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AMNESIA 33: How TCP/IP Stacks Breed Critical Vulnerabilities in Iot
AMNESIA:33 | RESEARCH REPORT How TCP/IP Stacks Breed Critical Vulnerabilities in IoT, OT and IT Devices Published by Forescout Research Labs Written by Daniel dos Santos, Stanislav Dashevskyi, Jos Wetzels and Amine Amri RESEARCH REPORT | AMNESIA:33 Contents 1. Executive summary 4 2. About Project Memoria 5 3. AMNESIA:33 – a security analysis of open source TCP/IP stacks 7 3.1. Why focus on open source TCP/IP stacks? 7 3.2. Which open source stacks, exactly? 7 3.3. 33 new findings 9 4. A comparison with similar studies 14 4.1. Which components are typically flawed? 16 4.2. What are the most common vulnerability types? 17 4.3. Common anti-patterns 22 4.4. What about exploitability? 29 4.5. What is the actual danger? 32 5. Estimating the reach of AMNESIA:33 34 5.1. Where you can see AMNESIA:33 – the modern supply chain 34 5.2. The challenge – identifying and patching affected devices 36 5.3. Facing the challenge – estimating numbers 37 5.3.1. How many vendors 39 5.3.2. What device types 39 5.3.3. How many device units 40 6. An attack scenario 41 6.1. Other possible attack scenarios 44 7. Effective IoT risk mitigation 45 8. Conclusion 46 FORESCOUT RESEARCH LABS RESEARCH REPORT | AMNESIA:33 A note on vulnerability disclosure We would like to thank the CERT Coordination Center, the ICS-CERT, the German Federal Office for Information Security (BSI) and the JPCERT Coordination Center for their help in coordinating the disclosure of the AMNESIA:33 vulnerabilities. -
Current P SYCHIATRY
Current p SYCHIATRY Psyber Psychiatry To upgrade or not to upgrade? Should you purchase a new PDA or wait for the next wave of innovations? Here’s help deciding John Luo, MD Assistant clinical professor of psychiatry UCLA Neuropsychiatric Institute and Hospital Los Angeles, CA ersonal digital assistants (PDA) are in a Cons. PDA operating systems are updated fre- P state of flux. Thanks to a flurry of hard- quently, reflecting continuing improvements in ware and operating system improvements over handheld hardware. Microsoft late last year the last 18 months, PDAs that were cutting-edge upgraded its Pocket PC operating system and last year pale in comparison to newer models. changed its name to Windows Mobile. Should you buy a new PDA now, or stick Although frequent users will rejoice in the with your current model and wait for still more opportunity to do more, others might not want to innovations? This article can help you decide. spend $300 or more to get the latest features— only to see their new device become outmoded in WHY UPGRADE? a few months. Pros. Today’s PDAs are more versatile and intu- itive. For example, many combination PDA/ HARDWARE ADVANCES mobile phones have newer operating systems, Processors. The processor, the heart of a PDA, more memory, and greater software compatibility has also seen much change. Newer Palm and than earlier devices. Pocket PC devices are based A frequent PDA user John Luo, MD on the strongARM micro- who craves more speed or Dr. Luo’s column is processor produced by Intel featured monthly on added features might want to CURRENT PSYCHIATRY’s under the Xscale brand. -
Comparison of QNX Neutrino, Windows CE7, Linux RT and Android (RT) Operating Systems on ARM Processor
RTOS Evaluation Project Experts Doc: EVA -2.9 -CMP -ARM Issue: v 3.00 Date : March 3, 2012 email: [email protected] http://download.dedicated-systems.com Comparison of QNX Neutrino, Windows CE7, Linux RT and Android (RT) operating systems on ARM processor – Copyright © Copyright Dedicated Systems Experts NV. All rights reserved, no part of the contents of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without the written permission of Dedicated Systems Experts NV, Diepenbeemd 5, B-1650 Beersel, Belgium. Disclaimer Although all care has been taken to obtain correct information and accurate test results, Dedicated Systems Experts, VUB-Brussels, RMA-Brussels and the authors cannot be liable for any incidental or consequential damages (including damages for loss of business, profits or the like) arising out of the use ay be reproduced or of the information provided in this report, even if these organizations and authors have been advised of the possibility of such damages. eserved, no part of the contents of this document m written permission of Dedicated Systems Experts. Authors Luc Perneel (1, 2), Hasan Fayyad-Kazan(2) and Martin Timmerman (1, 2, 3) 1: Dedicated Systems Experts, 2: VUB-Brussels, 3: RMA-Brussels http://download.dedicated-systems.com E-mail: [email protected] Comparison of QNX Neutrino, Windows CE7, Linux RT and Android (RT) operating systems on ARM processor Page 1 of 42 transmitted in any form or by any means without the © Copyright Dedicated Systems Experts. All rights r RTOS Evaluation Project Experts Doc: EVA -2.9 -CMP -ARM Issue: v 3.00 Date : March 3, 2012 EVALUATION REPORT LICENSE email: [email protected] http://download.dedicated-systems.com This is a legal agreement between you (the downloader of this document) and/or your company and the company DEDICATED SYSTEMS EXPERTS NV, Diepenbeemd 5, B-1650 Beersel, Belgium. -
Important Freedos Operating System Information
Important FreeDOS Operating System Information This PC has the FreeDOS operating system preinstalled, The Documentation and Utilities CD supports one or more which provides only limited DOS-based functionality until languages. Because the Documentation and Utilities CD another operating system is installed. does not autorun on some operating systems, you have to explore the directory of the CD to access the Software License and Warranty documentation files. Browse the documentation folder on the CD, locate the appropriate language subfolder, then HP is not responsible for support of the FreeDOS open the product folder to the Safety & Comfort Guide. operating system, and it is important to note that some features of FreeDOS may not function on this system. NOTE: Before you can view the contents of the Some hardware options ordered and delivered with this Documentation and Utilities CD, you must install a PC may not be supported under the FreeDOS operating licensed operating system, as well as a compatible system, nor will HP be responsible for providing driver version of Adobe Acrobat Reader, available at: support for such hardware. Please refer to the standard http://www.adobe.com warranty document included with your PC to learn about software technical support. A copy of the General Public License for FreeDOS can Utilities be found on the PC in the directory The Documentation and Utilities CD also contains a PC C:\FDOS\SOURCE\FREECOM\ diagnostic program called PC Doctor. PC Doctor either runs automatically when you start your PC with this CD in and can be viewed by entering on the command line: the optical drive, or when you install it to your hard drive c:\fdos\source\freecom\license after you have installed a licensed operating system. -
Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows 98SE, and Windows ME Courtesy of Nashville Home Linux Solutions
Important information for users of Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows 98SE, and Windows ME courtesy of Nashville Home Linux Solutions FACT: As of July 2006, Microsoft has officially ended support for Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows 98SE, and Windows ME (Millennium Edition). What does this mean for you? Microsoft©s end-of-support announcement means that users of Windows 95, 98, and ME will no longer receive security updates, bug fixes, and other patches for their computer©s operating system. It also means that future releases of Microsoft software (such as Media Player, Internet Explorer, and Outlook Express) will no longer support these operating systems. Users of these versions of Windows will not benefit from enhanced features and security in these new versions. Why should I be concerned? Windows 95, 98, and ME are based around the DOS operating system, an inherently insecure operating system. Users of DOS-based Windows will become increasingly at risk for viruses, spyware, malware, and system intrusions as new holes and exploits are discovered in these operating systems and the older software that runs on them. In addition, software vendors (including makers of anti-virus and other security products) will be phasing out support for these operating systems now that Microsoft has ended its support. If you are connecting your DOS-based Windows operating system to the Internet, you need to take action to secure your computer. What are my options? If you would like to continue to operate on your current hardware, you have a few options available to you: 1. Upgrade Windows Microsoft©s only currently-available Windows workstation operating system is Windows XP (Home or Professional). -
OS 386 Multiuser/Multitasking Operating System
OS 386 Multiuser/Multitasking Operating System REFERENCE GUIDE [Q] DIGITAL RESEARCH@ os REFERENCE GUIDE [jill DIGITAL RESEARCH~ COPYRIGHT Copyright © 1987 Digital Research Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, transcribed, stored in a retrieval system, or translated into any language or computer language, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, magnetic, optical, chemical, manual or otherwise without the prior written permission of Digital Research Inc, 60 Garden Court, Box DRI, Monterey, California 93942 DISCLAIMER DIGITAL RESEARCH MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES WITH RESPECT TO THE CONTENTS HEREOF AND SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIMS ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE. Further Digital Research Inc. reserves the right to revise this publication and to make changes from time to time in the content hereof without obligation of Digital Research Inc to notify any person of such revision or changes. NOTICE TO USER This manual should not be construed as any representation or warranty with respect to the software named herein. Occasionally changes or variations exist in the software that are not reflected in the manual. Generally, if such changes or variations are known to exist and to affect the product significantly, a release note or READ.ME file accompanies the manual and the distribution disks. In that event, be sure to read the release note or READ.ME file before using the product. ii TRADEMARKS Digital Research and its logo, CP/M, and CP/M-86 are registered trademarks of Digital Research Inc. Cardfile, Concurrent, Concurrent DOS 386, Concurrent DOS XM, DR EDIX, DOS Plus and MP/M-86 are trademarks of Digital Research Inc. -
ARM Unveils Cortex-A15 Mpcore Processor 9 September 2010
ARM unveils Cortex-A15 MPcore processor 9 September 2010 ARM today introduced the Cortex-A15 MPCore applications software, hardware and software processor that delivers a 5x performance development tools, middleware and SoC design improvement over today’s advanced smartphone services. processors, within a comparable energy footprint. In advanced infrastructure applications the Cortex- Collaborative differentiation through partnership A15 processor running at up to 2.5GHz will enable continues to be the main driver of the ARM highly scalable solutions within constantly shrinking business model and the launch of the Cortex-A15 energy, thermal and cost budgets. The Cortex-A15 MPCore processor is the result of ARM’s work with processor is available for licensing today and is lead licensee partners Samsung, ST Ericsson and targeted at manufacture in 32nm, 28nm, and future Texas Instruments, who were key drivers of the geometries. definition of the processor, ensuring it meets the key challenges faced by the industry. As the latest addition to ARM's Cortex-A family of processors, the Cortex-A15 MPCore processor will More information: enable a new and vast array of products ranging www.arm.com/products/processor … tex-a/cortex- from next-generation smartphones, tablets, large- a15.php screen mobile computing and high-end digital home entertainment devices through to wireless basestations and enterprise infrastructure products. Source: ARM The debut of the Cortex-A15 MPCore processor enhances the ARM Cortex-A Series of processors by providing the electronics industry with the broadest range of software and feature-set compatible processors. The Cortex-A15 extends the capabilities of the ARM Cortex-A Series by adding efficient hardware support for OS virtualization, soft-error recovery, larger memory addressability and system coherency. -
Reactos-Devtutorial.Pdf
Developer Tutorials Developer Tutorials Next Developer Tutorials Table of Contents I. Newbie Developer 1. Introduction to ReactOS development 2. Where to get the latest ReactOS source, compilation tools and how to compile the source 3. Testing your compiled ReactOS code 4. Where to go from here (newbie developer) II. Centralized Source Code Repository 5. Introducing CVS 6. Downloading and configuring your CVS client 7. Checking out a new tree 8. Updating your tree with the latest code 9. Applying for write access 10. Submitting your code with CVS 11. Submitting a patch to the project III. Advanced Developer 12. CD Packaging Guide 13. ReactOS Architecture Whitepaper 14. ReactOS WINE Developer Guide IV. Bochs testing 15. Introducing Bochs 16. Downloading and Using Bochs with ReactOS 17. The compile, test and debug cycle under Bochs V. VMware Testing 18. Introducing VMware List of Tables 7.1. Modules http://reactos.com/rosdocs/tutorials/bk02.html (1 of 2) [3/18/2003 12:16:53 PM] Developer Tutorials Prev Up Next Chapter 8. Where to go from here Home Part I. Newbie Developer (newbie user) http://reactos.com/rosdocs/tutorials/bk02.html (2 of 2) [3/18/2003 12:16:53 PM] Part I. Newbie Developer Part I. Newbie Developer Prev Developer Tutorials Next Newbie Developer Table of Contents 1. Introduction to ReactOS development 2. Where to get the latest ReactOS source, compilation tools and how to compile the source 3. Testing your compiled ReactOS code 4. Where to go from here (newbie developer) Prev Up Next Developer Tutorials Home Chapter 1. Introduction to ReactOS development http://reactos.com/rosdocs/tutorials/bk02pt01.html [3/18/2003 12:16:54 PM] Chapter 1. -
CS 151: Introduction to Computers
Information Technology: Introduction to Computers Handout One Computer Hardware 1. Components a. System board, Main board, Motherboard b. Central Processing Unit (CPU) c. RAM (Random Access Memory) SDRAM. DDR-RAM, RAMBUS d. Expansion cards i. ISA - Industry Standard Architecture ii. PCI - Peripheral Component Interconnect iii. PCMCIA - Personal Computer Memory Card International Association iv. AGP – Accelerated Graphics Port e. Sound f. Network Interface Card (NIC) g. Modem h. Graphics Card (AGP – accelerated graphics port) i. Disk drives (A:\ floppy diskette; B:\ obsolete 5.25” floppy diskette; C:\Internal Hard Disk; D:\CD-ROM, CD-R/RW, DVD-ROM/R/RW (Compact Disk-Read Only Memory) 2. Peripherals a. Monitor b. Printer c. Keyboard d. Mouse e. Joystick f. Scanner g. Web cam Operating system – a collection of files and small programs that enables input and output. The operating system transforms the computer into a productive entity for human use. BIOS (Basic Input Output System) date, time, language, DOS – Disk Operating System Windows (Dual, parallel development for home and industry) Windows 3.1 Windows 3.11 (Windows for Workgroups) Windows 95 Windows N. T. (Network Technology) Windows 98 Windows N. T. 4.0 Windows Me Windows 2000 Windows XP Home Windows XP Professional The Evolution of Windows Early 80's IBM introduced the Personal PC using the Intel 8088 processor and Microsoft's Disk Operating System (DOS). This was a scaled down computer aimed at business which allowed a single user to execute a single program. Many changes have been introduced over the last 20 years to bring us to where we are now. -
Virtualization
Print Date: 21.06.2013 Transfer Files to FreeDOS Guest OS with ISO Image Oracle VM VirtualBox Brainboxes Limited, 18 Hurricane Drive, Liverpool International Business Park, Speke, Liverpool, L24 8RL, UK Tel: +44 (0)151 220 2500 Fax: +44 (0)151 252 0446 Web: www.brainboxes.com Email: [email protected] Contents 1. Version History ............................................................................................................................................ 10 © Copyright Brainboxes Limited 2013 Page 2 of 10 This document will demonstrate how to transfer files from the ISO disc image to FreeDOS Guest Operating System using Oracle VM VirtualBox application. 1. Start FreeDOS guest operating system by clicking “ Start ” as shown below: 2. Once the Guest Operating System is booted successfully, click “ Devices -> CD/DVD Devices -> Choose a virtual CD/DVD disk file… ” as shown below: © Copyright Brainboxes Limited 2013 Page 3 of 10 3. Browse to “Desktop” where the ISO image file is located, select the “PDS.iso” image file, and then click “Open ” when you are presented with the following: 4. Type “ md PDS ” at the DOS prompt, and then press “ Enter ” in order to create a PDS directory under C: drive as shown below: © Copyright Brainboxes Limited 2013 Page 4 of 10 5. Type “ D: ” at the DOS prompt, and then press “ Enter ” when you are presented with the following: 6. Type “ dir ” at the DOS prompt, and you will be shown that the folder “ PDS ” in the CD/DVD drive of the Guest Operating System which has the same contents as the ISO disc image file we have create previously as shown in the following: © Copyright Brainboxes Limited 2013 Page 5 of 10 7. -
In Windows Server 2008 R2 and Windows Server 2008 (The Former Containing the Later Release of Hyper-V)
Hyper-V Microsoft Hyper-V Developer(s) Microsoft Initial release July 26, 2008 (KB950050)[1][2] R2 Service Pack 1 Stable release (KB976932)[3][4] / March 15, 2011; 15 months ago Windows 8 (both its server and client versions) (future) and Operating system Windows Server 2008 or standalone Type Virtual machine License Proprietary Hyper V Slide 1 of 21 Microsoft Hyper-V ■ Microsoft Hyper-V, ✦ codenamed Viridian ✦ and formerly known as Windows Server Virtualization, ✦ is a hypervisor-based virtualization system for x86-64 systems ■ A beta version of Hyper-V was shipped with certain x86-64 editions of Windows Server 2008, and the finalized version (automatically updated through Windows Update) was released on June 26, 2008 ■ Hyper-V has since been released in a free stand-alone version, and has been upgraded to Release 2 (R2) status Hyper V Slide 2 of 21 Versions and variants ■ Hyper-V exists in two variants: ✦ as a stand-alone product called Microsoft Hyper-V Server 2008 (Hyper-V Server 2008 R2 for the second release), ✦ and as an installable role in Windows Server 2008 R2 and Windows Server 2008 (the former containing the later release of Hyper-V). ■ The stand-alone version of Hyper-V is free, and was released on October 1, 2008. ■ It is a variant of the core installation of Windows Server 2008 that includes full Hyper-V functionality; other Windows Server 2008 roles are disabled, and there are limited Windows Services. ■ The free Hyper-V Server 2008 variant is limited to a command line interface (CLI), where configuration of the "Host" or "Parent" (Hyper-V Server 2008) OS, physical hardware and software is done using shell commands. -
Dolphin Power Tools User's Guide Rev E
Dolphin® Power Tools For Windows Mobile® 5.0 Windows Mobile® 2003 Second Edition Windows® CE 5.0 (Dolphin 6100, 6500, 7600) User’s Guide Disclaimer Honeywell International Inc. (“HII”) reserves the right to make changes in specifications and other information contained in this document without prior notice, and the reader should in all cases consult HII to determine whether any such changes have been made. The information in this publication does not represent a commitment on the part of HII. HII shall not be liable for technical or editorial errors or omissions contained herein; nor for incidental or consequential damages resulting from the furnishing, performance, or use of this material. This document contains proprietary information that is protected by copyright. All rights are reserved. No part of this document may be photocopied, reproduced, or translated into another language without the prior written consent of HII. ©2007–2010 Honeywell International Inc. All rights reserved. Web Address: www.honeywellaidc.com Trademarks Dolphin, Dolphin RF, HomeBase, Mobile Base, and QuadCharger are trademarks or registered trademarks of Hand Held Products, Inc. or Honeywell International Inc. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Mobile, Windows CE, Windows NT, Windows 2000, Windows ME, Windows XP, ActiveSync, Outlook, and the Windows logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation. Other product names mentioned in this manual may be trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective companies and are the property of their respective owners. Patents Please refer to the product packaging for a list of patents. Other Trademarks The Bluetooth trademarks are owned by Bluetooth SIG, Inc. U.S.A.