DOCSLIB.ORG

Sex Composition and Female Offending: Under the Impact of the One-Child Policy

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Sex Composition and Female Offending: Under the Impact of the One-Child Policy University of Kentucky UKnowledge Theses and Dissertations--Sociology Sociology 2018 SEX COMPOSITION AND FEMALE OFFENDING: UNDER THE IMPACT OF THE ONE-CHILD POLICY Ting Wang University of Kentucky, [email protected] Author ORCID Identifier: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4922-8642 Digital Object Identifier: https://doi.org/10.13023/etd.2018.327 Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Wang, Ting, "SEX COMPOSITION AND FEMALE OFFENDING: UNDER THE IMPACT OF THE ONE-CHILD POLICY" (2018). Theses and Dissertations--Sociology. 37. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/sociology_etds/37 This Doctoral Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Sociology at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations--Sociology by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STUDENT AGREEMENT: I represent that my thesis or dissertation and abstract are my original work. Proper attribution has been given to all outside sources. I understand that I am solely responsible for obtaining any needed copyright permissions. I have obtained needed written permission statement(s) from the owner(s) of each third-party copyrighted matter to be included in my work, allowing electronic distribution (if such use is not permitted by the fair use doctrine) which will be submitted to UKnowledge as Additional File. I hereby grant to The University of Kentucky and its agents the irrevocable, non-exclusive, and royalty-free license to archive and make accessible my work in whole or in part in all forms of media, now or hereafter known. I agree that the document mentioned above may be made available immediately for worldwide access unless an embargo applies. I retain all other ownership rights to the copyright of my work. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of my work. I understand that I am free to register the copyright to my work. REVIEW, APPROVAL AND ACCEPTANCE The document mentioned above has been reviewed and accepted by the student’s advisor, on behalf of the advisory committee, and by the Director of Graduate Studies (DGS), on behalf of the program; we verify that this is the final, approved version of the student’s thesis including all changes required by the advisory committee. The undersigned agree to abide by the statements above. Ting Wang, Student Dr. Janet Stamatel, Major Professor Dr. Janet Stamatel, Director of Graduate Studies SEX COMPOSITION AND FEMALE OFFENDING: UNDER THE IMPACT OF THE ONE-CHILD POLICY ______________________________________ DISSERTATION ______________________________________ A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the College of Arts and Sciences at the University of Kentucky By Ting Wang Lexington, Kentucky Co-Directors: Dr. Janet Stamatel, Associate Professor of Sociology and Dr. Claire Renzetti, Professor of Sociology Lexington, Kentucky Copyright © Ting Wang 2018 ABSTRACT OF DISSERTATION SEX COMPOSITION AND FEMALE OFFENDING: UNDER THE IMPACT OF THE ONE-CHILD POLICY This dissertation explores the mechanisms of the increasing female crime in China from the effect of the one-child policy, which is treated herein as a natural experiment. Data reveal that the women’s share of documented crime dramatically increased after the mid- 1990s when the first one-child generation reached the age of legal responsibility. This change reflects the interplay of the behavioral change and the net-widening effect. The increasing criminality of the one-child generation is attributable to the gap between the equal gender expectations of the individual, which has been reshaped by the unique socialization practices under the influence of the policy, and a stubbornly unequal gender hierarchy in the society. As a result, the one-child-generation women who disproportionately suffer the resulting strains are more likely to become involved in property and occupational crime as the alternative means to fulfill their aspirations for economic success. Additionally, the effect of the policy affects not only the individual gender roles of the only children but also their peers who have siblings through the intermediary of a culture shift. Therefore, the policy has changed the behavior of a whole new generation through the process of socialization and the lag in the structural change. The net-widening effect is another pathway of the unequal gender structure and ideologies to the increasing female crime. Moral panic associated with the emergence of diverse forms of female offenses lead to an inordinate degree of adverse attention focused upon the one-child-generation women by criminal justice professionals. The increased criminalization of sexuality brought an increasing number of the one-child-generation women into conflict with the law, usually for prostituting themselves for easy money to fulfill their material satisfaction. Consequently, the one-child-generation female offenders are perceived as “doubly deviant” from the law and from the socially prescribed ideology of gender and are, therefore, punished more harshly than before by the criminal justice system. This dissertation not only explores an understudied country in criminological research but also seeks to apply the findings to a broad sphere to explain the increasing female crime that has been observed worldwide. It disentangles the theoretical controversy in explaining the increase in the share of crime committed by women in general by embedding the argument in a multidimensional gender role repertoire. KEYWORDS: Female Crime, One-child Policy, Imbalanced Sex Ratios, Gender Role Repertoire, Gender Inequality Ting Wang . July 23, 2018 . Date SEX COMPOSITION AND FEMALE OFFENDING: UNDER THE IMPACT OF THE ONE-CHILD POLICY By Ting Wang Dr. Janet Stamatel Co-Director of Dissertation Dr. Claire Renzetti Co-Director of Dissertation Dr. Janet Stamatel Director of Graduate Studies July 23, 2018 To my parents, Xiaoyan Jiang and Xuejun Wang, for your unconditional support, love, and trust. To my sons, Orlando and Austin Wang, for your cherubic smiles and genuine hearts that have made me stronger and more fulfilled than ever before. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS When I look back and recall the time I decided to pursue my second Ph.D. degree in a new field, I always feel the craziness. It is far beyond my ability to count how many strikes I have experienced from the inter-disciplinary transference to sociology. Moreover, I cannot imagine how I could have finished this dissertation without so many special people always supporting, guiding, and stick with me along the way. I am tremendously fortunate to have committee members Janet Stamatel, Claire Renzetti, Thomas Janoski, Charlie Yi Zhang, and Edward Morris who was on my committee for my dissertation proposal. Co-chair Janet Stamatel and Claire Renzetti brought a depth of knowledge that few could match. I thank them for supporting this project and giving such thoughtful feedback, always aimed at moving me forward. I am grateful for the conversations and email communication with Thomas Janoski and Charlie Zhang, which generated new ideas and improvements in my work. I thank Edward Morris for his service and suggestions to my dissertation despite his overwhelming schedule. I am appreciative of the extra service of my dissertation committee and the outside reader, Dr. Mandakini Sadhir, generously offered to me during the summer break. I thank the whole community of colleagues and friends in the Department of Sociology at the University of Kentucky, for their tremendous support, encouragement, and assistance for my work: Ana Liberato, Tony Love, Keiko Tanaka, Christopher Huggins, Patrick Mooney, Shaunna Scott, Kathryn Engle, Chenghui Zhang, Julia Miller, Sakin Erin, Sara Compion, Amanda Bunting, Joseph Calvert, Grace Cale, Jared Friesen, Allison Adair, and Justin Conder. It was crazy to do the second doctoral degree, but I never regret my decision; or else, I would have never met them all, who let me be better than ever. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................. iii LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................. vi LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... vii Chapter 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................1 1.1. Introduction and Objectives ..............................................................................1 1.2. Methodology .....................................................................................................8 1.3. Structure ............................................................................................................9 1.4. Figures.............................................................................................................11 Chapter 2. Sex Ratios and Female Crime ..........................................................................12 2.1. Introduction .....................................................................................................12 2.2. China’s One-Child Policy ...............................................................................14 2.3. Theory and Literature .....................................................................................17
Load more

Recommended publications
  • |||GET||| Sex, Gender, and Sexuality the New Basics 3Rd Edition
    SEX, GENDER, AND SEXUALITY THE NEW BASICS 3RD EDITION DOWNLOAD FREE Abby L Ferber | 9780190278649 | | | | | Sex, Gender, and Sexuality Learn more. The Occupied Territories? It integrates a variety of selections, including first-person accounts and narratives, poems, theoretical analyses, and critiques of existing research. Sex, gender, and sexuality : the new basics ; an Gender by Abby L Ferber. Virginia Woolf 's legacy as well as " Adrienne Rich 's call for women's revisions of literary texts, and history as well, has galvanized a generation of feminist authors to reply with texts of their own". Julia Kristeva has significantly developed Sex field of semiotics. In politics, gender can be viewed as a foundational discourse that political actors employ in order to position themselves on a variety of issues. Search Start Search. Tamsin Wilton,? The Gender People's Government supports studies of gender and Sexuality The New Basics 3rd edition social development of gender in history and practices that lead to gender equality. Book Description Condition: New. From Beyond the Closet? ConnellMichael Kimmeland E. The last decade has seen the number of women's studies PhD programs grow to at least 10 — most of them relatively new. Download a preview. In Russia gender studies is currently tolerated; however, state-supported practices that push a view related to perspectives on the gender of those in power — e. Your list has reached the maximum number of items. The concept of gender performativity is at the core of philosopher and gender theorist Judith Butler's work Gender Trouble. The online hub is also regularly updated to ensure you have access to the most up-to-date information on sexual health and best practices for teaching.
    [Show full text]
  • BOP: Gender Differences in Predictors of Prison Violence; Assessing The
    CRIMEHarer , Langan & DELINQUENCY / PREDICTORS / OCTOBER OF PRISON 2001 VIOLENCE Gender Differences in Predictors of Prison Violence: Assessing the Predictive Validity of a Risk Classification System Miles D. Harer Neal P. Langan Can the same risk classification instrument be used for both female and male prisoners? The authors answer this question using data for federal prisoners by comparing female and male prison violence rates and by comparing the predictive validity of a risk classifi- cation instrument used to predict female and male violence. The authors find women commit less violence and less serious violence than men. However, despite these gender differences, they find the same classification instrument predicts violent behavior equally well for women and men. Taken together, these results lead the authors to argue for correctional policies requiring separate classification systems for women and men. In recent years, a number of criminologists have called for empirical research addressing their suspicions that prisoner risk classification systems originally designed for men are less accurate in predicting female violent misconduct (Brennan, 1998; Burke & Adams, 1991; Farr, 2000). These authors note research showing that female rates for most violent crimes are substantially lower than rates for men and, moreover, that evidence suggests the circumstances in which women are violent often differ from the circum- stances in which men are violent. For example, Steffensmeier and Allen (1998) reported that the female arrest rate for homicide in 1995, as computed with data reported by the FBI, was 1.7 per 100,000 women, whereas the male rate was 16.6 per 100,000 men—nearly 10 times the female rate.1 In addition, data pertaining to the circumstances in which women and men kill show that women are more likely to kill a family member or boyfriend, whereas men are more likely to kill an acquaintance or stranger (Greenfeld & Snell, 1999).
    [Show full text]
  • Feminist Criminology
    Feminist Criminology http://fcx.sagepub.com/ Thirty Years of Sex Stratification in Violent Crime Partnerships and Groups Jennifer Schwartz, Meredith Conover-Williams and Katie Clemons Feminist Criminology published online 17 July 2014 DOI: 10.1177/1557085114536765 The online version of this article can be found at: http://fcx.sagepub.com/content/early/2014/07/16/1557085114536765 Published by: http://www.sagepublications.com On behalf of: Division on Women and Crime of The American Society of Criminology Additional services and information for Feminist Criminology can be found at: Email Alerts: http://fcx.sagepub.com/cgi/alerts Subscriptions: http://fcx.sagepub.com/subscriptions Reprints: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsReprints.nav Permissions: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav Citations: http://fcx.sagepub.com/content/early/2014/07/16/1557085114536765.refs.html >> OnlineFirst Version of Record - Jul 17, 2014 What is This? Downloaded from fcx.sagepub.com by guest on July 18, 2014 FCXXXX10.1177/1557085114536765Feminist CriminologySchwartz et al. 536765research-article2014 Article Feminist Criminology 1 –32 Thirty Years of Sex © The Author(s) 2014 Reprints and permissions: Stratification in Violent sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav DOI: 10.1177/1557085114536765 Crime Partnerships and fcx.sagepub.com Groups Jennifer Schwartz1, Meredith Conover-Williams2, and Katie Clemons1 Abstract Historically, crime groups rarely included women, but debates continue over whether women today are more violent, or have greater involvement in mixed-sex or all- female crime partnerships. We analyze variability in sex stratification of violent crime groups over time, and across situational offense characteristics, utilizing co-offending data from Supplementary Homicide Reports (SHR; 1980-2007) for homicide and National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS; 1995-2007) for robbery, felony, and simple assault.
    [Show full text]
  • Puerto Rico the Island and Beyond
    ReVista harvard review of Latin america • SPRING 2008 Puerto Rico The Island and Beyond DAVID ROCKEFELLER CENTER FOR LATIN AMERICAN STUDIES, HARVARD UNIVERSITY Editor’s LETTER I’m often asked what was the first country I ever visited in Latin America. I stumble and have to think before answer- ing. That’s not because I have a bad memory. I’m just not sure what counts as Latin America. Outside of my predominantly Dominican neighborhood on Manhat- tan’s Upper West Side, the first Latin American “country” I ever visited was Puerto Rico. I went to a Casals Festival there in February 1967, enjoying the tropical sun and melodious classical music. But Puerto Rico’s not precisely a country. And it’s not a state either. The ambivalent nature of its status mingled with my perception at that time that Puerto Rico was entirely too gringo. While my Dominican neighbors were insist- ing on selling milk to me at the bodega in Spanish, my tourist experience and San Juan’s high-rise buildings gave me the impression that Puerto Rico was very American in the U.S. sense of the word. The people were wonderful and the music was great, and I fell in love with the taste of piononos, but all in all, I came away feeling that Puerto Rico was Latin Lite. Flash forward many, many years to my second and third trips to Puerto Rico, both of them for international confer- ences in the 1990s. I’d lived and worked for more than 14 years in Latin America by then, and Spanish was very much second nature.
    [Show full text]
  • Representations of Youth Crime in Canada: a Feminist Criminological Analysis of Statistical Trends, National Canadian Newspapers, and Moral Panics
    Western University Scholarship@Western Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository 6-14-2016 12:00 AM Representations of Youth Crime in Canada: A Feminist Criminological Analysis of Statistical Trends, National Canadian Newspapers, and Moral Panics Jennifer Silcox The University of Western Ontario Supervisor Dr. Tracey Adams The University of Western Ontario Joint Supervisor Dr. Lorraine Davies The University of Western Ontario Graduate Program in Sociology A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree in Doctor of Philosophy ©Follow Jennif thiser and Silco additionalx 2016 works at: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd Part of the Criminology Commons, Criminology and Criminal Justice Commons, Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Studies Commons, Gender and Sexuality Commons, Quantitative, Qualitative, Comparative, and Historical Methodologies Commons, and the Social Control, Law, Crime, and Deviance Commons Recommended Citation Silcox, Jennifer, "Representations of Youth Crime in Canada: A Feminist Criminological Analysis of Statistical Trends, National Canadian Newspapers, and Moral Panics" (2016). Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. 3800. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/3800 This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship@Western. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Western. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Abstract This research explores different representations of youth crime in Canada from a feminist criminological and social constructionist perspective. Using a mixed-methods approach that draws upon historical scholarly works, official governmental crime and court statistics, and national Canadian newspapers, I investigate statistical and media representations of youth crime in Canada.
    [Show full text]
  • The Sex Ratio Tipping Point: an Exploration of Crime During Frontier America
    Brigham Young University BYU ScholarsArchive Theses and Dissertations 2011-08-10 The Sex Ratio Tipping Point: An Exploration of Crime during Frontier America Steven Matthew Stearmer Brigham Young University - Provo Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd Part of the Sociology Commons BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Stearmer, Steven Matthew, "The Sex Ratio Tipping Point: An Exploration of Crime during Frontier America" (2011). Theses and Dissertations. 2833. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2833 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. The Sex Ratio Tipping Point: An Exploration of Crime during Frontier America S. Matthew Stearmer A thesis submitted to the faculty of Brigham Young University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Carol J. Ward, Chair Howard Bahr John Hoffmann Department of Sociology Brigham Young University December 2011 Copyright © 2011 S. Matthew Stearmer All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT The Sex Ratio Tipping Point: An Exploration of Crime during Frontier America S. Matthew Stearmer Department of Sociology, BYU Master of Science Prior research confirms that the number of men in a population is associated with elevated levels of crime. The connection between higher numbers of males relative to females and crime is far less studied in larger aggregate populations, and the nature of the relationship is less clear. This study seeks to answer three questions: are unbalanced sex ratios associated with crime at the state level? At what level does the skew begin to matter? How quickly is the impact observed? These questions are examined through analysis of a novel longitudinal dataset of social characteristics and crime indicators for frontier American states between 1850 and 1920.
    [Show full text]
  • Romantic Relationships and Time-Varying Moderators of Desistance
    ROMANTIC RELATIONSHIPS AND TIME-VARYING MODERATORS OF DESISTANCE: A FOCUS ON ADOLESCENCE, EMERGING ADULTHOOD, AND ADULTHOOD _____________ A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology Sam Houston State University _____________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy _____________ by Sara Briana Zedaker May, 2017 ROMANTIC RELATIONSHIPS AND TIME-VARYING MODERATORS OF DESISTANCE: A FOCUS ON ADOLESCENCE, EMERGING ADULTHOOD, AND ADULTHOOD by Sara Briana Zedaker ______________ APPROVED: Leana A. Bouffard, PhD Dissertation Director Cortney Franklin, PhD Committee Member Erin Orrick, PhD Committee Member Phillip Lyons, PhD Dean, College of Criminal Justice DEDICATION First and foremost, I would like to dedicate this dissertation to my parents, Bill and Rhonda Simmons. Without your constant love, support, and encouragement I would never have made it this far. I love you both so much more than words can say. Second, I would like to dedicate this dissertation to my husband, Wade. You have been a constant source of support since I started this program and I can never thank you enough. You have been there for me through all the stress and given up so much of yourself to help me achieve my dreams. Most importantly, you gave me the best gift of all to make finishing this program so much more worth it: the pending arrival of our son, Cooper. I love you so much. Third, I would like to dedicate this dissertation to my sister, Leesa. I know you think I am crazy for doing this, but you have always been there to listen when I have been overwhelmed.
    [Show full text]
  • When Citizen Journalism Enables Processes of Shaming and Online Victimization
    Virtual punishment in the making: When citizen journalism enables processes of shaming and online victimization Mallén, Agneta 2016 Document Version: Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Mallén, A. (2016). Virtual punishment in the making: When citizen journalism enables processes of shaming and online victimization. Paper presented at Nordiska samarbetsrådet för kriminologi. Konferens Island 2016., Iceland. Total number of authors: 1 General rights Unless other specific re-use rights are stated the following general rights apply: Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal Read more about Creative commons licenses: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. LUND UNIVERSITY PO Box 117 221 00 Lund +46 46-222 00 00 NSfK’s 58. Research Seminar 1. - 4. May 2016 in Bifröst, Iceland New challenges in criminology; can old theories be used to explain or understand new crimes? NSfK’s 58.
    [Show full text]
  • Explaining the Gender Gap in Sentencing Outcomes: an Investigation of Differential Treatment in U.S
    EXPLAINING THE GENDER GAP IN SENTENCING OUTCOMES: AN INVESTIGATION OF DIFFERENTIAL TREATMENT IN U.S. FEDERAL COURTS Jill K. Doerner A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate College of Bowling Green State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY May 2009 Committee: Stephen Demuth, Advisor Neal Jesse Graduate Faculty Representative Stephen Cernkovich Joseph Jacoby Laura Sanchez © 2009 Jill K. Doerner All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT Stephen Demuth, Advisor Using data from the United States Sentencing Commission (USSC) from 2001 to 2003, I examine the role of gender in the sentencing of defendants in federal courts and investigate the multiple ways in which gender influences legal decision making and sentencing outcomes. Researchers have been slow to investigate female defendants and why women tend to be treated more leniently than men at the sentencing stage, with a majority of past studies focusing on male defendants and differences between racial and ethnic groups. To be sure, a small body of research has emerged that examines the gender gap in sentencing. However, many of these studies have not sought empirically to explain the gender gap or outline the different sources of gender-based sentencing disparity, relying instead on theoretical arguments and less than robust statistical analyses. Furthermore, prior investigations of the gender gap are dated; most existing studies rely on data from the 1970s and 1980s and use smaller state data sets or single city samples. In the present study,
    [Show full text]
  • Convergence of Race, Ethnicity, Gender and Class on Court
    POLICIES, PROCESSES, AND DECISIONS OF THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM The Convergence of Race, Ethnicity, Gender, and Class on Court Decisionmaking: Looking Toward the 21st Century by Marjorie S. Zatz A B Substantial attention has been paid in recent years to the effects of S race and gender on criminal justice processing and sanctioning. Far less consideration has been given to the multiple and often subtle T ways in which race, ethnicity, gender, and class converge to influence R decisionmaking and to the competing and shifting demands that shape this process. This chapter begins with a review of the major findings A from studies with singular emphases on race, gender, or class, outlin- C ing the key themes that have emerged in the theoretical and empirical literature. Next, research that explicitly considers the interaction of T two or more of these dimensions is addressed, again focusing on both substantive and methodological concerns. Having laid this ground- work, I use the prosecution of crack mothers and the murder trial of O.J. Simpson to exemplify the crucial importance of simultaneously considering the race, ethnicity, gender, and class status of both the offender and the victim. Continuing this theme, I examine three con- temporary crime control policies—the war on drugs, the war on gangs, and the automatic transfer of youths to adult court—to illus- trate how policies and the court decisions based on them may be racialized, gendered, and classed. 503 Marjorie S. Zatz is a Professor in the School of Justice Studies at Arizona State University in Tempe. VOLUME 3 THE CONVERGENCE OF RACE, ETHNICITY, GENDER, AND CLASS The second part of the chapter turns toward the future, exploring some cen- tral controversies and questions facing criminologists as we enter the 21st century.
    [Show full text]
  • Table of Contents
    Contents Publisher’s Note ............................vii Cultural Prejudice & Discrimination ..........244 Introduction ............................... ix Ending Racism & Discrimination in the Contributors ..............................xiii United States ...........................249 Ethnocentrism & Racism ....................255 Deviance & Social Control . 1 Genocide ................................261 Biological & Psychological Theories of Deviance ..3 Institutional Prejudice ......................267 Conflict Theory & Deviance ..................10 Interminority Racism .......................273 Control Theory of Deviance ..................16 Intersectionality ...........................279 Correctional Theories .......................22 Prejudice Theory: Bogardus & the Social Court System ..............................29 Distance Scale ..........................284 Crime Theory: Organized Crime ..............37 Prejudice Theory: Realistic Conflict Theory ....290 Criminal Recidivism .........................43 Prejudice Theory: Scapegoat Theory ..........296 Defining Deviance ..........................50 Race, Ethnicity & Income Inequality ..........302 Deterrence Theory .........................56 Racial Profiling ............................309 Deviance and Gender .......................62 Segregation. 315 Differential Association Theory ...............68 Durkheim & the Normalization of Deviance .....74 Society & Technology . 323 Gang Membership ..........................81 The Digital Divide .........................325 Informal
    [Show full text]
  • Gender Differences in the Drug Market
    The author(s) shown below used Federal funds provided by the U.S. Department of Justice and prepared the following final report: Document Title: Gender Differences in Drug Market Activities: A Comparative Assessment of Men and Women’s Participation in the Drug Market Author(s): Nancy Rodriguez, Ph.D.; Marie L. Griffin, Ph.D. Document No.: 211974 Date Received: November 2005 Award Number: 2004-IJ-CX-0014 This report has not been published by the U.S. Department of Justice. To provide better customer service, NCJRS has made this Federally- funded grant final report available electronically in addition to traditional paper copies. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. Gender Differences in Drug Market Activities: A Comparative Assessment of Men and Women’s Participation in the Drug Market Nancy Rodriguez, Ph.D. Marie L. Griffin, Ph.D. Criminal Justice and Criminology Arizona State University September 2005 This project was supported by Grant No. 2004-IJ-CX-0014 awarded by the National Institute of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice. Points of view in this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position or policies of the U.S.
    [Show full text]