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Good Muslim, Bad Muslim: a Political Perspective on Culture and Terrorism
MAHMOOD MAMDANI Good Muslim, Bad Muslim: A Political Perspective on Culture and Terrorism ABSTRACT The link between Islam and terrorism became a central media concern following September 11, resulting in new rounds of "culture talk. This talk has turned religious experience into a political category, differentiating 'good Muslims" from "bad Mus- lims, rather than terrorists from civilians. The implication is undisguised: Whether in Afghanistan, Palestine, or Pakistan, Islam must be quarantined and the devil must be exorcized from it by a civil war between good Muslims and bad Muslims. This article suggests that we lift the quarantine and turn the cultural theory of politics on its head. Beyond the simple but radical suggestion that if there are good Muslims and bad Muslims, there must also be good Westerners and bad Westerners, I question the very tendency to read Islamist poli- tics as an effect of Islamic civilization—whether good or bad—and Western power as an effect of Western civilization. Both those poli- tics and that power are born of an encounter, and neither can be understood outside of the history of that encounter. Cultural explanations of political outcomes tend to avoid history and issues. Thinking of individuals from "traditional" cultures in authentic and original terms, culture talk dehistoricizes the construction of political identities. This article places the terror of September 11 in a his- torical and political context. Rather than a residue of a premodern culture in modern politics, terrorism is best understood as a modern construction. Even when it harnesses one or another aspect of tradition and culture, the result is a modern ensemble at the service of a modern project. -
Army Press January 2017 Blythe
Pfc. Brandie Leon, 4th Infantry Division, holds security while on patrol in a local neighborhood to help maintain peace after recent attacks on mosques in the area, East Baghdad, Iraq, 3 March 2006. (Photo by Staff Sgt. Jason Ragucci, U.S. Army) III Corps during the Surge: A Study in Operational Art Maj. Wilson C. Blythe Jr., U.S. Army he role of Lt. Gen. Raymond Odierno’s III (MNF–I) while using tactical actions within Iraq in an Corps as Multinational Corps–Iraq (MNC–I) illustrative manner. As a result, the campaign waged by has failed to receive sufficient attention from III Corps, the operational headquarters, is overlooked Tstudies of the 2007 surge in Iraq. By far the most in this key work. comprehensive account of the 2007–2008 campaign The III Corps campaign is also neglected in other is found in Michael Gordon and Lt. Gen. Bernard prominent works on the topic. In The Gamble: General Trainor’s The Endgame: The Inside Story of the Struggle for Petraeus and the American Military Adventure in Iraq, Iraq, from George W. Bush to Barack Obama, which fo- 2006-2008, Thomas Ricks emphasizes the same levels cuses on the formulation and execution of strategy and as Gordon and Trainor. However, while Ricks plac- policy.1 It frequently moves between Washington D.C., es a greater emphasis on the role of III Corps than is U.S Central Command, and Multinational Force–Iraq found in other accounts, he fails to offer a thorough 2 13 January 2017 Army Press Online Journal 17-1 III Corps during the Surge examination of the operational campaign waged by III creating room for political progress such as the February 2 Corps. -
The Clash of Civilizations
EDITED COLLECTION WWW.E-IR.INFO The Clash of Civilizations Twenty Years On Published by e-International Relations (Bristol, UK) October 2013 ISSN 2053-8626 The Clash of www.e-IR.info Civilizations Published under a Creative Commons License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 Twenty Years On You are free to copy, distribute, transmit and adapt this work under the following conditions: You must attribute the work to the author and licensor (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). You may not use this work for commerial purposes. If you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may EDITED BY distribute the resulting work only under the same or similar license to J. PAUL BARKER this one. Any of the above conditions can be waived if you get permission from the copyright holder. Contact [email protected] Where the work or any of its elements is in the public domain under applicable law, that status is in no way affected by the license. In no way are any of the following rights affected by the license: Your fair dealing or fair use rights, or other applicable copyright exceptions and limitations; The author’s moral rights; Rights other persons may have either in the work itself or in how the work is used, such as publicity or privacy rights. Notice — For any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the license terms of this work. The best way to do this is with a link to this web page: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Image Credit: Ipoh kia (flickr) E-INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS EDITED COLLECTIONS Perhaps no article has been as often cited or hotly debated over the past twenty years as that of Professor Samuel P. -
H-Diplo Review Essay
H20-Diplo Review13 Essay H-Diplo H-Diplo Review Essays Editor: Diane Labrosse H-Diplo Review ESSAY H-Diplo Web and Production Editor: George Fujii http://www.h-net.org/~diplo/essays/ Commissioned for H-Diplo by Diane Labrosse Published on 17 July 2013 H-Diplo Review Essay, “An Orthodox Interpretation of the Bush Wars: A Review Essay on Several Recent Studies on George W. Bush’s Wars in Iraq and Afghanistan.” URL: http://www.h-net.org/~diplo/essays/PDF/Maddux-BushWars.pdf Reviewed for H-Diplo by Thomas Maddux, California State University Northridge uring the past two years, several secondary studies on the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan have appeared that point to the emergence of an overall orthodox D assessment of George W. Bush’s wars. These interpretations reflect a good deal of the contemporary criticism that emerged especially after the failure to locate weapons of mass destruction (WMD) in Iraq and the outbreak of the insurgency there as well as the revival of the Taliban in Afghanistan. The authors focus on a number of issues such as the wisdom of Bush’s decisions to go to war, the appropriateness of the grand strategy pursued in both wars, the impact of the military strategies to defeat al Qaeda and the Taliban regime in Afghanistan and Saddam Hussein and the Iraqi Army in Iraq, the management of the postwar occupation in Iraq and U.S. involvement in Afghanistan, and the insurgencies in both countries. There is a degree of consensus, if not complete agreement, among authors such as Terry Anderson, Tim Bird and Alex Marshall, Dan Caldwell, and Peter Hahn. -
Humanitarian Implications of Violence in Northern and Central Iraq Key
ACAPS Briefing Note: Conflict Humanitarian Implications of Violence Key highlights (25 July – 7 August) 1. August has seen significant deterioration in the humanitarian situation. An in Northern and Central Iraq estimated 200,000 individuals may have been displaced from recent fighting in 7 August 2014 Sinjar and surrounding areas, and as many as 35-50,000 IDPs could be trapped in Jebel Sinjar in extremely urgent need of humanitarian assistance: tens of children are reported to have died from dehydration. Insignificant Minor Moderate Important Major 2. Conflict affected areas face a breakdown of basic services, affecting an estimated Expected impact X 5 million people. Many qualified health, teaching and technical staff have fled and items such as spare parts, medicines and vaccines are in short supply. Not required Low Moderate Important Urgent Need for international International humanitarian organisations are mostly unable to reach those assistance X trapped in contested areas and information on the current situation is extremely limited. 3. Fighting between IS and Kurdish Peshmerga is currently concentrated around Key Findings Mosul dam, Iraq's largest hydroelectric facility. If maintenance of the critically Anticipated An estimated 850,000 people have been displaced in the two unstable dam is disrupted, the dam could be breached, leading to massive scope and months since the start of Islamic State’s (IS) ‘Ramadan offensive’, flooding. IS’ takeover of the dam could disrupt electricity supply to large parts of scale bringing the total displaced since the start of the year to 1.4 million. the country, including Baghdad. An unknown number of civilians are affected by conflict and the breakdown of public services. -
“Clash of Civilizations”?
Volume 5, No. 2-3 104 How Inevitable Is A “Clash of Civilizations”? Chen LI Jesus College, University of Cambridge, UK Email: [email protected] Abstract: The period since September 11 attacks in 2001 has witnessed intense debates over to what extent a ―clash of civilizations‖ is inevitable. This paper argues that the ―clash of civilizations‖ thesis is a mistaken paradigm of understanding the Post-Cold War international order. While cultural and religious identities have increasingly become a source of political mobilization in the Post-Cold War world, the ―clash of civilizations‖ thesis wrongly presumes that the civilization identities can override other major driving forces of political mobilization, which includes nation-state, global capitalism, and global governance based on common liberal values. All of these forces run against and will constrain the possibility of a clash of civilizations. Key Words: Clash of civilizations, Nation-state, Global capitalism, Global governance, China Journal of Cambridge Studies 105 1. INTRODUCTION Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, there have been heated debates on the future of international order. The optimistic views argue that with the triumph of liberal democracy and market economy, the end of the Cold War has marked the end of history and the perpetual universal peace is eventually coming (Kant, 1970; Fukuyama, 1992). However, sharply contrasting these views, Huntington (1993a, b) provocatively argues that world peace is under severe threat of a ―clash of civilizations‖1, which will dominate global politics in the Post-Cold War world. According to his analysis, the Post-Cold War world is divided into seven or eight civilizations2, the fault lines between which will be the battle lines of the future. -
Al-Shabaab Is a Movement That Merged Four Somali Groups and Has Been Supported from Its Early Days by Foreign Islamists, Including Those Linked to Al-Qâ’Idah
THE RISE OF A JIHADI MOVEMENT IN A COUNTRY AT WAR HARAKAT AL -SHABAAB AL MUJAHEDDIN IN SOMALIA Roland Marchal Senior Research Fellow at CNRS SciencesPo Paris March 2011 This report is independent and does not represent the views of Her Majesty’s Government CONTENT Content Executive Summary Chapter I: Historical Background to the Development of al-Shabaab 1. A political history 1.1. Learning from failures? The radicalisation of the Somali Islamist movement 1.2. The experiments of the Islamic Courts 1.3. The emergence of al-Shabaab 2. Getting organized 2.1. The Supreme Council 2.2. The ministries or Maktabs 3. Conclusion Chapter II: The confrontation with other Islamic Trends 1. The Salafi divide 2. Al-I’tisaam, Muqawama and the Salafi Trend 3. The merging with Hisbul Islaam 4. The collusion with Takfiir wa Hijra 5. An apolitical Jihad? 6. Conclusion Chapter III: Citizens of Jihad. Al-Shabaab Recruitment 1. Joining al-Shabaab 1.1. Coerced recruitments 1.2. Economic incentives 1.3. Born again Jihadists 2 1.4. Recruitment of diaspora and East African radicalized Muslims 1.5. Challenging generational privileges 2. Short notes on the media policy 3. Recruitment among political “minorities” 4. Conclusion Chapter IV: Al-Shabaab Military Tactics 1. The modernisation of war and the globalisation of suicide bombers 2. Organizing the coexistence of foreign and local fighters 3. Military misadventures 4. Conclusion Chapter V: Funding an apparatus and ruling a population 1. Getting money for al-Shabaab 1.1. Collecting money outside the country 1.2. Getting funding from Somalia: maximisation of the protection economy 2. -
International Terrorism and the Clash of Civilizations
CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by LSE Research Online Eric Neumayer and Thomas Plümper International terrorism and the clash of civilizations Article (Accepted version) (Refereed) Original citation: Neumayer, Eric and Plümper, Thomas (2009) International terrorism and the clash of civilizations. British journal of political science, 39 (4). pp. 711-734. DOI: 10.1017/S0007123409000751 © 2009 Cambridge University Press This version available at: http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/20414/ Available in LSE Research Online: October 2010 LSE has developed LSE Research Online so that users may access research output of the School. Copyright © and Moral Rights for the papers on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. Users may download and/or print one copy of any article(s) in LSE Research Online to facilitate their private study or for non-commercial research. You may not engage in further distribution of the material or use it for any profit-making activities or any commercial gain. You may freely distribute the URL (http://eprints.lse.ac.uk) of the LSE Research Online website. This document is the author’s final manuscript accepted version of the journal article, incorporating any revisions agreed during the peer review process. Some differences between this version and the published version may remain. You are advised to consult the publisher’s version if you wish to cite from it. 0 International Terrorism and the Clash of Civilizations SECOND REVISED VERSION March 2008 Eric -
Iraq in Crisis
Burke Chair in Strategy Iraq in Crisis By Anthony H. Cordesman and Sam Khazai January 6, 2014 Request for comments: This report is a draft that will be turned into an electronic book. Comments and suggested changes would be greatly appreciated. Please send any comments to Anthony H. Cordsman, Arleigh A. Burke Chair in Strategy, at [email protected]. ANTHONY H. CORDESMAN Arleigh A. Burke Chair in Strategy [email protected] Iraq in Crisis: Cordesman and Khazai AHC Final Review Draft 6.1.14 ii Acknowledgements This analysis was written with the assistance of Burke Chair researcher Daniel DeWit. Iraq in Crisis: Cordesman and Khazai AHC Final Review Draft 6.1.14 iii Executive Summary As events in late December 2013 and early 2014 have made brutally clear, Iraq is a nation in crisis bordering on civil war. It is burdened by a long history of war, internal power struggles, and failed governance. Is also a nation whose failed leadership is now creating a steady increase in the sectarian divisions between Shi’ite and Sunni, and the ethnic divisions between Arab and Kurd. Iraq suffers badly from the legacy of mistakes the US made during and after its invasion in 2003. It suffers from threat posed by the reemergence of violent Sunni extremist movements like Al Qaeda and equally violent Shi’ite militias. It suffers from pressure from Iran and near isolation by several key Arab states. It has increasingly become the victim of the forces unleashed by the Syrian civil war. Its main threats, however, are self-inflicted wounds caused by its political leaders. -
The Social Construction of the Clash of Civilizations
Constructing a New Imperial Order? The War in Iraq and the Ideology of Clashism Seifudein Adem* Less than a month after terror attacks hit New York and Washington D. C. in September 2001, America launched a war in Afghanistan. The result was abetting and quick: the Taliban regime was dislodged from power in a little more than a month; Al Qaeda, the parent organization of the perpetrators of the attacks, was driven out of its caves and was walloped. A debate was then sparked as to what this portends for the future of world politics. Observers and analysts all agreed on the epochal significance of the chain of events. On its deeper meaning, however, they were deeply divided.1 Some saw the U.S.-led war in Afghanistan as the beginning of the clash of civilizations while others perceived it as heralding the age of the New Imperialism; still for others it marked the beginning of the Third World War. It is useful to note here that many observers seemed sometimes to overlook that these scenarios are necessarily not mutually exclusive.2 The Anglo-American invasion of Iraq in March 2003 appears, propitiously, to shed the much-needed light on these issues. The central argument of this paper is that the Anglo- American invasion of Iraq in the spring of 2003 demonstrates the world has been plunged into a clash of civilizations driven by America’s new imperial impulse—a historical impulse, which has maintained a clear link to the past.3 The paper focuses on political and academic discourse on the contemporary scene to explore how a new universe of discourse paralleling an emergent hegemonic order is being socially constructed. -
The Clash of Civilizations: a Theological Perspective”
Dr. David Naugle Dallas Baptist University The Friday Symposium February 1, 2002 “The Clash of Civilizations: A Theological Perspective” “Civilizations are the ultimate human tribes, and the clash of civilizations is tribal conflict on a global scale.” Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations, 207. "Any kingdom divided against itself is laid waste; and any city or house divided against itself shall not stand.” -Matt. 12:25 Should I be asked . whether I would propose the West, such as it is today, as a model to my country (the Soviet Union), I would frankly have to answer negatively. No, I could not recommend your society as an ideal for the transformation of ours.” Aleksandr I. Solzhenitsyn, “A World Split Apart” (Commencement Address at Harvard University, June 8, 1978) “The multitude of nations indicates not only the manifold quality of God’s creative power but also a judgment, for the disorder in the international world, which our narrator [of Genesis 10-11] regards as the sad conclusion, was not willed by God but is punishment for the sinful rebellion against God. Gerhard von Rad, Genesis, 152. Introduction On more than one occasion, President George W. Bush has described the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, as fostering “a monumental battle of good versus evil.” In this battle, there has been no doubt in his mind (or in ours) regarding who is on the side of good and who is on the side of evil. Though some have winced at the President’s use of such absolute moral terms to portray the tragic events of that fateful day, -
CLASH of CIVILIZATIONS’ THEORY: Through the Eyes of ‘The Rest’
Vol. 1(2), pp. 42-104, October 2013 DOI: 10.14662/IJPSD2013.005 International Journal of Political Copy©right2014 Science and Development Author(s) retain the copyright of this article © 2013 Academic Research Journals http://www.academicresearchjournals.org/IJPSD/Index.html Full Length Research A ‘NON WESTERN’ READING OF THE ‘CLASH OF CIVILIZATIONS’ THEORY: Through the Eyes of ‘The Rest’ Memoona Sajjad Department of Political Science, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan. E-mail: [email protected] Accepted 25 September, 2013 The Clash of Civilizations theory is thoroughly rooted in its context, which makes it a post Cold War paradigm vindicating post Cold War American foreign policy. Huntington‘s thought falls exactly in line with the repertoire of Orientalist discourse in the West. His assumptions are drawn from secondary sources, are reductionist and simplistic. The real agenda underlying the thesis presented by Huntington is perpetuating Western dominance and hegemony on the globe through the creation of a new enemy and the generation of fear and hatred against it in the public mind. The ‗Clash‘ theory fits well with the growing needs of America‘s powerful and expansive military-industrial complex defined by its Capitalist ideology. The rhetoric of the Clash of Civilizations works well to disguise the geopolitical and strategic interests of the West in the Muslim world. ‗The West and the Rest‘ is an artificial construct based on historical fallacies and sharpening cleavages in order to maintain a ‗wartime status‘ in the Western mind. Western policy and rhetoric after September 11 seems to have officially adopted the Clash of Civilizations theory.