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Representations of Youth Crime in Canada: a Feminist Criminological Analysis of Statistical Trends, National Canadian Newspapers, and Moral Panics

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Representations of Youth Crime in Canada: a Feminist Criminological Analysis of Statistical Trends, National Canadian Newspapers, and Moral Panics Western University Scholarship@Western Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository 6-14-2016 12:00 AM Representations of Youth Crime in Canada: A Feminist Criminological Analysis of Statistical Trends, National Canadian Newspapers, and Moral Panics Jennifer Silcox The University of Western Ontario Supervisor Dr. Tracey Adams The University of Western Ontario Joint Supervisor Dr. Lorraine Davies The University of Western Ontario Graduate Program in Sociology A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree in Doctor of Philosophy ©Follow Jennif thiser and Silco additionalx 2016 works at: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd Part of the Criminology Commons, Criminology and Criminal Justice Commons, Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Studies Commons, Gender and Sexuality Commons, Quantitative, Qualitative, Comparative, and Historical Methodologies Commons, and the Social Control, Law, Crime, and Deviance Commons Recommended Citation Silcox, Jennifer, "Representations of Youth Crime in Canada: A Feminist Criminological Analysis of Statistical Trends, National Canadian Newspapers, and Moral Panics" (2016). Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. 3800. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/3800 This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship@Western. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Western. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Abstract This research explores different representations of youth crime in Canada from a feminist criminological and social constructionist perspective. Using a mixed-methods approach that draws upon historical scholarly works, official governmental crime and court statistics, and national Canadian newspapers, I investigate statistical and media representations of youth crime in Canada. Official crime and court statistics were analyzed to identify trends in youth crime and how they vary by gender and legislative changes. I provide an historical overview of changing definitions of youth, crime and delinquency, and consider how these combined with changing norms regarding morality to shape youth crime legislation in Canada from the late 18th century to the current era. I also determined if violence among female youth has been increasing between 1991/92 and 2011/12. Previous research has been divided. This analysis finds that youth crime is not increasing, and that boys’ crime continues to outpace girls’ crime. Neither girls’ violence, nor the severity of their crimes, are increasing, with the exception of criminal harassment and uttering threats. These increases possibly reflect changing attitudes towards bullying that have resulted in changes in charging and conviction patterns. These findings highlight how crime trends have shaped legislative outcomes, and how legislative change, in turn, shapes crime trends. Next, I explore whether news reports on youth crime closely follow crime and court rates, or if they reflect a moral panic about youth crime, as the literature suggests. Unexpectedly, media accounts do correlate with violent crime trends, numerically, although the content of these articles often runs counter to these trends. Media accounts of boys’ and girls’ criminal activity is strongly shaped by gender, as well as by class, race, and age, and there is evidence of moral panics in news reporting. Moral panics pertaining to girls’ involvement in crime reflect societal tension regarding changing gender norms, reflecting a ‘feminist backlash.’ Media, crime statistics, and youth legislation can shape public opinion and influence the future treatment of youth in the criminal justice system in ways that are discriminatory. This research aims to counter ageist, sexist, racist, and classist beliefs about youth crime. Keywords Criminology, feminist criminology, youth crime, crime trends, news media, content analysis, Canada, ideology ii Acknowledgments First and foremost, I would like to thank my supervisors Dr. Tracey Adams and Dr. Lorraine Davies for their on-going support and guidance throughout the (oftentimes painful) writing of my dissertation. I will be forever thankful for weekly meetings and endless words of encouragement. The comments and suggestions from my defence examiners, Dr. Bernard Schissel, Dr. Alan Leschied, Dr. Joseph Michalski and Dr. Jerry White have broadened my perspectives and thoughts on youth crime in Canada and the way that I will conduct research in the future. Thank you to the numerous other faculty and staff members that have allowed me to talk through my many ideas and ask their advice over the years. To my loving partner, awesome friends, and adoring parents: thank you for all the love, support, and wonderful distractions that postponed the completion of this research. Without you, I would have likely finished sooner (or not at all), but my life wouldn’t feel as fulfilled. iii Table of Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................................ i Acknowledgments.............................................................................................................. iii Table of Contents ............................................................................................................... iv List of Tables ................................................................................................................... viii List of Figures .................................................................................................................... ix Chapter 1 ............................................................................................................................. 1 1 Literature Review and Theoretical Foundations ............................................................ 1 1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Social Constructionism and the Problematization of Youth ................................... 4 1.3 Measuring Youth Crime ......................................................................................... 7 1.4 Representations of Crime in Media ...................................................................... 10 1.5 Gender, Feminist Criminology and Girls’ Involvement in Crime ........................ 14 1.6 Girls, Crime, and Media........................................................................................ 21 1.7 Current study ......................................................................................................... 24 1.8 References ............................................................................................................. 28 Chapter 2 ........................................................................................................................... 39 2 Ideology, Youth Crime, Changing Legislation, and Statistical Trends: An Overview of Youth Crime Ideologies and Crime Rates as Influenced by the Juvenile Delinquency Act, Young Offenders Act, and the Youth Criminal Justice Act ................................. 39 2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 39 2.2 Late 1800s and Early 1900s .................................................................................. 40 2.3 JDA Era: Trends between 1908 and 1983 ............................................................ 43 2.4 YOA Era: History and Trends between 1984 and 2002 ....................................... 48 iv 2.5 YCJA Era: Trends between 2003 and 2013 .......................................................... 55 2.6 Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 58 2.7 References ............................................................................................................. 60 Chapter 3 ........................................................................................................................... 65 3 Are Canadian Girls Becoming More Violent? An Examination of Integrated Criminal Court Survey Statistics ................................................................................................. 65 3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 65 3.2 Youth Crime Trends ............................................................................................. 66 3.3 Methodology ......................................................................................................... 69 3.3.1 Data ........................................................................................................... 70 3.3.2 The Integrated Criminal Court Survey (ICCS) ......................................... 70 3.3.3 ICCS and Canadian Youth Population Changes ....................................... 74 3.3.4 Crime Severity Index (CSI) ...................................................................... 75 3.4 Results ................................................................................................................... 76 3.4.1 Violent Crimes .......................................................................................... 84 3.4.2 Non-Violent Crimes .................................................................................. 86 3.4.3 Assessing the Impact of the YJCA ..........................................................
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