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Orthoptera: Acrididae) Het voorkomen van Chorthippus apricarius in Nederland (Orthoptera: Acrididae) R. M. J. C. Kleukers & B. Odé KLEUKERS, R. M. J. C. & B. ODÉ, 1992. CHORTHIPPUS APRICARIUSm THE NETHERLANDS (ORTHOP¬ TERA: ACRIDIDAE). - ENT BER., AMST 52 (7): 89-94. Abstract: Chorthippus apricarius is, despite its occurrence in cultivated biotopes, a local species in large parts of Europe. In The Netherlands the species was only known from one small population in the very south of the country. Co-operators of the Orthoptera recording scheme of the “European Invertebrate Survey - Netherlands” revealed a large new population near and in the city of Zwolle. The status of C. apricarius in Western Europe is discussed in relation to its ecology. Possible causes for its rareness are discussed. R. M. J. C. Kleukers, EIS-Nederland, postbus 9517, 2300 RA Leiden. B. Odé, Natuurmonumenten, Noordereinde 60, 1243 JJ ’s-Graveland. Mededeling E.I.S. - Nederland Nr. 60 Inleiding Vanaf 1980 zijn 39 soorten sprinkhanen en Willemse, op de Wrakelberg bij Colmont krekels (Orthoptera) in Nederland gevonden (Zuid-Limburg), de eerste populatie van C. (Kleukers, 1991). apricarius in Nederland (Willemse, 1940). In Tijdens inventarisaties in het kader van het de loop der jaren werd C apricarius meerdere EIS-project ”De sprinkhanen en krekels van malen in een beperkt gebied (ca. 2 ha) rondom Nederland” zijn recent enkele nieuwe popula¬ de oorspronkelijke vindplaats gevonden. Er ties van de zeldzame Chorthippus apricarius werden individuen waargenomen op het kalk- (Linnaeus) aangetroffen. De soorten uit dit grasland zelf, in de graften in het omringende genus zijn morfologisch vaak moeilijk te on¬ agrarische gebied en in bermen langs de ver¬ derscheiden. De determinatie gebeurt in eerste harde weg. Het locomotiefje werd steeds in instantie dan ook op geluid. Ook C. apricarius redelijke aantallen gevonden en de populatie maakt een zeer specifiek geluid, dat sterk doet lijkt hier niet in gevaar. Zij lijkt zich vanuit dit denken aan een startende trein, vandaar de gebied niet verder uit te breiden, hoewel er Nederlandse naam: locomotiefje. Mannetjes voldoende ogenschijnlijk geschikte bermen in van C. apricarius worden gekenmerkt door een de omgeving aanwezig zijn. Tot voor kort was opvallend wijd middenveld op de voorvleugel de Wrakelberg de enige bekende vindplaats in (fig. 1). Het is opvallend dat deze zeldzame Nederland. soort in algemene milieus in het cultuurland¬ In 1990 startte het project ”De sprinkhanen schap wordt gevonden. In het navolgende en krekels van Nederland” van de European wordt een overzicht gegeven van de huidige Invertebrate Survey - Nederland. In het kader kennis van verspreiding en oecologie van C. van dit project onderzocht de tweede auteur apricarius, in een poging te verklaren, waarom o.m. de Vreugderrijkerwaard, een rivierduin deze soort toch zo zeldzaam is in West-Europa. langs de IJssel, in beheer bij Natuurmonumen¬ ten. Hij maakte hier in september 1990 in de tuin van boerderij De Ruitenberg van Natuur¬ Voorkomen in Nederland monumenten een geluidsopname van een In 1940 ontdekte Fer Willemse, als tienjarige sprinkhaan die hij thuis als C. apricarius deter¬ zoon van de beroemde orthopteroloog/ arts C. mineerde (Anonymus, 1991). 90 Ent. Ber., Amst. 52 (1992) Fig. 1. Chorthippus apricarius, mannetje (foto: R. Krekels, Nijmegen). In 1991 werd de waarneming van C. aprica¬ werd door de auteurs nog een nieuwe populatie rius in deze streek door verschillende waarne¬ ontdekt in een speelweide, met enkele tiental¬ mers bevestigd. De eerste auteur vond de soort len zingende mannetjes. Die dag werd ook een ten noordwesten van Zwolle op verschillende deel van het agrarisch gebied ten noorden van plaatsen in bebouwd gebied. Onafhankelijk Zwolle onderzocht, maar er werden verder hiervan vonden ook B. Achterkamp (Zwolle) geen populaties aangetroffen. en R. Krekels (Nijmegen) de soort in de be¬ In totaal is C. apricarius bij Zwolle nu be¬ bouwde kom van Zwolle. Op 23 augustus 1991 kend van 8 verschillende plekken (fig. 2), waar Ent. Ber., Amst. 52 (1992) 91 Fig. 2. Vindplaatsen van Chorthippus apricarius in de buurt van Zwolle. zij vaak de dominante soort is en in hoge dicht¬ 1990; Martens & Gillandt, 1985). In Thüringen heden voorkomt. De soort werd steeds gevon¬ schijnt C. apricarius zich zelfs uit te breiden den in droge grasland- of ruderaalvegetaties (Köhler, 1991). In Zuid-Europa komt de soort (o.a. weg- en spoorbermen), zoals die algemeen lokaal voor en is daar beperkt tot berggebie¬ voorkomen in Nederland. den. De grootste dichtheden bereikt C. aprica¬ rius in Siberië, waar zij zelfs schadelijk is in akkerbouwgebied (Bei-Bienko & Mishchenko, Voorkomen in Eurazië 1951). De kern van het verspreidingsgebied van C. apricarius ligt in de steppen van Centraal-Azië. Oecologie Hier komen ook verschillende ondersoorten voor (Bei-Bienko & Mishchenko, 1964). Sinds De ei-afzet vindt zoals bij de meeste veld- de ijstijden heeft de soort zich naar het westen sprinkhanen plaats in de zomer, waarna de en noorden uitgebreid (Nadig, 1986). C. apri¬ eieren overwinteren en de nymfen in de voor¬ carius komt tegenwoordig in een groot deel zomer uitkomen. De volwassen dieren zijn te van het palearctisch gebied voor (fig. 3; ge¬ vinden in de periode juli-oktober. bruikte literatuur: Bazyluk (1956); Bei-Bienko Uit laboratorium-experimenten met C. apri¬ & Mishchenko (1951); Buresch & Peschev carius, die werden uitgevoerd met dieren uit (1957); Cejchan (1963); Chopard (1951); De- een populatie uit Oostenrijk (hoogte ca. 1000 mirsoy (1977); Ebner (1915); Grein (1990); m), bleek dat de postdiapauze-ontwikkeling Harz (1960, 1975); Herrera (1982); Holst van de eieren relatief snel verloopt (W. van (1986); Hölzel (1955); Karabag (1958); Knech- Wingerden, mondelijke mededeling). Chort¬ tel & Popovici-Biznosanu (1959); Kruseman hippus apricarius is in dit opzicht te vergelijken (1982); Princis (1943); Us (1967); Willemse met C. parallelus (Zetterstedt) en C. albomar- (1940, 1984)). In Europa wordt zij gevonden ginatus (Degeer). Dit zijn beide soorten die van Zuid-Zweden tot Noord-Italië, in het oos¬ zowel in relatief koele als relatief warme gras¬ ten reikt haar areaal tot in China. De meest landen voor kunnen komen. westelijke vindplaatsen liggen in Spanje, Het baltsritueel van C. apricarius vindt Frankrijk en Nederland. De soort is (nog) niet meestal plaats in de hogere delen van de vege¬ bekend van Groot-Brittannië en België. In tatie, bijvoorbeeld hoge kruiden of bladeren Duitsland lijkt de soort naar het noorden toe van struiken. Dit wijkt af van de meeste andere algemener te worden. Vooral in en in de buurt veldsprinkhanen, die op of vlakbij het bodem- van grote steden als Bremen, Hamburg en oppervlak baltsen. Hannover is de soort opvallend talrijk (Grein, 92 Ent. Ber., Amst. 52 (1992) Habitat In de Europese literatuur wordt C. apricarius C. apricarius lijkt een voorkeur te hebben overwegend droogte- en warmtebehoevend ge¬ voor zandbodems en droge kalkbodems noemd. In de eisen die C. apricarius ten aan¬ (Harz, 1960; Bellmann, 1985). Een hoge mate zien van temperatuur en vochtigheid van zijn van waterdoorlatendheid van deze bodems habitat stelt, komt de soort aardig overeen met wordt met name van belang geacht (Buchweitz algemene soorten als C. brunneus (Thunberg) et al., 1990). en C. biguttulus (Linnaeus) (zie: Oschmann, Diverse auteurs (Buchweitz et al., 1990; 1991). De soort wordt in West-Europa nauwe¬ Martens & Gillandt, 1985) vermelden een lijks in natuurlijke milieus aangetroffen, maar voorkeur van C. apricarius voor een verticaal vooral in bermen en grazige vegetaties langs ontwikkelde vegetatiestructuur met veel open akkers. Zij wordt in mindere mate gevonden in (zonbeschenen) bodem. Zo wordt de soort veel akkers, kalkgraslanden, duinen en licht stru¬ aangetroffen in ruderale terreinen met hoogop- weel. Of de soort in Oost-Europa in grotere gaande kruiden (bijv. bijvoet (Artemisia vulga¬ mate in meer natuurlijke biotopen voorkomt is ris L.)). Dit verklaart mogelijk de concentraties niet duidelijk. van C. apricarius rond steden als Hamburg en C. apricarius lijkt vrij honkvast te zijn. Waar Bremen. Bij toename van lage bodembedek- andere veldsprinkhanen (C. brunneus, C. bi¬ kende grassen zou de soort verdwijnen. Zij is guttulus) na de oogst graanakkers in trekken in die zin ook gevoelig voor bemesting en op blijft C apricarius in de akkerrand zitten veel ruderale plaatsen ook voor successie van (Buchweitz et al, 1990). de vegetatie (Buchweitz et al, 1990). Fig. 3. Voorkomen van Chorthippus apricarius in Eurazië. De noordrand van het areaal kon aan de hand van de beschikbare literatuur niet precies bepaald worden. De stippen geven geïsoleerde populaties weer. Ent. Ber., Amst. 52 (1992) 93 alleen onder speciale omstandigheden tot dis¬ Discussie persie komt. Op die manier zou een versprei- Het lijkt erop dat C. apricarius geen specifieke dingspatroon gevormd kunnen worden, met eisen stelt aan zijn leefomgeving. Men kan zich hier en daar een populatie, weinig affiniteit met afvragen waarom C. apricarius niet, zoals veel een specifiek biotoop en geringe tendens tot andere sprinkhanensoorten, veel algemener uitbreiden. Omdat sinds de laatste ijstijd, bio- voorkomt in West-Europa. geografisch gezien, nog slechts weinig tijd (ca. Het verschil in biotoopkeuze tussen veld- 10.000 jaar) is verlopen, is het mogelijk dat de sprinkhaan-soorten is meestal redelijk te ver¬ westwaartse uitbreiding vanuit de steppenge- klaren aan de hand van verschillen in ontwik- bieden nog steeds in gang
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