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Microsoft Windows Microsoft Windows Alcianno G. Gani Abstract Microsoft Windows (or simply Windows) is a metafamily of graphical operating systems developed, marketed, and sold by Microsoft. It consists of several families of operating systems, each of which cater to a certain sector of the computing industry. Active Windows families include Windows NT, Windows Embedded and Windows Phone; these may encompass subfamilies, e.g. Windows Embedded Compact (Windows CE) or Windows Server. Defunct Windows families include Windows 9x and Windows Mobile. KeyWords : Windows, Microsoft, Microsoft Windows, Operating system PENDAHULUAN Pada Juli 2015, versi terbaru Windows Microsoft memperkenalkan operating untuk komputer pribadi, tablet dan en-vironment bernama Windows pada smartphone adalah Windows 10. Se- 20 November 1985, sebagai graphical dangkan versi terbaru untuk komputer operating system shell untuk MSDOS server adalah Windows Server 2012 R2. guna merespon ketertarikan pada Versi server berikutnya dari Windows Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs) yang adalah Windows Server 2016, yang sangat meningkat. Microsoft Windows diharapkan akan dirilis pada awal 2016. datang untuk mendominasi pasar personal computer (PC) di dunia dengan KELUARGA WINDOWS lebih dari 90% pangsa pasar, menyalip Berdasarkan peranan pemasaran pe- Mac OS, yang telah diperkenalkan pada ngembang Windows, Microsoft telah tahun 1984. Namun, sejak 2012, berkat mendaftarkan beberapa merek dagang pertumbuhan besar smartphone, pen- yang masing-masing menunjukkan jualan Windows berkurang dari Android, suatu keluarga Windows operating sys- yang menjadi sistem operasi yang paling tems yang menargetkan sektor tertentu populer di tahun 2014, ketika meng- dari industri kom-putasi. Pada 2014, hitung dari semua platform komputasi keluarga Windows yang sedang aktif pada setiap sistem operasi yang ber- dikembangkan adalah sebagai berikut: jalan, pada tahun 2014, jumlah pe- Windows NT: Dimulai sebagai se- rangkat Windows terjual kurang dari buah keluarga dari sistem operasi 25% dari perangkat Android yang dijual. Windows NT 3.1, sistem operasi un- Namun, perbandingan di pasar yang tuk komputer server dan worksta- berbeda tidak sepenuhnya relevan dan tion. Sekarang terdiri dari tiga sub- un-tuk komputer pribadi, Windows masih keluarga sistem operasi yang dirilis merupakan sistem operasi yang paling hampir pada waktu yang sama dan populer. berbagi kernel yang sama. o Windows: Sistem operasi untuk komputer pribadi mainstream. 57 Versi terbaru adalah Windows Windows Embedded: Awalnya, 10. Hal ini hampir mustahil bagi Microsoft mengembangkan Win- seseorang yang tidak mengerti dows CE sebagai sistem operasi mengenai sistem operasi untuk ringan untuk setiap perangkat yang mengidentifikasi anggota keluar- terlalu terbatas sumber dayanya. ga dari sistem operasi ini, misal- Bagaimanapun juga pada akhirnya nya Windows Vista, Windows 7, Windows CE berganti nama menjadi Windows 8 / 8.1 dan Windows Windows Embedded Compact dan RT adalah anggota keluarga sis- dikemas dalam merek dagang tem operasi ini tapi Windows 3.1 Windows Compact yang juga terdiri tidak. Pesaing utama keluarga dari Windows Embedded Industri, sistem operasi ini adalah OS X Windows Embedded Professional, dari Apple Inc. Windows Embedded Standard, o Windows Server: Sistem operasi Windows Embedded Handheld dan untuk server komputer. Versi Windows Embedded Automotive. terbaru adalah Windows Server 2012 R2. Tidak seperti versi Keluarga Windows berikut ini sudah kliennya, Windows Server telah tidak lagi dikembangkan: mengadopsi skema penamaan Windows 9x: Sebuah sistem operasi yang kuat. Pesaing utama ke- yang ditargetkan pasar konsumen. luarga ini adalah Linux. (pangsa Dihentikan karena kinerjanya tidak Penggunaan sistem operasi & optimal (Windows ME, salah satu Pangsa pasar berdasarkan kate- produk yang terburuk dari semua). gori) Microsoft sekarang melayani pasar o Windows PE: Sebuah versi konsumen dengan Windows NT. ringan dari keluarga Windows dimaksudkan untuk beroperasi Windows Mobile: Pendahulunya sebagai live operating system, adalah Windows Phone, adalah sis- digunakan untuk menginstal tem operasi ponsel. Versi pertama Windows pada komputer yg disebut Pocket PC 2000. Versi masih kosong belum ada OSnya ketiga, Windows Mobile 2003 adalah (terutama pada banyak kompu- versi pertama yang mengadopsi ter sekaligus), pemulihan (reco- merek dagang Windows Mobile. very) atau untuk pemecahan Versi terakhir adalah Windows masalah (troubleshooting). Versi Mobile 6.5. terbaru adalah Windows PE 5.1. SEJARAH SINGKAT WINDOWS Windows Phone: Sebuah sistem Dimulai dari DosShell for DOS 6 buatan operasi yang hanya dijual kepada Microsoft dan keinginan Microsoft untuk produsen smartphone. Versi per- bersaing terhadap larisnya penjualan tama adalah Windows Phone 7. dari pesaingnya Apple Macintosh yang Versi terbaru adalah Windows menggunakan GUI (Graphic User inter- Phone 8.1. Pesaing utama keluarga face), Microsoft menciptakan Windows ini adalah Android dari Google. 1.0. Nama ini berasal dari kelatahan (pangsa Penggunaan sistem operasi karyawan Microsoft yang menyebut & Pangsa pasar berdasarkan kate- nama aplikasi tersebut sebagai Program gori) 58 Windows (Jendela Program). Windows face Manajer. Diumumkan pada versi 2 adalah versi Windows pertama November 1983 (setelah Apple Lisa, yang bisa diinstal program. Satu- tetapi sebelum Macintosh) dengan satunya program yang bisa ditambahkan nama “Windows”, tapi Windows 1.0 adalah Microsoft Word versi 1. Windows tidak dirilis sampai November 1985. versi 3 menjanjikan aplikasi tambahan Windows 1.0 dimaksudkan untuk yang lebih banyak, kelengkapan peng- bersaing dengan sistem operasi gunaan, user interface atau antarmuka Apple, akan tetapi hanya mendapat yang sangat bagus dan mudahnya sedikit peminatnya. Windows 1.0 konfigurasi. Windows versi 3.1 adalah bukanlah sebuah sistem operasi versi Windows yang bisa meng- yang lengkap, akan tetapi hanya optimalisasi penggunaannya pada pro- perluasan dari MS-DOS. Shell dari sesor 32-bit Intel 80386 ke atas. Windows 1.0 adalah sebuah pro- Windows versi 3.11 adalah versi gram yang dikenal sebagai Eksekutif Windows terakhir sebelum era Start MS-DOS. Komponen didalamnya Menu. Windows 3.11 pun adalah versi termasuk Kalkulator, Kalender, Windows pertama yang mendukung Cardfile, penampil Clipboard, Jam, networking/ jaringan. Versi Hibrida dapat Control Panel, Notepad, Paint, dijalankan tanpa MS-DOS. Versi Hibrida Reversi dan Terminal. Windows 1.0 tersebut meng-instalasi dirinya sendiri tidak memungkinkan untuk tumpang dengan DOS 7. Tidak seperti Windows tindih jendela (overlapping win- versi 16-bit yang merupakan shell yang dows). Sebaliknya semua jendela harus diinstalasi melalui DOS terlebih (windows) hanya tersusun seperti dahulu. Aplikasinya pun berbeda. Mes- tabel. Hanya kotak dialog yang kipun Windows 9X dapat menjalankan mungkin muncul di atas jendela lain. aplikasi Windows 16-bit, namun Win- dows 9X memiliki grade aplikasi sendiri - X86-32, Windows 9X sangat terkenal dengan BSOD (Blue Screen of Death). SEJARAH DILIHAT DARI VERSINYA Istilah Windows kolektif menggambar- kan salah satu atau semua dari be- berapa generasi produk sistem operasi Microsoft. Produk-produk ini umumnya dikategorikan sebagai berikut: Versi Awal Tampilan Jendela Windows 1.01 Windows 1.0, Windows 2.0 dan Windows 2.1x Windows 2.0 dirilis pada bulan De- Windows 1.0, versi pertama, dirilis sember 1987, dan lebih populer di- pada tahun 1985. Tanggal sejarah banding pendahulunya. Memiliki be- Windows kembali ke September berapa fitur perbaikan pada user 1981, ketika Chase Uskup, seorang interface dan memori manajemen. ilmuwan komputer, mulai me- Windows 2.03 mengubah OS dari rancang model pertama dari pe- jendela (windows) yang berbentuk rangkat elektronik dan project Inter- tabel ke jendela yang tumpang 59 tindih. Hasil dari perubahan ini me- Tidak seperti MS-DOS, Windows nyebabkan Apple Computer me- memungkinkan pengguna untuk ngajukan gugatan terhadap Micro- menjalankan beberapa aplikasi gra- soft menyatakan pelanggaran atas fis pada saat yang sama, melalui hak cipta Apple. Windows 2.0 short- cooperative multitasking. Windows cut keyboard yang lebih canggih menerapkan skema software virtual juga diperkenalkan dan bisa me- memory berbasis segmen yang manfaatkan perluasan memori rumit, yang memungkinkan untuk (expanded memory). menjalankan aplikasi lebih besar dari memori yang tersedia, saling Windows 2.1 dirilis dalam dua versi bertukar kode segmen dan sumber yang berbeda: Windows 286 dan daya dan dibuang bila memori Windows 386. Windows 386 meng- menjadi penuh. segmen data ber- gunakan mode virtual 8086 dari Intel gerak dalam memori ketika aplikasi 80386 untuk multitask beberapa pro- tertentu telah menyerahkan kendali gram DOS dan model paged me- prosesor. mory untuk meng-emulate perluasan memori (expanded memory) meng- Windows 3.x gunakan perpanjangan memori Windows 3.0 and Windows 3.1x (extended memory) yang tersedia. Windows 3.0, dirilis pada tahun Windows 286, terlepas dari nama- 1990 dengan peningkatan pada nya, berjalan pada Intel 8086 dan desain, terutama karena memori Intel 80286 prosesor. Berjalan da- virtual dan loadable driver perangkat lam real mode, tapi bisa meman- virtual (VxDs) yang memungkinkan faatkan area memori tinggi (the high Windows untuk berbagi perangkat memory area). antara aplikasi multi-tasked DOS. Windows 3.0 aplikasi yang dapat Selain full Windows-packages, ada berjalan dalam mode terproteksi, versi runtime-nya saja yang dikirim- yang memberikan mereka akses ke kan dengan software
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