A Testability Analysis Framework for Non-Functional Properties
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Utilitarianism & the Afterlife
Utilitarianism & the Afterlife The paradox of a pleasant hereafter Betsy McCall The goal of Utilitarianism is to lay out a moral philosophy to provide us a way of living, and a way of making difficult moral choices correctly(Mill, 2001) in circumstances which are uncommon enough that experience has not, or cannot, prepare us for the solution. But in doing so, Utilitarianism must confront the same moral challenges confronted by all moral philosophies, including the consequences of belief in the afterlife(Hasker, 2005). The afterlife has provided a complex moral challenge for many moral philosophical frameworks throughout the ages, from Buddhism to Christianity. Buddhism posits that life is suffering, and that the ultimate goal of living is really to escape living altogether by achieving nirvana, or at least, a better life in the next reincarnation(Becker, 1993). Christianity similarly puts this life into a comparison with another better alternative, in this case, the possibility of an infinitely better afterlife in heaven with god and the angels(Pohle, 1920). In both cases, the philosophical frameworks have been forced to incorporate specific prohibitions against suicide in order to avoid the apparently logical conclusion that death is preferable to life, and we would do well to get ourselves there as quickly as possible. Mill, in arguing for Utilitarianism, does not specifically address this question, perhaps because Mill himself gave the afterlife little personal credence(Wilson, 2009). However, writing to a largely Christian Western audience, like Christianity, and a deep-seated historical affinity for belief in reincarnation(Haraldsson, 2005), Mill and his followers must be prepared to address this potential concern. -
Download, but We Did Not Check That Aspect for Each Tool
A survey on software testability Vahid Garousi Michael Felderer Feyza Nur Kılıçaslan Information Technology Group Blekinge Institute of Technology, Sweden & Department of Computer Engineering Wageningen University, Netherlands University of Innsbruck, Austria Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Abstract: Context: Software testability is the degree to which a software system or a unit under test supports its own testing. To predict and improve software testability, a large number of techniques and metrics have been proposed by both practitioners and researchers in the last several decades. Reviewing and getting an overview of the entire state-of-the-art and state-of-the- practice in this area is often challenging for a practitioner or a new researcher. Objective: Our objective is to summarize the body of knowledge in this area and to benefit the readers (both practitioners and researchers) in preparing, measuring and improving software testability. Method: To address the above need, the authors conducted a survey in the form of a systematic literature mapping (classification) to find out what we as a community know about this topic. After compiling an initial pool of 303 papers, and applying a set of inclusion/exclusion criteria, our final pool included 208 papers. Results: The area of software testability has been comprehensively studied by researchers and practitioners. Approaches for measurement of testability and improvement of testability are the most-frequently addressed in the papers. The two most often mentioned factors affecting testability are observability and controllability. Common ways to improve testability are testability transformation, improving observability, adding assertions, and improving controllability. -
Foundations of Nursing Science 9781284041347 CH01.Indd Page 2 10/23/13 10:44 AM Ff-446 /207/JB00090/Work/Indd
9781284041347_CH01.indd Page 1 10/23/13 10:44 AM ff-446 /207/JB00090/work/indd © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION PART 1 Foundations of Nursing Science 9781284041347_CH01.indd Page 2 10/23/13 10:44 AM ff-446 /207/JB00090/work/indd © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 9781284041347_CH01.indd Page 3 10/23/13 10:44 AM ff-446 /207/JB00090/work/indd © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION CHAPTER Philosophy of Science: An Introduction 1 E. Carol Polifroni Introduction A philosophy of science is a perspective—a lens, a way one views the world, and, in the case of advanced practice nurses, the viewpoint the nurse acts from in every encounter with a patient, family, or group. A person’s philosophy of science cre- ates the frame on a picture—a message that becomes a paradigm and a point of reference. Each individual’s philosophy of science will permit some things to be seen and cause others to be blocked. It allows people to be open to some thoughts and potentially keeps them closed to others. A philosophy will deem some ideas correct, others inconsistent, and some simply wrong. While philosophy of sci- ence is not meant to be viewed as a black or white proposition, it does provide perspectives that include some ideas and thoughts and, therefore, it must neces- sarily exclude others. The important key is to ensure that the ideas and thoughts within a given philosophy remain consistent with one another, rather than being in opposition. -
The Synchronicity of Hope and Enhanced Quality of Life in Terminal Cancer
University of Central Florida STARS Honors Undergraduate Theses UCF Theses and Dissertations 2016 The Synchronicity of Hope and Enhanced Quality of Life in Terminal Cancer Brianna M. Terry University of Central Florida Part of the Nursing Commons Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/honorstheses University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the UCF Theses and Dissertations at STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Undergraduate Theses by an authorized administrator of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Recommended Citation Terry, Brianna M., "The Synchronicity of Hope and Enhanced Quality of Life in Terminal Cancer" (2016). Honors Undergraduate Theses. 75. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/honorstheses/75 THE SYNCHRONICITY OF HOPE AND ENHANCED QUALITY OF LIFE IN TERMINAL CANCER by BRIANNA TERRY A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Honors in the Major Program in Nursing in the College of Nursing and in the Burnett Honors College at the University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida Summer Term, 2016 Thesis Chair: Dr. Susan Chase Abstract Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States and a leading cause of death worldwide. The rate of mortality is currently approximately 171.2 out of every 100,000 individuals with a terminal cancer diagnosis annually. Individuals with terminal cancer diagnoses facing probable mortality utilize various coping mechanisms or internal resources in an attempt to maintain an internal sense of well-being, commonly referred to as quality of life (QOL). -
1 Bringing Real Realism Back Home: a Perspectival Slant Michela Massimi
Bringing real realism back home: a perspectival slant Michela Massimi School of Philosophy, Psychology, and Language Sciences University of Edinburgh [email protected] 1. Introduction When it comes to debates on realism in science, Philip Kitcher’s Real Realism: The Galilean Strategy (henceforth abbreviated as RR) occupies its well-deserved place among my top five must-read articles published in the past forty years or so on the topic (alongside Putnam’s What is realism?; Boyd’s Realism, anti-foundationalism and the enthusiasm for Natural Kinds; Laudan’s A refutation of convergent realism; and Psillos’ The present state of the scientific realism debate). Personal as this top-five list may be, there is no doubt that Real Realism has ushered in a silent revolution. Without much fanfare, it has shown how realism is hard to resist because it “begins at home” and “it never ventures into the metaphysical never-never- lands to which antirealists are so keen to banish their opponents” (RR, p. 191). Kitcher has taught us how realism began with homely considerations such as those used by Galileo to persuade the Venetians about the reliability of his telescope to spot ships approaching the harbor. The following step from ‘being a reliable naval instrument’ to ‘being a reliable instrument, in general’—capable of revealing the craters of the Moon, the satellites of Jupiter, and the phases of Venus—was a short one. The Galilean strategy that Kitcher has so admirably defended in Real Realism against both empiricism and constructivism (in their respective semantic and epistemic forms) entice us to a “homely line of thought”, and warns us against any “Grand Metaphysical Conclusions”. -
Developing the Researchable Problem
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION CHAPTER © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett2 Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Developing the © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONResearchableNOT Problem FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © echo3005/ShutterStock, Inc. © echo3005/ShutterStock, © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Objectives © Jones & BartlettUpon completion Learning, of thisLLC chapter, the reader should© Jonesbe prepared & Bartlett to: Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE 1.OR Discuss DISTRIBUTION the elements needed to formulateNOT aFOR research SALE ques- OR DISTRIBUTION tion, specifi cally discussing the PICOT process of developing a research question. 2. Utilize sample scenarios to formulate suitable research questions. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, 3.LLC Discuss the development© of Jones a testable & hypothesis.Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION4. Describe the diff erent categoriesNOT FOR of hypotheses:SALE OR research DISTRIBUTION vs. sta- tistical, directional vs. nondirectional. 5. Determine when it would be most appropriate to utilize a research question and when it would be most appropriate to uti- © Joneslize a& hypothesis. Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT6. FORDiscuss SALE the diff OR erence DISTRIBUTION between a directional hypothesisNOT and FORa SALE OR DISTRIBUTION nondirectional hypothesis. 7. Discuss the diff erence between a research hypothesis and a sta- tistical hypothesis. © Jones & Bartlett8. -
Philosophy of Science Association
Philosophy of Science Association Testability and Meaning--Continued Author(s): Rudolf Carnap Source: Philosophy of Science, Vol. 4, No. 1 (Jan., 1937), pp. 1-40 Published by: The University of Chicago Press on behalf of the Philosophy of Science Association Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/184580 Accessed: 22/09/2008 10:53 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=ucpress. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit organization founded in 1995 to build trusted digital archives for scholarship. We work with the scholarly community to preserve their work and the materials they rely upon, and to build a common research platform that promotes the discovery and use of these resources. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Philosophy of Science Association and The University of Chicago Press are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Philosophy of Science. -
Levitt Sample.Qxd
CHAPTER 1 Psychological Research The Whys and Hows of the Scientific Method CONSIDER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS AS YOU READ CHAPTER 1 • Why do psychologists use the scientific method? • How do psychologists use the scientific method? • What are the canons of the scientific method? • What is the difference between basic and applied research? • How do basic and applied research interact to increase our knowledge about behavior? As an instructor of an introductory psychology course for psychology majors, I ask my first-semester freshman students the question “What is a psychologist?” At the beginning of the semester, students typically say that a psychologist listens to other people’s problems to help them live happier lives. By the end of the semester and their first college course in psychology, these same students will respond that a psychologist studies behavior through research. These students have learned that psychology is a science that investigates behav - ior, mental processes, and their causes. That is what this book is about: how psychologists use the scientific method to observe and understand behavior and mental processes. The goal of this text is to give you a step-by-step approach to designing research in psy - chology, from the purpose of research (discussed in this chapter) and the types of questions psychologists ask about behavior, to the methods psychologists use to observe and under - stand behavior and describe their findings to others in the field. WHY PSYCHOLOGISTS CONDUCT RESEARCH Think about how you know the things you know. How do you know the earth is round? How do you know it is September? How do you know that there is a poverty crisis in some parts of Africa? There are probably many ways that you know these things. -
ALIGNMENT of OPEN SOURCE TOOLS with the NEW ISO 25010 STANDARD Focus on Maintainability
ALIGNMENT OF OPEN SOURCE TOOLS WITH THE NEW ISO 25010 STANDARD Focus on Maintainability Emanuel Irrazábal, Javier Garzás University Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain Kybele Consulting S. L., Madrid, Spain Esperanza Marcos University Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain Keywords: ISO 25010, Maintainability, Tools, Product metrics. Abstract: Nowadays, quality and especially software product quality is becoming a hot topic in the context of Software Engineering. In this context, measures provide the basis for the improvement and, in particular, code measures provide direct visibility of product quality. Nevertheless, some organizations cannot afford these tools. Several studies have revealed that applying quality models in Small and Medium-Sized enterprises (SMEs) is a very challenging task. Related to this, open-source tools emerge as the answer to provide with the technical support to collect the information needed to assess the quality of software assets. In this work, we review how existing open-source tools fulfill the needs for quality measures raised when you want to assess product quality according to the new ISO/IEC 25010 standard, which has introduced changes in the characteristics of model quality over the previous model. We have focused on the characteristic of maintainability because of its historical significance and its direct impact on total costs. 1 INTRODUCTION Basically, the product quality model identifies quality characteristics and how they are decomposed Quality is currently recognized by companies as a into subcharacteristics. In this work we focus on one major asset to improve their competitiveness. At the of them: maintainability, since it has been same time it has become an essential requirement to historically recognised as one of the most relevant ensure that the processes and products developed issues given its direct impact over the cost of meet the needs of the customer. -
The Alienation of Reason a HISTORY of POSITIVIST THOUGHT .,....O by Leszek Kolakowski
The Alienation of Reason A HISTORY OF POSITIVIST THOUGHT .,....o by Leszek Kolakowski Translated by Norbert Guterman DOUBLEOAY a COMPANY, INC. GARDEN CITY, NEW YORK 1968 Contents Preface V ONE. An Over-all View of Positivism TWO. Positivism Down to David Hume II THREE. Auguste Comte: Positivism in the Romantic Age 47 FOUR. Positivism Triumphant 73 FIVE. Positivism at the Turn of the Ccntury 104 SIX. Conventionalism-Destruction of the Concept of Fact 134 SEVEN. Pragmatism and Positivism 154 EIGHT. Logical Empiricism: A Scientistic Defense of Threatened Gvilization 174 Conclusion 207 Index 221 8 nIE ALIENATION Oll' REASON sense, i.e„ to the cxtent that they teil us what opcrations arc or arc not effcctive in achicving a desircd end. Examplcs of such tcchnical judgmcnts would bc a statement to thc cff cct that we should administer pcnicillin in a case of pncumonia or one to the cffect that children ought not be threatened with a bcating if they won't cat. Such statements can, clearly, be justificd, if thcir mcaning is respectivcly that pcnicillin is an cffectivc rem cdy against pncumonia, and that thrcatcning children with pun ishmcnt to makc them cat causes charactcrological handicaps. And if wc assume tacitly that, as a rulc, it is a good thing to eure the sick and a bad thing to inflict psychic dcformation upon childrcn, the above-mcntioncd statements can be justi.fied, even though thcy do havc thc form of normative judgmcnts. But we are not to assume that any valuc assertion that we rccognizc as truc ''in itsclf," rathcr than in rclation to something eise, can bc justificd by expericnce. -
Improving the Testability of Object-Oriented Software During Testing and Debugging Processes
International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887) Volume 35– No.11, December 2011 Improving the Testability of Object-oriented Software during Testing and Debugging Processes Sujata Khatri R.S. Chhillar V.B.Singh DDU College DCSA, M.D.U Delhi College of Arts & University of Delhi, Delhi Rohtak, Haryana Commerce India India University of Delhi, Delhi India ABSTRACT procedural and object oriented software system. Software reliability growth models which is used for finding failure Testability is the probability whether tests will detect a fault, distribution and fault complexity of software is described in given that a fault in the program exists. How efficiently the section 2. Section 3 describes Data Sets along with sample of faults will be uncovered depends upon the testability of the software. Various researchers have proposed qualitative and bug reported data. failure . The impact of value of parameter quantitative techniques to improve and measure the testability of reliability growth models on improving testability is of software. In literature, a plethora of reliability growth described in section 4. Conclusion of the paper and future models have been used to assess and measure the quantitative research direction is given in section 5. quality assessment of software during testing and operational phase. The knowledge about failure distribution and their 1.1 Testability of Software complexity can improve the testability of software. Testing effort allocation can be made easy by knowing the failure The IEEE Standard Glossary of Software Engineering distribution and complexity of faults, and this will ease the Terminology‟ defines testability as“(1) the degree to which a process of revealing faults from the software. -
Metric Based Testability Estimation Model for Object Oriented Design: Quality Perspective
Journal of Software Engineering and Applications, 2015, 8, 234-243 Published Online April 2015 in SciRes. http://www.scirp.org/journal/jsea http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jsea.2015.84024 Metric Based Testability Estimation Model for Object Oriented Design: Quality Perspective Mahfuzul Huda1, Yagya Dutt Sharma Arya1, Mahmoodul Hasan Khan2 1Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Invertis University, Bareilly, India 2Department of Computer Science and Engineering, IET, Lucknow, India Email: [email protected] Received 5 April 2015; accepted 23 April 2015; published 27 April 2015 Copyright © 2015 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Abstract The quality factor of class diagram is critical because it has significant influence on overall quality of the product, delivered finally. Testability has been recognized as a key factor to software quality. Estimating testability at design stage is a criterion of crucial significance for software designers to make the design more testable. Taking view of this fact, this paper identifies testability factors namely effectiveness and reusability and establishes the correlation among testability, effective- ness and reusability and justifies the correlation with the help of statistical measures. Moreover study developed metric based testability estimation model and developed model has been vali- dated using experimental test. Subsequently, research integrates the empirical validation of the developed model for high level acceptance. Finally a hypothesis test performs by the two stan- dards to test the significance of correlation. Keywords Testability, Testability Model, Effectiveness, Reusability, Testability Factors, Design Phase 1.