Hendrik Ziegler* Louis XIV N'a Cessé De Considérer L'espagne Comme Fennemie De La France. Dans Ses Mémoires, Instructions

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Hendrik Ziegler* Louis XIV N'a Cessé De Considérer L'espagne Comme Fennemie De La France. Dans Ses Mémoires, Instructions Originalveröffentlichung in: Sabatier, Gérard ; Torrione, Margarita (Hrsgg.): ¿ Louis XIV espagnol ? Madrid et Versailles, images et modèles. Paris 2009, S. 75-93 Le lion et le globe : la statue de Louis XIV par D omenico G uidi , ou l'Espagne humiliée Hendrik Ziegler* Louis XIV n ’a cessé de considérer l’Espagne comme Fennemie de la France. Dans ses Mémoires, instructions pour gouverner conçues à l’inten- tion du Dauphin, il ne manqua pas d ’évoquer la relation de concurrence jalouse et d ’« inimitié permanente » entre les deux peuples, qui n ’aurait jamais su être entièrement éliminée en dépit de son occultation passagère par des traités politiques et des mariages dynastiquesLe changement de rapport de force à partir des années 1650, confirmé par la paix des Pyrénées en 1659 qui allait durablement sceller la faiblesse militaire de l’Espagne, tarda à être reconnu du côté français : dans la perception des contemporains de Louis XIV, l’Espagne restait jusqu’au tournant du siècle un adversaire important et menaçant 2 . Pour cette raison, la politique étran- gère ludovicienne continua de poursuivre parmi ses principaux objectifs l’humiliation diplomatique, la lutte militaire et l’amputation territoriale de l’Espagne, jusqu’à ce que le testament de Charles II attribue la couronne espagnole à la maison de Bourbon. Dans le domaine de la politique artis- tique, le conflit franco-espagnol demeura également ouvert tout au long de la seconde moitié du xvii c siècle, ainsi qu’une statue de Louis XIV réalisée * Je remercie Diane H. Bodart et Gérard Sabatier qui m'ont apporté des informations et des idées précieuses, et pour leur relecture attentive de la traduction. 1. Louis XIV, Mémoires pour l'instruction du Dauphin, édition P. Goubert, Raris, Imprimerie nationale, 1992, p. 70. 2. Jean-Frédéric Schaub, La France espagnole : les racines hispaniques de l'absolutisme français, Raris, Seuil, 2003, p. 210-211 et p. 316-317. H endrik Ziegler à la fin des années 1690 à Rome le démontre de façon exemplaire. Par son message éminemment politique, elle anticipe en effet, grâce aux moyens de l’art, l’appropriation de la couronne d ’Espagne par le roi de France. En l’absence d ’héritiers du faible Charles II, àlasantéchancelante, le règle- ment de la succession d ’Espagne était devenu de plus en plus urgent dans la seconde moitié des années 1690, provoquant un nouvel afifrontement entre Louis XIV et l’empereur Léopold Ier. Ayant l’un et l’autre eu pour épouse des filles de la maison d ’Espagne, les deux monarques étaient en droit de reven- diquer le trône vacant pour i’un de leurs héritiers respectifs. Dans la phase préliminaire de ce conflit latent, Rome revêtit un rôle stratégique central : le pape Innocent XII, qui en raison de sa souveraineté spirituelle avait une fonc- tion d ’arbitre dans les conflits internationaux, était en outre, en sa qualité de suzerain du royaume de Naples, appartenant à la couronne d ’Espagne, directement impliqué dans chaque règlement de succession. Par conséquent, la voie diplomatique fut d ’abord tentée, à l’aide d ’émissaires, non seulement à la cour de Madrid mais aussi auprès de la curie pontificale, afin de rallier des partisans aux solutions respectivement proposées par la France et l’Empire. C’est dans ce climat tendu qu’en 1697 le prince Vaini, nouvel allié ambi- tieux du parti français à Rome, fit réaliser une statue en marbre de Louis XIV. Commencée par Domenico Guidi et sans doute achevée en 1699 par Pierre Legros le Jeune, elle affichait explicitement les ambitions impériales du Roi-Soleil et son intention d ’établir sa domination sur l’Espagne, en le repré- sentant foulant aux pieds le lion et le globe, attributs emblématiques de cette puissance. Une œuvre aussi provocante, de conception ouvertement anti- habsbourgeoise et dirigée aussi bien contre l’Espagne que contre la maison mère d ’Autriche, ne fut pas sans susciter de vives réactions diplomatiques. De récentes recherches documentaires permettent de confirmer que Georges Adam, comte de Martinitz, émissaire impérial à Rome entre 1695 et 1700, alla jusqu’à proférer des menaces de mort à l’encontre de l’artiste. La commande de la statue par Guido Vaini On sait peu de chose sur Guido Vaini, décédé à Rome en 17203 . Au début de 1697, il bénéficia d ’une importante promotion. Vaini possédait 3. Gabriel Hanotaux (dir.), Recueil des instructions données aux ambassadeurs et ministres de France depuis les traités de Westphalie jusqu'à la Révolution Française, t. XVII, 2 e part. : Rome (1688-1723), Raris, Alcan, 1911, p. 143. Le lion et le clobe plusieurs seigneuries dans les monts Sabins, qu’il avait acquises de la famille ducale des Cesi Di Acquasparta : le château de Cantalupo ainsi que les villages de Selci et de Gavignano. Quelque temps plus tard, le pape Innocent XII avait élevé Cantalupo au rang de principauté (Princi- pato), de telle sorte que Vaini était désormais en droit de porter le titre de « Prince de Cantalupe et Duc de Selci, Marquis de Vacone, Seigneur de Gavignano ». Peu après, au mois de mars 1697, Vaini afficha publique- ment son ralliement au parti francophile en faisant acçrocher, selon une pratique courante, les armoiries de son nouveau protecteur Louis XIV au- dessus du portail de son palais romain 4. Indigné, Martinitz rapporta immé- diatement à l’empereur que le pape InnocentXII s’était réjoui du choix de Vaini, alors qu’à son avis sa joie n ’eût probablement pas été aussi grande si le prince avait élu le parti impérial. La sympathie que le pape vouait à la faction française lui apparaissait ainsi évidente 5. L’engagement de Vaini pour la cause française s’avéra fort profitable. Le 2 février 1698, il fut fait par Louis XIV chevalier de l’ordre du Saint-Esprit, la plus haute distinction que le roi de France était en mesure d ’accorder, et il prêta personnellement serment à Versailles un an plus tard, le 7 juin 1699. Parmi les démonstrations de loyauté de Vaini, qui devaient aboutir à son admission dans l’ordre et à une protection royale particulière, ne figure pas seulement l’apposition des armoiries fleurdelisées sur son palais mais également la réalisation d ’une statue de marbre monumentale de Louis XIV, commandée en cette même année 1697 à Domenico Guidi et destinée au palais romain du prince 6. En France, l’Italien Guidi n ’était pas un inconnu : parmi les sculpteurs de son pays les plus appréciés par le roi, il s’était affirmé comme l’un des partenaires fiables de la France. En tant que vice-président de l’Accademia di San Luca, Guidi s’était engagé avec succès pour la réunion de l’Académie romaine avec l’Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture de Paris, officiellement ratifiée au début de l’année 1677. 4. Dietrich Erben, Paris und Rome: Die staatlich gelenkten Kunstbeziehungen unter Ludwig XIV, Berlin, Akademie-Verlag, 2004, p. 247, note 53. 5. Ôsterreichisches Staatsarchiv, Vienne, section Haus-, Hof- und Staatsarchiv, Rome, correspondance, carton 78, dossier « 1697 », Ceorges Adam Martiniz à Léopold Ier, Rome, havril 1697, fol. 103-106. 6. Une note en date du 10 mai 1687 donne une première indication sur le travail réalisé sur la statue; voir David L. Bershad, Domenico Guidi, a 17 1,1 Century Roman Sculptor, PhD Ihesis, LosAngeles, University of California, 1971, p. 36-37, notes 43 et47. H endrik Ziegler La même année, il avait obtenu la commande pour le grand groupe de La Renommée écrivant l’Histoire du Roi, qu’il acheva en 1685 : très favorablement accueillie par le roi de France, cette statue fut placée dans le jardin du château de Versailles1. Vaini, qui savait flatter Louis XIV, a donc avec pertinence choisi, au cours du printemps 1697, de confier à Guidi la réalisation de la statue du roi, qui n ’allait pas tarder à devenir l’objet de controverses. Cette sculpture se trouve aujourd ’hui dans la niche centrale des escaliers de la villa Médicis à Rome, siège de l’Académie de France à Rome depuis le début du XIXe siècle78 (111. 1). Elle avait été offerte en 1741 par le neveu et héritier du défunt prince Vaini au roi LouisXV, qui la fit transporter à l’Académie de France à Rome, logée à l’époque au palais Mancini, sur le Corso. Elle rejoignit la villa Médicis en 1804 sous Napoléon. À l’origine, la statue possédait un socle décoré de bas-reliefs en bronze, probablement perdu lors de ses déplacements au cours du XVIIIe siècle. Une gravure sur cuivre de la sculpture, aujourd ’hui disparue, fut également mise en circulation : le cardinal de Bouillon, chargé des affaires françaises auprès de la Curie romaine entre juin 1697 et juin 1699, qui s’était lié d ’amitié à Vaini, avait fait réaliser la planche en bravant l’interdiction pontificale 9. La statue représente Louis XIV en empereur III. 1, Domenico Guidi et Pierre Legros antique vêtu d ’une armure à la romaine, mais portant le Jeune, Louis XIV, 1697-1699, Rome, Villa Médicis. le manteau à fleurs de lys d ’un souverain français, 7. Lorenz Seelig, « Zu Domenico Guidis Gruppe: Die Geschichte zeichnet die Taten Ludwigs XIV. auf », Jahrbuch der Hamburger Kunstsammlungen, t. XVII, 1972, p. 81 -104. 8. Concernant cette statue, voir Arthur-Michel de Boislisle, La place des Victoires et la place de Vendôme : notice historique sur les monuments élevés à la gloire de Louis XIV, Paris, Société de Thistoire de Paris et de l'île-de-France, 1889, p. 258-259 - D. L. Bershad, Domenico Cuidi..., op. cit., p. 36-42 - L. Seelig, « Zu Domenico Guidis..
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