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Natalie Garrett Sharks: A Species Endangered By Humans By Natalie Garrett Please Click Here For Initial Graphic As I began my descent I could already see the difference. The green and red pieces of coral popped out; it was the most vibrant colored coral I had seen in my entire life. As I approached the reef wall I could see the abundance of marine life. Blue queen parrotfish, bright yellow tang and striped sergeant majors circled along the top of the trench. At first I was enamored by the number of sea amenities and the tiny clownfish that were hopping in and out of the anenimies tentacles. But the clownfish were only the beginning. The further I descended down the reef wall, the more I saw. Tiny black cow fish with polka dots, deep blue tang, and fairy basslets weaved in and out of the crevices on the coral. Every once in a while I would catch a glimpse of a trumpet fish darting past. Toward the end of the dive, my dive buddy started frantically shaking my fin. I turned around and saw my dive buddy giving the shark hand signal and pointing to a large grey figure in the distance. My heart stopped. Was I finally going to get to see a shark? I was both ecstatic and terrified at the same time. Before I knew it the shark was less than ten feet away from me, and I froze. The ten-foot long Caribbean reef shark glided past my dive group and we were all in awe of this majestic sea creature’s beauty. The shark appeared to not even notice the group of awe-stricken divers hovering beside it. It was as if my scuba diving group did not even exist. As the shark swam away I glanced up and saw the grand reef wall that I had just dove down. At that moment I realized that I had entered an entirely different world. A world that not many humans have explored: the ocean. The ocean covers over 70% of our planet, yet 95% has been left unexplored. During my dive at Tent Reef Wall in Saba, the fish and other creatures living in the reefs were not scared of me because they had no reason to be: no human had ever harmed them. While I was diving it was as if I did not even exist, which is exactly how it should be. Instead of the marine animals darting away the second they see scuba divers, or the shark attacking the humans as the public assumes it will, the marine animals continued to swim about. Needless to say, Saba has the best diving conditions that I have ever seen. And the fact that the entire Island of Saba is a Marine Park is not a coincidence. By being exposed to both protected and non- protected marine environments I can see the vast difference between the conditions of the two. Historically Sharks have been viewed as killers, but in reality humans pose more of a threat to Sharks. Since not everyone has had the experience with the ocean and sharks like I have I can not help but wonder: if more people saw how beautiful of creatures sharks are, and had experiences like I have had, would they see that our sharks are something worth protecting? Moments like this have showed me that sharks are something worth protecting and that I need to show others that they are something worth protecting too. Sharks have been gliding through earth’s oceans for over 430 million years, making them one of the oldest mammals still alive today. Currently there are 400 living species of sharks categorized into 8 orders and 30 families such as lamniformes, squaliformes, and carcharinforms. Overall, species of sharks have different designs. In general they have a streamline body shape, they are constantly swimming so water flows over their gills, which is necessary for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. While swimming water goes into their mouths over their gills and leaves through lateral gill slits behind their head. Sharks do not have true bones; their skeleton is made of cartilage. They also grow teeth continuously throughout their life, replacing every broken tooth. ix It is no secret that sharks are known to be one of the most ferocious predators in the ocean, which is partly due to their sixth sense, the Ampullae of Lorenzini. Near sharks’ snout are small pores called Ampullae of Lorenzini and connected to those pores are long jelly filled bulbs that lead to the nerves below the skin. Electrical signals coming from the movement of other organisms are received by the ampullae and go through the jelly filled bulbs where the signal strikes the nerves and sends signals to the brain. Usually sharks have several thousand Ampullae of Lorenzini pores; hammerheads, for example, have over 3000. So when a shark’s pray is swimming through the water the pray sends an electric signal, which the shark can sense from miles away. This sense is also used to help navigate the globex. Whenever the average human hears the word “shark” a large ferocious human-killer generally comes to mind. Perhaps the most well known shark, the Great White, averages 10-21 feet long, 2600 lbs, and live 30-40 yrs. They have long ocean migrations, a widespread habitat of tropical and temperate waters, and are from the ix 5461, 106 Cong. (2000) (enacted). Print. ix Gale. "Sharks." Environmental Encyclopedia. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Science in Context. Web. 7 Mar. 2013. <http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/scic/ReferenceDetailsPage/ReferenceDetailsWindow?failOve rType=&query=&prodId=SCIC&windowstate=normal&contentModules=&mode=view &displayGroupName=Reference&limiter=&currPage=&disableHighlighting=false&disp layGroups=&sortBy=&source=&search_within_results=&action=e&catId=&activityTyp e=&scanId=&documentId=GALE%7CCV2644151244> x Brummer, Tanya. "The Sixth (and Seventh) Sense." Shark Savers. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Mar. 2013. <https://www.sharksavers.org/en/education/biology/the-sixth-and-seventh- sense/> phylum chordataxi. Unfortunately it is because of the way sharks have been portrayed in the media that humans demonize them. For example, the film Jaws changed both human and sharks lives forever. It left humans afraid to swim in the ocean and drove sharks onto the endangered species list. However, sharks do not remain threats to everyone. Bismarck Archipelago is a group of islands located off of the coast of Papua New Guinea and are one of the few locations where shark calling is still practiced by indigenous people. Toxok is an example of a shark caller that lives on the Island of New Ireland. The shark callers are an elite group in New Ireland and regard shark calling as if it is a religion rather than an economic practice. Toxok goes out into the ocean by himself with only a canoe and a noose made of plaited cane, he then proceeds to subdue the creatures by hand. Toxok refers to shark calling as a game: "It's like a game, because I have prepared all the rituals. I have caught sharks, and I know every time I will go out, I will catch a shark". The shark callers on New Ireland have a respect for sharks that has been lost by the rest of the world. For Papa New Guineans shark calling is a ritual and skill that no other civilization in the world hasxii. While cultures do exist that respect sharks, there are not nearly enough cultures to save certain species from extinction. There are some estimates that for every person killed by a shark; people kill 25 million sharks each year. Over 150 million sharks are slaughtered each year, that is 270,000 a day. The incredible number of deaths is due xi "Great White Shark (Carcharodon Carcharias)." Encyclopedia of Endangered Species. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Science in Context. Web. 14 Mar. 2013. <http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/scic/ReferenceDetailsPage/ReferenceDetailsWindow?failOve rType=&query=&prodId=SCIC&windowstate=normal&contentModules=&mode=view &displayGroupName=Reference&limiter=&currPage=&disableHighlighting=false&disp layGroups=&sortBy=&source=&search_within_results=&action=e&catId=&activityTyp e=&scanId=&documentId=GALE|CV2644720190>. xii Eilperin, Juliet. Demon Fish. N.p.: Anchor, 2012. Print mainly to product consumption, by catch, and shark fining. Shark meat is low in saturated fats and high in polyunsaturated fats so it has started to replace red meat in some markets. The liver oils of sharks are added to some cosmetics because they are the cheapest oils closest to natural skin oils. Sharkskin is also used as leather for shoes, wallets, and purses. Cartilage is used as replacement for human skin for burn victims and teeth are used in jewelryxiii. It is estimated that tens of millions of sharks are lost to by catch each year. By catch is when fisherman catches more fish than they intended by using some of the following methods: -Longlining is when fisherman use thousands of baited hooks hanging from a miles long line to catch fish. -Trawling is pulling a large net through the water by either one or two boats. -And Gillnets are long walls of invisible netting hung in the water. Finally, it is guessed that the most sharks are lost to shark fining. Fisherman will catch millions of sharks, cut the shark’s dorsal fin off, and then throw the shark’s carcass back into the ocean. From there the sharks either starve to death or drown because they are unable to swim effectively without their dorsal fin. xiii Bright, Michael. "Jaws: The Natural History of Sharks." Natural History Museum. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Mar.
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