DOING BUSINESS in DENMARK 2018 Introduction

Industrivej Nord 15 Thrigesvej 3 Ballevej 2B Torvegade 22 Birkmosevej 20 Birk,Industrivej 7400 HerningNord 15 7430Thrigesvej Ikast 3 8600Ballevej Silkeborg 2B 7330Torvegade Brande 22 6950Birkmosevej Ringkøbing 20 Tlf.Birk, 97 7400 12 50 Herning 22 Tlf.7430 97 Ikast 15 40 22 Tlf.8600 86 Silkeborg 82 44 00 Tlf.7330 97 Brande 18 03 66 Tlf.6950 97 Ringkøbing 32 10 55 Tlf. 97 12 50 22 Tlf. 97 15 40 22 Tlf. 86 82 44 00 Tlf. 97 18 03 66 Tlf. 97 32 10 55 Erhvervsparken 7B Jernbanegade 3 Hjortsvangen 4 Hjejlevej 16 6900Erhvervsparken Skjern 7B 6870Jernbanegade Ølgod 3 7323Hjortsvangen Give 4 6920Hjejlevej Videbæk 16 Tlf.6900 97 Skjern 35 18 11 Tlf.6870 76 Ølgod 98 21 00 Tlf.7323 75 Give 73 19 11 Tlf.6920 97 Videbæk 17 17 44 Tlf. 97 35 18 11 Tlf. 76 98 21 00 Tlf. 75 73 19 11 Tlf. 97 17 17 44 DOING BUSINESS IN DENMARK 2018 Introduction The purpose of this publication is to give an introduction to set up a new business in Denmark, we recommend further those considering conducting business in Denmark, either professional assistance. by establishing a company or a branch or in other ways. The information presented in this publication was assem- Our intention is to provide a description of the business bled by Revitax A/S. environment and the main aspects of the legal framework of Danish business life. For readers actually planning to Copenhagen, October 2017 2 Doing Business 2018 / Introduction Contents Business forms ................................................................. 4 CFC taxation (taxation of Controlled Financial Companies) ..15 Public limited companies (Aktieselskaber) ..........................5 Filing a tax return ................................................................ 15 Private limited companies (Anpartsselskaber) ....................6 Payment and collection ....................................................... 15 Branches (of foreign limited companies) .............................6 Tax audits ............................................................................. 16 Representation offices ..........................................................6 Penalties .............................................................................. 16 MS entity ................................................................................6 Statute of limitations ........................................................... 16 Accounting requirements .................................................. 7 Calculation of the taxable income ................................... 17 Form and contents of the annual report ..............................7 General comments .............................................................. 17 Stock valuation .................................................................... 17 Audit requirements ........................................................... 8 Dividend income .................................................................. 17 Bookkeeping requirements ............................................... 9 Capital gains and losses ..................................................... 18 Establishment ................................................................. 10 Deductions ........................................................................... 19 Establishment procedures .................................................. 10 Transfer pricing ................................................................... 23 Purchase of shares in a shelf company ............................. 11 Joint taxation ....................................................................... 24 Registered branch office ..................................................... 11 Taxation of individuals ..................................................... 26 Choice of business form ...................................................... 12 Territoriality and residence ................................................. 26 Corporation Taxation ....................................................... 13 Expatriates with high salaries ............................................ 26 Tax rate ................................................................................ 13 General rules for taxation of individuals ............................ 26 Company residence and territoriality ................................. 13 Value-added tax............................................................... 29 Permanent establishment .................................................. 13 Distance selling – sale of goods to private customers ...... 29 Danish income subject to withholding tax.......................... 13 Withholding taxes ............................................................ 30 Tax losses ............................................................................. 14 Contents / Doing Business 2018 3 Business forms Business can be conducted through companies, by part- A company – the most common form being a public or pri- nerships or by individuals acting as sole traders. vate limited company – is a distinct legal entity established to separate its business affairs from the personal affairs of its proprietors. The business of sole traders and partnerships is not distinct from the personal affairs of the proprietor(s). The pro- A company can only cease to exist when it is wound up prietor has unlimited liability for the debts of his business. following legal framework. This means that a company 4 Doing Business 2018 / Business forms can carry on as long as there are individuals appointed to Foreign individuals and companies are allowed to own a act on its behalf despite e.g. the death or retirement of an Danish company by 100 %. individual. If the equity of a company represents less than 50 % of the Investors are free to choose their preferred form of entity. subscribed capital, an account of the financial situation and However, to set up branch operations most non-EU/EEA measures to be taken must be given to the shareholders at residents must have permission (based on a declaration of a general meeting. reciprocity) by the Danish Business Authority. The management Most foreign investors prefer to set up a new business The management may consist of either a board of directors under one of the following types of companies, as they are (a minimum of 3 persons) and the managing director(s) regulated by law: (a minimum of 1 person), or a board of managing directors supervised by a supervisory board (a minimum of 3 • Public limited companies (Aktieselskab, abbreviated: persons). A/S). • Private limited companies (Anpartsselskab, abbreviated: The board of directors is elected by the shareholders at the ApS). annual general meeting and its primary task is to ascer- • Branches (of foreign limited companies). tain a sound organisation and to set out guidelines for the managing director. Therefore, other ways of establishing a business will not be dealt with here. If the company employs more than 35 persons for 3 con- secutive years, the employees are entitled to be represent- However, it is also possible to establish a SE company ed on the board of directors or on the supervisory board. (European Company) and a SCE (European Co-operative Company) in Denmark. The board of directors appoints the managing director. The managing director’s primary task is the day-to-day man- The Danish Business Authority charges a duty for register- agement of the company. ing a company. Statutory publication Public limited companies The following details of the company must be filed with the (Aktieselskaber) Danish Business Authority, where part of the information is The liability of each shareholder is limited to the amount publicly available, e.g.: of shares subscribed (irrespective of them being fully paid up or not) or alternatively the purchase price of the shares • Denomination of the share capital. acquired. • Names and addresses of the founders of the company. • Names and addresses of the members of the board of A public limited company must have a share capital of a directors and the managing director(s). nominal value of at least DKK 500,000. Only 25 % or DKK • Articles of association. 125,000 of the initial share must be fully paid up before • The annual report. registration when the capital is injected in cash. The capital may also be injected in other assets. Business forms / Doing Business 2018 5 Shareholders are registered in a register at the Danish A branch in Denmark acts under Danish law. The name Business Authority. However, only shareholdings of at least of a branch must show its status as a branch of a foreign 5 % of the capital or votes are publicly available. limited company and its nationality. The branch must be managed by a branch manager. Private limited companies (Anpartsselskaber) Each year the annual report of the foreign company must In general, private limited companies are regulated by the be filed with the Danish Business Authority, where the same laws as described above for public limited companies. report is publicly available. The main differences are: Representation offices • A minimum share capital of DKK 50,000 is required. Establishment through a representation office is an option, The initial share capital must be fully paid up before if the activities are limited to being of an “auxiliary and pre- registration. paratory nature”. Such activities cannot include any kind of • The management may consist of either a board of sales activities, nor power to enter into binding contracts managing directors, or a board of directors and the on sales on behalf of a non-resident

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