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A Review of Dermatological Issues

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A Review of Dermatological Issues 2015 March a veterinary publication In This Issue of Insider A Review of Dermatological Issues Notes on Manges and es, it’s still winter in many parts of the country, but spring is right around Mites the corner (we promise!). This issue of the INSIDER takes a look at one of » Page 2 & 3 the most common reasons for visits to your clinic or hospital—dermato- Ylogical issues. Special Days This Month » Page 3 Itching and scratching, midges and mites, allergies and hives--you’ll see most of these visits as the weather warms, so now is a good time for review and prepara- Skin Lesions & Their tion. Distribution in the Cat » Page 5, 6 & 7 Also, please be sure to note Animal Health International’s Continuing Education programs and schedule on page 19 and at http://www.animalhealthinternational. Discussing com/Events-Page.aspx. All of our programs feature both lab and lecture, and are Dermatological Disease RACE-accredited. We’d love to have you join us to learn new skills, expand the pos- in Dogs sibilities for your practice, and earn your CE credits. We limit capacity to ensure a » Page 8, 9 & 10 positive experience for all attendees, so be sure to review and schedule soon! Diagnosis and Treatment of Common Equine Skin Diseases » Page 11, 12, 13 & 14 Resources from the Web » Page 15 Continuing Education » Page 17, 18 & 19 INSIDER | MARCH 2015 For Your Practice Notes on Mange and Mites (source: Dr. Ralf S. Mueller, DipACVD, FACVSc) Scabies the female). The life cycle lasts 3 weeks. The egg is laid with Sarcoptic mange is a contagious disease caused by Sarcop- cement sticking it to the substrate. After 4 days of incuba- tes scabiei var. canis in dogs and by Notoedres cati in the tion, a 6-legged larva hatches and feeds actively for 3-10 cat. In our experience it is much more common in dogs. days, rests a day and hatches to the protonymph (8 legs, Transmission is usually via direct contact with affected ani- last pair very small) and later moults into the deutonymph. mals, rarely animals can infect themselves from a recently The adult male attaches to the deutonymph end-to-end. If contaminated environment. Clinically non-affected carrier the deutonymph is a female, copulation will take place and animals occur. The mite does not survive off the host for the female will become egg-bearing. Females that were very long periods of time. The life cycle is accomplished in not attached don't lay eggs. They live for 2 months. Trans- approximately 21 days. mission occurs via direct and indirect contact, mites can survive for up to Clinically, scabies is characterized by tremendous pruritus. 8-12 weeks in the environment. Fleas are thought to be Papules, scales and crusts develop at affected sites, typically able to transmit mites and eggs that can adhere to the flea. the elbows, hocks, face and pinnae in the dog and the face, ears and neck in the cat. Occasionally, nonlesional pruritus The mites feed on epidermal debris and tissue fluid from is caused by scabies mites (Scabies incognito). the superficial epidermis. They cause intense irritation and thick reddish brown crusts in the ears of dogs and cats. Diagnosis is made by superficial skin scrapings. However, as Mites are commonly found on other areas of the body, mites may be difficult to demonstrate, therapeutic trials are especially the neck, rump and tail. The parasites are highly commonly used to confirm the diagnosis in animals with contagious and especially prevalent in the young. Fifty negative skin scrapings. Pruritus often increases during the percent or more of all otitides in cats and 10% in dogs are first days of therapy due to the dying mites and concurrent thought to be caused by ear mites. Infestations of cats vary glucocorticoids therapy for the first 3-5 from country to country with values as low as 3.5% in Aus- days may be useful. tralia (!) and as high as 75% in the States. Otodectes cynotis Cheyletiella (“Walking Dandruff”) (Ear Mites) Cheyletiella are large mites (385mcm) that affect cats (C. blakei), dogs (C. yasguri), rabbits (C. parasitovorax) and These are large, white humans (transiently affected by C. yasguri or blak ei). Host and freely moving specificity is still a controversial topic. Four pairs of legs bear mites with four pairs combs instead of claws. The most diagnostic feature is the of legs extending accessory mouthparts or palpi that terminate in prominent beyond the body mar- hooks. The heart -shaped sensory organ on genu I is diag- gin (except the nostic for C. yasguri, the cone shaped for C. blakei and the rudimentary global one for C. parasitovorax. fourth pair The yellowish adult mites move rapidly in the stratum cor- of neum but do not burrow. They live on tissue fluid piercing the skin periodically. The ova are smaller than louse nits and are attached to hairs by fine fibrillar strands (not ce- mented firmly to the hairs as nits). They hatch in 4 days. The 6-legged larva moults to the 8-legged nymph I after 7 days, nymph II after 4 1/2 days and adult after 5 days. The mite is an obligate parasite that does not live off the host for longer than 48 hours (except for females which may live for up to 10 days if carefully refrigerated). The mites are highly contagious, especially to young animals. ANIMAL HEALTH INTERNATIONAL, INC. | www.animalhealthinternational.com 2 INSIDER | MARCH 2015 The course in small animals is chronic, most severe and a dog. Diagnosis may be made by skin scraping. However, generalized in 2- to 8-week old puppies. Older individuals the mites tend to live in the environment and feed at night may become asymptomatic carriers. Usually scaling is the time. Insecticidal dips or sprays will eliminate the mites, but only change (due to mites and keratin scales) with none to treating the premises is essential to prevent re-infestation. mild pruritus noted. Cats may develop widespread papu- locrustous eruptions and severe pruritus in some cases. Lynxacarus radovsky (Cat Fur Mite) Diagnosis is made by tape impressions, superficial scrap- These small mites (0.5mm) have flap-like sternal extensions ings, KOH digestion of debris gathered with a flea comb or containing the first two legs, which grasp the hair of the fecal flotation samples. Other ectoparasites and seborrhoea host. The mites are not highly contagious and usually there are the two major differentials. A hyperplastic, superficial is little itching. They attach to the hair and give a “salt and perivascular dermatitis with hyperkeratosis and a variable pepper” appearance to the dull and dirty coat. Hair is easily number of eosinophils is seen on biopsy. Cheyletiellosis is a epilated, the skin is normal or shows a papular eruption. local disease; it is seen extremely frequently in some areas Diagnosis is made by skin scraping or tape impression. and very rarely in others. Trombiculidiasis (Chiggers, Harvest Mites) Dermanyssus gallinae (Poultry Mite) Chiggers are scavengers living on decaying vegetable ma- The “red mite” (only red when engorged with blood) attacks terial. They are orange-red, the size of a pin and live about poultry, wild and cage birds, dogs, cats, cattle, horses and 10 months (females may live longer than a year). The eggs humans. Its size is 1mm, it lives in nests and cracks in cages are laid in moist ground and hatch to 6-legged red larvae or houses and lays up to 7 eggs after a meal. These hatch that are parasitic. They feed on the animal (any large ani- to 6-legged nymphs that do not feed. After 48 hours these mal, small animal or human may be affected), drop on the moult to 8-legged protonymphs, another 48 hours later to ground and become nymphs and finally adults. The entire deutonymphs and two days later to adults. The whole life life cycle is complete in 50-70 days. The bites, usually on cycle thus ideally takes 7 days but may last up to 5 months. ground-skin contact areas like the legs, feet, head, ears and Most cases in small animals are associated with pets hav- ventrum, produce severe irritation and an intensely pruritic, ing access to (sometimes old or converted) chicken houses. papulocrustous eruption, but may also produce non-prurit- Thus, taking a good history is essential in diagnosing the ic pustules and crusts with secondary scaling and alopecia disease. in small animals. The organisms adhere tightly to the skin. In humans, intense pruritus on the ankles, legs and Erythema, pruritus and a papulocrustous eruption especial- belt line is seen; the red mite is frequently scratched off. In ly over the back and extremities can be seen, but general- sensitized individuals urticarial or granulomatous reactions ized severe scaling without pruritus was also reported in can occur. Special Days This Month (adapted from Dogtipper.com and Veterinary Education Network) March 23! Month-Long Events Include: Month of March • Poison Prevention Awareness Month Month of March • Adopt a Rescued Guinea Pig Month March Special Days Include: March 1 • National Pig Day March 9-15 • National Wildlife Week March 18 • National Agriculture Day March 23 • National Puppy Day March 25 • Manatee Appreciation Day ANIMAL HEALTH INTERNATIONAL, INC. | www.animalhealthinternational.com 3 INSIDER | MARCH 2015 Carprieve® Caplets (carprofen) SPECIAL PROMOTION → Promotion available in 25 mg, 75 mg, 100 mg strengths and with 60 and 180 count bottles only → Free product must be of equal or lesser Buy 4, value than least expensive purchased Get 1 product on same invoice; no limit to number of orders FREE! → Promotion period: March 1, 2015 - March 31, 2015 ® Carprieve(carprofen) Injection NOW AVAILABLE TO ORDER → Contains the same active ingredient, formulation and dosing Available in regimen as Rimadyl®(carprofen) Injectable Solution 20 mL and Exclusive 50 mL → Reduces treatment costs Bottles Observe label directions.
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