6 Heuschrecken Der Sanddünen Niederösterreichs

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6 Heuschrecken Der Sanddünen Niederösterreichs ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Publikationen Naturschutzabteilung Niederösterreich Jahr/Year: 2002 Band/Volume: 1_2002 Autor(en)/Author(s): Berg Hans-Martin Artikel/Article: Heuschrecken der Sanddünen Niederösterreichs 107-125 ©Amt d. Niederösterr. Landesregierung, download unter www.zobodat.at 6 Heuschrecken der Sanddünen Gebiete für die heimische Heuschreckenfauna auf­ gezeigt werden. Niederösterreichs Hans-Martin BERG 6.2 Methodik Das Untersuchungsgebiet liegt im pannonisch 6.1 Einleitung beeinflussten Tiefland Ostösterreichs (Bezirk Gän- serndorf/NÖ). Es umfasst drei Sandstandorte im Offene Sandstandorte, wie Dünen und Sandrasen, zentralen Marchfeld im Gebiet der Weikendorfer weisen viele auf diese Lebensräume spezialisierte Remise (NSG „Wacholderheide Obersieben­ Tier- und Pflanzenarten auf (z. B. BREUNIG & brunn", NSG „Weikendorfer Remise", Brunnfeld), THIELMANN 1992, WIESBAUER & MAZZUCCO das NSG „Sandberge Oberweiden", drei klein­ 1997). Gerade in der Gruppe der Arthropoden fin­ flächige Sandrasen im östlichen Marchfeld (NSG den sich zahlreiche psammophile Arten, die teil­ „Lassee", Erdpresshöhe, Gerichtsberg) und einen weise eine sehr enge Habitatbindung, z.B. an Standort in der Marchniederung südlich von Drö- intakte Dünenstandorte, zeigen (STARK 1996, sing („In den Sandbergen"). Eine detaillierte BELLMANN 1997, STEPANOVICOVÄ & BIANCHI Beschreibung aller acht Gebiete findet sich in der 1999, WIESBAUER & MAZZUCCO 1999). Ihr Fort­ vegetationskundlichen Arbeit dieses Bandes bestand ist unmittelbar an die Sicherung dieser (SCHNEEWEISS et al. 2002). Hier wird nur eine Sandhabitate gebunden. Dessen ungeachtet wur­ knappe Übersicht unter Verwendung von PAAR et de ein Großteil der natürlichen Sandstandorte im al. (1993) gegeben. Binnenland durch den Menschen zerstört, so dass diese zu den gefährdetsten Biotopen in Mitteleuro­ Im Zuge des fünfjährigen Projektzeitraumes (1998- pa zählen (NOWAK 1987, ROHDE 1994, WIES­ 2002) wurden jeweils zwischen Juni und Septem­ BAUER & MAZZUCCO 1997). Vor diesem Hinter­ ber an insgesamt 21 Tagen Kartierungen der Heu­ grund wurden zwei Sandrasentypen des pannoni- schreckenfauna durchgeführt. Alle Arten wurden schen Tieflandes als „prioritär zu schützende im langsamen Abschreiten der Rasenflächen aku­ Lebensraumtypen" in den Anhang I der FFH-Richt- stisch oder optisch (tw. unter Zuhilfenahme einer linie aufgenommen (vgl. SAUBERER & GRAB­ 10-x-Lupe) grob quantifizierend registriert. Darü­ HERR 1995). ber hinaus kam ein Fledermausdetektor zum Ein­ satz, um unauffällige Arten aus den Gattungen Unter den etwa 160 Heuschreckenarten Mitteleu­ Phaneroptera, Barbitistes, Platycleis ropas weisen INGRISCH & KÖHLER (1998) ledig­ u.a. akustisch zu orten. Strukturell unterschiedli­ lich zwei Arten, Sphingonotus caerulans und Acro- che Flächen wurden separat aufgenommen. Ein­ tilus insubricus, als psammophil aus. Doch stellen schränkend muss angeführt werden, dass die offene Sandstandorte für zahlreiche geophile Feldgrille (Gryllus campestris) aufgrund der zeitli­ Arten wichtige Lebensräume dar. Darüber hinaus chen Wahl der Kartierungsgänge nicht repräsenta­ fungieren sie insbesondere als Refugialstandorte tiv erfasst wurde. Gleiches gilt für die Arten der für xero-thermophile Arten (z.B. INGRISCH 1987, Gattung Tetrix, die aus methodischen Gründen KRÜSS 1994, FOLGER & HANDELMANN 1999). In nicht registriert wurden. Schließlich liegt auch ein der vorliegenden Arbeit soll anhand eines faunisti- Ungleichgewicht in der Erfassung der einzelnen schen Überblicks diese Bedeutung am Beispiel der Teilflächen vor. Bevorzugt wurde das NSG „Sand­ Sanddünen des Marchfeldes und angrenzender berge Oberweiden" begangen, nur wenige Erhe- Heuscbrecken 107 ©Amt d. Niederösterr. Landesregierung, download unter www.zobodat.at bungen liegen aus den Teilgebieten „Gerichts­ berg" und NSG „Lassee" vor. Ergänzend wurden in die Auswertung einige frühere Beobachtungen eingearbeitet, die seit 1990 im Zuge der Bearbei­ tung für einen „Atlas der Heuschrecken Ostöster­ reichs" erhoben wurden und im Archiv „Orthop­ terenkartierung Ostösterreich" (beim Verfasser) verwahrt werden. Naturschutzgebiet „Sandberge Oberweiden" Für diverse Informationen, die Überlassung von Beobachtungsdaten und sonstige Hilfe danke ich (in alphabetischer Reihung): Rudolf Eis, Johanna Kurzweil, Karl Mazzucco, Heinz Wiesbauer, Sabine Zelz und Thomas Zuna-Kratky. Naturschutzgebiet „Sandberge Oberweiden" Es handelt sich um eine ausgedehnte Sandrasen­ steppe im Bereich eines heute gefestigten Dünen­ zuges im Flächenausmaß von 115 ha. Offene San­ de finden sich nur im Bereich eines als Trabrenn­ bahn genutzten Feldweges. Schüttere Sandrasen treten auch kleinflächig im Dünenzug bzw. im Ost­ teil des Gebietes auf. Der offene Landschaftscha­ rakter wird durch Aufkommen von Gebüschen, Solitärbäumen und Feldgehölzen stellenweise unterbrochen. Im Nordosten bzw. Südwesten wird das Gebiet durch einen von Rotföhren (Pinus syl­ vestris) dominierten Waldsaum eingegrenzt. Rand­ ständig finden sich ausgedehnte Wacholder(Jun/- perus communis)-Bestände. Im Nordwesten bzw. Südosten grenzen landwirtschaftlich genutzte Flächen an die Sandrasen. Teilweise wurden sie in den vergangenen Jahren brachgelegt. Naturschutzgebiet „Weikendorfer Remise" Das 183 ha große, älteste Naturschutzgebiet Öster­ reichs (Ausweisung 1927, SELBACH 1977) weist im Südteil auf ausgewehten Sandböden einen fla­ chen Trockenrasen mit einer Ausdehnung von ca. 40 ha auf. Allseitig wird diese Freifläche von rot­ föhrendominierten Wäldern umgeben. Im Süd- Rodungsflache „In den Sandbergen" bei Drösing 108 ©Amt d. Niederösterr. Landesregierung, download unter www.zobodat.at osten wird der offene Charakter des Gebietes tralen Teil wurde eine periodisch Wasser führende durch vorrückendes Gehölzaufkommen (Crategus, Wildtränke angelegt, randlich wurden einige Ligustrum) deutlich verändert. Im Nordwesten der Flächen mit Eschen (Fraxinus sp.) in jüngerer Zeit Offenlandfläche findet sich eine laubholzdominier­ auf geforstet. te junge Aufforstungsfläche. Der Nordteil des NSG wird durch Rotföhrenaufforstungen charakterisiert. Naturschutzgebiet „Lassee" |\Ie ¡Schutzgebiet „Wacholderheide Das ca. 1,4 ha große Naturschutzgebiet „Lassee" Ob siebenbrunn“ zählt in botanischer Hinsicht ungeachtet der gerin­ gen Größe zu den wichtigsten Sandgebieten Es handelt sich um einen halb offenen, von Österreichs. Der Sandtrockenrasen weist aufgrund Wacholder und standortfremden Gehölzen, wie des Nährstoffeintrages und der fehlenden Pflege Föhren und Robinien, beherrschten reliktären eine zunehmende Verdichtung der Vegetation auf, Trockenrasen mit stellenweisem Aufkommen offene Rasen fehlen weitgehend. Das Gebiet wird ruderaler Vegetation. Das etwa 38 ha große Gebiet an drei Seiten von teilweise standortfremden ist allseitig von mit Föhren und Robinien domi­ Gehölzen umgeben. nierten Waldbeständen umgeben. „Gerichtsberg" westlich von Marchegg Br nfeld, Weikendorfer Remise Es handelt sich um eine stabilisierte Düne mit Das untersuchte Gebiet umfasst eine im Norden einer Fläche von ca. 0,7 ha, die im Westteil von des Brunnfeldes gelegene, teilweise landwirt­ standortfremden Gehölzen bestockt ist. Die übrige schaftlich genutzte Fläche im Bereich eines Sand­ Fläche ist von verfilzten, floristisch verarmten dünenzuges. Von Pappeln ( Populus) und Föhren Sandtrockenrasen bedeckt. (Pinus) dominierte Gehölze grenzen allseitig, mit Ausnahme im Süden, an die mit einzelnen „In den Sandbergen" südlich von Drösing Gebüschgruppen bestandene Offenfläche an. Teile ehemals ackerbaulich genutzter Flächen wurden Bearbeitet wurde eine ca. 5 ha große Rodungs­ brachgelegt. Im Südosten, getrennt durch einen fläche im Bereich einer Sanddüne im Vorgelände sandigen Feldweg, befindet sich ein ausgedehnter, der March, die ehemals großflächig v. a. mit Rot­ intensiv genutzter offener Sandacker, das eigentli­ föhren aufgeforstet wurde. Im Gegensatz zu den che Brunnfeld. anderen Untersuchungsflächen weisen die Sand­ böden hier nur geringe pH-Werte auf. Die bewirt­ dpresshöhe" bei Lassee schaftungsbedingt mehr oder minder offenen Sande wurden ungeachtet des Vorkommens wert­ Die etwa 3,3 ha große „Erdpresshöhe" stellt eine voller Sandpflanzen erneut aufgeforstet (vgl. teilweise erhaltene Düne südöstlich von Lassee SCHNEEWEISS et al. 2002) und werden gegenwär­ dar, die allerdings allseitig von Windschutzanlagen tig großflächig von Reitgras (Calamagrostis epige- umgeben ist. Offene Sandböden sind aufgrund yos)-Beständen bewachsen. Im Südwesten grenzt ehemaliger Abbautätigkeit kleinräumig vorhan­ eine offene, teilweise Grundwasser führende, den. Die Vegetation ist stark anthropogen über­ strukturarme Sandabbaufläche an. Der Abbau formt, z. B. haben sich große Bestände der Riesen- wird mittels Nassbaggerung durchgeführt. Goldrute (Solidago gigantea) ausgebildet. Im zen­ Heuschrecken 109 Tab. 6.1: Heu- und Fangschreckenarten des Untersuchungsgebietes (OW... NSG „Sandberge Oberweiden", WR... NSG „Weikendorfer Remise", WH... NSG „Wacholderheide Obersiebenbrunn", BF... Brunnfeld, LA... NSG„Lassee", EH... Erdpresshöhe, GB... Gerichtsberg, SB... „In den Sandbergen"; RLÖ... Rote Liste Österreich (im Druck} ©Amt d. Niederösterr. Landesregierung, download unter www.zobodat.at A rt Stetigkeit OW WR WH BF LA EH GB SB RLÖ TETTIGONIOIDEA Conocephalidae Conocephalus discolor T h u n b e rg 3 X X X NT Phaneropteridae Phaneroptera falcata (Poda) 5 X X X X X LC Tettigoniidae Decticus
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