DOCSLIB.ORG

Mainstreaming Climate Policy in the Gulf Cooperation Council States

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Mainstreaming Climate Policy in the Gulf Cooperation Council States February 2014 Mainstreaming Climate Policy in the Gulf Cooperation Council States Dr. Mari Luomi * OIES PAPER: MEP 7 *Research Associate, OIES The contents of this paper are the authors’ sole responsibility. They do not necessarily represent the views of the Oxford Institute for Energy Studies or any of its members. Copyright © 2014 Oxford Institute for Energy Studies (Registered Charity, No. 286084) This publication may be reproduced in part for educational or non-profit purposes without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgment of the source is made. No use of this publication may be made for resale or for any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission in writing from the Oxford Institute for Energy Studies. ISBN 978-1-907555-91-6 February 2014: Mainstreaming Climate Policy in the Gulf Cooperation Council States ii Contents 1 Reversing the Viewpoint: From International Zero-Sum to National Win-Win ............................. 1 2 Climate Policy at Different Levels: Mechanisms and Measures .................................................... 4 2.1 International Frameworks and Mechanisms ................................................................................. 4 2.1.1 UNFCCC Principles Related to Mitigation and Adaptation ..................................................... 4 2.1.2 Reporting Emissions and Actions ........................................................................................... 6 2.1.3 The Clean Development Mechanism ...................................................................................... 6 2.1.4 Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions ............................................................................... 7 2.1.5 Adaptation and Impacts of Response Measures .................................................................... 9 2.1.6 Actions in the Area of Economic Diversification ................................................................... 11 2.1.7 Low Emission Development Strategies ................................................................................ 11 2.2 Domestic Mitigation Measures .................................................................................................... 12 2.2.1 Economy-wide Policies, Measures and Instruments ............................................................ 13 2.2.2 Energy Supply ....................................................................................................................... 13 2.2.3 Buildings ................................................................................................................................ 14 2.2.4 Manufacturing and Construction ........................................................................................... 14 2.2.5 Transport ............................................................................................................................... 15 2.2.6 Fugitive Emissions ................................................................................................................ 15 2.2.7 Other Sectors and Consumer Behaviour .............................................................................. 16 2.3 Resilience to Climate Change and Response Measures .............................................................. 16 2.4 Other Climate Change-Related Measures ................................................................................... 17 3 Context and Status of Climate Policy in the GCC ......................................................................... 19 3.1 Climate Policy Context ................................................................................................................. 19 3.1.1 National Circumstances ........................................................................................................ 19 3.1.2 GHG Emission Profiles ......................................................................................................... 20 3.1.3 GHG Emission Scenarios ..................................................................................................... 26 3.1.4 Capabilities and Vulnerabilities ............................................................................................. 29 3.1.5 Institutional Arrangements .................................................................................................... 31 3.2 Status of Mitigation Policy and Measures ................................................................................... 33 3.2.1 Economy-wide Policies, Measures and Instruments ............................................................ 33 3.2.2 Energy Supply ....................................................................................................................... 34 3.2.3 Buildings ................................................................................................................................ 37 3.2.4 Manufacturing and Construction ........................................................................................... 39 3.2.5 Transport ............................................................................................................................... 40 3.2.6 Fugitive Emissions ................................................................................................................ 41 3.2.7 Other Sectors and Consumer Behaviour .............................................................................. 41 3.2.8 Participation in UNFCCC Mechanisms ................................................................................. 42 3.3 Status of Adaptation and Response Measures-Related Policy and Measures ............................ 44 3.4 Other Climate Change-Related Measures ................................................................................... 46 4 Synergies with Sustainable Development in the GCC .................................................................. 50 4.1 Mainstreaming Climate Policy with LEDS .................................................................................... 50 4.2 Drivers of Climate Policy and Action ............................................................................................ 51 4.3 National Development Visions and Strategies ............................................................................. 54 4.3.1 Economic Diversification ....................................................................................................... 56 4.3.2 Energy and Natural Resource Security and Policy ............................................................... 56 4.3.3 Knowledge Economy and Green Economy .......................................................................... 57 4.4 Towards Low-Emission, Climate-Resilient Development ............................................................ 59 5 Conclusions: Accelerating Action in the GCC ............................................................................... 60 5.1 Potential for Accelerated and Further Action .............................................................................. 60 5.2 Obstacles and Limits to Action ..................................................................................................... 61 5.3 Maximising the Benefits of Established Climate Policies ............................................................. 63 Bibliography ......................................................................................................................................... 64 February 2014 : Mainstreaming Climate Policy in the Gulf Cooperation Council States iii Figures Figure 1: Total GHG emissions in MtCO 2e in the GCC states, 2000–2010. ......................................... 22 Figure 2: Shares of energy sources in electricity generation in the GCC states, 2000 & 2010. ............ 24 Figure 3: Shares of energy sources in primary energy supply in the GCC states, 2000 & 2010. ......... 25 Tables Table 1: Greenhouse gas emissions in the GCC states. ....................................................................... 21 Table 2: Energy sector greenhouse gas emissions in the GCC states, 2009. ...................................... 23 Table 3: Carbon intensity of GCC economies, 2000–2010. .................................................................. 26 Table 4: Selected mitigation scenarios for Abu Dhabi. .......................................................................... 28 Table 5: Government entities responsible for climate change policy. ................................................... 31 Table 6: CDM projects in validation and registered in the GCC countries, October 2013. ................... 43 Table 7: Research institutions with climate policy-relevant focus in three GCC states. ........................ 47 Table 8: Drivers of climate action grounded in broader socioeconomic priorities in the GCC. ............. 53 Table 9: National development visions and strategies of three GCC states. ........................................ 54 February 2014 : Mainstreaming Climate Policy in the Gulf Cooperation Council States iv 1 Reversing the Viewpoint: From International Zero-Sum to National Win-Win In the recent years, the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) states have begun actively exploring opportunities for proactive participation in the global low-carbon transition. This shift in attitude has been prompted by the simultaneous rise of climate change on the international energy agenda and the GCC states’ economic and population boom in the 2000s, which began to put unprecedented
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Istanbul Cooperation Initiative (ICI)
    North Atlantic Treaty Organization Fact Sheet April 2014 The Istanbul Cooperation Initiative (ICI) The 21st century’s new and more complex threats require wide international cooperation and collective effort. That is why NATO has developed, and continues to develop, a wide network of partnerships with non-NATO countries in the security field. Against this background lies the Istanbul Cooperation Initiative (ICI) which is part of this network. The ICI was launched at the Summit meeting of NATO Heads of State and Government held on 28 June 2004 in Istanbul, Turkey. Four countries have since joined the initiative: Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates. The ICI is based on the premise that the security and stability of the Gulf region is of strategic interest to Alliance - just as the security and stability of the Euro-Atlantic area matters to the Gulf Region. The ICI partnership also aims at enhancing security and regional stability through a new cooperative engagement with the countries in the security field. It addresses common security challenges, in a way that responds to the specific needs of the countries involved. The Initiative is open to all countries in the region which subscribe to its aims, particularly the fight against terrorism and countering the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, starting with but not only limited to the individual members of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). During the last 10 years of their partnership with the Alliance, the ICI countries have become efficient security providers and contributed to international efforts in projecting stability and security. Today, Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates contribute militarily to the NATO ISAF operation in Afghanistan, and Qatar and Kuwait have contributed in one way or the other to NATO’s efforts in Afghanistan.
    [Show full text]
  • The Economics of Migrant Workers in the GCC Omar Al-Ubaydli Issue Paper #10 2015
    The Economics of Migrant Workers in the GCC Omar Al-Ubaydli Issue Paper #10 2015 The Arab Gulf States Institute in Washington (AGSIW), established in 2014, is an independent, non-profit institution dedicated to increasing the understanding and appreciation of the social, economic, and political diversity of the Arab Gulf states. Through expert research, analysis, exchanges, and public discussion, the institute seeks to encourage thoughtful debate and inform decision makers shaping U.S. policy regarding this critical geo-strategic region. © 2015 Arab Gulf States Institute in Washington. All rights reserved. AGSIW does not take institutional positions on public policy issues; the views represented herein are the author’s own and do not necessarily reflect the views of AGSIW, its staff, or its Board of Directors. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without permission in writing from AGSIW. Please direct inquiries to: Arab Gulf States Institute in Washington 1050 Connecticut Avenue, NW Suite 1060 Washington, DC 20036 This publication can be downloaded at no cost at www.agsiw.org. Cover Photo Credit: BRENT STIRTON/Getty Images About the Author Omar Al-Ubaydli is program director for International and Geo-Political Studies at the Bahrain Center for Strategic, International and Energy Studies, an affiliated associate professor of economics at George Mason University, and an affiliated senior research fellow at the Mercatus Center. He previously served as a member of the Commonwealth of Virginia’s Joint Advisory Board of Economists and a visiting professor of economics at the University of Chicago. The Economics of Migrant Workers in the GCC | 1 Executive Summary The presence of large migrant communities has made the Gulf Cooperation Council countries a lightning rod for an immigration debate.
    [Show full text]
  • The Outlook for Arab Gulf Cooperation
    The Outlook for Arab Gulf Cooperation Jeffrey Martini, Becca Wasser, Dalia Dassa Kaye, Daniel Egel, Cordaye Ogletree C O R P O R A T I O N For more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/RR1429 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available for this publication. ISBN: 978-0-8330-9307-3 Published by the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif. © Copyright 2016 RAND Corporation R® is a registered trademark. Cover image: Mideast Saudi Arabia GCC summit, 2015 (photo by Saudi Arabian Press Agency via AP). Limited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for noncommercial use only. Unauthorized posting of this publication online is prohibited. Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of its research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit www.rand.org/pubs/permissions.html. The RAND Corporation is a research organization that develops solutions to public policy challenges to help make communities throughout the world safer and more secure, healthier and more prosperous. RAND is nonprofit, nonpartisan, and committed to the public interest. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. Support RAND Make a tax-deductible charitable contribution at www.rand.org/giving/contribute www.rand.org Preface This report explores the factors that bind and divide the six Gulf Coop- eration Council (GCC) states and considers the implications of GCC cohesion for the region over the next ten years.
    [Show full text]
  • The Belt and Road Initiatives and China-GCC Relations
    International Relations and Diplomacy, November 2017, Vol. 5, No. 11, 687-693 D doi: 10.17265/2328-2134/2017.11.005 DAVID PUBLISHING The Belt and Road Initiatives and China-GCC Relations Xuming QIAN Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai, China Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries are the main countries of the West Asia, they are rich in oil and natural gas, and very important in the world political and economic arena. In recent years, the trade volume between China and six GCC countries has been rising. The paper analyzes the importance and the prospect of China-GCC Free Trade Area negotiations. The two sides should take positive action to further close dialogue mechanism between the two sides, restart the negotiations on the free trade zone between China and GCC countries as soon as possible, and reach a win-win agreement. Keywords: GCC, China-GCC trade relations, China-GCC Free Trade Area negotiations, energy cooperation Introduction The Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf is the most important political and economic organization of the Gulf region, referred to as GCC. The GCC is located in the west end of Asia, with a total area of 2.67 million square kilometers, and a population of about 34 million, and is an important regional organization in the Middle East. The GCC member states are the main countries of the West Asia, they are rich in oil and natural gas, and have occupied a certain position in the world political and economic arena. Historically, this area was the access to the Silk Road, and the six GCC countries are the strategic focus areas of “The Belt and Road”; in recent years, bilateral trade volume between China and six GCC countries has been rising.
    [Show full text]
  • The Gulf Cooperation Council and the BRICS
    Workshop 3 The Gulf Cooperation Council and the BRICS Workshop Directors: Prof. Alejandra Galindo Prof. Degang Sun University of Monterrey Shanghai International Studies Mexico University Email: [email protected] China Email: [email protected] Prof. Tim Niblock University of Exeter United Kingdom Email: [email protected] Abstract How the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries relate to the rest of the world has been a key concern of both academics and politicians in recent years. Considerable effort has been devoted to examining the changing relationship between GCC countries and the Western powers and also to the growing links between the GCC countries and other Asian countries. So far, however, virtually no attention has been given to the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) grouping – as an organization and collective entity, as opposed to the individual countries in that grouping. Yet, this is a group of countries which, in terms of how they fit into the global economic structure, would seem to have much in common with GCC countries: experiencing rapid economic growth which is giving them a substantial stake in the development of the global economy; having interests which are on occasion at variance with those of the established “heavyweights” of the global international political economy; pursuing concerted campaigns aimed at reshaping global economic practice in ways which are more 1 favorable to their own interests; resisting some of the pressures emanating from those international bodies which promote the “Washington Consensus,” with a view to safeguarding not only their specific short-term interests but also the long-term ability to retain control of their political-economic future; and seeking South-South relationships so as to balance the relations which they have with Western economies.
    [Show full text]
  • Challenges and Opportunities of the China-Gulf Cooperation Council Free Trade Agreement Gonzalo Villalta Puig
    Hastings International and Comparative Law Review Volume 40 | Number 1 Article 3 Winter 2017 Challenges and Opportunities of the China-Gulf Cooperation Council Free Trade Agreement Gonzalo Villalta Puig Alice Tung Ho Yee Follow this and additional works at: http://repository.uchastings.edu/ hastings_international_comparative_law_review Part of the Comparative and Foreign Law Commons, and the International Law Commons Recommended Citation Gonzalo Villalta Puig and Alice Tung Ho Yee, Challenges and Opportunities of the China-Gulf Cooperation Council Free Trade Agreement, 40 Hastings Int'l & Comp.L. Rev. 123 (2017). Available at: http://repository.uchastings.edu/hastings_international_comparative_law_review/vol40/iss1/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Journals at UC Hastings Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Hastings International and Comparative Law Review by an authorized editor of UC Hastings Scholarship Repository. Ch he China-Gulf Cooperation Council Free Trade Agreement GONZALO VILLALTA PUIG AND ALICE TUNG HO YEE Abstract The free trade agreement between China and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) currently under negotiation is due to become China’s first comprehensive trade and investment agreement with a supranational customs union. The article explores the challenges and opportunities of the proposed China-GCC Free Trade Agreement. It proposes tailor-made recommendations according to the specific interests of both parties. I. Introduction The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) comprises Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Oman, Bahrain, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates (UAE). China and the GCC countries are WTO Members and thus are parties to WTO agreements such as the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT).
    [Show full text]
  • Bibliographies Thématiques No. 4/2010 NO. 4/2010
    THEMATIC BIBLIOGRAPHIES NO. 4/2010 CENTRAL ASIAN FOREIGN POLICIES LES RELATIONS EXTÉRIEURES DE L’ASIE CENTRALE Bibliographies thématiques No. 4/2010 · To contact us : · NATO Multimedia Library Public Diplomacy Division Room Nb123 1110 Brussels Belgium Tel. : 32.2.707.44.14 Fax : 32.2.707.42.49 E-mail : [email protected] · Intranet : http://hqweb.hq.nato.int/oip/library · Internet : http://www.nato.int/library · How to borrow items from the list below : As a member of the NATO HQ staff you can borrow books (Type: M) for one month, journals (Type: ART) and reference works (Type: REF) for one week. Individuals not belonging to NATO staff can borrow books through their local library via the interlibrary loan system. · How to obtain the Library publications : All Library publications are available both on the NATO Intranet and Internet websites. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- · Pour nous contacter : · Bibliothèque multimédia de l'OTAN Division de la Diplomatie Publique Bureau Nb123 1110 Bruxelles Belgique Tél. : 32.2.707.44.14 Télécopieur : 32.2.707.42.49 E-mail : [email protected] · Intranet : http://hqweb.hq.nato.int/oip/library · Internet : http://www.nato.int/library · Comment emprunter les documents cités ci-dessous : En tant que membre du personnel de l'OTAN vous pouvez emprunter les livres (Type: M) pour un mois, les revues (Type: ART) et les ouvrages de référence (Type: REF) pour une semaine. Les personnes n'appartenant pas au personnel de l'OTAN peuvent s'adresser à leur bibliothèque locale et emprunter les livres via le système de prêt interbibliothèques. · Comment obtenir les publications de la Bibliothèque : Toutes les publications de la Bibliothèque sont disponibles sur les sites Intranet et Internet de l’OTAN.
    [Show full text]
  • What Can Be Learned from Caribbean (Caricom) Single Market and Economy?
    WHAT CAN BE LEARNED FROM CARIBBEAN (CARICOM) SINGLE MARKET AND ECONOMY? Shamir A. Ally Professor of Management, William Loveland College/ILM, MBA Program Professor, Greenleaf University Adjunct Professor, DeSales University, MBA, Program Adjunct Professor, Central Penn College External Ed.D. Examiner George Washington University Visiting Professor at Qatar University; Romanian-American U; and University of Guyana CEO & President, International Consulting Services [email protected] ABSTRACT There have been several attempts to achieve single market economic unions outside of Europe— including the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN), African Union (AU), Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), Mercosur in South America, Union of South American Nations ( UNASUR)( Latin America) CARICOM (Caribbean) and ECOWAS ( Africa) —but they have all failed to achieve anything resembling the progress of the EU and ASEAN is the most advanced of these efforts. The author of this paper was involved or followed the details of the CARICOM’s formation from the inception of a single market economic union in the Caribbean (more than 45 years ago). This paper shares and provides some historic details, but more importantly indicates what countries can learn about economic unions from CARICOM that can help accelerate the efforts to form a strong economic union for its members – in other words why reinvent the wheel? Keywords: CARICOM, Caribbean market, economic advantage, economic unions INTRODUCTION Background There have been several attempts to achieve regional economic integration outside of Europe— including the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN), African Union (AU), Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), Mercosur in South America, CARICOM (Caribbean) and ECOWAS (Africa) —but they have all failed to achieve anything resembling the progress of the EU and ASEAN is the most advanced of these efforts.
    [Show full text]
  • Country Flyer 2021 June SEPTEMBER
    Country Flyer 2021 June SEPTEMBER Developing Practical Cooperation through BAHRAIN Science Bahrain is engaged with NATO and the Science for Peace and Security (SPS) Programme through the Istanbul Cooperation Initiative (ICI) Bahra in has been engaged with partnership framework, which was launched in 2004. At present, there NATO since the creation of the are no ongoing SPS activities with Bahrain. Istanbul Cooperation Initiative (ICI), launched at the Istanbul THE SPS PROGRAMME IS OPEN TO ACTIVITIES WITH BAHRAIN Summit in 2004. The SPS Programme is open The NATO SPS Programme enables to all activities with Bahrain close collaboration on issues of in line with the political common interest to enhance the guidance from Allies security of NATO and partner nations established via the SPS Key by facilitating international efforts to Priorities and the Individual meet emerging security challenges, supporting NATO-led operations and Partnership and missions, and advancing early Cooperation Programme warning and forecasting for the (IPCP) between NATO and prevention of disasters and crises. the Kingdom of Bahrain. The current SPS Key Priorities include: THE ISTANBUL COOPERATION INITIATIVE . Counter-Terrorism; The Istanbul Cooperation Initiative (ICI) focuses on practical . Energy Security; . Cyber Defence; cooperation in areas where NATO can add value, notably in the . Defence against CBRN Agents; security field. Initially, six countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council . Environmental Security; were invited to participate. To date, four of these – Bahrain, Qatar, . Security-related Advanced Kuwait, and the United Arab Emirates – have joined. Saudi Arabia Technology; and Oman have also shown an interest in the Initiative. Based on the . Border and Port Security; principle of inclusiveness, the Initiative is however open to all .
    [Show full text]
  • SHANGHAI COOPERATION ORGANIZATION and PROSPECTS of DEVELOPMENT in the EURASIA REGION Prajakti Kalra and Siddharth S. Saxena
    SHANGHAI COOPERATION ORGANIZATION AND PROSPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT IN THE EURASIA REGION The authors outline the recent evolution and current framework of the SCO, stating that it is not an antagonistic security alliance as some in the West perceive it to be. Instead, they argue, it should be seen as a vehicle for increasing economic and social prosperity in the region. It is pointed out that the rhetoric of human rights preached by Europe and the U.S. backfires in the region, heightening a sense of threat. That the SCO can play a central role in stabilizing Afghanistan is emphasized. Prajakti Kalra and Siddharth S. Saxena x x Prajakti Kalra is a historian of Contemporary and Medieval Central Asia and currently a Research Associate of Cambridge Central Asia Forum. Siddharth Saxena works on history and anthropology of Central Asia and the Islamic world and is the Chairperson of the Cambridge Central Asia Forum and Fellow of Jesus College, University of Cambridge. he Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) engages the Central Asian nations with Russia and China in the region and also countries like Afghanistan, Mongolia, India, Pakistan and Iran which are ‘observer’ countries. This T consortium makes the SCO a key player in accelerating regional integration and cooperation. Looking beyond the geo-political rhetoric, the SCO does not appear necessarily postured against the United States, Europe or Japan. Its aim seems to be more multi-faceted than simply to move towards balancing power or securing the region. The SCO is also focusing on economic and social integration of the region and has gone to great lengths to create confidence in its desire to promote prosperity and cooperation.
    [Show full text]
  • NIBLOCK: the Arab States of the Gulf and BRICS
    ! TITLE INFORMATION Niblock, Tim with Sun, Degang; Galindo, Alejandra (eds.) Tim Niblock with Degang Sun and Alejandra Galindo (eds.) THE ARAB STATES OF THE GULF AND BRICS: NEW STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIPS IN POLITICS AND ECONOMICS Publication Date 2016/08 HC 252 pages HC ISBN 9783959940085 HC price 85.00 EUR 77.00 GBP All prices are net prices (without VAT) exclusive of postage & handling. Bibliographic record available from http://d-nb.info/1104276267 How the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) relates to BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) is, in the light of the growing strength and importance of this organisation and the countries which comprise it, of critical importance. The issue is not simply how the GCC countries handle their relations with the individual BRICS countries, but more importantly how they relate to an alternative structure of coordination and perhaps power in the global order. Their established links and alliances may no longer be enough to satisfy either their economic needs or their security concerns. The objective of this book is to examine the commonalities and the differences in economic and political interest between the BRICS countries and the GCC countries, so as to assess the potential for cooperation and collective action. Whether the GCC could itself become a part of BRICS is also worth consideration. While the focus is on the GCC, the GCC’s relations with BRICS countries have been, and will continue to be, closely affected by the wider Gulf dimension – the state of their relations with Iran and Iraq, and the manner in which BRICS countries relate to those two countries.
    [Show full text]
  • 1. What Is the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)?
    CONNECTIVITY BETWEEN THE GULF COOPERATION COUNCIL AND ASIA Guy Burton February 2020 CONNECTIVITY BETWEEN THE GULF COOPERATION COUNCIL AND ASIA FEBRUARY 2020 Research Paper #1 2020 The Bussola Institute is an independent and not-for-prot, non-governmental organisation established in Brussels in 2017. Bussola is committed to fostering and enhancing relations between the countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) and the European Union (EU) particularly concerning to political, social, economic, security and cultural relations. © 2020 Bussola Institute. All rights reserved. The Bussola Institute does not take institutional positions on policy issues; the views represented herein do not neccessarily reect the views of Bussola, its sta, its board of directors , or its honorary advisory board. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without permisson in writting from Bussola. Please direct inquiries to: Bussola Institute Square der Meeûs 28 1000 Brussels, Belgium This publication can be downloaded at no cost at www.bussolainstitute.org 03 INTRODUCTION The relationship between the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries and Asian states like China, India, Japan and Korea has long been complementary. Whereas the former have become among the most important and largest producers of oil and gas in the world, the latter have been at the centre of economic growth over the past few decades. The growth of their economies has been sustained by rising energy imports, of which the GCC is a historic and reliable supplier, and contain around a third of known oil reserves.1 While the focus of the GCC-Asia relationship has concentrated on the energy dimension, it is, however, only one part of what is becoming a more complex set of exchanges.
    [Show full text]