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Edizioni L'informatore Agrario www.informatoreagrario.it Edizioni L’Informatore Agrario Tutti i diritti riservati, a norma della Legge sul Diritto d’Autore e le sue sucessive modifi cazioni. Ogni utilizzo di quest’opera per usi diversi da quello personale e privato è tassativamente vietato. Edizioni L’Informatore Agrario S.p.A. non potrà comunque essere ritenuta responsabile per eventuali malfunzionamenti e/o danni di qualsiasi natura connessi all’uso dell’opera. AVVERSITÀ T DELLE PIANTE TECNICA • IN ITALIA NORD-ORIENTALE Antispila sp. minatore fogliare segnalato in Italia su vite ▪ COME RICONOSCERE Antispila sp. è stata rilevata, per la prima volta in Europa, nel 2007 ANTISPILA SP. e nel 2008 in diverse aree del Trentino e del Veneto. Si tratta di un nuovo minatore fogliare che può determinare forti infestazioni ADULTO ▪ Ali anteriori (2,9 ± 0,2 mm) di colore nero lu- cente con macchie argentee dai rifl essi dora- ti: banda trasversale basale, fascia mediana divisa in due macchie subtriangolari e mac- di M. Baldessari, G. Angeli, vante entità (ad esempio Mariani, 1941; V. Girolami, L. Mazzon, Marchesini et al., 2000; De Tomaso et chia circolare al centro dell’area distale E.J. van Nieukerken, C. Duso al., 2008). Le mine fogliari associate all’attività LARVE minatori fogliari della vite in Italia trofi ca delle due specie sono facilmente (e in Europa) sono rappresentati da distinguibili: le larve di H. rivillei scavano Appiattite di colore giallo, chiaro nelle prime Holocacista rivillei (Stainton) (Le- mine dapprima sottili in seguito dilatate età e più scuro nelle larve mature. pidoptera Heliozelidae), originaria a formare una placca ovalare (ofi ostig- Fodero larvale subellittico di colore bianca- Idel Bacino del Mediterraneo (Campore- matonomi); le mine prodotte da P. vite- stro, talvolta bruno chiaro. se e Marchesini, 1991), e da Phyllocnistis genella sono serpentiformi (ofi onomi) vitegenella Clemens (Lepidoptera Phyl- (fi gura 1). locnistidae), introdotta accidentalmente Nell’estate del 2007 sono state riscon- cista, anche se alcuni autori considerano dal Nord America (Posenato et al., 1997). trate mine fogliari, che si diff erenzia- Holocacista sinonimo di Antispila (van Holocacista rivillei è diff usa in tutta la vano da quelle provocate da H. rivillei Nieukerken, 2004). penisola (Marchi, 1956; Dal Rì e Delaiti, per l’assenza della prima porzione della Per l’Italia, oltre a H. rivillei, sono no- 1992, 1993; Alma, 1995) mentre Phylloc- mina a sviluppo fi liforme, in un vigneto te altre tre specie di Heliozelidae: Helio- nistis vitegenella è localizzata nelle regio- situato a Borgo Valsugana (Trento). Gli zela lithargyrellum (Zeller), H. sericiella ni nord-orientali e in Emilia-Romagna adulti ottenuti in laboratorio sono risul- (Haworth) e Antispila treitschkiella (Fi- (Marchesini et al., 2000; Villani, 2002; tati chiaramente distinguibili da quelli di scher von Röslerstamm) (Karsholt et al., Reggiani e Boselli, 2005). H. rivillei. Essi sono stati attribuiti a una 1995; van Nieukerken, 2004). Pertanto, Le due specie rivestono un ruolo se- specie nuova per l’Europa che aff erisce gli Heliozelidae associati alla vite in Eu- condario tra i fi tofagi della vite ma pos- al genere Antispila Hübner. ropa attualmente sono due: H. rivillei e sono dar luogo a pullulazioni localizza- la specie riportata in questo lavoro clas- te talvolta di rile- Gli Heliozelidae sifi cata come Antispila sp. Delle 45 specie di Antispila globalmen- associati alla vite te note, 15 si sviluppano a spese di Vita- ceae. Di queste sono note 10 specie legate Il genere Antispila appartiene alla fa- al genere Vitis di cui 4 in Nord America, miglia Heliozelidae che consta di circa 4 in Giappone e 2 in India (Kuruko, 1961; 130 specie diurne conosciute in tutte le Ueno et al., 1987; Kuroko, 1987; Robin- regioni zoogeografi che, ma diff use so- son et al., 2009). prattutto in Nord America e in Austra- Sfortunatamente, le specie america- lia («database» van Nieukerken, Becca- ne e indiane non sono descritte in det- loni et al., 2005; Robinson et al., 2009). taglio; ad esempio, le caratteristiche dei Le larve degli Heliozelidae scavano mi- loro genitali (carattere fondamentale per ne nelle foglie di varie specie arboree e l’identifi cazione) non sono note. Inoltre, arbustive e, alla fi ne dell’attività trofi ca, le specie americane non danno luogo a formano un caratteristico fodero ovale popolazioni rilevanti (R. Williams, com. entro cui incrisalidano. pers.) e, dunque, il reperimento di mate- Foto 1 - Foderi di Antispila sp. fi ssati al ritidoma della vite. Nel riquadro In Europa, sono note otto specie di He- riale di confronto non è agevole. Al con- una larva svernante fuoriuscita liozelidae aff erenti a quattro generi: An- trario, le descrizioni delle specie giappo- da un fodero aperto ad arte tispila, Antispilina, Heliozela e Holoca- nesi sono esaurienti. L’esame di reperti 68 L’Informatore Agrario • 15/2009 © 2009 Copyright Edizioni L’Informatore Agrario S.p.A. AVVERSITÀ TECNICA DELLE PIANTE T Antispila sp. Holocacista rivillei Phyllocnistis vitegenella FIGURA 1 - Minatori fogliari associati alla vite in Italia (disegno di Paolo Paolucci) provenienti da varie parti del mondo è larvale sub-ellittico è di colore bianca- Osservazioni preliminari in corso. stro, talvolta bruno chiaro. Se Antispila sp. non dovesse corrispon- In un vigneto non trattato con inset- dere a una delle specie giapponesi o in- Distribuzione geografi ca ticidi, sito a Borgo Valsugana (Trento), diane si renderebbero necessarie indagi- di cultivar Chardonnay e allevato a per- ni accurate al fi ne di stabilire se si trat- e piante ospiti gola doppia, sono stati eff ettuati rilie- ti di una specie americana. Allo stesso vi preliminari (dall’inverno del 2007 tempo, si stanno eff ettuando indagini Nel 2007, la presenza del minatore è all’autunno del 2008) sulla fenologia e molecolari per attribuire un’identità a stata riscontrata in buona parte della Val- sull’incidenza dell’infestazione di An- questa specie. sugana, da Bassano del Grappa (Vicenza) tispila sp. a Levico Terme (Trento). Dal germogliamento, il vigneto è sta- Cenni morfologici Nel 2008, la specie è stata rinvenuta to suddiviso in tre blocchi in ciascu- più a nord, fi no a Civezzano (Trento) ma no dei quali sono state esaminate 60 su Antispila sp. non nei distretti viticoli della vicina Val foglie nel corso di cinque campiona- d’Adige (fi gura 2). menti. Allo scopo di valutare l’eff et- Gli adulti di Antispila sp. presentano Nel corso delle indagini effettuate to dell’esposizione della parete vege- un’apertura alare leggermente maggio- nel Veneto, nel 2008, sono stati riscon- tale sulla colonizzazione della specie, re rispetto a quella di H. rivillei. L’aper- trati focolai nelle provincie di Vicen- i controlli sono stati eff ettuati sul lato tura alare di adulti sfarfallati in prima- za, Treviso e Belluno ma non in quelle nord e sul lato sud della chioma. Per vera in Trentino è risultata pari a 2,9 ± di Padova e Verona. individuare eventuali ten- 0,2 mm di Antispila sp. e a 2,6 ± 0,4 mm In numerosi vigneti denze nella distribuzione per H. rivillei. Antispila sp. è stata rin- Alcune varietà di vite del fi llominatore all’inter- Le ali anteriori, di colore nero lucente venuta assieme a P. vite- quali Moscato e Prosecco no della pianta, sono sta- mostrano macchie argentee con rifl es- genella, raramente con appaiono relativamente ti eff ettuati rilievi anche si dorati e, in particolare, una banda H. rivillei. suscettibili agli attacchi su tre parti distinte della trasversale basale, una fascia mediana Oltre che su Vitis vi- di Antispila sp. chioma: in prossimità del suddivisa in due macchie sub-triango- nifera, Antispila sp. è fusto; alla base dei tralci; lari (una più piccola costale e una più stata segnalata su viti sulla porzione distale dei grande basale) e una macchia circolare selvatiche e ibridi produttori diretti (ad tralci. Su ciascuna parte sono state os- al centro dell’area distale (fi gura 1). Al esempio Clinton). In base all’incidenza servate 60 foglie. contrario, H. rivillei presenta due coppie dei sintomi fogliari, alcune varietà di vite Le osservazioni hanno consentito di di macchie sub-triangolari giallo-dorate (ad esempio Moscato, Prosecco) appaiono stabilire che Antispila sp. sverna come (basali e costali) sulle ali anteriori. relativamente suscettibili. larva matura all’interno del fodero lar- Le larve di Antispila sp. sono appiattite Tra le altre piante ospiti, va segnalata Par- vale fi ssato sulle cortecce del tronco o su e di colore giallo, chiaro nelle prime età thenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planchon (ap- altri supporti (foto 1). e più scuro nelle larve mature. Il fodero partenente alla famiglia delle Vitaceae). In primavera, le larve completano lo 15/2009 • L’Informatore Agrario 69 © 2009 Copyright Edizioni L’Informatore Agrario S.p.A. AVVERSITÀ T DELLE PIANTE TECNICA sviluppo e ha luogo lo sfarfalla- bienti erano stati impiegati esteri mento degli adulti; questi si loca- fosforici. lizzano sulla pagina inferiore del- Le elevate densità del fi llomina- le foglie e compiono spostamenti tore riscontrate in alcuni vigneti limitati. pongono degli interrogativi sulle Nel 2008, i primi adulti sono cause di queste pullulazioni. stati osservati all’inizio di giugno L’introduzione di fi tofagi allocto- e le prime mine fogliari nella se- ni in Italia è stata spesso seguita da conda metà dello stesso mese. Le infestazioni derivanti dalla scarsa larve scavano nel mesofi llo una capacità di controllo da parte de- mina di forma ovalare (stigmato- gli antagonisti naturali autoctoni. nomio) visibile sulla pagina supe- In Trentino, il ruolo dei predatori riore della foglia. e dei parassitoidi nel controllo di Verso la fi ne dello sviluppo, la Antispila sp. è apparso marginale, larva riveste di seta le facce in- mentre in Veneto sono state rileva- terne della mina e ritaglia i bordi te percentuali di parassitizzazione dell’epidermide fogliare (superiore variabili dal 30 al 46% (Pozzebon e inferiore) riunendoli con fi li di A., com.
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