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ON/OFF: Risks and Rewards of the Anytime-Anywhere Internet Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2017 ON-OFF: risks and rewards of the anytime-anywhere Internet Genner, Sarah Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-205139 Dissertation Published Version Originally published at: Genner, Sarah. ON-OFF: risks and rewards of the anytime-anywhere Internet. 2017, University of Zurich, Faculty of Arts. ON | OFF Risks and Rewards of the Anytime-Anywhere Internet Sarah Genner This work was accepted as a PhD thesis by the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, University of Zurich in the spring semester 2016 on the recommendation of the Doctoral Committee: Prof. Dr. Daniel Sü ss (main supervisor, University of Zurich, Switzerland) and Prof. Dr. Urs Gasser (Harvard University, USA). Published with the support of the Swiss National Science Foundation. Bibliographic Information published by Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de. This work is licensed under Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-SA 3.0. Cover photo: fl ickr.com/photos/zuerichs-strassen © 2017, vdf Hochschulverlag AG an der ETH Zürich ISBN 978-3-7281-3799-9 (Print) ISBN 978-3-7281-3800-2 (Open Access) DOI 10.3218/3800-2 www.vdf.ethz.ch [email protected] Table of Contents Preface .................................................................................................................................... 5 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 7 Methodology ......................................................................................................................... 13 1 Digital Connections & Digital Divides .............................................................................. 21 1. Space & Time .................................................................................................................................. 23 2. Access, Skills, & Participation ....................................................................................................... 28 3. Generations, Gender, & Race ....................................................................................................... 30 4. Motivation & Personality .............................................................................................................. 36 5. Culture .............................................................................................................................................. 40 2 Blurring Boundaries .......................................................................................................... 45 1. Mediatization & Domestication ................................................................................................... 45 2. The Internet in Our Daily Lives ................................................................................................... 47 3. Productivity & Distraction ............................................................................................................ 57 4. Life Domain Balance ..................................................................................................................... 63 5. Blurred Lines Between Online & Offline ................................................................................... 67 3 Social Relationships ......................................................................................................... 68 1. Connected But Lonely Cyborgs? .................................................................................................. 68 2. What Do We Get Out of Digital Social Connections? ............................................................ 72 3. Mobile Devices in Social Settings ................................................................................................ 77 4. Disconnected Subcultures: The Amish & Mennonites ............................................................ 79 4 Health ................................................................................................................................ 83 1. Health Benefits & Resilience ........................................................................................................ 83 2. Sleep .................................................................................................................................................. 86 3. Traffic ............................................................................................................................................... 90 4. Burnout & Information Overload ............................................................................................... 93 5. Addiction ....................................................................................................................................... 107 6. Other Physical Health Effects .................................................................................................... 112 5 Privacy & Data Security .................................................................................................. 114 1. Tensions Between Privacy & Utility .......................................................................................... 115 2. Big Data & The Internet of Things ........................................................................................... 116 3. Location & Data Privacy ............................................................................................................. 118 4. Privacy in the Post-Snowden Era .............................................................................................. 120 6 Institutions ....................................................................................................................... 131 1. Companies & Organizations ....................................................................................................... 131 2. Schools & Higher Education ...................................................................................................... 137 3. News Organizations ..................................................................................................................... 144 3 7 Responses & Responsibilities ........................................................................................ 150 1. Who Is Responsible? .................................................................................................................... 150 2. Corporate Responses ................................................................................................................... 155 3. Connectivity Policies in Education ............................................................................................ 158 4. Technological Answers ................................................................................................................ 161 5. Post-Privacy & Disconnectionist Movements ......................................................................... 165 6. Mindfulness & Relaxation ........................................................................................................... 169 7. Offline Day & Digital Detox ...................................................................................................... 172 8. Tech-Free Zones .......................................................................................................................... 174 9. Movies, Humor, & Rants ............................................................................................................ 176 8 Beyond Digital Dualism .................................................................................................. 178 1. Is Being Offline More Real? ....................................................................................................... 178 2. Distinguishing Online & Offline ................................................................................................ 180 3. ON/OFF Scale ............................................................................................................................. 181 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 187 1. Key Findings ................................................................................................................................. 188 2. Reflecting Common Assumptions ............................................................................................. 195 3. Reflecting Implications for Decision-Makers .......................................................................... 197 Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................... 208 Bibliography ........................................................................................................................ 210 4 Preface I cannot think of a more fascinating technology than the Internet and its related technologies that allow us to connect and communicate in a faster and more global way than ever before. As a child in the late 1980s, when nobody I knew had a mobile phone or had ever heard of the Inter- net, I wished for a ring on my finger that would let me talk to anyone, anytime, anywhere. Back then, it was unimaginable to be able to communicate with someone on another
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