Toyota’s Vision of Vehicle

Akihito Tanke Motor Europe 30 September, 2010 Global Environmental Change

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0 1930 1950 1970 1990 2010 2030

Peak oil and rapid increase in CO2 concentration CO2 Emissions by Sector

Residential Others 【Japan】 Others 【EU】 Year 2006 data 5% 9% Residential 6% Source: IEA 2008 12% Power Power generation Industry generation Industry 16% 42% 24% 42% Transport Transport Others Others 20% Residential 4% 24% 4% Residential 5% 4% Industry 11% Power Industry Power generation generation 31% 48% Transport 54% 32% Transport 【US】 【China】 7%

Comprehensive approach is required for each region and sector Scenarios for Response to Environmental and Energy Issues

Oil

Technology improvement of gasoline vehicles and diesel vehicles Drilling and refining Natural Gas storage technology technology and cost Build infrastructure ICE gas Gasification/ synthetic technology / cost CO2 reduction technology Internal Coal (during production of fuel) combustion engine Technology Obtain desired properties utilizing cellulose Biomass Stabilize supply

Electrical storage Infrastructure Electrical storage technology for development technology for EV Nuclear PHVs and EVs energy EV CO2 reduction technology (thermal power station) Hydrogen storage Hydro, technology / cost CO2 reduction Solar, technology (during Geothermal hydrogen production) FCHV energy Infrastructure 2010 development 2030 Future Fuel Issues ＠2009 Oil remain as main fuel for a while However, diversification of energy source for vehicles will also increase Volumetric Energy Density

Liquid fuels are superior in terms of energy density Response to Environmental & Energy Issues

HVs & PHVs with Heavy-duty Vehicle size FCHVs internal combustion engine trucks

Express trains

Passenger cars Route buses HV EVs Regular trains FCHV(BUS) Short-distance Delivery commuters trucks Motorcycles FCHV

EV PHV

Small delivery vehicles Driving Winglet ｉ series distance

Gasoline, diesel, bio-fuels, compressed Fuel Electricity natural gas, gas to liquids, coal to liquids, etc. Hydrogen EVs: short-distance vehicles; HVs and PHVs with ICE: wide-use vehicles; FCHVs: medium-to-large, long distance vehicles. Hybrid technology in PHVs, EVs and FCHVs EV Motor Battery

Fuel Engine tank PHV Motor Motor Battery Battery

Fuel Fuel Engine Engine tank tank FCHV (Hydrogen FCEV) Motor Battery

FC H2 tank stack

Hybrid technology is applicable to any energy sources Comparison between Fuel Cell and Battery

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Fuel Cell has advantages to achieve a practical cruising range Electric-Powered Vehicles : PHV and EV

Short distance Toyota RAV4 EV ’96～‘03 commuter EV New Generation EV

Mass production aimed by around 2012

PHV Limited leasing : from the end of ’09

Toyota e-com ’99～‘01

Toyota aims to make effective use of Electricity with PHVs and EVs. TOYOTA FCHV-adv

*1 in Japanese 10-15 test cycle, Toyota in-house test *2 in Japanese JC08 test cycle, Toyota in-house test

Overall length/ 4,735/ 1,815/ 1,685 Type width/ height (mm) Pure hydrogen Max. speed (km/h) 155 Storage system High-press. H2 tank Fuel Vehicle Cruising range 830 *1 (km) Max. storage 70 pressure (MPa) Fuel economy 139*1 (38km/L gasoline equiv.) (km/kg H ) 126*2 (34.5km/L gasoline equiv.） 2 Tank capacity 6.0 (35 degC) Seating capacity 5 (kg H2) Evolution of TOYOTA FCHV

2002 model Toyota FCHV 2005 model World’s 1st available Received Model certificate vehicle in the market Total 18 vehicles are leased in Japan & US. Total 20 vehicles are leased in Japan & US.

2008 model Toyota FCHV-adv

World’s top cruising range & cold start FCHV System Components

Toyota FCHV is an integration of fuel cell system & hybrid technology Major Technical Challenges for FC Vehicles Cruising Range of TOYOTA FCHV-adv A. Cruising range

Practical driving cycle * 10-15 Japanese test cycle

[km/liter] LA#4 test cycle * In-house test efficiency [%] efficiency Practical fuel economy Fuel cell system

On-boardAmount fuel of capacityfuel [liter] [liter] **

* : measured by internal test cycle Load [%] ** : Gasoline equivalent

TOYOTA FCHV-adv has achieved a practical cruising range of over 500 km. TOYOTA FCHV-adv Long Distance Travel with Single Fueling A. Cruising range

With one time fueling, FCHV-adv successfully traveled between Osaka and Tokyo under real-use conditions (air conditioning, etc.) Cold Weather Performance Tests in Canada B. Freeze start capability

Cold weather performance tests verified that cold start and driving performance of FCHV-adv was equivalent to that of gasoline-powered vehicles. Durability of TOYOTA FC Stack C. Stack durability

Reduction of physical deterioration

Durability is steadily improving. For crossover, 25-years equivalent durability is confirmed. Goal of Cost Reduction for FCHV D. Cost & Compactness

- Simplification (Reduction of compornents) FCHV-adv - Performance improvement => Lower cost - Use of mass produced parts => general-use parts Cost - Reduction of material cost (price/quantity)

Still expensive Current development level (approx 1/4 of FCHV-adv) Another 1/10

Early Commercial Limited introduction diffusion -ization

Solving Cost reduction technical Design, material, Effect of mass problems prod tech innovation production

In the near term, we aim to reduce the cost to 1/10 of the current level by innovations in design, materials and production technology. TOYOTA Fuel Cell Technologies Challenges of Infrastructure Development

H2 Production Off-site Reforming H2 Transport H2 Refueling

Natural gas By-product from Liquefaction Steel, Soda, etc. Liquid H2 Trailer Liquid H2 H2 Production Plant (Air Products and Chemicals, Inc.) -253 ℃ Coal

High-pressure H2 Reforming Gaseous H2 High-pressure Biomass Compression Gas Trailer Fermentation H2 Station => Reforming Renewable Pipeline 70 MPa High-pressure energy hydrogen

Urban Gas Reforming Electrolysis Pipeline

Nuclear Power Electrolysis Generation Power Grid Pyrolysis H2 Production On-site Reforming Hydrogen FCEV Effective measures should be implemented in hydrogen production, transport, storage and supply in order to encourage infrastructure preparation Commercialization Scenario for FCVs & Infrastructure in Japan

Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Phase 4 Technology Technology & Market Early Commercialization Full Commercialization Demonstration Demonstration 【JHFC-2】 【Post JHFC】 【Starting Period】 【Expansion Period】 【Profitable business Period】 2010 2011 2015 2016 2025 2026 • Expanding production and sales of • Solving technical issues and promotion of Contribute to diversity of review regulations (Verifying & reviewing FCVs while maintaining convenience of FCV users energy sources and development progress as needed) • Reducing costs for H2 stations and reduction of CO2 emissions hydrogen fuel • Verifying utility of • Continuously conducting FCVs and H2 stations technology development and review from socio-economic of regulations viewpoint Station Number Station 2 H

Approx. 1,000 H2 stations* Costs for H2 station construction and hydrogen reach targets, making the Approx. 2 million FCVs* station business viable. (FCV 2,000 units/station)

Begin building Period in which preceded H2 station Determine specifications of commercial type H2 stations building is necessary commercial type H2 stations Increase of FCV numbers through introduction of more vehicle models Vehicle Number Vehicle Year Note: Vertical axis indicates the relative scale between vehicle number & station number. * Precondition: Benefit for FCV users (price/convenience etc.) are secured, and FCVs are widely and smoothly deployed Source: Fuel Cell Commercialization of Japan (FCCJ) Summary

1. For the diversification of energy sources and CO2 reduction, electricity and hydrogen become important energy sources. The early commercialization of e-mobility is an urgent matter.

2. Electric powered vehicles (battery EV/ hydrogen FCEV) enable the diversification of energy sources and zero CO2 emissions during driving.

3. The popularization of hydrogen FCEVs requires ; 1) Vehicle marketability 2) Hydrogen infrastructure development 3) Increased social acceptance of various energy sources

4. The technological development of hydrogen FCEVs has been progressing and the cost reduction is being promoted. Towards the beginning of commercialization in 2015, expect the establishment of infrastructure and early market of hydrogen FCEVS. TODAY for TOMORROW