32n8, 34n35 Lintot, 211 Malton, 219 Literacy, 116 Malton, James, 218 Literary, 50 Mangan, James Clarence, 44, 56, 87, Literary Gazette, 38 105, 228, 246, 249, 251, 252 A Literary Journal, 186 Manuscript sources, 41, 52 Literary property, 202–205, 208 Marchbank, R., 225, 226 Literature, 40, 41, 111 March-Phillips, Evelyn, 166n24 Lithographic prints, 148 Marine Society, 32n9 Lithographs, 95, 142, 144, 148 Martin, John, 269 Lithography/lithographic, 147, 148 The Martyrs of Carthage, 70 The Little Garden of Roses, 134 Mary Barton (Gaskell), 71 Little magazines, 65 The Massacre of St. Bartholomew; with a Liverpool Free Library, 102 concise history of the corruptions, Lloyd, Edward, 176, 177 usurpations, and anti-social effects Long Room, 66 of Romanism (Cockburn), 74 Lord Altamont/Sligo, 11 Mass emigration, 17 Lord Norbury, 27 Material culture, 48 Lord Stanley, 23 Mathew, Father, 252 ‘The Louth Mower’, 21 Maunsel and Co. Ltd., 60n31 Lover, Samuel, 47, 58, 66, 87, 105, Maxwell, W.H., 77 126, 246, 247, 249 Maynooth College, 74, 235 292 INDEX

Mayo, 16 Mitchel, John, 109, 118, 250, 269 Mayor, A. Hyatt, 165n20 M’Nevin, Thomas, 250 McBride, Lawrence, 164n6 Modern Domestic Cookery, 70 M’Cormick, Joseph, 251 Molyneux, William, 174 M’Cormick, James, 250, 251 Monthly Pantheon, 247 McCormack, W.J., 80, 81, 84, 85, A Monthly Review, Devoted to National 89n36, 89n38, 89n39, 89n41, Literature, Arts, Antiquities, 90n52, 90n55 Ecclesiastical History, Biography of McDowell, R.B., 40 Illustrious Irishmen, and Military McGlashan, James, 67–69, 71, 72, 80, Memoirs, 122 105, 249, 250 Moore, Thomas, 1, 215, 242 McGuinne, Dermot, 62n63 Morning and Weekly Register, 228 McGuire, James, 33n27 Moroney, Nora, 164, 167n56 McKay, Enda, 5, 7, 8n12, 59n7, Morrison, John, 220 111n2, 136n2 Morrison, Richard, 220 McMillan, Norman, 112n19 Morton, J.C., 33n17 McNicholas, Anthony, 103, 113n25, Morton, John, 167n52 113n35, 142, 165n10, 165n11 Morton, R.G., 112n19 M’Donnell, Thomas, 223 Mosse, Bartholomew, 207 Meade, L.T., 160 Motte, Benjamin, 192, 208 Meany, Stephen Joseph, 258 Mt Tambora, 16 Mechanics’ institutes, 44, 94, 99, 100, Mulvany, Charles, 23, 34n41 112n19, 116, 121 Murder trials, 16 Medical Times and Gazette, 101 Murphy, James, 60n22 Meehan, C.P., 133, 260 Murray, John, 67 Melville, Hermann, 70 Murray, Peter, 61n36 Member subscriptions, 38 Myers, Robin, 8n8 Mercier, Richard Edward, 217, 229 My Life, 77 Mercury, 184, 185 Mere Irish and Fior-Ghael: Studies in the Idea of Irish Nationality, Its N Development and Literary Napoleon, 17 Expression Prior to the Nineteenth Napoleonic wars, 4, 9, 10, 18 Century (Leerssen), 59n12 Napoleon’s Book of Fate, 116 Messenger, 253, 254 Nation, 58, 73, 76, 79, 80, 89n25, Middle-class audience, 44, 99 89n26, 89n29, 89n31, 117–120, Milesian Magazine, 246 122, 126, 250, 255, 259, 260, Miller, Joseph, 208 262, 268, 269 Minute books, 38, 42 National, 109 Miscellanies, 24–26, 65 National Association, 157 Missale Romanum (Duffy, James), 120 National Botanic Gardens, 12 Missals, 110 The National Evening Star, 197 INDEX 293

The National Guard, 251 Northern Echo, 139 National identity, 125 Northern Star, 12, 25 Nationalism, 120, 122, 134, 139–164 “Notes on the Rise and Progress of Nationalist, 75, 81, 97, 99, 103, 108, Printing and Publishing in 109, 111, 126, 131, 134, 142, Ireland,” 104 148, 153, 165n11 Nurses, 158 Nationalist press, 107 Nursing, 158 Nationality, 125 Nuts and Nutcrackers, 74 “The nationality of the original projectors and conductors of the Dublin University O Magazine,” 108 Observations on the Corn Laws, 73 National Library, 251 Ó Casaide, Séamus, 29, 35n59, 35n60 National Library of Ireland, 12, 250 Ó Ciosáin, Niall, 8n14, 35n48 National literature, 76 O’Connell, Daniel, 30, 73, 74, 81, National Magazine, 247 88n16, 99, 124, 126, 198, National Museum of Ireland, 12, 37 250, 251 National School system, 99, 116 O’Connor, Anne, 136n7 Native Literature and the Publishing O’Curry, Eugene, 43 Trade, 115 O’Doherty, Kevin Izod, 258, 269 The Navigator, 66 O’Donnell, John Frances, 130, 131 Neswald, Elizabeth, 99, ‘The O’Donnells in Exile,’ 130 112n18, 164n6 O’Donovan, John, 43, 44, 52, 54, 58, Newgate, 27 130, 228, 245 New Irish Library, 153 O’Driscoll, Terry, 227 New Irish Magazine and Monthly O’Flaherty, Roderick, 220–222 National Advocate, 29–30 O’Flanagan, Mark Philip, 102 New Journalism, 6, 7, 139–164 Ó Gráda, Cormac, 10, 32n1, 32n12 Newman, John Henry (Cardinal), 135 O’Hara, Jim, 165n11, 166n21 Newry Telegraph, 16 O’Hea, John Fergus, 142, 144, Newsald, Elizabeth, 112n19 147, 149 News-Letter, 188, 189 O’Malley, Charles, 76 Newspaper, 1, 12, 13, 15, 17, 19, 24, O’Neille, John, 223 25, 47, 110 Operatives, 99 Newspapers and Nationalism: The Irish Ó Raifeartaigh, Tarlach, 59n3, 59n11 Provincial Press, 1850–1892 Orangemen, 27 (Legg), 8n10 Orange Order, 34n41 Newspaper Press Directory, 3 Ordnance Survey, 5, 43, 44, 52, New Woman, 7, 150, 151, 154, 53, 55, 58 155, 159–161 Ordnance Topographical Survey of The North American Review, 151 Ireland, 40 North British Daily Mail, 246 Orr, William S., 71 294 INDEX

O’Sullivan, Mortimer, 74, 88n19, Patriot, 235 89n45, 249 Penny journal, 44, 46, 202 O’Sullivan, Samuel, 65, 88n19, Penny Magazine, 44, 46–48, 54, 89n45, 249 56, 60n25 O’Toole, Terence, 228 Penny papers, 44 O’Toole, Tina, 150, 166n26 Penny press, 47 Otway, Caesar, 44–49, 53, 55, 58, 65, Penny weeklies, 83 66, 74, 105, 228, 248, 249 Periodical culture, 30, 51 Our Mess: Jack Hinton, the Guardsman ‘Periodical Literature of (Lever), 73 Ireland,’ 30, 247 Owenson, Sydney, 214 Periodical press, 12, 13, 38, 46, 73 Oxford History of the Irish Book, 7 Periodicals, 13 The Oxford History of the Irish Book, Peter Carroll’s Register (Carroll), 267 volume 4: 1800–1891, 60n22 Petrie, George, 5, 40–49, 51–53, 55, The Oxford History of the Irish Book: 56, 58, 59n8, 60n16, 60n26, The Irish Book in English, 62n63, 126, 134, 135, 228, 245 1891–2000 (Hutton), 8n14 Petty, Sir William, 176, 178 Phillips, James W., 12, 32n13 The Philosophical Magazine, 38 P Phiz (H. K. Browne), 70, 71 Paddy Kelly’s Budget, or a Pennyworth Photolithographs, 161 of Fun, 263 Pic Nics from the Dublin Penny Painting, 48 Journal, 56 Pallas Athene, 67 The Pillars of Hercules, 70 Pall Mall Gazette, 139 Pilot, 267 Pamphlets, 12, 19 Plunkett, John, 166n24, 167n49 Pantheon, 247 Poland, 82, 89n43 Paper, 12, 17 Police column, 15 A Paper Landscape: The Ordnance Polite literature, 37 Survey in Nineteenth-Century Political cartoons, 6 Ireland (Andrews), 60n20 Pollock, Joseph, 223 Paper makers, 17, 236 Poor laws, 17 Papers for the People, 69 Pope, 210, 211 Paper trade, 17 Popular Sixpenny Library, 117 Paratextual, 146 Population, 17 Parchment makers, 236 Portrait Gallery, 70 Parliament, 204, 230, 240 ‘Post Chaise Companion or Travellers’ Parnell, Charles Stewart, 6, 144, 149 Directory through Ireland,’ 191 Parnellism, 139 Potts, James, 188–190 Passage in the Secret History of an Potts, John, 189 Irish Countess, 85 Powel, Humphrey, 179 Pat, 6, 139–164 Powell, Samuel, 179, 186 INDEX 295

Power, John, 1, 7, 8n1, 109 R Praeger, R. Lloyd, 40, 59n6, 59n10 Railway printing, 110 Press, 25, 118, 232 Rains, Stephanie, 158, 167n41 The Press in Ireland, 53 The Rapparee, 130 Print and Popular Culture in Ireland, RDS, 11–13, 18, 19, 23, 26 1750–1850 (Ó Ciosáin), 8n14 RDS Farming Society, 13 Print culture, 25 Reading rooms, 94, 99, 116, 121, 141 Printer, 53, 92 Rebellion, 18, 19, 23, 24, 26, 33n31, Printers’ Pension Corporation, 172 34n41, 232, 233 Printers’ Pension Fund, 172 Redmond, John, 153 Printing press, 48, 51, 53, 54, 92 Reed, Sir Charles, 104 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, Reform, 99 4, 37–58, 60n17 Register, 228 Professional class, 111 Reilly, 225 Professional journal, 111 Religion, 15 The Protectionist, 69, 88n9 Religion and Illustrated Periodicals in Protestant, 20, 69, 110 the 1830s, 60n22 Protestant Ascendancy, 65 Religious dissensions, 21 Protestant Ireland, 67 Religious tracts, 6 Protestantism, 66, 72 Religious Tract Society, 69 Protestant Penny Magazine, 7, 44 Renvyle House Hotel, 157 Protestant Watchman, 227 Repealer, 110 Pro-Union, 65 Repeal movement, 68, 73, 81, 99, Provincial Intelligence, 17 118, 120, 122, 124, 141, 258 Provincial newspapers, 12 Repeal Reading-rooms, 118 Public art, 148 Repeal rent, 74 Publication committee, 41, 42 Review of Reviews, 139, 158 Public Gazetteer, 201 Reynolds, James, 123 Publishing industry, 12, 48 Rhames, Benjamin, 191, 192 Publishing subsidies, 107, 113n37 Rhames, Elizabeth, 192 Pue’s Occurrences, 173 Rhames, Robert, 192 Punch, 124, 142, 146–149 Ribbandism, 83 Punchinello, 263 Ribbonmen, 82 The Purcell Papers (Le Fanu), 71 Richards, William, 218, 246 Purdon’s Printing and Publishing The Rights of Irishmen; or the National Works, 92 Evening Star, 197 Pykett, Lyn, 166n23 ‘The Rise and Progress of Printing and Publishing in Ireland,’ 6 Rising of 1848, 7 Q Robertson, Annie, 81 Queen Elizabeth I, 67 Roche, Philip, 251 Quinn, James, 33n27, 136n9 Roe, Peter, 92, 104 Quiver, 161 Rome, 82 296 INDEX

Rooney, Paul, 33n20 Science, 37, 40, 41, 49–51, 53, 54, Roscrea Southern Star, 12 56, 58, 72, 101, 111 Rowan, Hamilton, 231 Scientific, 38, 42, 43, 49, 50, 55, 94, Royal College of Sciences, 100, 101 99–101, 110, 111 Royal College of Surgeons of Scientific advance, 92 Ireland, 167n43 Scientific education, 101 Royal Dublin Society, 32n7, 32n9, Scientific experimentation, 101 59n1, 100, 207, 240 Scientific farming, 11 Royal Exchange, 27 Scientific societies, 100, 101 Royal Hibernian Academy, 40, 130 Scientists, 40 Royal Irish Academy (RIA), 5, 12, Scott, J.A., 81–83 37–58, 59n2, 59n5, 59n7, Scott, Walter, 210 59n11, 59n13, 59n15, Sealy, Bryers & Walker, 153 59–60n16, 100, 201, 214, 225 Sectarianism, 122 The Royal Irish Academy: A Semiotic field, 150 Bicentennial History, 1785–1985 Sentimental and Masonic Magazine, (Ó Raifeartaigh), 59n3 197, 213 Royal Irish Academy Transactions, 4 Serial fiction, 80 Royal Society, 38 Serialized, 81 Rural violence, 17 Seven Lamps of Architecture Ruskin, John, 69, 102, 148 (Ruskin), 69 Russell, Matthew, 138n39 1798 Irish Rebellion, 4, 9, 21, 35n48, Russia, 15, 82 38, 106, 116 Ruthyn, Silas, 84 Shattock, Joanne, 61n52 Ryder, Pressick, 179 Shelley, Mary, 33n21 Ryder, Thomas, 179 Simes, Douglas, 35n56 Simms & M’Intyre, 67 Singer, Joseph Henderson, 44, 248 S Sirr, Henry (Major), 23, 26, Sadleir, Michael, 66–68, 88n1, 88n6, 34n41, 254 88n7, 89n40 Sisters of Charity, 156 Sage, Victor, 90n51 Sketches by Boz, 70 St. Patrick’s Anti-Stamp Chronicle, or Sleater, William, 201 Independent Magazine of News, Sleater’s Dublin Chronicle, 201 Politics, and Literary Sligo, 16 Entertainment, 200 Smith, Thomas, 223, 239 Sandys, Edwin, 176 Social notices, 16 Saturday Magazine, 44 Society, 12, 19, 20, 23 Saunders, Henry, 188 Society for the Diffusion of Useful Saunders Newsletter, 11, 38, 55, Knowledge in England (SDUK), 62n54, 188, 189 44, 47, 60n25 Schoolbooks, 109, 116 Society of Arts, 15 INDEX 297

Society of Friends, 265 T Solar, Peter, 32n12 Tax, 116, 194 South Kensington Museum, 104 Technology, 44 SPCK, 47 Teetotal Societies, 118 Speranza, 130 Tegg, T., 67, 252 The Spirit of the Nation, by the Temperance, 160 writers of the Nation newspaper, Tenant farmer, 149 118, 260 Tenant/tenantry, 10, 11, 17, 20 Spuybroek, Lars, 167n53 Tenniel, John, 146, 147 Spying, 30 Thacker, Andrew, 167n49 Stage-Irishmen, 76 Thackeray, William Makepeace, 76 Stamp, 234, 266 Theatrical arts, 111 Stamped, 266 Thom, Alexander, 110, 190, 271 Stamp returns, 13 Thom, Walter, 233 Stamps, 234 Thornton, Robert, 173 Stanford, Charles, 65 Thorpe, Alderman, 23, 34n41 Statesman, 80 Three Roads in Life, 70 Staunton, Michael, 228 Tilley, Elizabeth, 90n61 Stead, W.T., 139–141, 158, 167n42 Times, 80, 255 Steam printing press, 51, 54 To-Day’s Woman, 6, 139–164 Steele, Karen, 164n2 Todd Lecture Series, 38 Stereotyping, 117 Todd, Revd J.H., 41 Stewart, Alexander, 200 Tom Burke of Ours, 79 Stewart, Bruce, 33n27 Tomlinson, Thomas, 112n10 Stokes, Gabriel, 207 Tone, Wolfe, 222, 251 Stokes, William, 38, 45, 59n9, Trade journals, 5, 97, 99, 101, 60n21, 60n26 104, 111 Stouthamer-Loeber, Magda, 136n2 Trade paper, 96 Strickland, Walter G., 60n31 Tradesman’s Advocate, 257 Strikes, 16 Trades unions, 156, 161 Subscribers, 16 Trade union banners, 147 Suffrage/suffragette, 155, 161, Trade union cards, 148 164, 166n34 Training, 100 Suffragist, 157 Traits and Stories of the Irish Peasantry Suil Dhuv, 129 (Carleton), 3, 8n9, 247 Sullivan, A.M., 142, 147 Transactions, 37–58, 100 Supplementarity, 144 Tribune, 258, 269 Survey, 44 Trinity College Dublin, 65–68, Sutherland, John, 75, 89n23 88n2, 88n4 Swift, 177, 180–182, 187, 208, Typographical Total Abstinence 210–212, 219 Society, 252 Synge, J. M., 87 Tyrrell, G., 245 298 INDEX

U W Uncle Silas, 81, 82, 84–87, Wakeman, William, 2, 130, 247 90n51, 90n56 Wales, 16 Union, 18, 20, 21, 23, 26, 29, Walker, Joseph, 188 30, 34n43, 43, 75, 125, 130, Walker, Thomas, 188 156, 230, 233, 236, 237, Waller, John Francis, 65, 67 251, 261 Walsh, Edward, 228, 246, 252 Unionist politics, 108 Walsh, Patrick, 8n14 Union of Ireland with Great Warder, 80, 227 Britain, 68 Watercolour, 48 Union Star, 12, 19, 23, 25, 254 Waterford Chronicle, 16 United Company of Booksellers, 203 Waterloo Directory, 13, 35n62, 123 United Ireland, 144 Waterloo Directory of English United Irishmen, 4, 8n7, 11, 18, 19, Periodicals, 88n9 24–26, 30, 34n42, 35n57, 109, Waterloo Directory of Irish Newspapers 117, 118, 196, 197, 222–224, and Periodicals: 1800–1900, 232, 242, 269 3, 166n27 The United Irishmen (Madden), Waterloo Directory of Irish Periodicals, 21, 35n61 60n30, 111n3 Universal News, 103, 113n35 Waters, Edward, 177 University Magazine, 105, 108, 248 Watson, Samuel, 199 University of Dublin (Trinity College), Watson, William, 191 37, 59n4, 88n4 Watty Cox, 24, 35n59, 253 University Press, 110 The Ways of the Hour (Cooper, Unknown Dublin, 103 Fenimore), 70 Urban planning, 92 Webb, Thomas, 245 Urquhart, David, 70 Webster’s Critical Pronouncing Utilitarian, 41 Dictionary, 126 Weekly Freeman, 142, 144, 148 Weekly Messenger, 253, 254 V Welch, Robert, 33n27 Valentine M’Clutchy (Carleton), 119 Wellesley, 88n19 Vallancey, 43, 213, 220, 221 Wellesley Index to Victorian Vampirism, 85 Periodicals, 56, 66 Veto controversy, 26, 27 West Indies, 17 Victoria and Albert Museum, 104 Wexford Herald, 16 Victorian Periodicals Review, 90n50 Whelan, Kevin, 12, 20, 32n15, 33n28, Visual material, 7 34n34, 35n50 The Voice of the Nation: A Manual of White, Luke, 240, 241, 261 Nationality, 120 White-Jacket; or, The World in a Volunteer Association, 231 Man-of-War (Melvile), 70 INDEX 299

Who Is the Heir?, 81 Wood engravings, 55, 95, 122, 124, Whyte, Frederic, 140, 164n3 129, 147, 148 Whyte, Samuel, 215 Wood, Gillen D’Arcy, 33n21 Wilde, Oscar, 87 Woods, C.J., 33n27, 34n42 Wilde, William, 249 Workers, 107, 111 William (King), 33n31 Working class, 44, 46, 47, 51, Williams, James, 196 100, 101 Williams, Richard Dalton, 258, 269 Working-class audience, 92 Wills, James, 105, 246 Workmen, 111 Wilson, Peter, 190, 191 ‘The Writing of History in Ireland, Wilson, William, 191 1800–30,’ 60n19 Wilson’s Directory, 191, 192 Wuthering Heights, 124 Wogan, Charles, 210 Wogan, Patrick, 193, 223, 242 Wolfe, Margaret (Mrs Y Hungerford), 160 Yeats, 87 Wolff, Michael, 61n52 The Young Gentleman’s and Young Woman’s Suffrage Movement for Lady’s Magazine, or the Ireland, 159 Repository of All Entertaining, Women, 151, 153–162, 164 Useful, and Polite Knowledge, 199 magazines, 162 Young Ireland, 6, 30, 58, 76–78, periodicals, 151, 153, 166n32 81, 87, 99, 117–122, 136n9, readers, 70 141, 228, 250, 251, 258, suffrage, 139 260, 269 trade unions, 156 training and education, 159 Wood, 40 Z Woodcuts, 24, 46, 47, 50, 56, 58, 95, Zoz, 142 126, 265 Zozimus, 131, 142