In Between Two Worlds: Colombian Migrants Negotiating Identity, Acculturation, and Settlement in Melbourne, Australia
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65 In Between Two Worlds: Colombian Migrants Negotiating Identity, Acculturation, and Settlement in Melbourne, Australia Margarita Rosa Fierro Hernandez Christopher C. Sonn Victoria University Latin American immigration experiences have been documented in terms of acculturation, settlement and belonging. While there is an increase in research interest, there is a need to recognise the diversity of the Latin American region, as well as within countries, in terms of culture, history, and histories of colonialism. This exploratory qualitative work examines the experiences of 15 Colombian immigrants living in Melbourne, Australia and considers implications for identity, acculturation and settlement. Thematic analysis of in depth-interviews generated three themes that represent their acculturation and settlement: identity negotiation between home and homeland, constructing Colombian identity in Australia and navigating barriers to settlement. Migration was mainly experienced as a loss and represented as a negotiation between home country and host country where the structures of support were crucial in making home in Australia. This has shed light on the meanings, expectations and challenges associated with the migration process to Australia. This analysis reveals how accents, cultural values, and discrimination play a role in the ways Colombians construct and negotiate identity and settlement in Australia. This paper focuses on Colombian implies constant mobility and instability, an immigrants to Australia who comprise a often-endless search for belonging to the small but rapidly growing group. “The first constantly changing other, as well as having records of Colombians in Australia date back to cope with constantly shifting legal and to four people included in the 1911 bureaucratic requirements for social Census” (Department of Foreign Affairs and acceptance and divergent parameters for Trade, 2015, para. 24). The Department of recognition” (Krzyżanowski & Wodak, Social Services (2015, para. 5) reports that 2008, p. 98). Sonn and Lewis (2009, p. 116) “the latest census in 2011 recorded 11,318 note that: “the experiences of immigration Colombia-born people in Australia, an and settlement are ongoing, and often increase of 98.2 % from the 2006 census. involve dislocation and the loss of taken for Considering that Australia provides granted resources and systems of meaning. It opportunities for students and professionals, also means gaining new opportunities for recent Colombian migrants usually come participation and resources for living”. The under a student visa, skilled migration visa or challenges of immigration and settlement for partner visa. In view of the growing number migrant communities have often been of Colombian immigrants, the study explored understood using the notion acculturation the reasons for migration and the various (Sam & Berry, 2006). Acculturation is “the factors that would influence the acculturation process of cultural change that occurs when and settlement experiences for a sample of individuals from different cultural Colombian migrants to Melbourne, backgrounds come into prolonged, Australia. continuous, first-hand contact with each Migration, Acculturation, and Settlement other” (Redfield, Linton, & Herskovits, Migration, acculturation and settlement 1936, p. 146). Researchers in community are challenging processes. “Migration psychology have argued that acculturation is The Australian Community Psychologist Volume 30 No 1 June 2019 © The Australian Psychological Society Ltd Colombian migrants in Melbourne, Australia 66 a contested process that involves relations of everyday settings, and opportunities for power between migrant and receiving belonging. communities which are typically reflected in Nevertheless, people do not simply experiences of exclusion, discrimination, as submit to cultural racism and othering, they well as the pursuit of a sense of community develop various psychosocial strategies of and wellbeing (e.g., Garcia- Ramírez, de la resistance, coping, and resilience. Sonn and Mata, Paloma, & Hernández-Plaza 2011; Fisher (2003) and more recently, Sonn, Ivey, Luque-Ribelles, Herrera-Sanchez, & García- Baker and Meyer (2017) have shown how Ramírez, 2017; Sonn & Lewis, 2009, Sonn South African immigrants to Australia & Stevens, 2017). respond in different ways to experiences of Some scholars have theorised racism including rejecting negative and acculturation as a process of identity and externally imposed identity labels, community making. The process involves constructing alternative identity categories, more than the simple negotiation of host and and constructing hyphenated identities and home culture; it is contested within and understandings of self. Racialised migrants between different communities and contexts are proactive in acculturation-settlement along various structural dimensions and experiences as they negotiate changing social group memberships based on race, social, political, and cultural landscapes ethnicity, migration status, class, gender and (Bhatia, 2018; Katsiaficas, Futch, Fine, & intersections among these dimensions Sirin 2011; Sonn et al., 2017). Communities (Andreouli, 2013; Buckingham et al., 2018). construct alternative settings away from Some researchers have shown how unreceptive dominant group spaces, and in cultural racism shapes the experiences of those settings they can deconstruct racialised various migrant communities who are made encounters and find support and strange and deemed as not belonging to communality. They also provide Australia because they are not white (e.g., opportunities for people to articulate Due & Riggs, 2010; Hage, 1999; Harris, memories from their home communities that 2009; Sonn & Lewis, 2009; Wise, 2010). For are vital to the acculturation-settlement example, Sonn and Lewis (2009) illustrate process and for crafting multi-layered selves how ideologies of race and ethnicity are and ways to belonging (Hall, 2000; prominent in how South African migrants Katsiaficas, et al., 2011; Sonn & Fisher, construct identities, and how memories of 1998). racism in their home country as well as When migrants arrive and try to settle experiences of being racialised based on in a new place, they carry traditions, appearance, hair, and skin colour in Australia memories and experiences of the places they influence how they define themselves and used to live. These memories and the extent to which they can claim belonging experiences play an important role in the in Australia. In a study with people of acculturation and settlement experience. For Cypriot-Turkish Muslim background, Ali example, in the United States Bhatia (2007) and Sonn (2010) reported that experiences of showed that Indian migrant’s memories of ethnicisation based on appearance, or visible home, colonial histories and the markers such as wearing a veil or a hijab accompanying nostalgia influence how they may mediate experiences of belonging and think about themselves in the host country exclusion. In other contexts, such as the UK and in the development of their identity and (Andreouli & Howarth, 2013) and Italy negotiation of their belonging. In Italy, (Cicognani, Sonn, Albanesi, & Zani, 2018) Barbieri, Zani, and Sonn (2014) have researchers have similarly shown how highlighted that migrant adaptation is a language, accent, dress, and other markers negotiation between and within cultures; can be used in processes of othering which migrants bring symbols, practices and rituals create borders to group membership and from their culture while at the same time impacts upon acculturation, participation in they appropriate new symbols from the new The Australian Community Psychologist Volume 30 No 1 June 2019 © The Australian Psychological Society Ltd Colombian migrants in Melbourne, Australia 67 culture. For instance, for immigrants, the with different immigrant groups in Australia term community may have different (Ali & Sonn, 2010; Sonn & Lewis, 2009; meanings related mainly to religion, culture Sonn, Stevens, & Duncan, 2013), this study (language, food, music) and a common past. was guided by the assumptions that people Hence, in the process of acculturation, they and culture are intertwined and that realities relate community principally with their home are constructed socially through language country. and thereafter are maintained through Although, memories of home can be a narrative (Freedman & Combs, 1996). In this source of strength, recollecting experiences approach the stories that people tell about of oppression, violence, and stigmatisation themselves and others are constructed within can influence acculturation and identity social, cultural, historical and political construction in a new place (Collier & contexts (Rappaport, 2000) are in line with Gamarra, 2001; Guarnizo, Sánchez & Roach, an interpretivist epistemology (Willig, 2013), 1999; Moriah, Rodriguez, & Sotomayor, which claims that humans always negotiate 2004; Valderrama-Echavarria, 2014). For and give meaning to the dynamics of their example, in research with Colombian world, and focuses on the meanings that migrants in the United States, Moriah et al. interviewees attach to their experiences (2004), have suggested that, “a long history (Williamson, 2002). For this reason, of violence, distrust, narco-trafficking, armed adopting an interpretivist approach to this conflict, poverty, corruption, and social study allows consideration of the meanings exclusion has diminished Colombians migrants attach to