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Experiment #4 the Preparation of Ferrocene & Acetylferrocenes1

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Experiment #4 the Preparation of Ferrocene & Acetylferrocenes1 Experiment #4: The Preparation of Ferrocene & Acetylferrocene MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Department of Chemistry 5.311 Introductory Chemical Experimentation EXPERIMENT #4 THE PREPARATION OF FERROCENE & ACETYLFERROCENES1 I. Purpose The principal aims of this experiment are to provide background information about and experience in: S the synthesis and electronic structure of ferrocene (1), ( -C5H5)2Fe [bis(pentahaptocyclopentadienyl) iron]2 S the synthesis of an ionic liquid, as environment for the acetylation of ferrocene S the use of inert atmospheres (including glove box techniques) S recrystallization or sublimation S the use of GC/MS and thin-layer chromatography as analytical tools and column chromatography as a purification technique • the concepts of Green Chemistry such as Atom Economy3 and alternative non-polluting solvents Ferrocene is a historically important molecule. The initial recognition of the structure of 4 C10H10Fe in 1951 spawned a vast area of chemistry, viz., transition metal organometallic chemistry. This field is still developing and has produced a huge number of compounds in which saturated, unsaturated, and aromatic organic fragments are bonded directly to metals. All carbon atoms in the two cyclopentadienyl rings are equally bonded to the central ion by electrons in the rings. The sandwich structure proposed by Wilkinson and Fischer5,6 (Nobel prize in 1973) in early 1 Mircea D. Gheorghiu designed the experiment to include the acetylation of ferrocene in ionic liquid. 2 The word hapto means in Greek to fasten. Pentahapto therefore, is to be taken as “fastened in five places.” The greek letter followed by a superscript indicates how many atoms of the ligand are attached to the metal. 3 Atom economy means to maximize the incorporation of all starting materials into the final product. For example, the synthesis of the ionic liquid precursor from 1-methylimidazole and iodoethane to yield 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium iodide is 100% atom efficient. Visit: http://www.chemistry.org/portal/a/c/s/1/acsdisplay.html?DOC=education%5Cgreenchem%5Cindex.html 4 Kealy, T. J.; Pauson, P. L., Nature, 1951, 168, 1039. 5 Wilkenson, Geoffry; Rosenblum, M.; Whiting, M. C. and Woodward, R. B. “The Structure of Iron Bis- Cyclopentadienyl” Journal of the American Chemical Society. 1952, 74, 2123. 6 Fischer, Von E. O. and Pfab, W. “Cyclopentadien-Metallkomplexe, ein neuer typ metallorganischer Verbindungen” Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung. 7b 1952, 377. Exp. 4-1 Experiment #4: The Preparation of Ferrocene & Acetylferrocene 1952 has been supported by X-ray diffraction (solid state)7 and electron diffraction data (gas phase)8. Ferrocene exhibits the properties of a typical aromatic molecule. This compound is stable to more than 500 LC. It does not react readily with acids or bases; however, it is sensitive toward oxidizing agents. Ferrocene does not undergo addition reactions typical of cyclopentadiene, but readily undergoes electrophilic aromatic substitution. Depending upon the catalyst and the reaction conditions, the major acetylation product is either the monosubstituted product 2 or the disubstituted product 3. For a particular set of reaction conditions, the student will determine whether the major product is the orange acetylferrocene (2) or the red 1,1-diacetylferrocene (3). (CH3CO)2O COCH3 COCH3 Fe Fe + Fe AlCl3/ionic liquid H3COC 1 2 3 II. Safety NOTE: The organic liquids to be used in quantity in this experiment: S dimethylsulfoxide S dimethoxyethane S cyclopentadiene S dicyclopentadiene S 1-methylimidazole S iodoethane are all volatile and possess noxious vapors. Avoid inhalation. Carry out all designated operations in the hood. All of the chemicals described in this section are designated with an asterisk (*) in the text the first time they appear. This is so you will be aware of their properties. 1. Dicyclopentadiene (C10H12): This is a noxious liquid. It should be handled with the usual caution: do not ingest. If it is spilled on skin, rinse well with water. 7 Dunitz, J. D.; Orgel, L. E.; Rich, R. A., Acta Crystallogr., 1956, 9, 373. 8 Bohn, R. K. and Haaland, A. J. Organomet. Chem. 1966 5, 470. Haaland, A. and Nilsson, J.E. Acta Chem. Scand. 1968 22 2653. Exp. 4-2 Experiment #4: The Preparation of Ferrocene & Acetylferrocene 2. Potassium Hydroxide (KOH): Potassium hydroxide is extremely corrosive and hydroscopic. It should be handled with caution and kept away from skin and clothing. If it spills, wash with plenty of water. Keep containers tightly closed. Powdered KOH must be handled in the hood. 3. Iron(II) Chloride Tetrahydrate (FeCl2•4H2O): Ferrous salts can be toxic. This chemical should be handled with the usual cautions. 4. Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO): DMSO has the ability to render the skin permeable to many chemical compounds. Substances ordinarily regarded as harmless on the skin become dangerous toxic substances when the nonpermeability of the skin has been altered by the application of dimethylsulfoxide. Consequently, keep dimethylsulfoxide off the hands; if it is accidently spilled on the skin, the area should be washed promptly with a strong soap or detergent and plenty of water. 5. Hydrochloric Acid (HCl): Conc. HCl (12 N) is a strong acid. Contact with the skin will cause burns. If any gets on you or your clothing, rinse immediately with water. Dilute HCl (3N or less) is less hazardous but will still burn the skin and produce holes in clothing. 6. Acetone (CH3COCH3): Acetone is an organic solvent and should be treated with normal caution: keep away from flames, dispose in the organic waste. It also has the ability to increase the permeability of skin and should therefore not be spilled over hands, etc. 7. Aluminum Chloride (AlCl3): Anhydrous aluminum chloride releases HCl when it comes in contact with water. It should therefore be treated with the same precautions as for HCl. 8. Acetic anhydride (CH3CO)2O: Acetic anhydride causes severe burns. It is harmful if inhaled or swallowed, has an irritating vapor and is combustible. Do not get liquid or vapors in eyes, or skin or on clothing. Wash thoroughly after handling. Keep in a tightly closed container. 9. Hexane (C6H14), ethyl acetate (CH3COOC2H5), and methanol (CH3OH): These are common organic solvents and should be handled accordingly; keep away from flames, do not inhale, dispose of in the organic waste container. 10. Silica gel (SiO2): Silica gel is a common chromatographic support. It may be irritating to skin, eyes and mucous membrane. Prolonged or repeated inhalation may cause damage to the respiratory system. Do not breathe dust. Do not get into eyes. Avoid prolonged or repeated contact with skin. 11. Iodoethane (C2H5I) Vesicant! Toxic! Target organs are nerves, liver, and kidneys. It is light and moisture sensitive. It is stabilized with copper. 12. 1-Methylimidazole (C4N2H6): It is corrosive(will cause burns), combustible and hygroscopic. Keep away from heat and open flame. Handle and store under nitrogen. Exp. 4-3 Experiment #4: The Preparation of Ferrocene & Acetylferrocene III. A. General References The following references are relevant to the preparation and properties of ferrocene and related metallocenes. 1. Wilkinson, G. J. Organomet. Chem . 1975, 100, 273 2. Birmingham, J. "Synthesis of Cyclopentadiene Metal Compounds," Adv. Organometallic Chem., 1965, 2, 365. 3. Coates, G. E.; Greene, M.L.H.; Wade, K. “Organometallic Compounds,” Vol. 2, Methuen and Co., London, 1968, pp 90-115. 4. Jolly, W. L. Inorg. Chem., 1967, 6 , 1435. 5. Cotton, F. A.; Wilkinson, G. “Advanced Inorganic Chemistry,” 5th Edition, Wiley, New York, 1988, pp 78, 80-82, 716, 1176. 6. Rosenblum, M. “Chemistry of the Iron Group Metallocenes “ Part one, Wiley, New York 7. King, R.B. “Transition Metal Organometallic Chemistry: An Introduction, “Academic Press, New York, 1965. 8. Seddon, K.R. "Ionic Liquids: Neoteric Solvents for Research and Industrial Applications", Proc. 2nd International Workshop on Green Chemistry in China (Chengdu, May 1999). 9. Freemantle, M. "Eyes on Ionic Liquids", Chem. and Eng. News p. 37 – 50, May 15, 2000. 10. Stark, A., MacLean, B.L., and Singer, R.D. "1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium halogenoaluminate ionic liquids as solvents for Friedel-Crafts acylation reactions of ferrocene", J. Chem. Soc. Dalton Trans., 1999, 63 – 66. Exp. 4-4 Experiment #4: The Preparation of Ferrocene & Acetylferrocene III. B. Lab Manual References 1. Mohrig, J. R., Noring C, Schatz, P. and Morrill, T. Techniques in Organic Chemistry, W. H. Freeman 2003 (ISBN 0-7167-6638-8) (Shorthanded as Mohrig) 2. Skoog, D.A. West, D.M., and Holler, F.J., Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry, 7th Ed., Saunders College Publishing: Fort Worth, 1996. (Shorthanded as Skoog) 3. Leonard, J.; Lygo, B.; Procter, G. “Advanced Practical Organic Chemistry,” 2nd Ed., Blackie Academic & Profesional, London, 1995. (Shorthanded as LLP; it is available in Room 4-449) 4. Zubrick, J., W., “The Organic Chem Lab Survival Manual,” 5th Ed., Willey, New York, 2001. (Shorthanded as Z; it is available in Room 4-449. IV. Experimental Procedure Students work in teams of two on the preparation of ferrocene and acetylation In the directions below, adhere closely to the quantity of materials used in each step. The yields given for each preparation, although not necessarily optimal, correspond to a competent execution of each step. Yields substantially lower indicate poor technique, and may necessitate repetition of the step. It is important that partners carefully study the experiment before beginning to maximize efficient use of laboratory time. It is important to prepare the apparatus and chemicals for the synthesis of ferrocene while the distillation of the cyclopentadiene monomer is in progress. Because of the instability of the cyclopentadiene monomer, it must be used immediately after cracking. The total operation requires about four hours. Readings: Before starting the experiment, please read about the techniques that you will use: FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION: Mohrig: Chapter 11.1-11.4 HEATING MANTLES AND POWERSTATS (Variacs) Mohrig: Chapter 6.2, Z: pages 171-175; REACTIONS UNDER INERT ATMOSPHERE: LLP: Chapter 9.2.2.
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