UCA Harvard Referencing Guide

HARVARD REFERENCING GUIDE University Academic Services for the v. 2.2 Updated: September 2020 Creative Arts CONTENTS WHAT IS HARVARD REFERENCING? 3 Exhibition (Visited) 15 WHY REFERENCE? 3 Film (Physical and online) 16 CITATIONS 4 Game (Physical and online) 17 What is a citation? 4 Lectures and talks 17 Music and other audio (Physical and How to write citations 4 17 online) Citing direct quotations 4 Music performance (Attended) 18 Citing indirect quotations (Paraphrasing) 5 Online video 18 Citing two or more authors 5 Radio (Broadcast, online and podcasts) 18 Citing multiple works by an author 6 Television (Broadcast and online) 19 with the same year of publication Citing a chapter from a book 6 Theatre and dance performance 20 Citing an author quoting someone else 6 Theses (Print and online) 20 Citing with a company name 7 Translated text (Print and online) 20 Citing a work with no identifiable 7 Example bibliography 23 author or publication date Citing a film or television programme 7 REFERENCING IMAGES 24 Citing multiple authors within a single 8 What is a list of illustrations? 24 citation BIBLIOGRAPHIES 9 Writing figure numbers and captions 25 What is a bibliography? 9 How to write your list of illustrations 25 How to write references 9 References different images sources 26 Writing references: the most 10 Images scanned from a book 26 popular sources Images scanned from a magazine or Books (Print and online) 10 26 journal Book chapters 11 Images obtained online 27 Journal articles (Print and online) 11 Film, television and game stills 27 Newspaper articles (Print and online) 12 Maps (Print and online) 28 Websites 13 Screenshots 28 Writing references: other sources 14 Unpublished photographs 29 Acts of Parliament 14 Example List of Illustrations 29 Archive material 14 FURTHER GUIDANCE 30 Artwork in exhibitions 14 REFERENCING TOOLS 30 Conference proceedings 15 REFERENCING QUICK GUIDE 31 Emails 15 2 WHAT IS HARVARD REFERENCING? Harvard referencing is the method by which you acknowledge using someone else’s writing, work, or ideas in your own academic writing while studying at UCA. The Harvard system consists of two main components: • Citations. Citations are used in the body of your writing to show when you have referred to someone else’s writing, work or ideas. They usually consist of the author’s surname, year of publication, and page number (where applicable) and are contained within brackets. Each of your citations should link to a corresponding entry in your bibliography. • Bibliography. A bibliography is a list of all the sources that you used or consulted to complete your assignment. The bibliography should be arranged in alphabetical order and contains more detail on your sources, including how you accessed them. If you use images you will also need to reference them separately using captions and a list of illustrations. You can find out how to reference images later in this guide. WHY REFERENCE? Making sure that you accurately cite and reference the writing, work and/or ideas produced by somebody else is an essential part of academic writing. Here are some reasons why it is so important: • Avoid plagiarism. Using citations and referencing accurately will help you avoid accusations of plagiarism because it gives you a means to fully acknowledge your sources. • Support your argument or claim. Referencing other authors in your work demonstrates that your argument is based on existing knowledge and helps demonstrate that you have carried out appropriate research. • Demonstrate your honesty & integrity. As a student at UCA you are expected to comply with student regulations and, as a future creative professional, referencing accurately is a way to demonstrate your professionalism, honesty and integrity. • Demonstrate the breadth of your research. Your referencing allows you to show what research you have done while completing your assignment. • Source checking. Your lecturers will be interested to see what kind of sources you have used, and your referencing allows other people to do this too; this is all part of good academic practice. What is plagiarism? Plagiarism is deliberately or accidentally presenting someone else’s writing, work or ideas as if they are your own. It is also possible to self-plagiarise by submitting an assignment that you have previously submitted at UCA or at another institution. Plagiarism is a very serious offence that can lead to you having to re-submit your work, receiving a zero grade, and, in some situations, being expelled from the university. Making sure that your Harvard referencing is accurate is the way to avoid accusations of plagiarism. If you’d like more information on UCA’s Academic Misconduct Regulations and other policies and procedures, please follow this link: https://www.uca.ac.uk/quality-assurance-enhancement/university-regulations-policies-and-procedures/ 3 CITATIONS What is a citation? A citation is used in the body of your writing to indicate when you have referred to someone else’s writing, work or ideas. Your citations provide some basic information about the sources you used but are intended to link to your bibliography, which contains more detailed information about your sources and how you accessed them. How to write citations Your citations have to be written in a particular way but this can change depending on the kind of source you are using, how many authors they have, and how you are integrating them into your work. The citation for most text sources consists of the author’s surname, the year of publication and the page number (where applicable) contained within round brackets, and formatted exactly like this: (Butler, 2006:8) You should use citations to acknowledge your sources when using direct quotations and when paraphrasing. The rest of this section will address some of the common questions raised on writing citations. If you are placing your citation at the end of a sentence then the full-stop should be placed after the final bracket of your citation, not within the citation. Citing Direct Quotations Quoting someone’s exact words is called a direct quotation and these are placed within double speech marks. The citation normally appears at the end of your quotation, like this: “whatever biological intractability sex appears to have, gender is culturally constructed” (Butler, 2006:8) If you include the author’s name in your writing then it is possible to put the citation directly after the surname, like in these examples: The architect Daniel Libeskind (1997:153) argues that “in representing the making of architecture as an autonomous activity (having more affinity to technique than science) this thinking intentionally narrows itself to a process of datecollecting operations.” David Olusoga (2016:97) states how “those who did escape slavery in Britain, like those who were freed with no trade, education or support, lived lives that were extremely hard.” If your direct quotation is more than three lines long then it should be indented to stand out from the rest of your writing, like this: “There is no doubt that machine learning has the power to transform industries, either augmenting humans or replacing them in certain tasks. However, this should not happen until researchers find ways to make algorithms more understandable and, in turn, more accountable” (Fan, 2019:72) 4 If a quote is too long for your needs you can use a partial quotation instead by removing irrelevant portions of text and replacing the missing parts with three full stops, like in these examples: “The function of the culture industry is…to organize leisure time in the same way as capitalist industrialization has organised work time. Work under capitalism stunts the senses; the function of the culture industry is to continue the process” (Storey, 2017:11) “On the contrary we can only understand an effective and dominant culture if we understand the real social process on which it depends…educational institutions are usually the main agencies of the transmission of an effective dominant culture” (Williams, 2005:38-39) Citing Indirect Quotations (Paraphrasing) An indirect quotation is when you explain someone’s writing, work or ideas in your own words. This is also known as paraphrasing. There is no need to use double quotation marks but you must still include a citation. Paraphrasing is more complex than changing the occasional word, you must be able to convey the author’s original meaning while summarising or simplifying their writing. For example, here is a direct quotation: “Of course, if women could subvert so-called masculine traits by adapting and adopting masculine fashions, then it was also possible for men to procure feminine styles for themslves, and, as the century progressed, the cries of ‘gender confusion’ by media and academic commentators became increasingly loud” (Arnold, 2001:101) This direct quotation could be paraphrased like this: Increasing discourse surrounding gender emerged as the traditional distinctions between male and female fashion became blurred (Arnold, 2001:101). Or, like this: Traditional notions of gender were challenged by women wearing fashions usually intended for men and men wearing fashions usually intended for women (Arnold, 2001:101). Paraphrasing depends upon your own writing style and vocabulary but it is important that you do not misrepresent the original source and that you remember to acknowledge your source using a citation. Citing two or more authors If your source has two authors then you include both names in your citation, like the following examples: (Ambrose and Harris, 2015:24) (Harryhausen and Dalton, 2005:116) If your source has more than two authors then you can write the name of the first author followed by et al., which is an abbreviation of a Latin phrase meaning “and others.” Et al. should be placed in italics: (Kotler et al., 2012:15) 5 Citing multiple works by an author with the same publication date If you have used multiple works by the same author(s) but published in the same year it can be difficult to differentiate them since the Harvard system relies on surname and year of publication.

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