OPEN ACCESS Freely available online & Aroma l tic a in P l ic a n d

t

e s M Medicinal & Aromatic Plants ISSN: 2167-0412 Review Article

Highlighting the Compounds with Pharmacological Activity from Some Medicinal Plants from the Area of Romania Isabelle Paciana, Monica Butnariu Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Banat’s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Timisoara, Calea Aradului 119, Timis, Romania

ABSTRACT The effect of medicinal plants is due to the chemicals contained in them, called active principles. Unlike drugs, which often contain a single chemical in large quantities, herbs contain a mixture of many active ingredients that act synergistically to produce a therapeutic effect. Medicinal plants also contain a wide variety of minerals and vitamins. The articles on medicinal plants did not specify all the chemicals contained by the plants, only those in the largest quantities and with proven therapeutic effect. Each chemical has an effect due to its chemical structure and can act in several directions, which is why there are so many beneficial medical effects attributed to medicinal plants. The review paper presents a specialized theoretical study related to the chemical composition of medicinal plants in Romania. The research results are structured in the form of a theoretical-informative scientific guide, which includes, in addition to the literary and scientific name of medicinal plants, and a description of the main biochemical compounds detected in each species. Keywords: Medicinal plants; Active principles; Therapeutic effect; Biochemical compounds

INTRODUCTION raw materials with superior biological parameters to obtain new drugs. Among the spontaneous plants, the healing ones have attracted people's attention since the beginning of their existence on Earth. LITERATURE REVIEW From this beginning until today, the long road of phytotherapy has gone through many stages, creating currents, schools and natural In this paper we propose a specialized theoretical study related therapeutic systems, specific to geographical areas or ancient cultures to the chemical composition of medicinal plants. The proposed and civilizations. Unfortunately, much of the treasure accumulated information specifies both the organs of the plant where the through tradition or writing has been irretrievably lost. The interest compounds were found (leaf, stem, bark, root, rhizome, flower, for medicinal organisms has increased with the improvement of fruit) and the main classes of chemical compounds (minerals, the techniques of extraction and processing of active products vitamins, alkaloids, acids, saponins, sterols, pigments). and especially of the demonstration of their efficiency in the fight Acer negundo L. The leaves contain: carbohydrates (fructose, glucose, against serious human diseases. Today's phytotherapy, aromatherapy sucrose, raffinose), phenolic acids (elleagic acid, gallic acid), and natural therapy acquire new valences compared to the past. sterols (β-sitosterol, daucosterol), complex lipids (cerebrosides), In addition, today's methods, therapeutic systems and medicines triterpenes (taraxerol acetate), ureides (allantoin) and allantoic are increasingly addressing the patient and not the disease; the old acid, carotenoids, flavonoid pigments-anthocyanins (cyanidine and conceptions of a holistic therapy that addresses the human body as pelargonidine) and flavones (mircetin, quercetin, isoquercetin, a whole and not the affected organ are beginning to be updated. kaempferol, methylated flavonols, dihydroflavonols, apigenin Conjugated botanical, biochemical and pharmacological research and luteolin, pro-methylidine flavones, and flavone methylides). has materialized with truly remarkable results; many diseases now The seeds contain: 20.76-21.55% fatty oil, sterols, triterpenes, have a natural remedy, and future research expects new sources of carotenoids, flavones, catechin tannins, proanthocyanins,

Correspondence to: Monica Butnariu, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Banat’s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Timisoara, 300645, Calea Aradului 119, Timis, Romania, Tel: +400256277441; E-mail: [email protected] Received: January 25, 2021, Accepted: February 03, 2021, Published: February 10, 2021 Citation: Isabelle P, Monica B (2021) Highlighting the Compounds with Pharmacological Activity from Some Medicinal Plants from the Area of Romania. Med Aromat Plants (Los Angeles) 10: 368. Copyright: © 2021 Isabelle P, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Med Aromat Plants (Los Angeles), Vol. 10 Iss. 2 No: 368 1 Paciana I, et al. OPEN ACCESS Freely available online polyphenolic acids, reducing compounds, oases, amino acids, ramnocitrine), flavonitins methylates, glycosides of acylated polyholosides. Fatty oil contains: 32.44% linoleic acid, 8.39% flavonols and proanthocyanidins. Carotenes are β-carotene, γ-linolenic acid, 0.75% α-linolenic acid, 16.73% oleic acid, 3.94% β-cryptoxanthin, lutein and violaxanthin. The analyzes performed palmitic acid, 1.48% stearic acid [1]. by Researchers on the volatile oil extracted from the chestnut flowers showed the presence of the following components: ; Actaea spicata L. The aerial organs of this plant contain: α -pines 21.8%, -pines 17.2%, camphene 11.3%, limonene 6.1%, 1, isoquinoline alkaloids: magnoflorin, corituberin, triterpene β 8-cineole 5.8%, decanol 7.2% and nonanal 4.3%. The bark of the glycosides, saponosides, organic acids: trans-aconitic acid, phenyl chestnut branches contains: tannin (epicatechin), sesquiterpenes propane derivatives: actin, acteoside, verbascozide [2]. (allantoin), alkaloids (scopoline, escin), coumarins and coumarin Adonis vernalis L. For medicinal purposes, aerial organs are used glycosides (esculetin, fraxetin, fraxin, scopoletin), pigments which contain: proteins (14%), pentosans, resins, phytosterols, (leukocyanidin, leucodelfinidine, quit) [4]. nitrogen bases (choline, thymine), aconitic acid, phytosterols, Ailanthus altissima (Miller) Swingle The aerial organs of the phenolic acids (chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid), amides (asparagine), plant contain: tannins (12%), lignins, cellulose, hemicelluloses, organic acids (citric acid), carbohydrates (rhamnose, pentosans), rhamnose, mucilages, proteins (27.5%), oleoresins, beta-sitostrol, fatty acids (linoleic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid), glycosides quinones, ceryl alcohol, elaidic acid, gallic acid, ceryl palmitate, (strofantidine C H O ), polyalcohols (adonitol), alkaloids 23 32 6 dihydroxycoumarins (scopoletin) and lactones (ailantiin) in a (berberine), glycosides: cimar (C H O ). The air organs also 30 44 9 proportion of 4.9%. Among the flavonoid pigments identified in contain cardiotonic heterosides: adonitoxygenin, adonitoxoside, ash plants are: quercetin, isoquercetin, isoquercitrin and fisetin. acetyl-adonitoxoside, adonitoxin, adonitoxol, adoniverdinase, Among the diterpenes, the presence of: ailanthione, quassiin, adonivernozide, cymaroside, strophanthoside, vernadigin. shinjulactone A and amarolid in the bark, ailanthone in the fruit Among the steroid substances were identified: strophatogenin, and ailantinol B and C in the leaves were highlighted. Among the fukujusone, lineola, isolineolone, 12-benzoyl-lineolone and lactones were identified: ailantiin and neoquassin. Researchers 12-nicitenoyl-lineolone. Flavonoid pigments are represented have identified in this species two new quassinoids: ailantinol A by: adonivernite, quercitrin, 8-hexithyl-luteolin-monoxyloside, and B, and other authors have identified 6 pregnan derivatives, luteolinxyloside, orientin-2- β-D-xylopyranoside. The organs of 2 cholestan, 2 hopan, 1 lupan and 1 gamaceran derivative. The this plant contain dimethyl 2,6-p-benzoquinone (C H C ) which 8 8 2 bark of the branches contains: cellulose, flobafen, benzoquinones, is a p-benzoquinone dye. Researchers have identified in Adonis saponins, ceryl palmitate, diterpenes (ailantinone, amarolide, leiosepala C-glycosylflavonoids such as: orientin 2”-O-xyloside [3]. acetylamarolid, shinjulactone C, quassiin) and alkaloids: canthin- Aesculus hippocastanum L. The main components extracted from 6-one-3-oxide, canthin-6-one (C14H8N2). Fruits contain diterpenes seeds are: starch (30-60%), proteins (8-11%), lipids (5%), glycerides, (ailanton), and seeds protein (27%), lipids (55–59%), ailanton. triterpene saponins (5-26%) such as aescin, tannins, acid tigarin, Researchers have identified the presence of two new sterols in the coumarins (esculoside and fraxoside), triterpenes (baringtogenol chloroform extracts from the seeds: ailantusterol A [stigmast-5,20 C and D), coumarins (angelic acid, esculin, esculetin, fraxetin, (21) -dien-3- beta-ol] and ailantusterol B [stigmast5-en-3- beta-21- fraxin), glycosides (aesculetin), triterpenes (barringtogenol), diol] [5]. alkaloids (escin), aliphatic compounds (tiglic acid). Among the Asarum europaeum L. The roots contain alkaloids (azarone, fatty acids, the presence of linoleic acid, palmitic acid and stearic trans-azarone), allantoin, volatile oil (trans-isoheugenol, trans- acid was identified. The main sterols identified in chestnut seeds isoelemicin, pinene, bornyl acetate, azaraldehyde, diazarone) [6]. are: stigmasterol, α-spinasterol and β-sitosterol. Researchers have identified the presence of triterpene saponins: escin Ia, Ib, IIb, Atriplex hortensis L. The main components identified by Researchers IIa, IIb, IIIa, IV, V, VI and isoescin Ia, Ib, V, cryptoescigenin, in the leaves of this species are: water (90-92%), carbohydrates which were found to have anti-inflammatory activity, and in (0.1%), cellulose (0.60-1.38%), proteins (2.9-3.9%), substances experiments with mice found to inhibit the transfer of glucose minerals (1.73-2.29%) and free oxalic acid (0.57% dry matter). The from the stomach to the small intestine and intensify intestinal color of the leaves is given by the presence of chlorophyll pigments transit. The seeds contain 25 flavonoid compounds, of which may (28.06-33.02 mg/100 g and carotenoids (3.64-3.22 mg/100 g) [7]. be mentioned: kampferol-3-arabinoside, kampferol-3- glucosido- Cerasus avium (L.) Moench Fruits contain 0.90% protein, 0.36% xylosido-glucoside, quercetol-3-xylosido-glucosido-3'-glucoside, lipids, 15.10% carbohydrates, of which 6.10% glucose, 5.50% quercetol-3- 3'-diglucoside, quercetol -3,4'-diglucoside, quercetol- fructose, 0.22% sucrose and 0.36% pectin. Organic acids are 3-rhamnoside, quercetol-4'glucoside and kampferol-3-rhamnoside represented by: malic acid 0.94%, citric acid 0.01%, chlorogenic and proanthocyanidins such as epicatechin, epicatechin- (2 β7,4 acid 6.10 mg/100 g, ferulic acid 0.30 mg/100 g, caffeic acid 7.00 β8) -epicatechin. Researchers have determined in the chemical mg/100 g, p-coumaric acid 7.60 mg/100 g and oxalic acid 7.20 composition of the chestnut shell the following compounds: mg /100 g [4]. Cherries contain quite a lot of vitamins. Thus, a 3-hexenol 9.2%, 2-heptanol 5.2%, 2-heptanone 4.7%, benzyl content of 15.00 mg ascorbic acid, 0.97 mg nicotinamide, 0.27 alcohol 4.1%, 2-methylbutanal 3.7%, 2-phenylethanol 3.5%, mg tocopherol, 0.19 mg pantothenic acid, 0.06 mg pyridoxine, isovaleraldehyde 3.3% and 2-octanol 3.3%. The presence of the 0.04 mg riboflavin was determined in 100 g of fruit. 0.03 mg following substances was also identified in chestnut seeds: nonanal thiamine, as well as small amounts of biotin and folic acid. The 5.3%, 3-hexenol 5.2%, nonanoic acid 4.6%, benzyl alcohol 3.9% mineral content is relatively low: 0.49%. 229 mg of potassium, and 2-heptanol 3.2% [2]. Chestnut flowers contain: tannin, 20.0 mg of phosphorus, 17 mg of calcium, 11 mg of magnesium, adenosine, rutin, choline, as well as the following pigments: flavones 3.0 mg of fluorine, 2.7 mg of sodium and 0.15 mg of zinc were (myricetin, isoquercetin, quercetin and /or kampferol), flavonols determined in 100 g of tissue. The anthocyanin content of the (kampferol 3-arabinoside, kampferol-3-glucoside, galangine, fruit varied between 82 and 297 mg/100 g in the case of dark-

Med Aromat Plants (Los Angeles), Vol. 10 Iss. 2 No: 368 2 Paciana I, et al. OPEN ACCESS Freely available online colored varieties and between 2 and 41 mg/100 g - in the fruit hyperoside, kampferol, quercetin, quercetin-3-O-β-Dsophoroside of 11 light-colored varieties and hybrids. All dark-colored varieties and procyanidins and vitamins (routine). The presence of ellagic contained higher amounts of cyanidin-3-rutinoside and cyanidin- acid, gallic acid, ursolic acid and rutin was identified in the flowers. 3-glucoside and lower amounts of pelargonidin-3-rutinoside [5]. Fruits contain volatile oils (α-amyrin, β-amyrin), sterols (β-sitosterol, For medicinal purposes, the fruit stalk is used for its content in campesterol, stigmasterol) and pigments. Of these, the following flavonoid substances. The main components of the peduncles were identified: cyanine, cyanidin-3-O-α-L-galactoside, cyanidin-3- are: tannins, catechins, saponins, proanthocyanidols and minerals O-β-D-robinobiozide, cyanidin-3-O-β-D-rutinoside, pelargonidine- (potassium salts). Flavones are represented by quercetol, genistein, 3-O-α-Lgalactoside, pelargonidin-3-O-β-D-robinobiozide, dihydrovogonin and naringenol [8]. pelargonidin-3-O-β-D-sophorozide and pelargonin [12]. Chelidonium majus L. The plants contain: 3-4% alkaloids in the Corydalis solida (L.) Clairv. Researchers point out that in the underground organs; 0.35-1.30% in the aerial plant parts and tuberous roots of this species are found more than 50 alkaloids, 1.5% in the fruit pericarp (as chelidonic acid salts). The dominant which have at least 12 different structures. Among them are: alkaloids are benzophenentridine: chelidonine (tertiary base), aporphyrin alkaloids (bulbocapnine); protopin derivatives chelerythrine and sanguinarine (red quaternary bases); other (coricavin, protopine, coricavidin, coricavamine and cryptopine); monomeric benzophenanthridine alkaloids (α-homochelidonine, protoberberine tertiary and quaternary bases (tetrahydropalmatine, oxychelidonine, methoxychelidonine, hydroxychelidonine, stylopine, coptysine, palmitin); tetrahydroprotoberberins oxysanguinarine) or dimers (chelidimerine - only in the roots of (coridalin, isocoribulbine, coribulbine and corisamine). In the plants growing in America), protoberberinic alkaloids (galberine, aerial organs were identified 0.4-0.8% alkaloids: bulbocapnine, culberetra); protopine (protopine, α-, β- allocriptopine); aporphins protopine, stylopine, capnoidin, domesticin, isoboldin, corisamine,

(magnoflorin - root only); sparteine in small amounts in the grass; allocriptopine (C21H23O5N), ambinine, buleianine, conspermine, esters of hydroxycinnamic acid, hydroxy acids (malic, threonic, coresmin, corgoin, coridalidzine, corinoxidine, coritoxin, glyceric), 1-4% chelidonic acid, saponosides, carotenoids, resinous cryptocavin, cryptopine, epicorinoxidine, gorchacoin, govanine, substances, volatile oil (in traces), flavonoids, tannins, nicotinic lienkonine, N-formylchoridamine, ochotensimine, ochotensin, acid, nicotinamide. Latex contains proteolytic enzymes, resinous ochobirin, palmatine, tetrahydrocoptisin, acetylchoridamine, substances and yellow, orange or red alkaloids. The rhizome and 6-oxoacetylchorinoline, acetaminophen, acetol, isocyl, isocylin, roots (Chelidonii radix / rhizoma) contain 2.4-3.4% alkaloids, of isocylin, isocylin, 12-hydroxycorinoline, 12-formyloxycorinoline which chelidonine (1.2%) and chelerythrine (1.0%) are highlighted [13]. [9]. Corylus avellana L. leaves contain: allantoin, phenolic compounds. Clematis vitalba L. Phenolic acids (caffeic, chlorogenic), sterols Fruits: lipids (62%), proteins (14%), carbohydrates (14%), amino (campesterol, β-sitosterol, stigmasterolglycoside), hydrocarbons acids (arginine, leucine, valine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, (nonacosan, triacontan), alcohols (ceryl, mircilic), pyrones threonine, lysine, histidine, tryptophan, cysteine, methionine). The (anemonine, protoanemonine), flavonic compounds (clematin), following vitamin content was determined in 100 g of hazelnuts: aliphatic compounds (ginnol), fatty acids (melisic), triterpene tocopherol (28 mg), ascorbic acid (3 mg), nicotinic acid (1.35 mg), saponins (vitalbozide) and caulosapogenin [10]. pantothenic acid (1.15 mg), pyridoxine (0.45 mg), thiamine (0.39 mg). The following minerals were determined in 100 g of fruit: Convallaria majalis L. aerial organs of this species contain: 0.2-0.4% potassium (636 mg), phosphorus (333 mg), calcium (226 mg), cardiotonic heterosides (~40 compounds), which come from approx. magnesium (156 mg), chlorine (10 mg), magnesium (4.2 mg), iron 12 aglycones, the majority being: strofantigenol (glucoconvaloside, (3.8 mg), boron (2.15 mg), sodium (2.0 mg), zinc (1.9 mg), copper convalozide, convaltoxoside, desglucocheirotoxol, cheirotoxol), (1.3 mg) [14]. strofantidol (glucoconvalatoxolozide, convalatoxolozide, convalatoxol) bipindogenol (lokundiozide). Sterolic saponosides: Cotinus coggygria Scop. The researchers identified 42 components convalaroside (convalamarogenol heteroside), convalamarozide, in the volatile oil extracted from the precious flowers. Of these, covalagenol A and B. The pigments identified in the leaves the share is held by limonene (48.5%), (Z) -β-ocimen (27.9%) and of this plant are: kampferol, kampferol-3-galactodiramnoside, (E) -β-ocimen (9.7%). The analysis of the volatile oil, extracted kampgerolglycoside, kampferol-3-galactoramnosine, by hydrodistillation from the expensive flowers revealed the 3-3-galactodiramnoside, isoramnoside-3-galactoramnozide, presence of the following substances: 23.90% α-limonene, 21.0% isoramnetin3-glucoside, quercetin, quercetin-3-galactoside, β-trans ocimen, 12.73% alloocimen, 8.58% terpinolen, 6.87% quercetin-3-galactodiramnoside, quercetin-3-galactoramnozide, β-cis-ocimen, 3.38% β-pinene. In smaller quantities, the presence petunidine, lycetene, phytocene, myrcetin, and xanthophylls. The of the following compounds was determined: 3.38% β-pinene, presence of the following substances was highlighted in the flower 2.29% camphene, 0.97% myrcene, 0.59% pelargon aldehyde, tissues: organic acids (citric acid, malic acid), amides (asparagine), 0.55% linalool, 0.47% β- caryophyllen, 0.44% tricycrene, 0.22% phenolic acids (caffeic acid, ferulic acid, chlorogenic acid) and γ-terpine, 0.07% α-terpineol, 0.07% viridifloren, 0.04% terpine-4- volatile oil. Analysis of the rhizome and roots of this species revealed ol and 0.03% α-farnesen. Volatile oil extracted from leaves of the the presence of two glycosides: convallamarine (C22H44O12) and prickly pear is rich in pine and camphor [15]. convallarin (C H O ), bitter-tasting substances [11]. 34 62 11 Crataegus monogyna Jack. leaves contain: catechol, epicatechol, Cornus mas L. leaves contain ellagic acid, gallic acid, morronoside, triterpenes (2-α-hydroxy oleanolic acid, acantholic acid, neotegolic secologanin. The presence of α-amyrin, β-amyrin, astragaline, sterols acid, crategolic acid, ursolic acid) and phenolic acids (caffeic (β-sitosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol) was identified in the volatile acid, chlorogenic acid), amines (ethylamine, dimethylamine, oils, as well as the following pigments: isoquercitrin, quercetin, trimethylamine, aromatic amines, choline, choline, acetylcholine),

Med Aromat Plants (Los Angeles), Vol. 10 Iss. 2 No: 368 3 Paciana I, et al. OPEN ACCESS Freely available online aminopurines (adenine, guanine), coumarins (esculetoside), evonomoside, alkaloids (especially evonine), which are polymers of β-sitosterol, uric acid. The characteristic color of the leaves is given evonic alkyl pyrimide (evon). The presence of triterpenes (citrullol) by the presence of the following pigments: apigenin, quercetin, and resins containing: atropurol, euonisterol, homoeuonisterol quercetin-3-O-rhamnogalactoside, kampferol, isoorientin, was found. The aerial tissues of plants contain: cerotic acid, malic isoorientin rhamnoside, isoquercitin, isoscaftozide, neoscaftozide, acid, citric acid, euonic acid, tartaric acid, tannin, phytosterols and ramovinoxide-2, procyanidin, proanthocyanidin, rutin, galactitol [20]. scaptooside, spireoside, vicenin-1, vicenin-2, vicenin-3, vitexin, Fragaria vesca L. Fruits contain: carbohydrates, mucilages, pectins, vitexin-ramnoside, vitexin-2-ramnoside, vitexin-2-O-ramnoside. citric acid, malic acid, salicylic acid. The volatile substances mainly The flowers contain: tannins, triterpenes (oleanolic acid, maslinic contain: (S)-2-methylbutanoic acid, benzyl alcohol, 2,5-dimethyl-4- acid, ursolic acid), coumarins (aesculin), amines (ethyl amine, hydroxy-2H-furan-3-one, benzoic acid and E-cinnamic acid [21]. dimethyl amine, isoamyl amine) and aminopurines. The flowers of Crataegus monogyna contain the following pigments: apigenin, Fraxinus excelsior L. The leaflets contain coumarins, of which quercetin, kampferol, kampferol-3-neohesperoside, isoorientin fraxoside (8-O-glucosyl fraxetol), fraxetol and isofraxetol have ramnozil, isoscaftozide, neoscaftozide, isovitexin, isovitexin- been identified. The presence of the following substances was also ramnoside, orientin, pro-chromin, B2, orientin-chromid routine, determined: flavonosides (rutoside), 1% pentacyclic triterpenes scaphtoside, sexangularetin, sexularetin, spireoside, viceni-1, (ursolic acid), iridoids (excelsiozide), mannitol, inositol, tannins, vicenin-2, vicenin-3, vitexin, vitexin-rhamnoside, vitexin-2- organic acids (malic, α-aminiadypic), volatile oil [22]. rhamnoside, vitexin-2-O-rhamnoside [16]. Galanthus nivalis L. The bulbs of this species contain: 0.2-1.6% Daphne mezereum L. analyzes revealed the presence of substances alkaloids (galantamine, hipeastrin, licorine, tazetin, narcyclasin, that in high concentration are toxic: diterpenes (daphnetoxin, narwedine, pretazetin-in bulbs, hemantamine, nivalidine-in hydroxidafnetoxin, meserein), dicumarines (daphnoretin), flowers) and lectins. The alkaloid spectrum is dependent on the coumarins (umbelliferone), resins (daphnin), sterols pedoclimatic conditions and the chemovariety [23]. (β-sitoster) [17]. Galium odoratum (L.) Scop. The air organs contain: tannic acid, Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott The chemical components identified tannin, malic acid, citric acid, nicotinic acid, nicotinic acid amide, in the rhizome are as follows: glucose, starch (10%), waxes, lipids anthracene derivatives and naphthalene derivatives. Plants of this (5-6%), resins, catechin tannins (philicitanic or aspidatonic acid), species contain iridoid glucosides, such as asperuloside (0.043%), fluoroglycine and volatile oil, which contains eucalipatol esters scandoside and monotropein (C16H22O11). Among the active with saturated fatty acids. The rhizomes also contain fluoroglucinol components can be mentioned - coumarins: melilotoside in the derivatives, such as: aspidinol, albaspidine, tetraalbaspidine, fresh plant (0.17-1.3%) and coumarin glycosides. Researchers [5] pentaalbaspidine, hexaalbaspidine, aspidine, desaspidin, have sought to vary the content of asperuloside in Galium verum, tridesaspidine, margaspidine, paraspidin, pseudospidin, triaspidin, a substance that has a mild laxative effect. The highest content was tridesaspidone, phyllic acid, and phyllic acid. The presence determined in the complete development phase of the flowers when of triterpenes was also identified: hopen, fernen, benzene they contain the highest amount of iridoid-type monoterpenic radical compounds: aspidin, aspidinol, desaspidin, albaspidin, glycosides [24]. phenylpropanoid compounds such as flavaspidic acid, cyclic Geum urbanum L. The main components identified in the rhizomes ketones: floaspidinol and protocatechuic acid [2]. Researchers of this plant are: tannins: 10-24% gallic (galloyl-glucose) and mention that the following compounds are also present in the catechin (D-catechol) tannins, gallic acid and ellagic acid in the rhizomes: hopadienflobafene, floraspina, floraspirone, floroglucin, free state, geoside (eugenol glycoside with vicianosis, which by floropirone and trisflavaspidic acid [18]. acid hydrolysis releases eugenol, glucose and arabinose). Other Equisetum arvense L. The substances identified in the strains of this constituents: caffeic acid, volatile oil, mucilages, oases, resins, bitter species are: carbohydrates (4.4%), cellulose (1%), proteins (1%), principles and 0.3% volatile oil [25]. lipids (0.2-3.2%), glucosides, tannins, acid tannic, gallic acid, Gleditsia triacanthos L. Pods contain: carbohydrates, cellulose mineral substances (15-20%). Saponins: eqisetonin. Alkaloids: (12.7%), lipids (4.6%), proteins (23.1%), catechins, epicatechin- eqisetin, palustrin, palustrinin, nicotine. Sterols: β-sitosterol, 3-glucoside, tannin, flavones (acramerin), isoflavones (olmelin, campesterol, isofucosterol. Vitamins: ascorbic acid (0.02-0.7%), irigenol, dihydro-4-methoxy-isoflavone), leucoanthocyanidins niacin, riboflavin, thiamine. Acids: malic acid, oxalic acid, vanillic (gleditsin) and flavonols (quercetin-diglucoside, fisetin, fustine, acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, p-hydroxybenzoic dihydrorobinetin), purine alkaloids (triacanthine), saponosides acid, aconitic acid, protocathechic acid. The pigments in the and sapogenols. The presence of flavanols (robinetin, fisetin), aerial organs of this plant are represented by: protogenkwanin flavanones and flavanonols (fustine) was identified in the wood 4'-O-glucoside, 6-chloroapigenin, luteolin 5-glucoside tissue. The presence of alkaloids such as tyramine, hypoxizine, (galuteolin), kampferol 7-glucoside (equisetrin), equisporol-3- triacanthine, triacantoside, flavone (acramerin) and isoflavone glucoside (equisporozide), kampferol, kampferol-7-diglucoside, (olmelin) was also determined in the leaves. The flowers contain dihydrocampferol, isoquercitrin, dihydroquercetin, naringenin, alkaloids in a concentration of 0.2%. The seeds contain: mannose, luteolin, luteolin-5-glucoside, gossipitrin, galuteolin, equisetrin, galactose, manogalactans, lipids (0.8-3.0%), vitamins (tocopherol), β-carotene, rhodoxanthine [19]. flobafen, fatty acids (tetrahydroxystearic acid, dihydroxystearic Euonymus europaeus L. The bark of the shrub contains cardiotonic acid), acetic acid [26]. glycosides: evatroside (digitoxygenol glucoarabinozide), Hedera helix L. The leaves contain 5-8% triterpene saponins called evatromonoside (digitoxygenol arabinozide), evobiozide and hederasaponins (AI). These are bidesmosides of hederagenol

Med Aromat Plants (Los Angeles), Vol. 10 Iss. 2 No: 368 4 Paciana I, et al. OPEN ACCESS Freely available online

(hederacoside A or α-hederin, hederacoside C), oleanolic α-pinen, α-selinen, α-terpineol, α-ylangen, β-cariofilen, β-cubeben, acid (hederasaponin B) and baiogenol (saponin K10). The β-eudesmol, β-pinen, β-selinen, biciclogermacren, δ-cadien, main saponosides are hederasaponins B, C and saponin K10. δ-cadinol, δ -guaien, δ-selinen, γ-cadien, γ-calocoren, γ-elemen, hederasaponin C predominates (5-7% of the total saponoside). γ-eudesmol, γ-ionone, γ-muurolen, geraniol, germacren D, linalol, Other constituents: flavonosides, polyines (falcarinol, falcarinone, limonen, nerol, nerolidol [28]. 11,12-dehydrophalcarinol), polyphenolic acids, sterols. Fruits and Jasminum officinale L. Among the compounds identified in stems also contain saponosides [27]. the flowers are: lactones (5-hydroxyjasmonic acid-lactone, Humulus lupulus L. The main components identified in the 6-cis-butenylcaprolactone, δ-jasmonic acid-lactone and inflorescences are: terpenes (myrcene, humulene, cannabis), jasmincetolactone), benzyl alcohol, salicylic acid, resins. The flowers bitter principles such as floroglucin (humulone, isohumulone, contain volatile oil and a pyridine alkaloid, jasmine, supposed to lupulone), esters (bornyl valerianate, esters of myrcenol and be an artifact. Some researchers stated that the volatile oil extracted humulone), condensed tannins (2-4%), amines (dimethylamine, from the flowers of this species contains mainly: benzyl acetate diethylamine, ethylamine, ethylmethylamine, isopentylamine, (27.50%), phytol (12.50%), linalool (10.0%), benzyl benzoate methylamine), amides (asparagine, glutamine), piperidine, ketones, (9.5%), geranylinalool (5.0%), isofitol (5.0%), jasmon (4.0%), acids. The presence of flavonoid pigments has been identified benzyl alcohol (3.5%), α-farnesen (2.0%) and eugenol (1.5%). in hop flowers: rutin, quercitrin, astragalin, xantohumol, Other researchers have found that the volatile oil extracted from isoxantohumol, leukocyanidin, leucodelfinidine and cartamone the flowers of this species contains the following substances: myrtle [3,16]. The volatile oil content of the flowers varies between 0.3 (26.91%), napinone (16.0%), myrtle (11.54%), ethyl palmitate and 1.2%, the maximum value being determined a few days after (6.42%), cismirtanal (6.01%), methyl palmitate (3.96%), felandran their maturity. Researchers analyzed the volatile oils extracted (3.02%), trimethyl tetradeca (2.12%), hexahydro farnesyl acetone from hop flowers, in which they identified 31 components. The (1.96%), methyl eicosan (0.9%) ), nonanol (1.04%), hexenyl highest weight was determined for the following components: benzoate (0.83%), dimethyl nonadecane (0.7%), cis-jasmon α-humulene (30.78%), β-caryophyllene (13.14%), myrcene (8.39%), (0.64%), ethyl myristate (0.56%) and methyl myristate ( 0.54%) [29]. methyl 4-decanoate (5.32%), geranyl isobutyrate (3.53%), methyl Juglans nigra L. The leaves contain: ellagic tannins, vitamin C, 9-decanoate (2.79%), methyl decanoate (2.51%), δ-cadien (2.30%) chlorophyll pigments, flavonic glycosides, organic acids, phenolic and 2-methylbutyl 2-methylpropionate (1.35%) ). Concentrations acids (p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid), mineral salts, volatile oils, of less than 1.0% were determined from the following components: naphthoquinones (juglon, hydrojuglone) volatile (limonene, 2-undecanone, methyl octanoate, methyl 8-methylnonanoate, 1,8-cineole, pinene, linalool, borneol, carvone, bornyl acetate, methyl undecanoate, methyl nonanoate, copaene, methyl p-cement, juglon). Among the flavonoid pigments, the following were 6-methyloctanoate, nonanal, geraniol, methyl 7-methyloctanoate, identified: flavones (mircetin, quercetin and kampferol), flavonol methyl 3 -nonenoate, limonene, methyl heptanoate, 2-dodecanone, glucosides: hyperine (quercetin-3-galactoside), dihydroflavonols, hexyl isobutyrate, linalool, 3-methylbutyl isobutyrate, 2-methylbutyl 5-O-methylflavonols, flavanones and proanthocyanidins. Walnut pentanoate, 2-methylbutyl propanoate, α-ocimen and α-pinene. fruits contain: protein (9.8%), lipids (5.2%), tannins (14.9%), The resin dissolved in volatile oil contains 15-30% prenyl-acyl ellagic acid, pigments (myricetin, sakuranetin), vitamins (niacin, fluoroglucinolic derivatives: humulone (α-lupulinic acid) and riboflavin). Seeds of this plant contain: carbohydrates (14-15%), lupulone (β-lupulinic acid), compounds responsible for the lipids (59-61%), proteins (20-21%), tannin (14.7%), vitamins bitter taste characteristic of hops. By preservation or during processing, these derivatives are easily isomerized, transforming (niacin, riboflavin, thiamine) [30]. into isohumulone, cohumulone, adhumulone, colupulone, etc. Leonurus cardiaca L. The aerial organs of plants contain: tannins [9]. The following substances have been identified in hop fruits: (2-9%), catechins, resins, saponins, phenolic glycosides (caffeic carbohydrates, lipids (2.9%), proteins (11-24%), tannins (2- acid-4-rutinoside), pyrogalol, organic acids (citric acid, malic acid), 4%), resins, sesquiterpenes (ledol, globulol, alloaromadendren), triterpenes oleanolic, ursolic acid). Alkaloids (0.3%): stahydrin, estrogen hormones (estrone - C18H22O2), flobafen. The following betonicine, turmeric, leonurin, leonuridine and leonurinine. components were also identified: fluoroglycine derivatives- Vitamins: ascorbic acid (4.2 mg/100 g), rutin, tocopherols. Volatile humulone, posthumulone, isoprehumulone, humulenol, oils: caryophyllene (40-200 ppm), α-humulene (35-173 ppm), α-, humulinol, humulinone, prehumulon, isocohumulen, β-pinene, limonene, diterpenes (marubin). Pigments: apigenin 4-deoxyhumulone, deoxicohumulone, cohumulone, colupulone, glucosides, kampferol glucosides, isoquercitrine, quercetin, lupus, lupus, adlupone, lupus, which gives the characteristic bitter quercetrin. Iridoid compounds: ajugol, ajugoside, galiridozide and taste. Of these components, the weight is held by humulone leonurid. Other organic compounds identified in this species are: and colupulone. Amino acids: α-alanine, β-alanine, asparagic bufenolide, genkwain, leocardine, and leonuridine. Volatile oils, acid, histidine, leucine, lysine, proline, serine, threonine, tannins and gums have been identified in the composition of tryptophan, tyrosine. Vitamins: ascorbic acid, niacin, riboflavin, flowers [31]. rutin, thiamine. Pigments: β-carotene, kampferol, kampferol-3- rutinoside, kampferol3-rhamnoside, myrcene, mircetin, quercetin- Lycopus europaeus L. Plants contain 0.24% alkaloids, carbohydrates 3-glucoside, quercetin-3-rhamnoglycoside, quercetin-3-rhamnoside, (galactose, glucose), vitamins (ascorbic acid), coumarins, antioxidant aromadendrin, astragalin. Acids: cerotic acid, chlorogenic acid, polyphenols (rosmarinic acid), triterpenes (ursolic acid) and resins. ferulic acid, γ-aminobutyric acid, p-coumaric acid. The following Volatile compounds: δ-cadinen, caryophyllene, caryophyllene components were identified in the volatile oil extracted from the oxide, germacren D, trans-βfarnesen. Organic acids: caffeic acid, fruits: α-cadien, α-cdinol, α-caryophyllene, α-cadien, α-coracalen, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, synaptic acid. Flavonoid pigments: α-cubeben, α-eudesmol, α-guaien, α-humulene, α -muurolen, apigenin-7-monoglycoside, luteolin-7-monoglycoside [32].

Med Aromat Plants (Los Angeles), Vol. 10 Iss. 2 No: 368 5 Paciana I, et al. OPEN ACCESS Freely available online

Morus alba L. Mulberry leaves contain: carbohydrates (glucose, fluoroglucine, fluoroglucinol derivatives (phyllin), minerals. fructose, sucrose, cellulose), lipids (6.8-7.4%), proteins (14-28%), Saponins: 26-O-methylpolipodosaponin, polypodosaponin, tannins, vitamins (ascorbic acid, folic acid), nitrogenous bases glycyrrhizin (0.6%). Triterpenes: cycloartenol, 31-norcycloartenol, (adenine), volatile compounds (butylamine, propionic acid, epoxyhypan, fernene, hopen, cyclolaudenol and lophenol. Acids: isobutyric acid, aldehydes, ketones), pigments (chlorophyll, beta- malic, benzoic, butyric, caffeic, salicylic, glucocafeic, citriclauric, carotene, quercetin, quercitrin, isoquercitrine, xanthophyll), isovaleric, lauric, stearic acid. Flavan 3 pigment was determined in flavonic glycosides (astragalin, rutin) beta-sitosterol, campesterol), the leaves of this species [36]. coumarins (scopolin), alkaloids (trigonellin), malic acid, citric Primula veris L. The roots contain: triterpene saponins (primic acid, minerals (8-20%). Mulberry fruits contain 87.5% water, acid A, B and C), 8 neutral saponosides, 5 acid saponins, 1.5% protein, 0.49% lipids, 8.3% carbohydrates, 13 mg/100 g heterosides (primveroside, primulaveroside), phenolic glycosides ascorbic acid, riboflavin, thiamine and 0.8 mg/100 g niacin. The (gluco-quinacetophenone-o-methylated), glycosides of acetic acid fruits contain anthocyanin pigments: cyanidin-3-rutinoside and (primulaverina, primverina). In the flowers are found: elleagic cyanidin-3-glucoside. Along with these pigments can be found acid, saponins and flavonoid pigments (delphinidin, cyanidin petunidin 3-glucoside, petunidin 3-rutinoside, isoquercetin, as well and/or petunidine, methylated anthocyanidins, mircetin, as beta-carotene. Mulberry fruits contain cyanidin 3-glucosides, quercetin and kampferol, methylated flavonols, oxygenated delphinidin, O-methylated anthocyanidins, mircetin, quercetin, flavonols, dihydroflavonols: apigenin and luteolin, fluteolin, morin and/or kampferol, 2'-oxygenated flavonols, dihydroflavonols, -flavone, 5-hydroxy-6-methylflavone, 3', 4'-dihydroxyflavone, apigenin and/or luteolin, 2'-oxygenated flavones, flavanones, 5,8,2'-trihydroxy-flavone), flavanone, C-glycosylflavonoids, Cl- glycosylflavonoids, isoflavones, proanthocyanidins calcones, deoxyphlavonoids, proanthocyanidins, malvidin 3-galactoside aurons and isoprenylated flavonoids [33]. (primain), rosin -3,5-diglucoside, flavones: 5-hydroxy-flavone, Polygonum aviculare L. Among the phenolic glucosides, the primetin). In the exudates are found: mono-O-substituted flavones presence of raponticin has been identified, along with: tannins, such as: primaetin and primetin [37]. organic acids, ascorbic acid and flavonoids. In the stems, leaves, Prunus domestica L. Plum leaves and bark contain cyanogenetic sepals and seeds the following pigments: cyanidin 3-glucoside, glucosides such as: prunasine. Plums contain 0.60% protein, 0.17% cyanidin 3-galactoside, cyanidin 3-arabinoside, cyanidin lipids and 14.50% carbohydrates, of which: 2.74% glucose, 2.06% 3-rutinoside, cyanidin 3-arabinosylglucoside, cyanidin and fructose and 2.78% sucrose. In plums were also determined: 0.76% peonoidine 3-arabinoside-5-glucose, 5-diglucoside. The aerial pectin, 0.23% cellulose, 3.10% sorbitol, 0.30% lignin, 6.0 mg / organs also contain octa-O-substituted flavonols such as: digicitrin 100 g β-sitosterol as well as small amounts of serotonin, tyramine (3,5,6,7,8,4',5'-heptaMe) and exoticin (3,5,6,7,8,3',4',5'-octaMe) and and tryptamine. The total acidity of the fruit is determined by the flavones such as: meliternin. The following pigments have also been presence of malic acid (1.22%), citric acid (0.03%), oxalic acid identified in the plants of this species: elleagic acid, dolphinidine, (0.01%), caffeic acid (20 mg/100 g), chlorogenic acid (9, 0 mg/100 glycosides of acylated anthocyanidins, mircetin, quercetin and g), p-coumaric acid (2.4 mg/100 g) and ferulic acid (0.9 mg/100 kampferol, glycosides of flavonols: quercetin 3-arabinoside g). Vitamins are mainly ascorbic acid (5.4 mg/100 g). Plums also (avicularin), dihydroflavonols, apigenin and calcene, and luteol. contain the following amounts of vitamins, per 100g of fruit: 0.80 Other researchers have determined the composition of the volatile mg tocopherol, 0.44 mg nicotinamide, 0.18 mg pantothenic acid, oil extracted from Polygonum minus and found that the weight is 0.07 mg thiamine and 0.04 mg riboflavin. The content of plums held by the following components: dodecanal (33.60%), decanal in mineral substances varies between 0.40 and 0.60%. In 100 g of (26.60%), sesquiterpenes (4.22%), 1-dodecanal (4 .00%), 1-decanol fruit were determined: 221.00 mg potassium, 18.00 mg phosphorus, (2.58%), beta-caryophyllene (2.33%), caryophyllene oxide (1.80%), 14.00 mg calcium, 10.00 mg magnesium, 1.70 mg sodium, 1.50 mg trans-beta-bergamotene (1.61%), caryophyllene oxide (1.80%), chlorine, 0.44 mg iron, 0.34 mg boron and 0.09 mg copper. The trans-beta-bergamotene (1.61), tetradecanal (1.56%), dodecanoic color of plums is due to the presence of anthocyanins: cyanidin acid (1.50%), alfacucumen (1.46% and 1-nonanol (1.40%). Roots 3-glucoside, cyanidin 3-rutinoside, peonoidine 3-glucoside and of such plants contain 3-ol flavans in form of ent-catechin, ent- peonoidine 3-rutinoside [38]. epicatechin, ent-catechin 3-O-gallate [34]. Quercus robur L. Ritidoma of the species Quercus robur contains: Polygonum hydropiper L. The aerial organs contain the following catechin monomer tannins (catechol, epicatehol, galocatechol); substances: glucose, fructose, tannin (3.5%), mucilages, rutin, ellagic tannins (castalgin, pedunculagin, vesvalagin, 2,3-(S)- sterols ( -sitosterol glucoside sitosterol), acids (malic, melisic, β hexahydroxy-diphenoyl-glucose); flavano-elagotanins (acutisimin caprionic, ellagic, formic, gallic acid, valerian). The pigments in the A and B, eugenigrandine, guajavacin B, stenophyllanin C); aerial organs of this species are represented by flavonoid substances: tannin galic; di- and oligomeric proanthocyanins (procyanidin rutinoside, hyperoside, quercitrozide, ramnazine, kampferol, B3 and galocatechin (4,8) -catechin are predominant); flavone quercetin, quercitrine, quercetin-7-glucoside, isoramnetin, (cvercetol), triterpene. The presence of the following substances persicarin. The volatile oils contain: 1,4-cineole, -pinene, α was also highlighted: starch, pectins, resins, saponins (10%), β-pinene, borneol, bornyl acetate, camphor, carvone, cinnamic resins, β-sitosterol, mesoinositol, triterpenes (friedelin, friedelinol, alcohol, fencone, p-cimole, felandren, polygone, terpineol. The friedelanone), pentacyclitols (viburnitol) [39]. seeds contain: sesquiterpenes (isodrimeninol, isopolygodial) [35]. Robinia pseudoacacia L. The components identified in the Polypodium vulgare L. The chemical components identified in the wood and barks of this plant are: lignins, pentosanes, cellulose, rhizome of this plant are: glucose (2.1%), fructose (2.1%), sucrose pyrocatechin tannins (2-7%), resins, phytosterols, volatile oils, (15%), starch (6.3%), rhamnose, resins, lipids, tannins, mucilages, cyanogenetic glycosides (amygdalin), phenyl-propenic glycosides catechins (2.5–3.7%), sterols (β-sitosterol), methyl salicylate,

Med Aromat Plants (Los Angeles), Vol. 10 Iss. 2 No: 368 6 Paciana I, et al. OPEN ACCESS Freely available online

(syringin), xanthone. The wood from this species contains the acid, gallic acid, ellagic acid, hydrolyzable tannins (blood), benzoic following pigments: flavans 3,4-diols such as robinetinidol-4- acid, benzaldehyde, alpha-furfurancarbonic acid, monoterpenes alpha-ol, trihydroxyflavan-3,4-diol, flavones: apigenin, butein, (teaspiran). Volatile substances: 1-penten-3-ol, cis-hexen-3-ol, butyne, dihydrorobinetin, flavonic glycosides: fustine, flavanone: damascene, beta-ionone, dihydro-beta-ionone, farnesol, ethanol, naringenin, licuiritigenin, flavanols: quercetin, taxifolin, fisetin, ethyl acetate, cis hexene. The pigments identified in the plant tissues robinetin 2.0%, calcones: dihydroxicalcon, trihydroxicalcon, are: quercetin3-beta-glucuronide, campferol 3-beta-glucuronide, butein, robtin (1.5%), leucoanthocyanins: leucorobinitidine. The cyanidin-3-monoglycoside, cyanidin 3-sophoroside, cyanidin-3- leaves contain: glucose, rhamnose, xylose, proteins (17.0-25.5%), rutinoside, cyanidin 3-glucoside, cyanidin 3-glucosylrutinozide, lipids (3.0-3.3%), indigo glucosides (indican), linarin. Leaves -beta-glucuronide [42]. have been identified in the leaves as flavonic glucosides such Sagittaria sagittifolia L. The leaves contain: amino acids (alignment, as: apigenin 7-bioside, apigenin-7-rhamnoglycoside, apigenin- arginine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, leucine, 7-trioside, robinetin, dihydrorobinetin, acacetol, acaciine and lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, acacetin trioside containing glucose, rhamnose and xylose, tryptophan, valine and tyrosine), sterols (daucosterol), diterpenes flavonols such as camphorol-containing robinin with robinosis at (isoabienol, sagittariol, deoxy sagittariol). The following substances position 3 and rhamnose at position 7 and carotenes. Analysis of have been identified in tubers: isoabienol, sagittarioside A and B, the volatile oil extracted from Robinia plants allowed the author trifolion A, B, C and D [43]. to identify 22 components. The share was held by delta-3-caren (54.60%) and linalool (21.00%). The following components were Sambucus nigra L. Leaves: soluble carbohydrates, pectins (0.2%), identified in smaller amounts: 2-aminobenzaldehyde, (Z) -beta- lipids (4.8%), resins (4.3%), phenolic acids (behenic, caffeic, farnesen, (Z, Z) -alpha-farnesen, 2-phenylethanol, alpha-pinene, ferulic, shikimic), choline and tannin (0.4-3.0%), sterols ethyl octanoate, methyl anthranilate, 2-phenylethyl acetate, (campesterol, sitosterol, stigmasterol), volatile oils, flavonoid ethyl hexanoate, geraniol, (E)-nerolidol, methyl benzoate, alpha- pigments (anthocyanins and flavones), vitamins (ascorbic acid, thujone, benzaldehyde, pentadecane, 1-octenol-3, p-cimen, beta- riboflavin, rutin, thyanine), alkaloids (coniine), triterpenes caryophyllene, alpha-terpineol and alpha-thujene. The flowers (betulin, cycloartenol, ursolic acid, oleanolic acid), hydrocarbons contain: flavonosides (robinin, acacia), polyphenolcarboxylic (hentriacontan, heptacozan, hexacozan, heneicozan, nonacozan, acids (caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid), volatile oil (alpha-terpineol, octacozan, pentacozan, triacontan). Flowers: aliphatic amines farnesol, linalool, nerol, 2-aminobenzaldehyde), sterols. Lectins (which determine the characteristic odor), flavonoid pygmies: were isolated from the bark of the stem [40]. anthocyanins (chrysanthemum), flavones (astragalin, rutinoside, hyperoside, isoquercitrine), flavonols (campferol, quercetin, Rubus idaeus L. The main chemical components determined by isoramnetin-3-glucoside, acoramino) phenolic (caffeic, ferulic, Researchers in raspberry fruits are: proteins (1.2%), lipids (0.30%) chlorogenic), glycosides of triterpene acids (ursolic acid and oleanolic and carbohydrates (6.0-9.3%) of which glucose is 1, 80%, fructose acid), cyanogenetic glycosides (sambunigrozide), triterpenes (alpha- 2.04% and sucrose 0.22%. The following substances were also amyrin, beta-amyrin, cycloartenol). Fruits contain: carbohydrates determined in the fruits of this species: pectin (0.40%), xylose (4.7-5.8%), protein (2.5%), antirhinin, vitamins (biotin, niacin, (13 mg/100 g) and sorbitol (8.5 mg /100 g). The total acidity of nicotinic acid), malic acid (0.9-1.9%), ursolic acid, valerian acid. raspberries is determined by the presence of citric acid (1.52%), The fruits also contain carotenoid pigments: beta-carotene, malic acid (0.40%), as well as oxalic, chlorogenic, quinic, ferulic, flavoxanthin, lutein and neoxanthin. The characteristic aroma of caffeic, p-coumaric, protocatechuic and p- hydroxybenzoic acid. The vitamin content of 100 g of grapes varies as follows: 25.00 mg the fruits is due to the presence of the compounds dihydroedulan ascorbic acid, 1.4 mg tocopherol, 0.30 mg pantothenic acid, 0.30 and beta-damascenone [44]. mg nicotinamide, 0.07 mg pyridoxine, 0.05 mg riboflavin and 0, Solanum dulcamara L.: The aerial organs of this species contain: 02 mg thiamine. The content in mineral substances varies between carbohydrates (glucose, galactose, xylose, rhamnose), lipids 0.37 and 0.38%. The following amounts of mineral elements were (cholesterol), steroidal sapogenins (diosgenin, tigogenin, determined in 100 g of grapes: 170 mg potassium, 44 mg phosphorus, yamogenin) and pigments (lycopene, licoxanthin). The following 40 mg calcium, 30 mg magnesium, 1.2 mg sodium and 1.0 mg iron substances were also identified: sterols (brassicasterol, beta- [16,35]. Raspberry fruits contain anthocyanin pigments, the most sitosterol, stigmasterol, campesterol, isofucosterol, gramisterol, important of which are: cyanidin 3-rutinoside-5-glucoside, cyanidin obtusifoliol and lophenol) and alkaloids (alpha-soladulcine, alpha- 3-sophoroside, cyanidin 3-rutinoside and cyanidin 3-glucoside solamarine, beta-solamarine, beta-soladulcine, gamma-soladulcine, [41]. Cyanidin 3-sambubiozide, cyanidin 3,5-diglucoside, cyanidin gamma-solamarine, solanidine, solasolin, solamargin, soladulcine, 3-xylosilrutinoside and pelargonidine 3-glucosyl rutinoside were tomatidine, solacein and soladulcamaridine) [45]. also identified. Researchers identified 5 cyanidin glucosides and 4 pelargonidine glucosides in the fruits of this species. Among the Stellaria media (L.) Vill.: The main components of this plant are: carotenoid pigments, raspberries contain alpha and beta-carotene. lipids (0.2-4.8%), proteins (1.2-1.1%), carbohydrates, mucilages Volatile substances in raspberries include: 5-methyl-furfural, (7-12%) and minerals. Vitamins: ascorbic acid (375 mg / 100 g), beta-phenylmethylalcohol, furfural, geraniol, isoamyl alcohol, niacin (0.51 mg / 100 g), riboflavin (0.14 mg /100 g), thiamine valerian acid. During maturation some compounds such as trans- (0.02 mg/100 g), choline and tocopherols. Pigments: carotenes beta-ocimen and cis-3-hexenyl acetate decrease quantitatively, (beta-carotene), isoflavones (genistein). Fatty acids: gamma-linolenic while alpha-pinene, camphene, beta-myrcene and limonene acid, linoleic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid [46]. have a quantitative accumulation. Raspberry leaves contain: Syringa vulgaris L. The bark of this species contains carbohydrates, lipids (1.7%), protein (11.3%), tannin (10.0-12.0%), vitamins mannit, starch, resins, phenyl-propenic glycosides (syringin) and (thiamine, riboflavin, niacin), organic acids (1-2%), O-phthalic bitter substances (syringopicrin). The researchers identified in the

Med Aromat Plants (Los Angeles), Vol. 10 Iss. 2 No: 368 7 Paciana I, et al. OPEN ACCESS Freely available online volatile oil extracted from lilac flowers the following components: Monoterpenes: alpha-fenchen, beta-felandren, beta-pinene, lilac aldehyde C (22.13%), lilac aldehyde B (12.56%), tricose camphene, valtrate (0.4-1.8%), didrovaltrate, gamma-terpene [51]. (7.33%), methoxyanisole (6.82%), alpha-pinene (4.72%), geranyl Monoterpenic alcohols: borneol and sesquiterpene alcohols: acetone (3.65%), ocimen (3.47%), elemicin (3.37%), methyl ledol. Sesquiterpenes: faurinone, alloaromadendren, alpha-valen, heptenone (3.02%), isoelemicin (2.79%) ), beta-farnesen (1.96%), betavalen, beta-bisabolen, beta-element, caryophyllene, cadinen, heptacozan (1.89%), pentacozan (1.76%), methylheugenol (1.68%), maliol, valerenic acid, hydroxyvalerenic acid, valerenolic acid [52]. beta-terpine (1.34%), benzaldehyde (1 36%), hexahydropharnesyl Volatile oils represent a maximum of 2.0% of the dry matter. acetone (1.34%), bourbon (1.18%), citral (1.13%), benzylester Some researchers analyzed valerian roots and identified a number (1.1%), beta-cubeben (1.02%), tetramethylheptadecane (0 , 74%), of 23 components in the extracted volatile oil. The following cedar (0.69%), methylenugenol (0.61%), nerolidol (0.56%), components were present: camphene 11.2%, kessil alcohol 10.0%, myrtenal (0.54%) and linalool (0.38%) [47]. valeranone 9.0%, valeranal 8.6%, alpha-pinene 7.0%, elemol 6.8%, kesil acetate 4, 0%, beta-caryophyllene 2.3%, bornyl acetate 2.2%, Tilia cordata Miller The main chemical components in the flowers 1,8-cineole 2.0% and limonene 2.0%, of the total components of this plant are: total dry matter (23.77%), carbohydrates, [53]. A concentration of less than 1.00% was determined for the galotanins, catechins (proto-catechic acid and ellagic acid), volatile following components: beta-pinen, sabinen, gamma-terpinen, oils, mucilages, furanocoumarins (frangoside, esculoside), saponins alpha-tujen, alpha-fellandren, dihydro-beta-ionone, beta-terpinen, (tiliadin), aliphatic compounds (docozan) and mineral substances terpinolen, p-cimen, alpha-terpinen, eugenyl 3-methylbutyrate (2.48%). Among the mineral elements determined in linden and isoeugenyl 3-methylbutyrate. The presence of the following flowers can be mentioned: potassium (400.5 mg /100 g), calcium components has been identified in valerian plants: pigments (400.4 mg /100 g), magnesium 68.6 mg /100 g), sodium (5.47 mg (beta-carotene, kampferol, myrcene, quercetin), fatty acids (oleic /100 g), iron (2.30 mg /100 g) and zinc (0.92 mg /100 g). Phenolic acid, linoleic acid, palmitic acid), acids (caffeic acid, capronic acid, acids: caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, chlorogenic acid [48]. Mucilages p-coumaric acid), valeroportati (valepotriate, acetoxyvalepotriate), form by hydrolysis D-galacturonic acid, methylpentose and hexoses. monoterpenes (acevaltrate), sesquiterpenes (alpha-curcumen, Lime flowers contain the following pigments: kampferol-3- epikessanol, eremophilen, valerenol, kessan). The analysis of glucoside-7-couaroil, campferol-3-glucoside (astragalin), kampferol- volatile oils extracted from valerian leaves showed the existence 3-rhamnoside, kampferol-3,7-diramnoside (kampferitroside), of 12 components: bornyl acetate (44.17%), camphen (32.08%), kampferol-3-glucoside-7 -ramnozide, quercetol-3- ramnoside alpha-pinene (7.41%), beta-pinene (4.39%), limonene (1.73%), (quercitrozide), quercetol-3-glucoside (isoquercitrozide), afzelin. beta-thujol (1.7%), p-cimen (0.82%), borneol (0.76%), aristolene- Researchers identified 40 components in volatile oils extracted from 1,9-diene (0.38%), beta-gurjunen (0.34%), beta-caryophyllene linden flowers [49]. The highest amounts were p-cement (13.20%), (0.1%) and valeranone (0.1%) of the total components [54]. carvacrol (10.20%), thymol (6.55%), terpinen-4-ol (5.90%), Other researchers have analyzed the volatile oils extracted from gamma-terpinen (5.40%), nonanal (3.50%), cis-sabin hydrate valerian flowers and found that the share is held by isovelerated (2.90%), pentanal (2.25%), linalool (2.20%) and myrcene (2.20%). lavandulyl (21.16%), p-cresyl methyl ether (20.54%) (Z)-3-hexenyl The following substances were also determined in small amounts: acetate (8.12%), 1,2-dimethoxy-4-methylbenzene (4.66%), (E, E)- alpha-terpine, phenylacetaldehyde, hexanal, heptanal, alpha- alpha-farnesen (2.79%), lavandulyl 2-methylbutyrate (2.41%) and terpineol, 1,8-cineole, limonene, alpha-pinene, 2-methylbutanoic pentadecane (2,06%). Less than 2.0% was found for the following acid, nonanoic acid, 1,2,4, 6-tetramethylpentadecan-2-one, components: 1-octanol, methyl benzoate, (E)-2-hexenyl acetate, terpinolen, p-cimen-8-ol, dacanal, beta-caryophyllene, 6-methyl-5- octyl acetate, hexenyl acetate, 1-hexanol, isovalerate isoamyl, heopten-2-one, alpha-thujene, caryophyllene oxide, benzaldehyde, lavandulol, dodecane, limonene, (E)-beta-farnesen, (Z)-3-hexenol, camphen, 3-methylbutanol , (E, E)-2,4-decadienal, dibutyl benzaldehyde, (Z, E)-alpha-farnesen, hexanal, (E)-2-hexenol, phthalide, anisaldehyde, 1-hexenal-3, (Z)-3-hexenylphenylacetate, lavandulyl valerate, linalool, methyl eugenol, myrcene, nonanal, (E, Z)-2,6-nonadienal, octanal and pentadecane. The lime leaves alpha-pinene and beta-pinene. And other authors have identified contain, depending on the maturation phase: 63.7-74.6% water, in the valerian plants the presence of valeracetate, a new guava 130.1-244.9 mg / 100 g chlorophyll pigments, 14.4-27.4 mg/100 type sesquiterpene. Terpenoid combinations with iridoid nucleus, g carotenoid pigments, ascorbic acid, 2.9-3.3% lipids, triterpenes called valepotriats (valtratum, acevaltratum and dihydrovaltratum), (beta-amyrin), flobafenes, linarin, 1.8-3.2% minerals, of which have also been highlighted in the roots. These substances are calcium (332.6-400.4 mg /100 g), potassium (288.5-400.5 mg /100 important because they confer the sedative effect of extracts from g) and magnesium (68.6-92.1 mg / 100 g). Lime wood contains: this plant [55]. sucrose, sterols (beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol), triterpenes (taraxerol), linoleic acid, linolenic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid, squalene [50]. Viburnum lantana L. Researchers [3] identified in the leaf extract the following compounds: luteolin, apigenin, crisoeriol 7-O-beta- Valeriana officinalis L. The main substances identified in the glucoside; apigenin 7-O-alpha-ramnoside (1-6) glucoside and rhizomes are: carbohydrates (fructose 0.9%), lipids (2.3%), amentoflavone (biflavones). Only flavonol derivatives were proteins (8.6%), tannins, resins, gums, choline, triterpene identified in the flower extract: kaempferol and quercetin 3-O-beta- ketones (beta-ionone). Vitamins: ascorbic acid, niacin, riboflavin, galactoside; 3-O-beta-glucoside; 3-O- -rhamnoszide (1-6) beta- thiamine. Pigments: beta-carotene. Sterols: beta-sitosterol, beta- α glucoside; 3-O-alpha-rhamnoside (1>2) beta-glucoside [56]. sitosterol-stearate. Phenolic acids: caffeic, benzoic, chlorogenic, salicylic. Alkaloids: actinidine, valerian, valerian, valerenone, Viburnum opulus L. The main chemical components identified valerianol, valerianolic acid, valerianone, valerosidate, actinidine. in the bark of the branches are: carbohydrates, pectins, proteins Iridoids: valepotriate (0.5-1.7%), valtrate (0.4-1.8%), acevaltrate, (8.6%), tannins (catechins, epicatechins), hydroquinone, resins, isovaltrate, acevaltrate, dihydrovaltrate and homovaltrate. glucosides, acids (chlorogenic acid, citric acid, and malic acid),

Med Aromat Plants (Los Angeles), Vol. 10 Iss. 2 No: 368 8 Paciana I, et al. OPEN ACCESS Freely available online anthocyanins, coumarins (scopoletin, esculetin), triterpenes (alpha- (2.80%), 2,7,11-trimethyldodecane (2.80%), 2,5-heptadienol and beta-amyrin) and baldrianic acid. The presence of phenolic (2.00%), (E)-2-hexanol (2 00%), 1-hexadecene (1.80%), benzyl glycosides (arbutin), alkaloids (scopoline) has been determined in alcohol (1.50%), 1-octodecene (1.30%), (Z)-3-hexenyl formed plants. The presence of flavonols (astragalin) was determined in the (1.20%), 3, 4-dimethylheptane (1.00%), 2,6-dimethyloctane flowers, and in the fruits were identified: saponins (paeoniside), (1.00%). A proportion of less than 1.0% of the total volatile oils was pigments (quercetin-glycoside), pectins (5.0%), tannins (3.0%), determined for the following components: 1-eicosen, butyl acetate, sterols (beta-sitosterol), phenolic acids (chlorogenic acid, 2-hexenal, 7-octen-4-ol, 3-pentadecenal, 5,10-pentadecadienol [62]. cinnamic acid), triterpenes (ursolic acid) and aliphatic acids Viscum album L. Mistletoe leaves contain as active principle (valerian acid) [57]. glycosides of hydroquinone such as arbutoside and its derivatives: Vinca minor L. In the aerial tissues of these species the presence pyroside, caffeoyl-2-arbutoside, vacciniin, etc. In the leaves were of carbohydrates, amino acids, tannins, beta-phytosterol, also identified: carbohydrates, hydroquinone, sterol saponosides pyrocatechol, caffeic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, ursolic acid and (ursolic acid), phenolic glycosides (arbutin). Phenolic acids: gallic minerals has been identified. The analyzes performed indicated acid, quinic acid, caffeic acid and phenolic glucosides: 2-O-caffeyl- the presence of about 40 alkaloids (0.15-1.0%), which are based on arbutin. Catechins: epicatechin, galocatechins. Pigments: indole structures. The most common of these is vincamine (0.05- isoquercitrine, hyperoside, beta-carotene, quercetin, avicularin. 0.1%), an eburnane alkaloid. The following the alkaloids were The main components identified in the tissues of this plant are: also the identified: chebracamine, 1,2-dehydroaspidospermin, proteins (11.9%), lipids (2.3%), amino acids, resins, saponins, desacetylacamylamine, dimethoxyburnamonine, eburnamine, terpenes, alkaloids, glycosides and glycoproteins (lectins), gentisic eburnamenine, eburnamonine, epipleiocarpamine-N4-oxide, acid (2,5- dihydroxybenzene, lignin (syrinagresinol). Phenolic epivincamine, ind N-methylchebrancamine'-methamide- acids: caffeic, syringic, vanillic, synaptic, shikimic ferulic acid, beta-amine, 11-methoxyburnamonine, methoximinovincin, protocathecic Amines: choline, acetylcholine, histamine, tyramine 16-methoxyvincadiformin, minovina, minovincin, minovincinin, Pigments: quercetol, quercetin-3-arabinoside, quercetin 1, quercide, perivncin, picrinin, reserpine, vinactin, vincadiformin, vincadine, alpha-carotene and xanthophyll Triterpenes: betulinic acid, betulin, vincamidine, vincaminorein, vincaminorine, vincaminorine, alpha- and beta-amyrin Lignan derivatives: syringine, syringoside, vincaminorine, vincaminorin, vincaminorine, vincaminorine sirarinarezinol, syringarezinol-mono-Oglucoside, siringenin-4'-O- vinomine, vinorine, vinoxin, and vintisine [58]. Among the glucoside, viscine, viscotoxin, The resins contain: ceryl alcohol, pigments, the presence of flavones was identified: kampferol- lupeol, oleanolic acid and beta-amyrin [63]. diglycoside, kampferol-3-ramnoglycosyl-7-galactoside, kampferol- The research results are structured in the form of a theoretical- 3-ramnoglycosyl-7-glucoside, quercetol-3-rutinosyl-7-glucoside, informative scientific guide, which includes, in addition to the quercetol-3-ramnoglycosyl carotenoid pigments. The leaves of this literary and scientific name of medicinal plants, and a description plant contain the following free amino acids: aslanin, asparagine, of the main biochemical compounds detected in each species. arginine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tyrosine DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION and valine [59]. Generalizing the information presented, we consider that the Viola odorata L. The main components identified are: triterpene elaboration of such a guide of chemical compounds of medicinal saponins, mucilages, ascorbic acid (260 mg/100 g), methyl plants is necessary, current and important for the following salicylate and phenyl-propenic glycosides such as violutoside. reasons: in the local literature there is information on the Violin roots contain: methyl salicylate, saponins (0.1-2.5%) and chemical composition of medicinal plants; Another reason that triacetoamines. The leaves contain: kampferol, quercetin, salicylic led us to develop this guide is the fact that there are currently acid, synaptic acid, enanthic acid, ferulic acid, dihydroxycoumarins many sources of information (websites, popular publications, (scopoletin), triterpenes (fridelin), hexenol, heptenol. In flowers magazines, newspapers, brochures, etc.), which provide unverified were identified: malic acid, sesquiterpenes (zingiberene), phenolic and invalid data from the point of view of scientific view, which aldehydes (piperonal, vanillin), tetraterpenoids (auroxanthin, could mislead applicants for truthful information. In this order flavonxanthin, violaxanthin), alkaloids (viola-emetine) [60]. The of ideas, we consider welcome the appearance of this specialized flowers contain carotenoid pigments: beta-carotene, eloxanthin, theoretical-informative guide, which will be useful to specialists in lycopine, zeaxanthin, lutein. The flavonoid pigments in flowers are the field, scientific researchers, pupils and students of specialized represented by: delfinidin, cyanidin and pelargonidine, mircetin, institutions, as well as to all those interested in this field. quercetin and kampferol, apigenin and luteolin, violantine, proanthocyanidins, violaquercetrin, violarutine, violin, vicenin 2, REFERENCES vitexin-mono-C-glucoside and sap. The blue-violet flowers contain 1. Hariri MF, Khalghani J, Moharramipour S, Gharali B, Mostashari delfinidin 3-rhamnoglucoside acylated with p-coumaric acid (violin), MM. Investigation of the induced antibiosis resistance by zinc element peonidine 3-glucoside (oxycoccyanin), peonidin-3,5-diglucoside in different cultivars of sugar beet to long snout weevil, Lixus incanescens (peonine) [61]. Flavonols are quercetin-3-rutinoside. Some (Col: Curculionidae), Banat's J Biotechnol. 2018; 9: 5-12. researchers have analyzed the volatile oils in the leaves of violins in 2. Sen T, Samanta SK. Medicinal plants, human health and biodiversity: which they identified a number of 22 components. Of these, the a broad review. Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol. 2015; 147: 59-110. share was held by linoleic acid (29.00%) and (E, Z)-2,6-nonadienal 3. Barazesh F Oloumi H, Nasibi F, Kalantari KM. Effect of spermine, (12.00%). They were followed in the order of concentrations: epibrassinolid and their interaction on inflorescence buds and fruits hexadecanoic acid (8.50%), 2,6,11-trimethyldodecane (5.00%), abscission of pistachio tree (Pistacia vera L.), "Ahmad-Aghai" cultivar. 1-dodecanol (4.50%), (Z)-3-hexanol (4.10%), 2,4-dimethyldodecane Banat's J Biotechnol. 2017; 8: 105-115.

Med Aromat Plants (Los Angeles), Vol. 10 Iss. 2 No: 368 9 Paciana I, et al. OPEN ACCESS Freely available online

4. Ghaderinia P, Shapouri R. Assessment of immunogenicity of alginate 23. Idris A. Comparative analysis of 16SrRNA genes of Klebsiella isolated microparticle containing Brucella melitensis 16M oligo polysaccharide from groundnut and some american type culture collections. Banats J tetanus toxoid conjugate in mouse. Banat's J Biotechnol. 2017; 8: 83- Biotechnol. 2016; 7: 34-40. 92. 24. Vasileva V. Root biomass accumulation in vetch (Vicia sativa L.) after 5. Seidel V. Plant-Derived Chemicals: A Source of Inspiration for New treatment with organic fertilizer. Banats J Biotechnol. 2015; 6: 100- Drugs. Plants (Basel). 2020; 9:1562. 105. 6. Aramesh M, Ajoudanifar H. Alkaline protease producing Bacillus 25. Olufeagba SO, Okomoda VT, Okache W. Growth performance of isolation and identification from Iran. Banat's J Biotechnol. 2017; 8: all male tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed commercial and on–farm 140-147. compounded diet. Banats J Biotechnol. 2016; 7: 70-76. 7. Ouis N, Hariri A. Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of the 26. Van HT, Duong THH, Le V, Tran GB, Huynh NTA. Chemical essential oils of Ceratonia siliqua. Banat's J Biotechnol 2018; 9: 13-23. composition and antibacterial activities of ethanolic extract from rhizomes and aerial parts of Typhonium lineare Hett. & V.D. Nguyen 8. Van HT, Vo NT, Nguyen NT, Luu TN, Pham TV, Le PTQ. Chemical (Araceae). Banats J Biotechnol. 2020; 11: 60-65. composition and antibacterial activities of ethanol extract of Arisaema langbiangense rhizome (Araceae). Banat's J Biotechnol. 2020; 11: 12-18. 27. Georgieva N, Kosev V. Adaptability and Stability of White Lupin Cultivars. Banats J Biotechnol. 2018; 9: 65-76. 9. Hariri A, Ouis N, Bouhadi D, Benatouche Z. Characterization of the quality of the steamed yoghurts enriched by dates flesh and date 28. Voronenko A, Ivakhniuk M, Pirog T. Production of exopolysaccharide powder variety H'loua, Banat's J Biotechnol. 2018; 9: 31-39. ethapolan by Acinetobacter sp. IMV B-7005 on fried oil and oil- containing mixed substrates. Banats J Biotechnol. 2020; 11: 66-75. 10. Takci HAM, Ozdenefe MS, Kayis FB, Cevik N. In vitro phytochemical and antibacterial activity of traditional hemorrhoid herbal medicine. 29. Kumar A, Senapati BK. Genetic analysis of character association for Banat's J Biotechnol. 2020; 11: 5-10. polygenic traits in some recombinant inbred lines (ril's) of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Banats J Biotechnol 2015; 6: 90-99. 11. Marinova DH, Ivanova II, Zhekova ED. Evaluation of Romanian alfalfa varieties under the agro–environmental conditions in northern 30. Georgieva N. Seed Heterogeneity in Dependence of Their Position Bulgaria. Banat's J Biotechnol. 2018; 9: 56-64. on the Mother Plant in Lupinus albus L. Banats J Biotechnol. 2020; 11: 76-82. 12. Ouis N, Hariri A. Phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activity of the flavonoids extracts from pods of Ceratonia siliqua L. Banat's J 31. Righi K, Assia RF, Boubkeur A, Boungab K, Elouissi A, Djendara Biotechnol. 2017; 8: 93-104. AC. Toxicity and repellency of three Algerian medicinal plants against pests of stored product: Ryzopertha dominica (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: 13. Salajegheh M, Yavarzadeh M, Payandeh A, Akbarian MM. Effects of Bostrichidae). Banats J Biotechnol 2018; 9: 50-59. titanium and silicon nanoparticles on antioxidant enzymes activity and some biochemical properties of Cuminum cyminum L. under 32. Rahimian Y, Akbari SM, Karami M, Fafghani M. Effect of different drought stress. Banat's J Biotechnol. 2020; 11: 19-25. levels of Fenugreek powder supplementation on performance, Influenza, Sheep red blood cell, New Castle diseases anti–body titer 14. Bakari M, Yusuf HO. Utilization of locally available binders for and intestinal microbial flora on Cobb 500 broiler chicks. Banats J densification of rice husk for biofuel production. Banat's J Biotechnol. Biotechnol. 2018; 9: 29-37. 2018; 9: 47-55. 33. Naydenova G, Bozhanska T. Breeding assessment of polycros progeny 15. Golubkina N, Kirsanov K, Deryagina V, Rizhova N, Savluchinskaya of elite genotypes of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.). Banats J L, Golubeva I, et al. Changes in elemental composition of Lewis Biotechnol. 2020; 11: 5-11. carcinoma tumors in mice due to the supply of water-ethanolic extracts of Artemisia dracunculus and Pastinaca sativa. Banats J Biotechnol. 2020; 34. Dadkhah A, Rad AHE, Azizinezhad R. Effect of pumpkin powder as 11: 11-21. a fat replacer on rheological properties, specific volume and moisture content of cake. Banats J Biotechnol. 2017; 8: 116-126. 16. Jasim RK. Isolation and molecular characterisation xylanase produced by sporolactobacilli, Banat's J Biotechnol 2016; 7: 30-37. 35. Eed AM, Burgoyne AH. Tissue culture of Simmondsia chinensis (Link) Schneider. Banats J Biotechnol 2015; 6: 45-53. 17. Van HT, Tran VTH, Ton NHN, Luu TN, Huynh NTA, Le V. Chemical constituents and antibacterial activity of essential oil of Vitex 36. Nikolova I, Georgieva N. Effect of biological products on the population of aphids and chemical components in alfalfa. Banats J rotundifolia from Southern Vietnam. Banats J Biotechnol. 2020; 11: Biotechnol. 2018; 9: 38-46. 22-29. 37. Hassan SA, Soleimani T. Improvement of artemisinin production by 18. Jahan S, Chowdhury SF, Mitu SA, Shahriar M, Bhuiyan, MA. different biotic elicitors in Artemisia annua by elicitation–infiltration Genomic DNA extraction methods: a comparative case study with method. Banats J Biotechnol. 2016; 7: 82-94. gram–negative organisms. Banats J Biotechnol. 2015; 6: 61-68. 38. Guven K, Matpan BF, Yalaz S, Gul GR, Demirtas AM, Ipekci M, et 19. Zaatri A, Kelaiaia R. Analysis and Simulation of AM2 Model for al. Evaluation of antibacterial effects of some traditional plants against Anaerobic Digesters. Banats J Biotechnol. 2020; 11: 30-39. pathogen microorganisms. Banats J Biotechnol. 2020; 11: 38-49. 20. Salajegheh AMM, Ahmadimoghadam A, Mirtadzadini SM. 39. Belkhodja H, Belmimoun A, Meddah B. Chemical characterization Distribution of cyanobacteria in two sirch hot springs with regards to of polyphenols extracted from different honeys. Banats J Biotechnol. the physicochemical traits of water, Banats J Biotechnol 2017; 8: 83-89. 2017; 8: 78-82. 21. Yaldiz G, Camlica M. Yield, yield components and some quality 40. Zerkaoui L, Benslimane M, Hamimed A. The purification properties of fenugreek cultivar and lines. Banats J Biotechnol. 2020; performances of the lagooning process, case of the Beni Chougrane 11: 40-47. region in Mascara (Algerian N.W.). Banats J Biotechnol. 2018; 9: 20-28. 22. Golubkina N, Lapchenko V, Ryff L, Lapchenko H, Naumenko T, 41. Saidi A, Eghbalnegad Y, Hajibarat Z. Study of genetic diversity in local Bagrikova N, et al. () Medicinal plants as sources of selenium and rose varieties (Rosa spp.) using molecular markers. Banats J Biotechnol. natural antioxidants. Banats J Biotechnol. 2020; 11: 48-59. 2017; 8: 148-157.

Med Aromat Plants (Los Angeles), Vol. 10 Iss. 2 No: 368 10 Paciana I, et al. OPEN ACCESS Freely available online

42. Bozhanska T. Botanical and morphological composition of artificial 53. Ghasemi E, Kohnehrouz BB. Cloning the cotton rrn23–rrn5 region grassland of bird’s–foot–trefoil (Lotus Corniculatus L.) treated with for developing a universal interfamily plastidial vector, Banat's Journal lumbrical and lumbrex. Banats J Biotechnol. 2018; 9: 12-19. of Biotechnology 2016; 7: 81-88. 43. Wu Z, Li ZJ, Xue ZZ, Lu XL, Wang XP () Optimization of extraction 54. Egu UN, Okonkwo JC. Effect of gonadotrophin (diclair (R)) on semen technology for determination of caffeic and chlorogenic acid in characteristics, hormonal profile and biochemical constituents of the dandelion. Banats J Biotechnol. 2020; 11: 26-37. seminal plasma of mature Balami rams. Banat's J Biotech. 2017; 8: 90- 97. 44. Hariri A, Ouis N, Bouhadi D, Yerou KO. Evaluation of the quality of the date syrups enriched by cheese whey during the period of storage. 55. Rezaei A, Akhshabi S, Sadeghi F. Evaluation of exon 17 of insulin Banats J Biotechnol. 2017; 8(16): 75–82. receptor (INSR) gene and its relationship with diabetes type 2 in an Iranian population. Banat's J Biotech 2016; 7: 61-69. 45. Nair MSV, Williams ES. Comparative study of 2–phenoxy ethanol and clove oil on its efficiency as anesthetics in anesthetizing Hypselobarbus 56. Dlilali B, Ahmed H, Zouaoui B, Fatima S, Karima OY. Kinetic of batch Kurali. Banats J Biotechnol. 2015; 6: 15-22. production of lactic acid from carob pods syrup. Banat's J Biotech 2017; 8: 57-65. 46. Ayadi Hassan S, Belbasi Z. Improvemnet of hairy root induction in Artemisia annua by various strains of agrobacterium rhizogenes. Banats 57. Mercimek Takci, HA; Bakirhan, P; Ozdemir, E; Yalcin, A Antibiotic J Biotechnol. 2017; 8: 25-33. susceptibility patterns of biofilm producing gram negative bacilli isolated from Kilis local cheese (Food-related antibiotic resistance). 47. Mahmoodi M, Afshari KP, Seyedabadi HR, Aboozari M. () Sequence Banat's Journal of Biotechnology. 2020; 11: 58-63. analysis of 12S rRNA and 16S rRNA mitochondrial genes in Iranian Afshari sheep. Banats J Biotechnol. 2018; 9: 5-11. 58. Basuny AMM, Al Oatibi HH. Effect of a novel technology (air and vacuum frying) on sensory evaluation and acrylamide generation in 48. Satimehin FP, Tiamiyu LO, Okayi RG. Proximate and phytochemical fried potato chips, Banat's Journal of Biotechnology 2016; 7: 101-112. changes in hydrothermally processed rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) leaf meal. Banats J Biotechnol. 2017; 8: 12-17. 59. Ould Yerou K, Meddah B, Touil AT, Sarsar F. Laurus nobilis from Algeria and immune response. Banat's J Biotech.2017; 8: 119-122. 49. Menkovska M, Damjanovski D, Levkov V, Gjorgovska N, Knezevic D, Nikolova N, et al. Content of B–glucan in cereals grown by organic 60. Ruchin AB. The effects of illumination on the early development of and conventional farming, Banat's J Biotech 2017; 8(16): 39-47. tailed and Tailless Amphibians, Banat's Journal of Biotechnology 2017; 8: 113-118. 50. Nguyen KB, Tran GB, Van, HT. Comparison of five wax apples (Syzygium samarangense) from Dong Thap Province, Vietnam based on 61. Ojogu NA, Annune PA, Okayi GR. Toxicological effects of aqueous morphological and molecular data. Banat's J Biotech 2020; 11: 50-57. extract of piptadeniastrium africanum bark on Clarias gariepinus juveniles, Banat's J Biotech. 2017; 8: 123-135. 51. Danilchuk YV. Selective crystallization of maltose by isopropanol and acetone from glucose–maltose syrups. Banat's Journal of Biotechnology 62. Bhattacharya A, Sadhukhan AK, Ganguly A, Chatterjee PK. 2016; 7: 120-125. Investigations on microbial fermentation of hemicellulose hydrolysate for xylitol production, Banat's J Biotech. 2016; 7: 13-23. 52. Semnani SN, Hajizadeh N, Alizadeh H. Antibacterial effects of aqueous and organic quince leaf extracts on gram–positive and gram– 63. Zarkani AA. Antimicrobial activity of Hibiscus sabdariffa and Sesbania negative bacteria, Banat's J Biotech2017; 8: 54-61. grandiflora extracts against some G–ve and G+ve strains. Banat's J Biotech. 2016; 7: 17-23.

Med Aromat Plants (Los Angeles), Vol. 10 Iss. 2 No: 368 11