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Abstracts Presented at the International Neuropsychological Abstracts Presented at The International Neuropsychological Society, Finnish Neuropsychological Society, Joint Mid-Year Meeting July 29-August 1, 2009 Helsinki, Finland & Tallinn, Estonia WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON, JULY 29, 2009 Presidential Address: ture episodes as well as past ones, and even fictional ones. Mental time Time, Language, and the Human Brain travel provides us with many of the properties of mind we consider uniquely human, including a sense of self through time, the ability to plan in episodic detail, and perhaps even religion. The sharing of episodic INS President: Michael Corballis information, whether past, planned, or imaginary, is also adaptive, help- ing establish group identity and common goals—we are slaves to sto- ries, novels, plays, movies, television soaps, and gossip. Such sharing 4:45–5:30 p.m. may explain the evolution of language itself, and why language exhibits such properties as symbolic representations of elements of non-present M. CORBALLIS. Time, Language, and the Human Brain. events, time and place markers, and combinatorial rules. Both brain imaging and studies of amnesia reveal extensive neural over- Correspondence: Michael Corballis, Dept of Psychology, University of lap in brain areas involved in remembering the past and imagining the Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 92019, New Zealand. E-mail: future. Episodic memory can therefore be regarded as part of a more [email protected] general system for mental time travel, involving the construction of fu- THURSDAY MORNING, JULY 30, 2009 Paper Session 1: healthy older adults did not show this effect. Long-term recognition was Memory in Clinical Conditions superior for neutral pictures in both groups. Our results are partially in accordance with socioemotional selectivity theory suggesting that older 8:30–10:00 a.m. people and AD patients shift their attention away from negative infor- mation to promote their emotional well-being. Correspondence: Roy P. Kessels, PhD, Donders Centre for Cognition, R.P. KESSELS, M.J. HUIJBERS & M.G. OLDE RIKKERT. Source Radboud University Nijmegen, Montessorilaan 3, Nijmegen 6525 HR, Memory for Emotional Pictures in Alzheimer Patients. Netherlands. E-mail: [email protected] Objective: Emotional content facilitates subsequent recall, known as the emotional enhancement effect. In patients with memory impairment, there is also evidence for an emotional long-term memory enhance- P. SPAAN & J.G. RAAIJMAKERS. Episodic and Semantic Memory ment effect, but it has been suggested that emotional content in work- Decline in Very Old Age: The Impact of Processing Speed and ing-memory paradigm reduces the encoding of contextual information, Executive Functioning. such as spatial location. In this study we examine source memory for Objective: We investigated episodic and semantic memory within the emotional pictures in Alzheimer’s dementia (AD), separating working- aging spectrum from young-old to very old age. We specifically exam- memory binding and long-term recall. ined the interplay with processing speed and executive functioning. Participants and Methods: 23 AD patients and 23 matched, healthy The central question was whether age-related episodic or semantic mem- older adults performed a picture relocation task, followed by an old-new ory impairments were better explained by decline of processing speed recognition task (10 minute interval). Two repeated measures ANOVAs and/or executive functioning, rather than directly in terms of memory were conducted with relocation accuracy and recognition accuracy (d’) components. as dependent variables, emotion (positive, negative, neutral) as within- Participants and Methods: 234 cognitively healthy elderly persons of subject variable and group as between-subject variable. 55-96 years old (M = 71.6 years, SD = 10.1; MMSE: M = 28.7, SD = 1.3) Results: AD patients were impaired on both tasks, compared to the were administered a computerized test battery, reflecting episodic mem- healthy older subjects. Emotional content did not affect working mem- ory (free and cued recall; recognition), semantic memory (fluency; nam- ory for picture-locations in general, but AD patients performed better ing accuracy and naming latencies), processing speed and executive func- when pictures contained positive information (p=0.056). In addition, tioning. To avoid large variances in reaction times due to physical limitations, neutral pictures were more accurately recognized than negative pictures no motor responses were required. Nested structural equation models (LIS- (p<0.05), and slightly better than positive pictures (p=0.062). This pat- REL 8.72) were compared to determine best model fit (p < .01). tern of results did not differ between the groups. Results: Age-related variance was best explained by models of indirect Conclusions: Contrary to our expectations, AD patients benefited from episodic and semantic memory decline when processing speed and ex- positive content in the picture-relocation working memory task, while ecutive functioning were taken into account. Processing speed mainly 1 2 2009 Joint Mid-Year Meeting mediated age-related decline of semantic memory processes, fluency as with digit span backward (p<0.05). IEQ-previous-year correlated also well as naming. Executive functioning mainly mediated episodic mem- with BSRT learning (p<0.05), while IEQ-5-, IEQ-10- and IEQ-15- ory decline. The most parsimonious model showed that processing speed previous-years correlated with both ROCF recalls (p<0.05) and Semantic and executive functioning influenced these memory components in par- fluency (p<0.01). AMI-SF performance correlated significantly only allel and independent from one another. with Semantic fluency (p<0.05). Conclusions: The results imply that in very old age, the impact of ex- Conclusions: At both baseline and end of ECT, depression remitters ecutive dysfunctions on episodic memory performance exceeds the in- and nonremitters showed comparable anterograde memory and retro- fluence of cognitive slowing. These findings contribute to the under- grade memory for impersonal events. However, remitters demonstrated standing of what is normal at very old age and what is not. better baseline semantic memory and their autobiographical memory Correspondence: Pauline Spaan, PhD, Psychonomics / Clinical Neu- was less affected by ECT. Retrograde memory function after ECT ap- ropsychology, University of Amsterdam, Roetersstraat 15, Amsterdam peared related to semantic and visual memory, but not to verbal episodic 1018 WB, Netherlands. E-mail: [email protected] memory in depressive patients. Correspondence: Maria Semkovska, PH.D., Dept. of Psychiatry TCD, St. Patrick’s Hospital, P.O. Box 136, James’s Street, Dublin Dublin 8, S. TAY, S. COLLINSON, E. LAU, A. MEYYAPPAN & B. ANG. Ireland. E-mail: [email protected] Prospective Memory Functioning and its Underlying Cognitive Components in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. Objective: Prospective memory is crucial for independent living. Deficits J. EGELAND, S.N. JOHANSEN & T. UELAND. Do Low Effort in prospective memory are a significant impediment to good recovery Learning Strategies Mediate Impaired Memory in ADHD? following traumatic brain injury. Cross-sectional studies in severe TBI Objective: As a group, subjects with ADHD are impaired in academic patients indicate that PM failures are associated with deficits in a vari- school learning. This may be due to a mild intellectual impairment, im- ety of cognitive abilities, yet no studies have explored prospective mem- paired attention or inability to allocate sufficient effort, as hypothe- ory capacity in Mild TBI and there is a lack of longitudinal evidence to sized in the Cognitive-Energetic Model of ADHD. In the present study, elucidate the cognitive mechanisms involved. we test the effort hypothesis by analyzing learning strategies applied in Participants and Methods: 31 Mild TBI patients and matched con- Children’s Auditory Verbal Memory Test-2. trols were given a range of neuropsychological tests measuring multiple Participants and Methods: Four indices of learning strategy, consid- cognitive domains at two time points. The extent of recovery in each in- ered to measure degree of effort, were analyzed from 67 subjects with dividual cognitive domain and its impact on prospective memory per- ADHD and 67 age matched normal controls between 9 and 16 years formance post-acutely are explored. of age. Results: MANOVAs showed that MTBI patients performed poorer than Results: The subjects with ADHD were impaired with regard to semantic controls on all cognitive domains assessed within a month of their in- clustering, retroactive interference and percent items reported from the jury. However, at three months post injury, deficits remained only in middle section of the list even when IQ was controlled for. Subjects prospective memory and the initial trials of RAVLT. with ADHD-C did not display the normal proactive interference-effect. Conclusions: Prospective memory deficits form part of the acute cog- The four effort indices explained 39 and 35 percent of the variance in nitive sequelae of Mild TBI and while recovery occurs in other cognitive free recall among subjects with ADHD-I and ADHD-C, respectively. IQ domains by three months, persistent deficits in prospective and imme- was still significant when the effect of strategy measures were accounted diate verbal memory remain. Close inspection of these deficits suggests for, whereas diagnosis was no longer significant when entered into
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