Khan and Ahmed | Ethnobotanical survey of Palghar and district, ()-III 1

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN PHARMACY MEDICINE AND BIOALLIED SCIENCES An International, Multi-Disciplinary, Peer-Reviewed, Open Access, Indexed Journal |www.biomedjournal.com|

Ethnobotanical survey of Palghar and , Maharashtra (India)-III

Zafar S. Khan*, Rafi Ahmed.

Department of Botany, Maharshtra College of Arts, Science and Commerce, 246‐A, J.B.B. Road, (MS) India 400008.

ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE ABSTRACT

Background: India is rich in ethanobotanical knowledge which is inherited from generation to generation among tribal people since ancient time. But the traditional knowledge system in India is rapidly neglecting and there is an urgent need to record all ethnobotanical information from the diverse ethnic communities before they completely lost. An ethno-botanical survey was carried out in some part of Thane now , Maharashtra to procure endogenous knowledge from local and tribal people about their medicinal uses. Material and Methods: The indigenous knowledge of aborigine people was documented through questionnaires and personal conversation. Plants were identified *Author for correspondence and arranged as botanical name, family name, local name, useful part and formulation E-mail: [email protected] used to cure various ailments. Results: During the study 51 plant species belongs to 37 families used to cure various

ailments were recorded. They are being used to cure various common diseases like Q jaundice, body pain, loss of appetite, asthma, fever, headache, wound healing, R vomiting, skin diseases, scorpion bite, cough, cold, to stop bleeding, piles, dental C problems, liver disease, hair problems, etc. o Conclusion: Documentation of ethno-medicinal knowledge from aborigine or tribal d people may help for the formulation of new drugs to cure different ailments. e Key words: Ethanobotany, ailments, jaundice, piles, Palghar, tribes. Biomedjournal © Copyright 2013, All rights reserved. Biomedjournal Privacy Policy.

INTRODUCTION Ethanobotanical study deals with the direct traditional available. Presently, ethnobotany has become and natural relationship between human and plants. It increasingly valuable in the development of health playing important role in addition of information care and conservation programs in different parts of about the plants grow and used by native or diverse the world. The total 4, 20,000 flowering plants ethnic communities. India is rich in ethanobotanical documented from throughout world; out of which knowledge which is inherited from generation to more than 50,000 are used for medicinal purposes. In generation among tribal people since ancient time. India, more than 43% of the total flowering plants are But the traditional knowledge system in India is known for medicinal purpose (Sharma et al. 2012). rapidly neglecting and there is an urgent need of hour Thane is highest populated district of India (As per to record all ethnobotanical information from the 2011 census). This is situated in the western part of diverse ethnic communities before they completely India (Maharashtra state). It is coordinate 190 10’ 21” lost the ethnomedicinal information. Now a day tribe N 72057’25” E between 18042N to 20021 N latitude and is being exploited by modern societies and they are 720 45 E to 730 48’ E longitude. In August 2014 new forbidden to use the natural resources. These people district has been formed Palghar. Both district is a live close to the forest and dependent on the natural home land of various tribal community followed by resources for their live hood. They employ various different indigenous ethnic groups and subgroups. plant parts like leaves, root, bark, seed and fruits etc. More than 1.5 million people living are tribal such as to make themselves comfortable and prepare simple Varali, Kokana, Mahadev Koli, K-Thakur, etc. formulations either individual or in combinations of two or more plant resources, which are easily These tribal or aboriginal people use the plants according to their knowledge either gained by Int J Adv Pharmacy Med Bioallied Sci. Vol. 2016 (2016), Article ID 96,1-7. www.biomedjournal.com

Khan and Ahmed | Ethnobotanical survey of Palghar and Thane district, Maharashtra (India)-III 2

experience or taught by their ancestors and belief 3. Datura metel L. healing properties for various ailments, role in religious and social ceremonies which are manifested Family : Solanaceae in their folk behavior. Thus indigenous community may Local name : Dhotra guide directly or indirectly for preparation of new formulation of medicinal drugs in various form to treat Part used : Leaves different ailments. Leaf extract applied over tumor. Ethnobotanical survey has been carried out throughout 4. Crinum asiaticum the world (Yadhav and Verma 2010; Meena et al., 2013; Sharma et al. 2012, Khan 2013). Only some part Family : Amaryllidaceae of Thane (Palghar) district was selected for the study Local name : Lili/ Nagdauna as Wada, , , , Mokhada and Dahanu. Most of the Tribal people are living in these Part used : Leaves tehsils except Bhiwandi. According to WHO, about 80% Leaves are heated in pots and from them leaf population of world rely on traditional medicinal for extracted. Cooled extract (1-2 drops) pour in ear for their primary health care needs. These medicines have ache. fewer side effects and men can get it easily from nature. By keeping in mind this survey has been 5. Ficus religiosa L. carried out during 2013-14. Family : Moraceae MATERIALS AND METHODS Local name : Pimpal Extensive field survey of ethanomedicinal plants had Part used : leaves and fruit conducted in selected area during 2013-2014. Information was documented through personal Seed powder is given to person suffering from interaction, conversation, discussion during the field difficulty in speaking. Boiled leaves juice drinking cure visit with Vaidyas, locals’ traditional practitioners, jaundice. aged men, women, local healers, etc. While ethnomedicinal plants were collected and correctly 6. Syzygium aromaticum Merr Perr. identified by referring standard literature (Almeida Family : Myrtaceae 2003, Naik, 2004). The information regarding identification, mode of administration of crude drug, Local name : Lavang local name, useful parts, methodology for preparation Part used : flower buds of crude drugs and time of collection were also Place clove on the teeth for relief from toothache. recorded and documented. RESULTS 7. Cassytha filiformis L. Ethnomedicinal plants were correctly identified and Family : Cassythaceae arranged as botanical name, family name, local name, Local name : Amarvel useful part and formulation used to cure various ailments as follows: Part used : entire plant Drinking of extract of doddar and zinger with sugar 1. Ricinus communis L. cure loss of appetite. Family : Euphorbiaceae 8. Ananas comosus Local name : Airand Family : Bromeliaceae Part used : Leaves Local name : Ananas Leaf extracts mix with cow milk given to jaundice patient only one time in a week. Leaves Part used : Fruits placed on head of child to reduce fever. Eating of fruit liquidify hair in stomach.

2. Bauhinia racemosa Lamk. 9. Zingiber officinale Rose Family : Caesalpinaceae Family : Zingiberaceae Local name : Aapta Local name : Aale Part used : leaves Part used : Rhizome Seven leaves chewing cure burning sensation. Eating Eating of zinger treated with salt clear phaningitis. of two leaves and spreading of leaves over scorpion bite site from upward to downward for relief in pain.

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Khan and Ahmed | Ethnobotanical survey of Palghar and Thane district, Maharashtra (India)-III 3

Rhizome paste is applied externally on skin during Part used : leaves and seed fever bronchial asthma. It is useful in digestion pile, Take a tea of coriander daily for loss of an appetite. stomachache and toothache. 17. Acacia arabica 10. Vitex negundo Family : Mimosaceae Family : Verbenaceae Local name : Babli Local name : Nirgudi Part used : Bark Part used : Leaves The bark is crushed and kept on teeth during Tender parts of leaves are used in water bath for toothache. The bark is used as toothpaste ingredient. relief from back pain. 18. Acorus calamus 11. Clematis heynei Family : Arecaceae Family : Ranunculaceae Local name : Vekhanda Local name : Morvel Part used : root and stem Part used : Leaves The root and stem is crushed on the stone with honey Leaves extract using over ringworm. and ghee and taken orally to reduce infection, it 12. Colocasia esculenta improve brain power and also increase appetite. Family : Azaceae 19. Aconitum heterophyllum Local name : Alu Family : Renunculaceae Part used : Leaves Local name : Ativisha Eating as vegetable to clear bowel habit (i.e. urine Part used : root, stem, seed defect). Root are dried and paste is made with honey an ghee 13. Benincasa hispida Thunb. and given orally for the development in children. It is also used in vomiting and diarrhea. The seeds are Family : Cucurbitaceae crushed and powder applied externally on throat in Local name : Kohala case of tonsillitis. Part used : leaves 20. Adhatoda zeylanica Drinking of leaf extract with sugar stop blooding Family : Acanthaceae through nose. Local name : Adulsa 14. Raphanus sativus L. Part used : Leaves Family : Brassicaceae Mixture of leaves extract is given orally in asthma and Local name : Mula deforming. Part used : leaves 21. Aloe vera Leaves extract with vegetable oil is given to the Family : Liliaceae patient of pile. Local name : Korphad 15. Allium sativum L. Part used : Leaves, root Family : Alliaceae The leaf mixture extract is given orally in asthma and Local name : Lasun deforming. Its root juice is used in blood purification and skin herbal treatment. Part used : Bulb Averrhoa bilimbi Eating of garlic with vegetable oil is helpful for 22. indigestion; only eating garlic joint the fractured Family : Oxalidaceae bones. Local name : Bimbli 16. Coriandrum sativum L. Part used : Leaves Family : Apiaceae The leaf are crushed into paste and applied on skin in Local name : Dhana pain, swelling, itching, and stomach.

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Khan and Ahmed | Ethnobotanical survey of Palghar and Thane district, Maharashtra (India)-III 4

23. Asparagus racemousus Local name : Tondali Family : Liliaceae Part used : leaves Local name : Sharavari Leaves paste is applied externally on swelling or wound. Part used : root and rhizome 30. Corcuma longa Root and rhizome are dried and crushed into paste and it is taken orally with milk and water in diarrhea and Family : Zingiberaceae gynecological problems. It is also used in cough, Piles Local name : Haldi and defect in urine. Part used : dried rhizome 24. Azadirachta indica Dried rhizome are crushed into powder and applied Family : Meliaceae externally on wound and used in skin beauty milk Local name : Nimbada boiled with turmeric powder gives relief from cough and chronic cold and skin disease. Part used : leaves 31. Cyperous rotundus Tender twig is effective in pyorrhea and bleeding of gums. Family : Cyperaceae

25. Bambusa bambos Local name : Nagermotha Family : Bombacaeae Part used : seeds, stem Local name : Bamboo Seed and stem are crushed into paste and taken with honey and ghee for deforming. Decoction treats fever Part used : seed rheumatism. The seeds are crushed into paste and boiled with 32. Embelia ribes water taken orally in kidney stone disease. Family : Myrtaceae 26. Caracum coptiam Local name : Vovaling Family : Lamiaceae Part used : rhizome, root Local name : Pan ova Rhizome and roots are crushed into paste and taken Part used : seeds orally with honey and ghee. It is used for blood Seed are eaten in case of stomach, acidity, gases. purification. Seed are crushed into paste and applied externally on 33. Fera tinctoria stomach of small children in case of stomach pain. Family : Combretaceae 27. Anethum graveolens Local name : Triphala Family : Apiaceae Part used : fruit Local name : Shepa It is used in digestive balance and better circulation. It Part used : whole plant, seed is taken in warm water at bedtime. Seed are boiled with water and taken orally for cough 34. Ficus bengalensis stomach ache and intestine infection.. Family : Moraceae 28. Curcuma zedoaria Local name : Vad Family : Zingiberaceae Part used : bark, root fiber Local name : Kachora Bark and root fiber boiled with coconut oil to stop hair Part used : rhizome fall. It is useful in ulcer, billowiness, vomiting and Rhizome are dried and crushed into paste taken orally inflation. for deforming and applied externally to reduce 35. Ficus racemosa inflammation. Family : Moraceae 29. Coccina grandis Local name : Umber Family : Cucurbitaceae Part used : bark

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Bark is crushed into paste and boiled in water and 42. Myrica nagi juice is taken orally to cure jaundice and increase appetite. Bark paste is applied externally on boils and Family : Myrtaceae scorpion bite. Local name : Kayphal 36. Ficus religiosa Part used : bark and fruit Family : Moraceae The bark and fruit powder is heated with honey and ghee and given orally mainly in children for throat Local name : Pimpal infection to increase brain power. Part used : leaves, bark, fruit 43. Ocimum sanctum Leaves, bark and fruit are crushed and boiled with water is taken orally for proper digestion. Family : Lamiaceae Local name : Tulas 37. Gardenia gummifera Part used : leaves and seeds Family : Rubiaceae Leaf juice is used in kidney stone, earache, cough and Local name : Dikimali cold. Seeds are used with milk or ghee for heart burn Part used : stem and root and to stop nose bleeding.

Stem and root are crushed into powder and taken 44. Paracalyx scariosa orally with honey or ghee to cure liver disorder. Family : Papillionaceae 38. Helicteres isora Local name : Ranvarva Family : Sterculiaceae Part used : root Local name : Nudsheng Roots are crushed into paste and boiled with water Part used : fruit, rhizome and taken orally for relief from cough.

Fruit and rhizome are crushed into paste and given 45. Rhus succedanea orally with honey or ghee for diarrhea and spasmodic pain. Family : Anacardiaceae Local name : Kakad shingi 39. Hebiscus rosa-sinensis Part used : root, stem Family : Malvaceae Roots and stem are crushed and boiled with water and Local name : Jasvand taken orally for relief against fever, cough. Part used : leaf, flower 46. Tinospora cordifolia Crushed leaf is applied on inflammation skin. It is used in gonorrhea. Flower are boiled in coconut oil and Family : Manispermaceae applied to hair reduce hair fall and graying of hair. Local name : Gulvel 40. Holarrhena antidysentrica Part used : stem, branches Family : Apocynaceae Stem and branch crushed and juice extract is taken orally in case of jaundice. It is also useful in liver Local name : Kuda disease. Part used : leaf, bark 47. Terminalia belerica Leaves juice is taken orally during stomachache. The bark and leaves are mainly used in the treatment of Family : Combretaceae dysentery. Local name : Behada 41. Manifem pinnates Part used : Fruit, seeds Family : Simuroubaceae Fruit and seed are eaten for throat infection or throat pain. Local name : Ranti Aamba Part used : bark 48. Terminalia chebula The bark is boiled in water and taken orally for relief Family : Combretaceae from stomachache. It cures piles, hemorrhage, ulcer Local name : Hirda and rheumatism.

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Khan and Ahmed | Ethnobotanical survey of Palghar and Thane district, Maharashtra (India)-III 6

Part used : Stem bark folk medicine due to low cost and occasionally it is a part of their social life and culture (Viswanathan et Stem and bark are crushed and boiled in water and al., 2001; Ayyanar and Ignacimuthu, 2005). Traditional taken orally to increase appetite. It is useful in knowledge of plants in many tribal communities is digestion and nourishes body tissue. changing with rapid socioeconomic and cultural 49. Terminalia crenulat changes. The present study shows that this area has great diversity of medicinal plants with rich Family : Combretaceae ethnomedicinal uses. Documentation of this Local name : Ragt Roda knowledge is valuable for the local communities and their future generations as well for scientific Part used : bark consideration to promote better basic healthcare. Bark is crushed into paste and applied locally on skin Due to deforestation, protection and conservation by in case of swelling and inflammation. cultivation of precious wild medicinal plant are 50. Withania somnifera necessary steps for long time use. And require further research in the field of pharmaceutical and Family : Solanaceae phytochemical analysis in order to identify pure and Local name : Ashwagadha potential medicinal compound how these can be of practical advantage in drug development. Part used : root and leaves CONCLUSION Dried root are powder and taken orally to increase immune power. It is useful in asthma, blood disorder, Documentation of ethno-medicinal knowledge from and cardiac disorder. Leaf is used in swelling and sore aborigine or tribal people may help for the eye. formulation of new drugs to cure different ailments. CONFLICT OF INTEREST 51. Kalanachoe lanciniata L. None declared. Family : Crassulaceae Local name : Panphuti ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Part used : Leaves Authors are thankful to people who shared their knowledge about medicinal plants. We are also Daily chewing of leaf at morning cure urinary stone. thankful to UGC and University of Mumbai for Injured leaves places at burnt places to cure burnt providing financial support. injuries and pain. REFERENCES In the present study documented 51 species, members Almeida MR. Flora of Maharashtra. Blatter Herbarium of 37 families. Out of 37 families, 31 families were St. Xevier’s College Mumbai, 2003. dicots and six families of monocots plants are being used to cure various ailments. Most of people Ayyanar M, Ignacimuthu S. Traditional Knowledge of interviewed traditional healers were familiar with the Kani tribals in Kouthalai of Tirunelveli hills, Tamil species which cures common ailments like jaundice, Nadu, India. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2005, body pain, loss of appetite, asthma, fever, headache, 102: 246–255. wound healing, vomiting, skin diseases, scorpion bite, Chak I, Agrawal RK. Medicinal plant used in the cough, cold, to stop bleeding, piles, dental problems, treatment of various skin ailments in Pulwama district liver disease, hair problems, etc. Among plant parts, of Kashmir, India. International Journal of Plant usually leaves are used followed by root, seed, fruit, Sciences. 2008, 3(1): 305-307. bark, stem, bulb part, flowers. In general juice or particular plant part extract are used individually or in Khan ZS. Ethnobotanical survey of Thane district. combination with other plant or products. The Annals of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. application of crude juice or mixture is applying orally 2013, 4: 22-25. as well as externally. Meena KL, Ahir PC, Dhaka V. Ethnomedicinal survey of DISCUSSION medicinal plants for sexual debility and birth control by tribals of Southern , India. The Journal of Though allopathic medicine is dominating in the Ethnobiology and Traditional Medicine. Photon 118 present era of medical fields but high class people are (2013) 238-244, 2013. also intriguing towards traditional medicines due to fewer side effects, easily available in their place, Naik VN. Identification of common Indian medicinal affordable and promising results. Earlier studies on plants. Scientific publisher Jodhpur, India, 2004. traditional medicinal plants show that the Shalini S, Roy S, Raghuvanshi RK, Kumar A. economically backward local people or tribal prefer Ethnobotanical studies on some medicinal plants:

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Khan and Ahmed | Ethnobotanical survey of Palghar and Thane district, Maharashtra (India)-III 7

Cassia spp. The Journal of Ethnobiology and Traditional Medicine. Photon 117 (2012) 162-166, 2012. Viswanathan MB, Premkumar EH, Ramesh N. Ethnomedicines of Kanis in Kalakad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, Tamil Nadu. Ethnobotany. 2001, 13: 60 – 66, 2001. Yadhav RB, Verma SK. Studies on ethnobotanical plants of Ranipur Wild Life Sanctury, U.P. International Journal of Plant Sciences. 2010, 5(1): 40- 42.

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