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OECD Review of Agricultural Policies: Colombia 2015 This Work Is Published on the Responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD

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OECD Review of Agricultural Policies: Colombia 2015 This Work Is Published on the Responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD OECD Review of Agricultural Policies CoLoMBIa This Review assesses the performance of Colombian agriculture over the last two decades. It evaluates Colombian agricultural policy reforms and provides recommendations to address key challenges to the agricultural sector. The analysis is based on the approach that agriculture policy should be evidence-based OECD Review of Agricultural Policies and carefully designed and implemented to support productivity, competitiveness and sustainability, while avoiding unnecessary distortions to production decisions and to trade. Contents CoLoMBIa Chapter 1. Assessment and recommendations Part I. The agricultural policy context in Colombia Chapter 2. General characteristics of Colombia’s economy Chapter 3. The agricultural situation in Colombia Part II. Agricultural policy trends and evaluation in Colombia Chapter 4. Agricultural policy framework in Colombia Chapter 5. Colombia’s agricultural domestic and trade policies Chapter 6. Evaluation of Colombia’s support to agriculture Part III. Agricultural innovation in Colombia Chapter 7. The agricultural innovation system in Colombia Chapter 8. Investment and co-operation in innovation Chapter 9. The adoption of innovation Also available in this series: OECD Review of Agricultural Policies Switzerland (2015) Kazakhstan (2013) Indonesia (2012) Israel (2008) Chile (2008) South Africa (2006) China (2005) Brazil (2005) C o L o MBI Consult this publication on line at http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264227644-en. a This work is published on the OECD iLibrary, which gathers all OECD books, periodicals and statistical databases. Visit www.oecd-ilibrary.org for more information. ISBN 978-92-64-22763-7 51 2015 01 1 P OECD Review of Agricultural Policies: Colombia 2015 This work is published on the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Organisation or of the governments of its member countries. This document and any map included herein are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. Please cite this publication as: OECD (2015), OECD Review of Agricultural Policies: Colombia 2015, OECD Publishing. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264227644-en ISBN 978-92-64-22763-7 (print) ISBN 978-92-64-22764-4 (PDF) Series: OECD Review of Agricultural Policies ISSN 1990-0058 (print) ISSN 1990-004X (online) The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. Photo credits: Cover © Dalila Cervantes-Godoy; © Silvia Sorescu. Corrigenda to OECD publications may be found on line at: www.oecd.org/publishing/corrigenda. © OECD 2015 You can copy, download or print OECD content for your own use, and you can include excerpts from OECD publications, databases and multimedia products in your own documents, presentations, blogs, websites and teaching materials, provided that suitable acknowledgement of OECD as source and copyright owner is given. All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to [email protected]. Requests for permission to photocopy portions of this material for public or commercial use shall be addressed directly to the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) at [email protected] or the Centre français d’exploitation du droit de copie (CFC) at [email protected]. FOREWORD Foreword This Review of Agricultural Policies: Colombia is one of a series of reviews of national agricultural policies undertaken by the OECD’s Committee for Agriculture. On 29 May 2013, the OECD Council decided to open accession discussions with Colombia. On 19 September 2013, the Council adopted a Roadmap for the Accession of Colombia to the OECD Convention [C(2013)110/ FINAL] (hereafter “the Roadmap”) setting out the terms, conditions and process for accession. The Roadmap provides that in order to allow the OECD Council to take an informed decision, Colombia will undergo in-depth reviews by the relevant OECD technical committees, including the Committee for Agriculture, which will then provide the Council with a formal opinion evaluating Colombia's willingness and ability to implement OECD legal instruments, and assessing Colombia’s policies and practices as compared to OECD best policies and practices. This Review is being used as a background document for the accession review currently being undertaken by the OECD Committee for Agriculture as part of the process for Colombia’s accession to the OECD. In accordance with paragraph 14 of Colombia’s Accession Roadmap, the Committee for Agriculture agreed to declassify the report in its current version and publish it under the authority of the Secretary General, in order to allow a wider audience to become acquainted with the issues raised in the report. Publication of this document and the analysis and recommendations contained therein does not prejudge in any way the results of the ongoing review of Colombia by the Committee for Agriculture as part of its process of accession to the OECD. The Review examines the policy context and the main trends in Colombia’s agriculture. It classifies and measures the support provided to agriculture using the same method the OECD employs to monitor agricultural policies in OECD countries and a growing number of non-member economies, such as Brazil, China, Indonesia, Kazakhstan, Russia, South Africa and Ukraine. On request from the Colombian authorities, the Review includes a special chapter on key challenges for the agricultural innovation system, drawing on the framework developed at OECD to analyse the role of the government in fostering innovation in the food and agricultural sector. The Review is a precursor to continue OECD engagement with Colombia on agricultural policy issues through the regular monitoring of agricultural policy developments. The study was carried out by the Trade and Agriculture Directorate (TAD). Dalila Cervantes- Godoy co-ordinated the report and was one of the authors together with Silvia Sorescu and Catherine Moreddu. Valuable background information was provided by Natalia Mayorga (Colombia) for Parts I and II and by Luis Alberto Zuleta and Lino Jaramillo (Colombia) for Part III. Statistical support was provided by Florence Bossard. Anita Lari provided administrative and secretarial assistance. Michael Thomas provided editorial support. Anita Lari and Michèle Patterson provided publication support. Carmel Cahill, Christian Daude, Jared Greenville, Sebastian Nieto-Parra, Raffaelle Trapasso, Trudy Witbreuk and many other colleagues in the OECD Secretariat and member country delegations furnished valuable comments on earlier drafts of the report. The Review benefited greatly from the support provided by the Colombian Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MADR). Dario Jaramillo, Diana Jimenez and Morelca Girardo were the main OECD REVIEW OF AGRICULTURAL POLICIES: COLOMBIA 2015 © OECD 2015 3 FOREWORD contacts and liaison persons on all aspects of the study. The study benefited from the substantive inputs from the team of experts from the Colombian MADR and its related entities (Elizabeth Arciniegas, Carlos Pereira, Ivan Piraquive, Juan Lucas Restrepo, Alejandro Ruiz, Mario Villamil), the National Planning Department (Clara Duque and Diego Mora), and the National Administrative Department of Statistics (Andrés Clavijo and Mónica Madrid). Experts from these institutions provided most of the data and essential information on the functioning of agricultural programmes in Colombia. The study also benefited from the input of staff from MADR and its related entities and participants at preparatory meetings and consultations in Bogota, including researchers from academia. The study was reviewed at an in-country Roundtable with Colombian officials in July 2014. Subsequently, the Colombian delegation led by Mr Hernán Román Calderon, Vice-Minister for Agriculture, participated in the peer review of Colombian agricultural policies by the OECD’s Committee for Agriculture at its 163rd session in December 2014. We are grateful to Steve Neff (ERS-USDA, USA), Rodrigo Vega (MINAGRI, Chile), and Matthew Worrell (DFAT, Australia) for their role as lead discussants during this peer review. Colombian officials have been involved from the initial discussions of the study outline through to the peer review and final revisions, but the final report remains the sole responsibility of the OECD. 4 OECD REVIEW OF AGRICULTURAL POLICIES: COLOMBIA 2015 © OECD 2015 TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of contents Acronyms . 13 Executive summary . 21 Chapter 1. Assessment and recommendations . 25 Assessment . 26 Policy recommendations . 36 References . 41 Part I The agricultural policy context in Colombia Chapter 2. General characteristics of Colombia’s economy . 45 Political and demographic characteristics . 46 Natural resources and climatic conditions . 48 Water resources . 49 Infrastructure . 50 Macroeconomic performance . 52 Summary . 55 Note . 55 References . 55 Chapter 3. The agricultural situation in Colombia . 59 Evolving role of agriculture over time . 60 Agriculture and the food sector in the economy . 62 Agricultural land . 65 Agricultural land tenure system . 67 Changes in input use and
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