Publisher’s Note...... vii Cultural Prejudice & Discrimination...... 244 Introduction...... ix Ending Racism & Discrimination in the Contributors...... xiii United States...... 249 Ethnocentrism & Racism...... 255 Deviance & Social Control �� 1 Genocide ...... 261 Biological & Psychological Theories of Deviance. .3 Institutional Prejudice...... 267 Conflict Theory & Deviance...... 10 Interminority Racism...... 273 Control Theory of Deviance...... 16 Intersectionality...... 279 Correctional Theories...... 22 Prejudice Theory: Bogardus & the Social Court System ...... 29 Distance Scale...... 284 Crime Theory: Organized Crime...... 37 Prejudice Theory: Realistic Conflict Theory. . .290 Criminal Recidivism...... 43 Prejudice Theory: Scapegoat Theory...... 296 Defining Deviance...... 50 Race, Ethnicity & Income Inequality...... 302 Deterrence Theory ...... 56 Racial Profiling...... 309 Deviance and Gender ...... 62 Segregation...... 315 Differential Association Theory ...... 68 Durkheim & the Normalization of Deviance. . . 74 Society & Technology �� 323 Gang Membership...... 81 The Digital Divide...... 325 Informal and Formal Social Control ...... 88 Digital Sociology ...... 332 Juvenile Crime in the U.S...... 94 The Internet & Society ...... 336 Labeling Theory...... 101 Jacques Ellul’s The Technological Society . . . . . 343 Media and Crime...... 106 Knowledge-Based Economy ...... 350 Medicalization of Deviance...... 111 Posthumanism...... 355 Militarization of Police ...... 118 Social Aspects of Technology in Education. . . 360 Overview of Hate Crimes...... 123 Social Impacts of Cyber Crime...... 367 Police ...... 131 Social Impacts of Wireless Communication. . . 373 Preventing Deviance by Amending Inequality. . 138 Social Media and News Reporting ...... 381 Preventing Deviance by Strengthening Social Media and Self-Worth...... 385 Social Bonds ...... 142 The Technological Revolution...... 390 Prison System...... 149 Technology & Medicine...... 395 Race, Ethnicity, and Law Enforcement. . . . . 158 Technology & Societal Development...... 401 Rational Choice Theory ...... 163 Technology & Surveillance...... 407 Rational Control Theory...... 169 Technology & the Judicial System...... 413 Re-Entering Society from Prison...... 175 Technology & the Mass Media ...... 419 Sex Differences in Crime...... 181 Weapons of Mass Destruction...... 424 Social Disorganization Theory...... 185 Sociology of Addiction...... 191 Sociology of Health & Medicine �� 431 Subcultural Theories of Deviance...... 198 Anti-Vaccination Movement...... 433 Victim Blaming...... 204 Body Image and the Media...... 438 Victimless Crime ...... 208 Body Work in Contemporary Society...... 444 Vigilantism...... 214 Child Obesity...... 451 Violent Crime in the U.S...... 218 Doctor-patient Communication...... 458 White Collar Crime...... 224 Holistic Medicine...... 465 Legal & Ethical Issues of Life & Death. . . . . 472 Race & Ethnicity �� 231 Long-term & Institutional Care ...... 477 Adorno’s Authoritarian Personality...... 233 Medicalization...... 484 Assimilation ...... 238 Mental Health & E-Therapy ...... 490 Contents Societal Issues & Behavior

Public Health Issues...... 496 Homophobia...... 595 Religion & Health...... 502 Kinsey Report...... 601 Substance Abuse Prevention & Education. . . .508 Political Inequality...... 607 Youth Suicide...... 517 Polyamory...... 612 Pornography...... 616 Sex, Gender & Sexuality �� 525 Sex Addiction Disorders...... 622 Attraction & Love...... 527 Sex, Gender & Sexuality: Sexually Contemporary Theories of Sexual Transmitted Infections...... 630 Orientation ...... 532 Sexual Assault and Rape...... 637 Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Gender . . . . .539 Sexual Development Across the Lifespan . . . .643 Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Sexual Sexual Harassment...... 651 Orientation ...... 544 Sexual Orientation and Youth ...... 656 Feminist Theories of Gender Inequality . . . . 549 Sexual Orientation in the United States . . . . 662 Gender and Domestic Responsibilities. . . . . 555 Sexuality and the Media ...... 667 Gender and Economic Inequality...... 560 Sociology of Contraception...... 676 Gender and Sexual Orientation in the Sociology of Prostitution...... 683 Workplace ...... 566 Structural Functionalist Theories of Gender Differences: Biology and Culture. . . .574 Gender Inequality...... 690 Gender in the Classroom ...... 580 Teen Pregnancy...... 695 Gender Issues in Physical Education ...... 585 Heteronormativity...... 590 Index �� 703

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