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Spring 2012 Vol. 5 No. 1 Spring 2012 Vol.Vol. 5 No. 1 5 No. 1

ISSN 2005-0151 443 | 454

Quarterly Magazine of the Cultural Heritage Administration

Spring 2012 Vol. 5 No. 1

Cover

Blue symbolizes spring. The symbolism orig- inates from the traditional “five directional colors” based on the ancient Chinese thought

Spring 2012 Vol. 5 No. 1 of wuxing, or ohaeng in Korean. The five col- ors were associated with seasons and other phenomena in nature, including the fate of humans. The cover design features “cheon- sang yeolcha bunya jido,” an old planisphere chart from Dynasty. For more stories about this, see p. 10.

KOREAN HERITAGE is also available on the website (http://English.cha.go.kr) and smart devices. 2 | 3

CHA News Vignettes Korean Folk Customs

Korea Earns Three More UNESCO Intangible Heritage Titles Women’s Sewing Tools Endeared as ‘Seven Friends’ The Cultural Heritage Administration has succeeded in placing three more Korean women during the Joseon dynasty, Korean cultural assets on the UNESCO Representative List of Intangible especially those of the nobility, were largely Cultural Heritage of Humanity. The UNESCO decision came at the sixth session confined to the inner quarters of their homes, of the Intergovernmental Committee for the Safeguarding of Intangible Heritage, where the strict Confucian rule of gender held in Bali, Indonesia, on November 22-29, 2011. The three assets are tightrope separation demanded that women conduct walking (jultagi), the taekkyeon martial art, and the fine ramie (mosi) weaving their daily activities. Sewing was one of their from Hansan. now has 14 items on the Representative List. important activities as women in those days made all the clothing for their family members Japan Returns Joseon Dynasty Royal Books as well as small items for everyday life.

Japan has returned 1,200 volumes of 147 Joseon Dynasty royal books, which With much of the day spent alone with sewing equipment, a popular phrase were taken away by the colonial government in the early 20th century and kept emerged, “gyujung chiru,” meaning the “seven friends of women.” It personified at the Imperial Household Agency in Tokyo. The books returned on December 6, each of the sewing tools, that is, needles, thread, rulers, scissors, thimbles, and 2011, in accordance with an agreement between leaders of the two nations irons in two types, one small hand-held one heated in a brazier and the other at a summit held a year before, where five other volumes of three titles were larger in size with a charcoal pan at one end. Sewing carefully cut fabrics stitch- returned as a token of mutual consent. The Cultural Heritage Administration by-stitch with love and devotion, women produced clothes for each family conducted a ceremony at , the ancestral shrine of the Joseon Dynasty, member. on December 13, 2011, to announce the historic return of the royal books. Nowadays, few women sew, a loss resulting from widespread industrialization. Korean Heritage Contents Available for Smart Devices The “seven old friends” are used far less frequently in most homes. It doesn’t mean that the traditional sewing tools have been completely abandoned. They are The Cultural Heritage Administration is launching smartphones and tablet endeared as valuable items of traditional living heritage and the sewing skills of PCs applications for Korean Heritage in March 2012, to increase access to the nameless women of long-ago days are evolving into prized handicrafts. English-language quarterly. The apps will first be available to ISO system devices and then expand to those with an Android platform. The magazine contents will also be made downloadable using the QR code on its back. Korean Heritage is currently available in webzine and print formats. 4 | 5

Vol. 5 No. 1

Spring 2012

CONTENTS

06 Pilgrimage to Buddhist Temples 22 Photo Gallery

Korean and Symbolism of Temples Camellia Blossoms and the Blue Sea The Road from Yeosu to Odong Island

10 Special Report 30 Foreigner’s View ‘Cheonsang yeolcha bunya jido’ Planisphere Chart Culminates Ceramics from the Korean Pavilion Astronomical Science of Joseon of the 1900 Paris Exposition

14 Human Heritage 34 Korean Heritage in the World

Admiral Yi Sun-sin Hwaseong Fortress and Namhan Mountain Fortress Immortal Hero with Invincible Leadership

40 Intangible Heritage 18 Modern Heritage One Stitch for Laughter, Another for Sighs Movies Obtain First Heritage Designation The Charming Art of Jogakbo Wrapping Cloths ‘The Wedding Day’ Named Modern Cultural Asset Pilgrimage to Buddhist Temples 6 | 7

Temples are the cradles for nurturing the living Buddhas. People who aspire and to attain the Buddhahood in this world are drawn to temples to practice painful Symbolism of Temples asceticism following in the footsteps of the historical Buddha.

Text & Photos by the Cultural Heritage Administration A Brief Look Back at Korean Buddhism Editor’s Note: This new series introduces Korea’s traditional Buddhist temples Buddhism made its way into Korea in embodying the nation’s history and spiritual legacy. Koreans since ancient times A.D. 372, the second year of the reign 2 have proudly called their country the “geumsu gangsan,” meaning the “land of King Sosurim of the Goguryeo of embroidered rivers and mountains,” indicating the exquisite beauty of its Buddhist temples, many of them over 1. The entrance area Kingdom. The Chinese monk Sundo of Buseok Temple. natural scenery. The gentle mountains warmly welcome people and nestled in a thousand years old, have become Hwasang, from Former Qin, introduced 2. An aerial view of the wooded midslope or near the rocky summit of almost every mountain are treasure troves of brilliant Buddhist Buddhism to the northern Korean state Songgwang Temple. centuries-old Buddhist temples offering a peaceful retreat for human souls. culture. Korea’s first Buddhist temples while his visit as a diplomatic emissary. were Ibullansa and Chomunsa, both Baekje, another Korean kingdom to the founded in 375, the fifth year of King southwest, imported Buddhism 12 years Sosurim. In , the thatched hut of the later, in 384, through the Indian monk first convert, named Morye, in Ilseon Malananta. It was far later, in 527, that County (present-day Seonsan, North Silla in the southeast adopted Buddhism Gyeongsang Province), where the early as the state religion after the martyrdom missionary Ado Hwasang hid, should of the native convert Yi Cha-don. have been the first de facto temple. But Buddhism inspired a cultural flowering officially, Heungnyunsa in Cheongyeong in all of these ancient Three Kingdoms Forest in Gyeongju, which was founded in Korea. Buddhism continued to as a result of Yi Cha-don’s martyrdom, flourish throughout the Dynasty is recognized as the oldest Buddhist (918-1392), greatly contributing to temple. its highly refined aristocratic culture. Although persecuted by officials during Diverse Names of Temples the Confucian-oriented Joseon Dynasty In Korea, Buddhist temples generally (1392-1910), Buddhism received refer to the places where “monks protection from the royal family and practice and prayers are offered to most of the general population. various deities ensconced.” But these places came to be categorized into The long history of Buddhism as a various types and accorded different predominant religious faith among the names with the passage of time, Korean people is clearly reflected in including sa (寺, temple or monastery), the numerous Buddhist temples dotting am (庵, hermitage), jeongsa (精舍, virtually every mountain valley and practice hall), seonwon (禪院, meditation 1 scenic spot across the country. These institute), etc. Pilgrimage to Buddhist Temples 8 | 9

3. Songgwangsa The Chinese-originated suffix sa is most was home to 16 national preceptors often found in the names of Korean from the 12th-century mid-Goryeo period Buddhist temples. This character through the Joseon derived from the names of guesthouses Dynasty. for foreign emissaries during the ancient Han Dynasty. In later years the residences of monks likewise came to be named in recognition of their prestigious 3 6 7 position in society. Some of the monks who resided in these monasteries built founded by many temples in provincial Korea’s Three Jewel Temples National Treasure No. 52. 6. Tongdosa keeps the sarisa of the historical small residences called hermitages, am areas to spread Buddhism among Three major Korean temples represent Buddha. or amja, in the mountainside for more local residents toward the end of the each of the “three jewels”: Tongdosa Songgwangsa, in Suncheon, South 7. One of the Four Heavenly Kings, private spaces for practice away from Joseon period. In spite of their different symbolizes the Buddha; Haeinsa Jeolla Province, boasts an illustrious 5 guardians of Buddhist the large community. As time passed, names, all these are places commonly embodies the dharma; and Songgwangsa lineage of revered monks. The lineage temples. the secluded hermitages also functioned devoted to “propagating Buddhism by exemplifies the . stretches back to the mid-Goryeo period, as small temples. disseminating the dharma.” when National Preceptor Bojo (1158- Tongdosa, a historic monastery in 1210), also known as Monk Jinul, The dictionary meaning of jeongsa is Three Jewels of Buddhism Yangsan, South Gyeongsang Province, formed the “samadhi and prajna society” “a place where an ascetic practitioner In Buddhism, the “three jewels” or keeps the sarira of Sakyamuni, the to reform the corrupt sangha and resides.” The meditation hall, or the “triple gem” (sambo) are the historical Buddha. This temple establish a tradition of disciplined and seonwon, is usually an annex to a three objects of veneration that are therefore has no image of the Buddha. pure-minded ascetic practice. Thereafter 4. Printing blocks of large monastery. For example, Haeinsa looked forward for guidance and taken The remains of the historical Buddha the temple was presided over by 16 the Tripitaka Koreana at Haein Temple. has three annex institutes, including refuge in. They are the Buddha, or here were brought back from more national preceptors, including 5. The entrance of the seonwon, a zen meditation institute; the Awakened One, which can refer by Master Jajang, a famous Hyesim, a student of Jinul. Tripitaka Koreana gangwon, a seminary or sutra institute; archives at Haein either to the historical Buddha or the monk of Silla. The holy sarira were Temple. and yurwon, a vinaya institute for Buddhahood that he represents; the ensconced at two temples, Tongdosa and The Essential Significance teaching monastic regulations. Recently, dharma, the teachings of the Buddha; Hwangnyongsa, but the latter was burnt Temples may be called by various many missionary halls called pogyodang and the sangha, the community of down during the Mongol invasion in the names. What is most important, or pogyowon are also noticed mostly those who practice to attain awakening 13th century. however, is that all temples, regardless in cities; their prototype should be and help the laymen to do the same. of their name, external appearance, 4 found in the missionary facilities In Korean, these are called bulbo, Haeinsa, another historic monastery or possession of valuable artifacts beopbo and seungbo, respectively. In 8. A typical temple door nestled in Mount Gaya at Hapcheon, or exciting visual attractions, are the adorned with floral this context, temples are tremendously South Gyeongsang Province, keeps the shelters of ascetic practitioners and lattice work. important places playing all these woodblocks for the Tripitaka Koreana spiritual homes of truth-seekers who roles: they are the places where the (Goryeo Daejanggyeong), a full have started their long journeys in images of the Buddha are enshrined and compendium of the Buddhist teachings, search of the fundamental truth of venerated, where the sutras containing compiled in 1236-1251, which is human existence. Whether a resident the words of the Buddha are housed and Korea’s National Treasure No. 32. The or a visitor, everyone should properly disseminated, and where monastics live wooden archives housing the 81,258 understand and reflect on the essential together to practice the path taught by printing blocks are also cherished meaning and purpose of the temples. 8 5 the Buddha. historical monuments designated as Special Report 10 | 11

From time immemorial people have Interpreting Human Affairs through observed the heavens and the motions Events in the Sky ‘Cheonsang yeolcha bunya jido’ of celestial bodies, and recorded stars In traditional Korean astronomy, the and constellations. In Korea, the people heavens were regarded as reflections of Planisphere Chart Culminates of the ancient Goguryeo Kingdom left the human world. The celestial sphere behind tomb murals depicting various was divided into 28 lunar mansions Astronomical Science of Joseon stars and asterisms that embodied in three schools, whereas traditional their astronomical knowledge. Star Western astronomy was based on 12 Text & Photos by the Cultural Heritage Administration maps provided the basic guidance in constellations straddling along the astronomical observation. ecliptic. The stars and star groups were named after kings, palaces, markets,

and familiar figures like the Herdsman 1. A planisphere chart carved on a rectangular 1 (Altair) and the Weaver (Vega), or the stone block produced Seven Stars of the Northern Dipper in 1395, named “Cheonsang yeolcha (Big Dipper). Our ancestors believed bunya jido,” National that the heaven, earth and humans were Treasure No. 228. organically interrelated, so they sought to interpret human affairs by carefully observing unexpected events taking place in the celestial world.

As stars were regarded as intermediaries between heaven and man, they were used as important clues in reading the will of heaven as well as predicting the fate of humans. Particularly, the kings of succeeding dynasties utilized constellations in governance as they believed that changes in the heavens were related to the fortunes of their kingdom.

Production of Planisphere Chart Yi Seong-gye, or the Taejo who founded the Joseon Dynasty in 1392, needed a medium to prove that he had established a new dynasty with the mandate of heaven in order to consolidate its legitimacy and heighten pride as a strong and lawful monarchy. Fortunately, at that time, a rubbed copy Special Report 12 | 13

2. The celestial sphere is jido,” meaning a “planisphere chart of Suffering from Tumultuous History divided into 12 zones with 1,467 stars on different celestial zones,” is now Korea’s The invaluable star chart went through Cheonsang yeolcha bunya jido, based on National Treasure No. 228. It is the as much difficulty as did the Korean an earlier astronomical second oldest stone-carved astronomical nation over the centuries. The stone chart made during the Goguryeo period (37 chart in the world. chart was severely damaged during the B.C.-A.D. 668). two major wars with the Japanese and 1,467 Stars Form 283 Constellations the Manchu from the late 16th to the 4 This 14th-century planisphere chart, 122 early 17th centuries. A marble replica discarded in grass to be trampled under 4. A folding screen centimeters wide and 221 centimeters was produced during the reign of King with “old and new” countless feet over a half century. astronomical charts long, divides the celestial sphere into 12 Sukjong (r. 1674-1720) to be preserved from the East and zones. It presents a total of 1,467 stars the West, respectively, at Gwansanggam, the court astronomical Looking Beyond Joseon to the designated Treasure forming 283 constellations; the stars are No. 1318. office which succeeded Seoungwan. Universe depicted in different sizes to represent During the reign of Yeongjo (r. 1724- “Cheonsang yeolcha bunya jido” is a different degrees of brightness. The 1776), a separate pavilion named valuable cultural treasure attesting to the chart has more than three times as many Heumgyeonggak was built on the views of the universe of ancient Koreans 5. Cheomseongdae, or constellations than Western astronomical Star Gazing Tower, grounds of the astronomical office through the stars and constellations in Gyeongju, the old charts produced during the similar capital of Silla, is to house the original stone chart and they carefully observed and recorded. It believed to have been period, which have 88 constellations. built during the reign 2 the marble replica together. When the contains the wisdom and cosmological of Queen Seondeok in Joseon Dynasty collapsed with Japan’s perspective of the people of Joseon who the seventh century. of a stone-carved astronomical chart The outermost circle measures 76 annexation of Korea in 1910, however, loved the heavens, an outcome of their 6. A night view of was delivered to him; the stone carving centimeters in diameter and has the Byeolmaro Observatory nobody took care of the charts and they endeavors in astronomical science and at Yeongwol, Gangwon made in Goguryeo (37 B.C.-A.D. 668) North Star at the center along with the Province, Korea’s largest disappeared from the palace. culture, a tradition dating to Goguryeo public astronomical was known to have been submerged in sun’s ecliptic and the equator equidistant and further back to Old Joseon, the first observatory, stands at the Taedong River and lost during the from the North Pole and South Pole. The 799.8 meters above sea Rediscovery of the Planisphere Chart kingdom in Korean history. level. war that led to the fall of the ancient chart delineates the paths of movement The whereabouts of the astronomical kingdom. of the five visible planets (Mercury, charts remained unknown until the Venus, Saturn, Mars and Jupiter) and 1960s, when the original stone carving Taejo ordered court astronomers, subsequent seasonal divisions. The was found abandoned on the grounds including Gwon Geun and Yu Bang- Joseon astronomers precisely recreated of Changgyeong Palace which was taek, to produce a new astronomical the night sky observed by people of turned into a zoological park during chart by supplementing the ancient Goguryeo with incredible knowledge the colonial period. A family needing version. Eleven scholars at the court and expertise. a table for their picnic there happened office for astronomical observation, 3. “New Astronomical to find a stone block under the eaves of Chart” (Sinbeop Seoungwan, observed stars to eliminate cheonmundo ), made the Myeongjeongjeon pavilion. While in 1472, is at Beopju the errors arising over seven centuries; covering the stone with cloth to place Temple on Mt. Songni, the result was a far more detailed and North Chungcheong their food on it, the family noticed Province. precise chart containing not only the the rectangular block was carved with names of stars and constellations but strange patterns of numerous small rich astronomical information. This new chart, completed in 1395 and dots. Thus the priceless astronomical 5 6 named “Cheonsang yeolcha bunya 3 relic was brought to light after being Human Heritage 14 | 15

Admiral Yi Sun-sin (1545-1598) is 1. A drawing of (Geobukseon), recognized as one of the greatest designed by Admiral Yi Sun-sin. It was the Admiral Yi Sun-sin figures in Korean history. The immense world’s first armor- respect accorded him by the Korean plated warship. Immortal Hero with Invincible Leadership people is consummated in the popular 2. A portrait of Admiral Yi Sun-sin title, “sacred hero” (seong-ung), which at Chungnyeolsa memorial shrine in comes before his name. The word Text by the Cultural Heritage Administration . Photos by Graphickorea & Goodimage “sacred” usually describes an inviolable state of sanctity beyond human reach, but it also connotes great human accomplishment attained in overcoming all adversities and obstacles despite extreme agony and travail.

Editor’s Note: This section introduces historical figures who are Who is Yi Sun-sin? known for their outstanding accomplishments in diverse areas, Yi Sun-sin was a military officer in including national defense, science, culture and the arts, along the mid-Joseon period and one of key with related historical monuments and relics, with a view to naval commanders during the Japanese exploring the spiritual legacy of the Korean people. invasions of 1592-1598. He was born to the Yi clan originating from Deoksu; 2 his childhood name was Yeo-hae and his posthumous title was Chungmugong, While he delivered a string of victories or the Lord of Loyalty and Chivalry. in sea battles to help save the country, Yi entered military service at age 32 he was falsely accused, imprisoned, and remained staunchly dedicated and almost executed. Amid all these to patriotic endeavors to defend the trials, his love for the country remained country all his life. Regardless of rank unshaken. Until he met his last moment or position, he always exerted his utmost while leading in the historic Battle of to fulfill his mission, beginning with his Noryang against retreating Japanese early days as a junior officer serving on naval troops in the 11th month of the northern frontier. After the Japanese 1598, Yi never wavered in exuding his began their invasion of Korea in 1592, profound love for the country. he struggled to protect the country until his last moments as commander of the Yi Sun-sin and Turtle Ships Joseon navy. Yi Sun-sin’s legendary naval victories are seldom discussed without However, Yi’s path as military officer mentioning his turtle ships. According to was far from smooth. He often had Nanjung Ilgi, the War Diary of Admiral to face conspiracies by his jealous Yi Sun-sin, right after his appointment

1 superiors. He was stripped of his rank, as commander of the provincial navy but fought in the war as an enlisted man. of Left Jeolla in 1591, the year before Human Heritage 16 | 17

a test run on the 12th day of the fourth official reports to the court. The diary month in 1592, one day before the war also offers a glimpse into Yi’s life. He began. Turtle ships were first used in the recorded in detail about how he began Battle of Sacheon and terrified Japanese his military service and succeeding naval troops throughout the seven-year events in his career, as well as famous war. sea battles, including those at Okpo, Noryangjin, Danghangpo, Hansan and Historical Vestiges of Yi Sun-sin Myeongnyang. Yi wrote that he failed Na Dae-yong, a general with outstanding the first time he took the military service 5 3 expertise in shipbuilding technology, examination because he fell from his assisted Yi’s warship construction horse during a cavalry test. He passed the 11th month in 1598, the 31st year 5. Swords used by Admiral Yi, Treasure No. 326, are 3. Nanjung Ilgi, the the war erupted, Yi began reinforcing project. The turtle ships were built at the examination four years later and of the reign of King Seonjo, Yi died in housed at Hyeonchung war diary of Admiral battle after being hit by a stray bullet. Shrine. Yi Sun-sin, written troop training and improved military three shipyards, including one at the began his service at an army training from 1592 to 1598 hardware to prepare for possible provincial navy headquarters in Yeosu, center. His now famous last words were: “The during the Japanese Invasions. invasion by Japan. He redesigned an which is Historical Monument No. battle is at its height…don’t let my death ancient model of warships in ways to 392, and the other two at Suncheon Among other notable relics are a sword be known.” In 1706, over a century support his tactics against Japanese and Bangdapjin. Yeosu has an ancient (National Treasure No. 326-1), 197.5 after his death, a memorial shrine was fleets. His uniquely covered battleships, pavilion named Jinnamgwan, which centimeters long, that the admiral built under orders of King Sukjong at popularly known as geobukseon housed the headquarters of the Joseon used; a royal citation commending Asan, Chungcheong Province, where the nowadays, are recorded as gwiseon in navy until the last days of the dynasty. his first-class merit for wartime admiral spent his childhood and lived Chinese characters, also meaning “turtle The pavilion, also used as a state contribution (Treasure No. 1564-1); until he passed the military examination. ship,” in the official annals of the Joseon guesthouse during Joseon, is National a certificate of passage in the military Hyeonchungsa remains the primary Dynasty. The roof of these turtle-shaped Treasure No. 304. service examination, which Yi received monument to the patriotic admiral. It warships was covered with planks and from King Seonjo in 1576 (Treasure houses many valuable historical objects spikes to prevent enemy troops from The admiral kept a careful record of No. 1564-7); and a royal decree of related to him. His descendants of direct 6. Statue of Admiral Yi Sun-sin at jumping aboard and to protect the ships daily events in his diary, which consists Seonjo conferring the posthumous title lineage also live nearby. Gwanghwamun from arrows and even gunfire to certain of seven volumes. Later titled War Chungmugong, the Lord of Loyalty Square in central . extents. Diary (Nanjung Ilgi), it is now National and Chivalry, dated 1643 (Treasure No. Yi Sun-sin is one of the most revered Treasure No. 76. The diary served 1564-12). military leaders in Korean history. The construction of the first fleet of as the basic text for another extant He was a truly great commander who turtle warships were completed and had version placed in The Complete Works The War Ends with the Death of never succumbed to adversity or lost his

4. Tomb of Admiral of the Lord of Loyalty and Chivalry Yi Sun-sin dignity while being warmhearted and Yi Sun-sin, Historical (Chungmugong jeonseo). The journal, As is widely known, Yi Sun-sin led considerate. During his days, many other Site No. 112. written for full seven years, is an all of more than 20 sea battles that he men were promoted to higher positions extremely valuable historical source. It commanded to victories, from the Battle and received higher praise than him, but provides detailed information about the of Okpo on the seventh day of the fifth the subsequent respect and reverence Joseon navy and its wartime operation month in 1592 to the Battle of Noryang accorded to Yi is peerless. History duly and strategies, the events of war and on the 18th day of the 11th month in recognizes him as a “sacred hero” who the overall military system of Joseon 1598. As the huge war came to a close saved the nation from perils caused by at the time through a key commander’s so did the life of the pivotal military the two Japanese invasions of imjin and 4 personal accounts and drafts for figure in the war. On the 19th day of jeongyu year, or 1592 and 1597. 6 Modern Heritage 18 | 19

1. Promotional posters of the movie “The Wedding Day” (1956), directed by Movies Obtain First Heritage Designation Yi Byeong-il. 2. Still cuts from Korean movies exhibited at ‘The Wedding Day’ Named Modern Cultural Asset the Korea Film Council’s Namyangju Studios.

Text by the Cultural Heritage Administration Photos by Korean Film Archive & Graphickorea

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Seven classic Korean feature films, six honored films are: “Sweet Dream” including “The Wedding Day” (1956), (1936), which depicts the “new women” have earned the title of Registered and modernity during the colonial Cultural Heritage, for the first time in period; “Viva Freedom” (1946), the Korean cinema history and one of the first feature film produced after national few times any country has designated liberation; “A Prosecutor and a Teacher” movies as state cultural properties. (1948), the only silent Korean movie print that remains today; “A Hometown Classic Movies Revived as Cultural in Heart” (1949); “Piagol” (1955); and Assets “Madame Freedom” (1956).

“The Wedding Day,” a black-and-white 3. Playwright O Yeong-jin 35mm film produced in 1956, became Comic Satire of Greed and Vanity (1916-1974). Registered Cultural Heritage No. 348. “The Wedding Day” broke new ground 4. Actor Kim Seung-ho (1917-1968) who Registered Cultural Heritage is a title as a satirical comedy, which was an appeared as Maeng Jinsa, the bride’s father given by the state to valuable cultural unfamiliar genre in Korea in the 1950s. in “The Wedding Day.” assets dating from the early modern The film enjoyed both critical acclaim 5. Actress Jo Mi-ryeong (1929- ) in the role of period up to 50 years from the present. and box-office success and laid the the bride’s maid who The designation was awarded on a print foundation for comedy features in the happens to marry a nobleman’s son in kept at the Korean Film Archive. “The Korean movie industry. The movie “The Wedding Day.” Wedding Day” is a satirical comedy based on the play “A Happy Day of Maeng Jinsa” written by O Yeong-jin. The film featured two famous stars, Jo Mi-ryeong and Kim Seung-ho, under the direction of Yi Byeong-il. It captured the special comedy award at 3 4 5 1 the fourth Asian Film Festival. The other Modern Heritage 20 | 21

6. “A Prosecutor and a 8. An exhibition hall at Teacher” (1948) is the Sinyoung Cinema only silent Korean movie Museum, located in Jeju. print that remains today. 7. A poster for “Piagol” (1955), a movie with an anti-communist theme.

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is about the wedding at the house of Heritage Designation of Movie Prints levels of artistic perfection and exerted for today’s culture, thereby requiring Maeng Jinsa, a petty nobleman, or lowly Cinema is a popular medium combining remarkable influences socio-culturally special measures for preservation and , who only passed the initial- the arts, industry and technology. by reflecting the Korean society of utilization. Unlike traditional cultural level civil service examination. He is Considering the wartime destruction in respective eras. They were judged as heritage, modern heritage should elatedly looking forward to the marriage 1950-53, the major concern in screening having significant value as historical continue to remain in everyday life or of his daughter to the son of a powerful for Registered Cultural Heritage of sources. used as activity spaces nowadays. minister, but hearing the rumors that the films produced before 1953 was their groom is lame, he replaces his daughter significance in cinematic history and The concept of “registered cultural In view of the fact that cinema played a with her servant on the wedding day. levels of artistic accomplishment. For heritage” applies to modern and vital role in the cultural life of Koreans Then he regrets bitterly when the groom films produced after 1953, however, contemporary cultural assets that were in the modern period, it is natural that turns out to be a handsome young man the primary consideration besides the built or produced at least 50 years movies are officially recognized as with dignified manner; the rumors were quality of the candidate was whether ago before the present. To earn the “modern cultural assets.” It is hoped the a smart maneuver by the groom’s father original negatives were available. The title, a cultural asset should possess designation will raise awareness in the who knew about the greed and vanity of seven films selected for designation outstanding value as a bridge connecting preservation of films. the bride’s father. were deemed to have attained high the past and the present and inspiration

9. Still cuts from “The Wedding Day,” a 35mm black-and-white movie.

9 Photo Gallery 22 | 23

Camellia Blossoms and the Blue Sea The Road from Yeosu to Odong Island

Text & Photos by Graphickorea & Goodimage

Editor’s Note: This part of a series titled “Korea’s Roads and Forests Beckoning Trekkers,” introduces outstanding scenic spots around Korea along with their cultural legacies that remain alive as an integral part of local life. Let us begin our special journeys in search of hidden gems of Korea’s natural and cultural heritages.

Odong Island, located to the east of Yeosu, was so named because it resembles a paulownia (odong) tree leaf. Photo Gallery 24 | 25

An inlet of Dolsan Island, another beautiful island off the shore of Yeosu. The sun is setting at the seashore of Dolsando.

Only 1.2 kilometers from Yeosu Station on the Korean peninsula, Odong Island is noted as the largest camellia colony in Korea. The tiny island with an area of 0.12 km² was connected to the mainland in 1933 with a 768-meter-long breakwater, which now makes a popular trail called the “Sea Cutting Walk.” Although its name Odong derived from its shape resembling a poulownia (odong) tree leaf, the island is home to diverse flora, including about 3,600 camellia trees, as well as 13 rare warm-temperate plants to form a natural forest. Unlike the cozy and charming inner areas, the island’s outer appearance is characterized by craggy rock cliffs, some with such interesting names as Conch Rock, Folding Screen Rock, Roof Rock and Elephant Rock, as well as the Dragon Cave with aged-old legends.

Dadohae (Many Islands Sea) at sunset seen from Dolsando. Photo Gallery 26 | 27

An arched stone bridge spans a brook flowing along a mountain valley in the compound of Heungguk Temple in Yeosu.

A shore of Odong Island in early spring.

Terraced paddies on hillsides create a picturesque landscape. Photo Gallery 28 | 29

Baekdo is among the hidden jewels off the southern coast of Yeosu.

Hyangiram, the Hermitage Facing the Sun, standing at the edge Rounded pebbles at a beach of Dolsando. of a precipitous rock on Dolsan Island, is South Jeolla Provincial Cultural Property Material No. 40.

A peaceful view of Dadohae National Marine Park. Foreigner’s View 30 | 31

1. An official postcard of the Great 1900 Paris Exhibition, held from April 14 to November Ceramics from the Korean Pavilion 12, 1900, features the Korean Pavilion. 2. Blue and white of the 1900 Paris Exposition porcelain long-necked vase with stamped floral decoration (CNAM inv. number 13283-0039-). Text by Élisabeth CHABANOL | Associate Professor of Korean Art History and Archaeology and Head of the Seoul Center, French School of Asian Studies (ÉFEO) 3. Black glazed stoneware jug (CNAM inv. number Photos (ceramics) © Musée des Arts et Métiers – CNAM / Franck Botté 13283-0021-).

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On November 12, 1900, the Exposition Like other nations, Korea was anxious to Universelle de Paris (the Great 1900 participate in the big international event, Paris Exhibition) ended its seven- which marked the end of a century and month run. The installations built for the beginning of a new era. The young the world event, of which the Korean “Great Han Empire” immediately pavilion was one, were for the most responded with great interest in having a 4. Blue and white porcelain bottle part demolished. The works of art and presence at the Exposition, and French with orchid and bat decoration, called merchandises that were exhibited by President Sadi Carnot signed a decree “bottle for the morning wine” (CNAM inv. private collectors were returned to their announcing Korea’s participation eight number 13283-0040-). owners. In the case of goods belonging years beforehand, on July 13, 1892. 5. Western-style to foreign countries, nearly a month gaudronné jar, called “honey pot” (CNAM inv. earlier, the Exposition administration Korean Works of Art and Industrial number 13283-0035-). asked foreign general commissioners Products if they would “abandon” some exhibits The Korean Pavilion was placed outside to French institutions. The overture the exposition’s three major zones was made in a letter sent October 17, of foreign pavilions and hence was 1 1900, and the next day, Count Mimerel, described, “lost on the last fringes of

general commissioner of the Korean the Champ-de-Mars.” Maurice Courant 4 Editor’s Note: This article is a summary of CHABANOL, Élisabeth (2010), « Les Collections section at the Exposition, said that he (Souvenir de Séoul, Corée 1900) noted présentées au pavillon de la Corée à l’Exposition universelle de 1900 », pp. 93-106, in Mélanges would submit the request to the head that “… only those familiar with the Far offerts à Marc Orange et Alexandre Guillemoz, Paris, Collège de France, Institut d’Études coréennes, of the Imperial Commission of Korea, East and friends of the young peninsular 2010. (Cahiers d’études coréennes ; 8). It is an addendum to the author’s work: Souvenirs de Séoul his “Excellency Prince Min Young- empire were able to discover this elegant = Seoul-eui chueok: France/Corée 1886-1905 = Han/Bul 1886-1905, Seoul, ÉFEO/Korea University chan” [Min Yeong-chan] (cousin of the installation.” Press articles echoed the Museum, 2006. imperial family and Min Yeong-hwan’s sentiment and dwelled on the Korean younger brother). exhibition hall, which was designed by 5 Foreigner’s View 32 | 33

porcelains and glazed earthenware, In the storerooms of the CNAM, I have the second half of the Joseon period. headwear of kings and emperors, ancient been able to examine the 32 porcelains One of the water droppers is shaped religious artifacts made of gold and and glazed earthenware items, four like a fish and is entirely covered with silver, ancient bronzes incrusted and measuring instruments, eight bronze cobalt blue, a popular technique at the niello inlaid, old weapons of war, etc. ware objects, 20 samples of paper, and time. While some decorations were a small ceremonial table for ancestral made freehand, such as one of the bats After receiving the exposition rites, which were registered in the on a very fine straight alcohol bottle, administration’s request, Prince Min CNAM archives. Some of the objects also called “bottle for the morning answered favorably for the objects still carry their original labels written for wine,” others were mass-produced using 6 7 whose value did not warrant the high the exposition displays. stamps. transportation cost of repatriating them. Ceramics The archives confirmed that the Musée 6. Porcelain mounted French architect Eugène Ferret. The The items Korea donated to the The ceramics were produced specifically Instrumental of the Conservatoire de plate, called “broth bowl for sacrifice” (CNAM inv. pavilion’s interior was inspired by a French government were categorized for the Exposition with the aim of Musique (National Museum of Music) number 13283-0030-). hall at the Old Imperial Palace in Seoul and presented to various museums in developing new export markets. received several musical 7. Blue and white porcelain fish-shaped (known as the Gyeongbok Palace). Art accordance with the characteristics of They are examples of the Korean instruments. Other museums water dropper objects and goods were displayed with each object. It should be remembered ceramic industry at the time. They also benefitted from the Korean (CNAM inv. number 13283-0042-). descriptive labels. Each exhibit had a that the universal expositions had are of diverse quality. Apart from two government’s donation in 1900. The 8. Blue and white porcelain flowerpot name written in Korean with phonetic mainly a technical and commercial goal. glazed stoneware jugs, the majority Musée National des Arts Asiatiques- stand (or seat) with openwork peony design transcription and French translation. The The final destination of most donations of the pottery objects are plain white Guimet (National Museum of Asian Art- (CNAM inv. number statistics on exhibitions by individual was the Conservatoire National des porcelains or white porcelains with Guimet) received several items, but no 13283-0025-). countries, published in the Rapport Arts et Métiers (National Conservatory underglaze blue decoration, some with ceramics. In general, the Korean items 9. Gwangju (Gyeonggi Province)-style porcelain général administratif (1902-1903), said of Arts and Crafts, CNAM) and its additional metallic brown ornament. were commonplace objects produced ritual bowl stand (CNAM inv. number that 118 exhibitors participated in the museum. Therefore, the Ministry The plain porcelains are the most at the end of the 19th century, either in 13283-0017-). Korean Pavilion. One of them was the of Public Education and Fine Arts refined, their form suggesting ritual native style or influenced by China or 10. Blue and white government of the Peninsular Empire. porcelain bowl with requested on November 13, the day after use. Some are covered with glaze with Japan, obviously to be sent to France landscape decoration, As early as 1893, Chargé d'Affaires the exposition closed, that the director bluish tints characteristic of the late in hopes of gaining a foothold in new called “tobacco bowl” (CNAM inv. number Hippolyte Frandin in Seoul reported of the CNAM “urgently agree” with Joseon period. Other pieces accentuate markets. 13283-0036-). that the Korean king (Korea was then Prince Min Lung Chou “to withdraw” practical function, with thick walls of a a kingdom) promised to have objects as quickly as possible “the porcelains, generous and sturdy volume, as shown “prepared” for the occasion. measures, papers, etc. housed in the in two flowerpot stands (or seats) with [Korean] pavilion” which were put a band of ornamental peony apertures, The French National Archives still has at the disposal of the conservatory. bas-relief leaves and twists typical of the Korea’s products application document The CNAM director did not fail to period. Several items, such as a Western- submitted in the name of the “Imperial thank “His Excellency for the gracious style gaudronné pot, show Japanese government of Korea-Seoul.” Korea’s donation which he has bestowed upon inspired decoration. Two blue and white exhibits were grouped by function: seeds my institution.” The Korean objects porcelain water droppers used to dilute and grains, sugar and confectionery, were then registered in the inventory ink sticks perfectly illustrate the mass leather and skin products, old currencies, of the CNAM as “donation of His production of these objects due to the ancient musical instruments, antique Excellency Prince Min Lung Chu (or expanding yangban class (the literati, panels and woodcarvings, antique Chou).” then the dominant social class) during 8 9 10 Korean Heritage in the World 34 | 35

Hwaseong Fortress and Namhan Mountain Fortress

Text & photos by Cho Doo-won | Planning and Project Team, Namhan Mountain

Fortress Culture and Tourism Initiatives 2

Hwaseong Fortress in Suwon, Gyeonggi 1. A map of Namhan Editor’s Note: This section introduces Korea’s cultural, natural, intangible Mountain Fortress Province, earned global recognition and surrounding and documentary assets, either inscribed or nominated as UNESCO world areas, in present-day for its outstanding universal value heritage sites or objects, in comparison with similar heritages in Korea and Sanseong-ri, Jungbu- as humanity’s cultural asset with its myeon, Gwangju City, abroad. Gyeonggi Province, inscription on the UNESCO World from “Dongguk yeodo” (Map of Korea), from Heritage List in 1997. The 18th century the early 19th century. It measures fortress, equipped with scientific 47.0 x 66.0 cm. functions and aesthetic elegance, 2. A map of Namhan epitomizes the cultural refinement in late Mountain Fortress. Joseon Dynasty. In contrast, Namhan Mountain Fortress, which has been nominated for the UNESCO World Heritage List, was a natural defense stronghold that protected the capital and Han River basin area for many centuries. It never fell into enemy hands since the Unified Silla period.

History Echoes around Mountain Fortress The history of Namhan Mountain Fortress stretches back to the early years of the Baekje Kingdom (18 B.C. – A.D. 660). Baekje was founded near the present-day Seoul. Its capital was along the Han River, but the consistent turmoil coming from outside the kingdom and from within forced the throne to be moved from Wirye Fortress, along both the northern and southern shores of the Han River, to Hansan and Hanseong. 1 Historians speculate that one of these Korean Heritage in the World 36 | 37

In 1624, the second year of King Injo’s Yeongjo, Jeongjo, Cheoljong and reign during Joseon, monk soldiers Gojong, used the temporary palace here mobilized from temples across the while on trips to the royal ancestral country constructed the fortress wall. graves in Yeoju and Icheon, south of The fortress soon emerged as a major Seoul. strategic point of common concern among three Northeast Asian neighbors This is the only temporary palace of of Qing, Joseon and Japan. Joseon that is accompanied by two other key state facilities, that is, the

The fortress wall as well as the outer royal ancestral shrine and the altars to 5 wall added after the Manchu invasion the gods of land and grain. It means of 1636-1637, remains mostly intact the mountain fortress was planned as material the fortress was completed in 5. A floodgate with 3 seven arched sluices nowadays, with the total length a potential temporary capital during just two years. and a hilltop pavilion at Hwaseong Fortress amounting to 11.76 km. The temporary emergencies. The palace has restored in Suwon, constructed palace of Joseon kings on the precincts much of its original shape with the The fortress wall runs down Mt. Paldal, in 1794 during the reign of King Jeongjo of the of the fortress is state-designated reconstruction of the upper palace in forming a big oval configuration that Joseon Dynasty. Historical Monument No. 57. A number 2003 and the lower palace in 2011, accommodates the natural surroundings. of other monuments scattered around the regaining its dominance as the symbolic The city is nestled in the middle and fortress, graced by legendary tales about centerpiece of the mountain fortification. there are four main gates: Janganmun historical figures related to the fortress to the north, Paldalmun to the construction, are carefully preserved by Hwaseong Fortress as World Heritage south, Hwaseomun to the west, and the Gyeonggi provincial government. Site Changnyongmun to the east. This is Several of them have been designated Hwaseong Fortress was built along low a feature characteristic of Hwaseong, provincial cultural assets. mountain ridges, with Mt. Paldal to which is not found in any other military the west and gentle hills to the east, to fortress in Korea. 4 Reconstruction of Temporary Royal embrace both mountainous areas and a 3. A view of settlements locales later became Namhan Mountain Palace flatland. The beautiful fortress embodies in Namhan Mountain 6. Hwaseong Fortress, Fortress. Fortress, citing historical records and The temporary royal palace in Namhan the filial piety of King Jeongjo (r. 1776- inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage 4. A village in present-day archaeological finds. First, Samguk Sagi Mountain Fortress was completed in 1800), who intended to move the capital List in 1997, runs along Sanseong-ri at Namhan (History of the Three Kingdoms) notes 1626, the fourth year of Injo’s reign. to Hwaseong, present-day Suwon, where mountain ridges and Mountain Fortress. across flatland over 5.4 that, in an entry for 672, the 12th year It was intended to be a temporary his father, Crown Prince Jangheon, was kilometers, enclosing the city of Suwon. of the reign of King Munmu of Silla, a residence for the king during wartime buried. fortress named Jujangseong was built in or civil uprising as he waited for Hansan County. In 2007, archaeological reinforcements to arrive from rear Designed by Yu Hyeong-won and Jeong excavation on the precincts inside the areas. When the Manchus invaded yak-yong, both reformist scholars and mountain fortress led to the discovery of in 1636, Injo actually evacuated to leaders of the school of Silhak (Practical the world’s largest military storage site. Namhan Mountain Fortress and stayed Learning), the fortress was to function In 1231, during the Goryeo Dynasty, at this palace, resisting the enemy as a scientific defense installation. Mongol invaders were successfully attacks for 47 days before he eventually Construction began in 1794 and with repelled here under the command of Yi surrendered. In later years, many other new technologies such as pulleys for Se-hwa, the magistrate of Gwangju. kings of Joseon, including Sukjong, lifting stones and bricks and other heavy 6 Korean Heritage in the World 38 | 39

7. Namhan Mountain by a royal ancestral shrine and altars training at other mountain and town Fortress has a typical temporary royal palace for the gods of land and grain, which fortresses after the war. of the Joseon Dynasty. were the primary spiritual facilities of 8. Sueojangdae is one of the four pavilions that the monarchy. In other words, Namhan In addition, the ideals of 17th-century served as command Mountain Fortress was intended to city planning still remain vivid in the posts at Namhan Mountain Fortress. serve as a wartime capital from the fortress structures built on top of a beginning. This sets it apart even from mountain hundreds of meters above sea

7 8 Bukhan Mountain Fortress, the capital’s level. Moreover, a variety of religious northern defense stronghold, not to ceremonies and seasonal folk customs The diverse military facilities, temporary metropolitan area nowadays. But their mention Hwaseong Fortress which was continue to be practiced here to this royal palace and a state altar of the history and structure represent different planned as a new capital with defensive date. fortress as well as its rampart were aspects of Korea’s past and different fortification. damaged or destroyed in the two objectives of those who were involved On the Road to World Heritage Status centuries after they were built. The in their construction. As mentioned earlier, Namhan Under thick layers of time piled over a Korean War of 1950-53 exacted much Mountain Fortress witnessed a bitter thousand years, the dust trail along the of the destruction. Massive restoration Hwaseong Fortress, with a unique page of Korean history, where the king lofty stone rampart welcomes trekkers. began in 1975 to recover the original structure embracing both mountainous surrendered to foreign invaders. Due It is hoped that this ancient mountain appearance of the fortress and many and flat areas, epitomizes the late to this painful experience, the daily fortress will be reborn as a World of its facilities. In 1997, Hwaseong Joseon architectural style of the massive military training conducted in Heritage site imbued with renewed Fortress was designated a UNESCO 18th century with an array of merits the king’s presence, once during the meaning for humanity beyond its World Heritage site, in recognition of adopted from contemporary military daytime and once in the evening, at this significance in Korean history. its scientific and rational structure as architecture of China and Europe. fortress became a model for military a defense stronghold that culminates Nevertheless, the charming fortress Korea’s long history of military was never used in a war. In contrast, 10. An aerial view of Namhan Mountain architecture as well as a symbol of a Namhan Mountain Fortress inherits Fortress. Korean monarch’s hopes for political East Asia’s age-old common tradition reform and filial devotion. of mountain fortresses, where people moved from cities for wartime residence Similarities and Differences and defense. It therefore is carefully Hwaseong Fortress and Namhan fortified with elements of ancient Mountain Fortress both lie on the military fortifications, which had been outer perimeter of the great Seoul proven effective in battle since the eighth century. Hence it can be seen as a 9. A fortified chemise forms a section of textbook example of Korea’s traditional Namhan Mountain technology of military construction. Fortress.

What is also noteworthy is that the temporary palace in Namhan Mountain Fortress is superior among the 21 similar royal facilities of Joseon around

9 the country in that it is accompanied 10 Intangible Heritage 40 | 41

Jogakbo are wrapping cloths (bo) made from scraps (jogak) of fabric. In the One Stitch for Laughter, Another for Sighs olden days, when every material was rare, small pieces of leftover fabric The Charming Art of Jogakbo Wrapping Cloths were sewn together to make square wrappers. How hard did our ancestors try to save every material? They thought Text by Choi Joon-sik | Professor of Korean Studies, Ewha Womans University twice before throwing away even a Photos by Graphickorea & Topicphoto Agency single grain of rice. Such frugal spirits are clearly reflected in the patchwork wrapping cloths. 2 Wrappers for Everything one had to pour so much care and effort 1. A traditional Korean Wrapping cloths were especially useful patchwork wrapping into making every piece of wrapping cloth features a colorful in pre-modern times, when there were cloth, those who made them would pray combination of scrap few convenient devices to enclose fabric. that the cloths would bring happiness to things to be stored or transported. The 2. A traditional dining anyone who would use them. Therefore, table covered with a cloths could be used to wrap and store patchwork wrapping people would keep such wrapping cloths cloth. household articles such as bedclothes deep in their chests, or use them for or to bundle up and carry special items storing valuable things, wishing that such as gifts to be taken to the home of they would invoke blessings. in-laws. Reasons for Exquisite Craftsmanship The households of noble and rich men Patchwork wrapping cloths are noted for probably needed far more wrapping exquisite needlework. This is because cloths than others because they women during the Joseon Dynasty presented gifts more frequently and had learned sewing techniques from their many valuable things that needed to mothers by making patchwork wrappers be preciously wrapped in two or three from an early age. They practiced with folds. The patchwork wrappers were 3. Larger patchwork often used as covering for food on the wrapping cloths were table as well. Such wrappers usually used for wrapping and storing bedclothes or have a small loop of ribbon attached carrying wedding items and gifts for in-laws. in the center to aid in lifting the cover away from food.

The wrapping cloths were prized for both practical and symbolic reasons. While these cloths were used for so many purposes, they also embodied

1 people’s yearning to be blessed. Also, as 3 Intangible Heritage 42 | 43

4. Patchwork wrapping like this in your traditional culture, I 6. Some traditional Korean clothes were assembled patchwork wrapping with pieces of natural believe you must make use of them.” clothes display aesthetic fabrics such as fine Frankly speaking, I was at a loss how sensibility compared to ramie or silk dyed in Mondrian mosaics. pretty colors. to respond to his view because I knew very little about patchwork wrapping cloths at the time. But who is Mondrian? Along with Kandinsky, he was one of the greatest masters in abstract painting of the 20th century, wasn’t he? This man argued that a patchwork wrapping cloth made by a nameless Korean woman surpasses Mondrian’s design sensibility. 6 What on earth did he mean? 4 express women’s endless devotion and labor of love, elegance, laughter, leftover pieces of fabric. Thus they whatever scraps of fabric available from Scraps of Fabric and Unintended or sometimes worries and sighs. The acquired skills in one sewing method their mothers’ sewing baskets. Spatial Division traditional patchwork wrapping cloths, after another, like tacking, hemming Everyone can apply subjective standards once abandoned as worthless objects of and slip-stitching, making patchworks Mosaics Compared to Mondrian’s in evaluating works of art. And yet, bygone days, could regain attention for in their own ways. Practicing like this Works we must say the Korean patchwork their unique aestheticism and cultural for years, the girls grew up internalizing The traditional Korean patchwork wrapping cloths are truly outstanding value, thanks to the artisans who never 7. A contemporary landmark building in the technical and aesthetic know-how wrappers draw our attention especially in terms of spatial composition and stopped trying to revive ancient arts and Jongno district, central of assembling nice patchwork wrappers because of their marvelous aesthetics. color sensibility. Looking closely at Seoul, recalls the spatial harmonize them with modern aesthetic arrangements and color displaying an exquisite harmony of More than 10 years ago, I happened to these wrapping cloths, we find many sensibility to create wrapping cloths for schemes of traditional patchwork wrapping colors and proportional dimensions from meet a successful American designer of them have designs based on diverse our days. cloths. while he was staying in Korea. He was patterns like trapezoid and the lines 5. Modern handicrafts inspired by traditional responsible for educating designers are often warped and twisted to certain patchworks. working for the Korean branch of his degrees, although there are not a few company. Right upon embarking on that have neat and straight compositions. his mission, his first remark was, “Why This may be defined as unconventional do Korean designers want to become aesthetics, or even freewheeling Europeans or Americans?” Then he aesthetics. But it seems these designs said, “When there are many objects were not intended but rather happened to with great design in your traditional be that way in the course of assembling culture, why don’t Korean designers many scraps of fabric in all kinds of pay any attention to these objects?” As shapes. A job seemingly done roughly an example, he presented a patchwork and nonchalantly resulted in very wrapping cloth along with a painting by beautiful spatial compositions. This is Mondrian, saying, “You can’t say the the essence of Korean aesthetics. design of this wrapping cloth falls short of the design of this painting in any Korean wrapping cloths are often 5 respect. Because you have great designs viewed as works of composite arts that 7 46 | 47

Quarterly Magazine of the Cultural Heritage Administration

Cultural Heritage Administration, 189 Cheongsa-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea Tel | 82-42-481-4797 Fax | 82-42-481-4759 http://english.cha.go.kr

Published | March 15, 2012

Published by | Cultural Heritage Administration Republic of Korea

Publication | Director of International Affairs Division management

Content | Won, Sung-kyu, Park Jung-eun, Kim Min-ok coordination Translation | Lee Kyong-hee

Proofreading | Ted Chan

Design ∙ Editing | Graphickorea Co., Ltd Printed by | Graphickorea Co., Ltd

Cultural Heritage Administration, 2012

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