A Thesis Submitted to the Central European University, Department Of

CEU eTD Collection

A thesis submitted to the Department the of Environmentalto thesis submitted A PolicySciences and of CentralEuropean Universitypart fulfilment in ofthe ConservatismEcology and DegreeofMaster of Science OrsolyaUJJ July, 20 July, Budape

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CEU eTD Collection work works conservativeenvironmentalism for contrasting non possiblegrounds comparingbyand the within ecologism, and conservatism between rolein nature. humans’ to conservatives’ attitudes inchange the for underlyingreasons the reveal to wish I conservativetransformedthe worldviewideology changethat the intoneoconservatism,of the influentialmost conservativeintellectualof works history.elucidatingBy mainthe elements of originalaffinities between meaningfullyecologism.engage with sharedtraditionalforgrounds conservatism and greens than commitment Con to whereas Left, political ideologies of stage ofofSciencedegree Master the for and entitled: OrsolyaUJJ OFTHESISABSTRACT I overallThe aim myofassess researchpote isthe to I n the second part I explore two recent works which have the potential to bridge the gap bridgethe to potentialwhich thehave works recent two explore I part second the n t b

; one by one ; y s rcrig question recurring a is

the conservativethe English

the Hunagianphilosopherthe the . environment

E nvironmentalism for a long time seemed to have been attached to the to attached been have to seemed time long a nvironmentalism for

CENTRALEUROPEAN UNIVERSITY green and conservative philosophies through a focused study of the of studyfocused conservativephilosophies a and through green

submittedby:

evtvs r gnrly osdrd s akn ay serious any lacking as considered generally are servatives hr evrnetls o eooy a b pstoe o the on positioned be can ecology environmentalism or where . However, However, philosopher

The f The András LányiAndrás

as irst goal of my researchmy of goal irst Monthand ofYearsubmission: July , iii some R

oger Conservatismand Ecology previous

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CEU eTD Collection Keywords:

ecology,conservatism, neoconservatism, iv

Lányi,Scruton

CEU eTD Collection whosereassuring aswell words truly I as contestation miss. memorythe dedicate I thisto ofwork my father, Zoltá difficultmoments. My encouragement would likeI thank András to Lányi Scru and Roger possible. Without his work. interestin my researchencouragedme project, and guided me until completionthe ofthis would likeI express to Acknowledgements

deepest appreciation goes to myappreciation deepest to goes family and András cheeredwho me inup mostthe

andilluminatingthefor and convivial discussions.

persistenthelp

deepest

andmeticulous comments gratitude

to my to supervisor v

ton for theirfor friendshipton nUjj , the firstthe , ecologist knew,and I

thisthesis have would not

Dr. Ala Dr.

n Watt who took keen took who nWatt , warm , CEU eTD Collection References 6. 5. 2. 1. Tableof Contents

5.5. 5.4. 5.2. 5.1. 4.1. 4. 3.3. 3. 1.1.

Conclusion a Oikophilia 3.2. 3.1. Literature review Introduction

Ecology and Conservatism Conservatism

Further remarks andResponsibility oikophilia ecocide? or Alarmism Introduction Further clarifications through of examples political practice Neoconservatism Definitions and scope ...... Economy Tradition

...... nd responsibility

......

...... vi

......

35 33 33 30 28 25 21 18 12 54 51 47 42

7 5 1

CEU eTD Collection characteristic general their simply is negligence be to seemed what therefore and problems complex to solutions readyprescribing about generallymodest isclassicalconservatism that conservatismecologyandar accident” “historical a simply is conservatism andenvironmentalism 1995) Durnil 1995; traditionalconservatismthangreens and Left.oftheterritory intellectual the on operate usually environmentalist authors contemporary because discourse typicallyLeftistismovements(iii)movements:New andsince it academicthe with associated Left of actions and programs the inpolitics: party (i) politics: of identifiable levels three on strengthened environmentalism has leaning Left concerns. environmental to commitment serious any lacking as Con considered generally whereas Left, political the to attached been have to seemed time long existingpolitical post to relationideologies.thein In thought the on environmentalismpositionedwherebe canecologyquestion recurring a or is There sciences. socialhumanandsciencethe naturalfrom into adopted was ecology of notion sincethe other 1. n h other the On tradi other and Ecology

stage of ideologies, and if so, what would be an adequate typology for environmentalfor typology adequate an be would what so, ifandideologies, of stage Introduction

ad sm atos ru ta tee a b mr sae gons for grounds shared more be may there that argue authors some hand,

ohr g frhr n age ht h spoe hsiiy of hostility supposed the that argue and further go others ;

e in“naturale fact bedfellows” inl doois ae neatd n mtal ifune each influenced mutually and interacted have ideologies tional are usuallyacknowledged - wing parties a parties wing 1

Who lops the moulder’d branch away.” ( Scruton 2012) Scruton nd governments (ii) environmentalgovernments(ii)nd With stronger life from day to day; - That man’s the true Conservative, war era, environmentalism era, war a for “May Freedom’s oak live forever (PilbeamGray 2003;1993, Bis 1997) (Bliese . Onemay . also argue evtvs are servatives Tennyson

or that that or -

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Al se lit 1996) Elliot (see

though it has adopted many hasadopted itprinciples though from ri the (see Zimmerman 2005; Pojman 2001; Gottlieb 1997) Gottlieb 2001; Pojman Zimmerman2005; (see vw rdtoa Left traditional avow l theory al Dliga 20; alga 2000) Callaghan 2008; (Dillingham . M .

- et eqiis no oiia togt n philosophy and thought political into enquiries depth roe, hs atmt could attempts these oreover,

inits entirety or

seriously influence the scientific debate. It is apparent that that apparent is It debate. scientific the influence seriously

similarly - - enn readers. leaning ih labels Right

are seriouslyare lacking in conservativethe realm. evtvs cnen i gnrl aiet n completely in manifest general in concerns servatives’ o h ltrtr of literature the to 2

Plem 2003) (Pilbeam .

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reveal that reveal c eoe at f h cnn of canon the of part become hideologies,tradition ofother a

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historically there have historicallythere that movementsare Rde 2010; (Ridley

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- environmentalism is that until around the 1970’s Americanconservatives1970’s the around environmentalismuntil that is f this shift. The underlyingshift.thisfurtherThechangethisneed f of reasonstheoretical

ht hr hs en sgiiat hne n h attd of attitude the in change significant a been has there that (Drake 2010; Dunlap(Drake (Scruton 2012) (Scruton - responsibility, adventurousness, discovery, naturalness and naturalnessdiscovery,responsibility, adventurousness,

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h scn pr o te hss bsd n h otoe f h frt at I il explore will I part, first the of outcome the on based thesis, the of part second the

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sided human values with valueshuman sided present discussion of the discussionof present u t th to Due ny h ies ht are that ideas the only and

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- CEU eTD Collection expressions or senses.expressions or direct and lessexplicit useto statements,prefer they categorical of Instead doctrines. expresstheir ideologies 3 illstransformativechange.socialin political for remedy seek great repulsion feel conservatives Thus institutions. and customs of frames the within and through but except flourish cannot wisdom and virtues that argued Burke impaired, are institutions revolutions, to opposition In society. of order traditional revolutionarysubversiveofthinking dangersFrenchrevolution recognizes the defendsand the Reflections sinceconservativeeverthinkers forreference of fundamentalremained ahas work book viewpoint.distinctlymodern can book the of birth the Sincerevolution. that ofintellectual stance the by propagated transformation,social large of pursuit relentless of flavour consequent the and 1789 of Revolution French The subsequently espouse. thinkers conservative following the that creed conservative the to elements fundamental the down laid also who well, as Burke Edmund by conservatism anti of role positional Liberalism or Marxism as such philosophy radical particular any radicalismof opposite the be wouldconservatism idealtranscendent a fundamental traditional,to challengeestablishedresponse to institutions. insituationshistorical in force particular with arisesConservatism era. or situationpolitical Huntington a ideas, attributes of system autonomous an defining as of or theory Instead aristocratic an thought. political as conservatism modern in conservatism of position and role the

It needs to be noted, that even the lan the noted, even thatbe toneeds It 3

against the revolutionaryagainstthe strains

as an extensive critique of the Enlightenment view of man at the overture of the of overture the at man ofEnlightenment view the of critiqueextensive an as formal Reflections be located in modernist times, there ismodernistintimes, there located be - iutoa role situational

- aiaim a s was radicalism

n h Rev the on Conservatism entered the lists with Burke’s withlists the entered Conservatism

guage of conservative authors fairly differs from how other modern modern other how from differs authorsfairly conservative of guage

o conservatism to olution eld u i te is polmto o modern of proclamation first the in out pelled ofliberals and socialists continuallywho andagitate

13 n rne (1790) France in

dfnd y n rsosv t te actual the to responsive and by defined , a good reason to deem conservatismdeem a to reason good

whe For conservatives the state of a of state theconservatives For e hrse vle ad social and values cherished re

was Hnigo 1957) (Huntington

a reaction to the Great Great the to reaction a per se per

Thus, withlackitsThus,of Reflection

and not that of that not and substantial s

and the and This . - . The . scale

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Srtn 1991) (Scruton

consequence of revolutionary changes is that the legitimacythe revolutionaryconsequenceof establishedchanges that isof power Conservatismindividualaccentuates responsibility withcollective in contrast or eouinr cags s ht h lgtmc o etbihd oe i pt in put is power established of legitimacy the that is changes revolutionary y a bundle of complex rules and safeguards, the conservative holds that that holds conservative the safeguards, and rules complex of bundle a y . ec te osraie ide dtss politically detests mindset conservative the Hence liticallevelling. Mindful“ the of ence its distaste for large state bureaucracies or for any other other any for or bureaucracies state large for distaste its ence fpreceding generations.

rds Idvda fedm n rsosblt cn only responsibility can and Individual freedom erodes. - bureaucracies settled, traditionalsettled, institutions where individualthe 14

rds Idvda fedm n responsibility and Individual freedom erodes.

(Scruton

(Scruton 1980) (Scruton

infinite variety among men in talent, talent, in men among variety infinite nstitutions that are the embodimentthe are nstitutionsthat

1991) but instead but ofprogrammatica . This moral equalityentailsmoralThis . . However, insame theHowever, . big aant the against beings n evolution - rvn power driven, idualfinds its .

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CEU eTD Collection Scruton and Lányi. and Scruton 4 others. exercisedbyconstraint and coercion fromfreedom achievementa is behavi human and nature human of conception its from but freedomunbridled of power subversive the of fear a fromonly not stems authority of defence Its oppression. than rather protection liberals. of communityindividualthe over is fundamentally different from anti the relations two the are obedience and freedom because order, individualonlyfreedomcan manifest itself; indeed,onlyit finds meaning withinsocial settled a of view abstracted an for claim a and the to responsiveness of lackspirituality everydof ideologies’ main two other The legitimacy. and wisdom [1790]) 1987 (Burke day for need person’s ordinary 1982) soul the of stratum thisdeeper to connected and Religion complexity. this of mystery the ascertain can enquiryscientific “ that necessarilyanthropologically not pessimistirrationality,are they illimitable the ofsociety; progress is that in faith a with coupled man of perfecting the radicalisms, all of heart the at aspiration qualiti unequal grossly are that....men

I will return to this crucial point, the meaning meaning point,the crucial thisto return will I Although . Again,conservativesliberalism both . reproach socialismand theirinsensitivityfor the to h Ntr o mn s intricate is man of Nature The u. n h lbrl ocpin f uooos niiul, h gets political greatest the individuals, autonomous of conception liberal the In our. s f id bd ad spirit” and body mind, of es 4 Atoiy s f ih motne ihn osraie huh ad t ete of esteem its and thought conservative within importance high of is Authority . o conserva For

generally conservatives put a lot of stress on affirming man’s wickedness andaffirming wickednessman’s on stress of lot a put generallyconservatives

aylife stemsfromtheir commitmentidea emancipation”“abstractanof to rlgo i te onain f ii scey n a iprat om of form important an and society civil of foundation the is religion ,

ie atcmn t atoiy s aiirt ised f alienation, of instead familiarity is authority to attachment tives

- to – -

day harmony and familiarity. Man is a “ a familiarity.is andMan harmony day n wa i mr, a nvr e ae equal made be never can more, is what and

meliorism

” Kr 1953) (Kirk freedom of freedom and responsibility in the comparative analysis of comparative the in responsibility and freedom of Bre 97 [1790]) 1987 (Burke ,

whichis impossible be fully to revealed 15

(Kirk1953)

Srtn 1980) (Scruton .

sides of the same quality of interpersonalqualityof same the of sides n hs manner, this In .

s uk pt t n ta no that and it put Burke as s . F . .

irst, they persistentlytheyhold irst, n h cnevtv view, conservative the In - conservatives authoritariandisposition religious animal religious The conservativeThe prtaiy is spirituality

eue the refuse –

(Rossiter

n most in ” CEU eTD Collection ends of such a pa a such of ends will. arbitrarily,at dissolved or undertaken be can that interest occasional mere of partnership of societymore but isthat accentuates contract, a Burke environmentalistsbycited well often asis conservativethought mechanicderangesits functioning itsand naturaldistorts Exogenous, growth. past. the in roots its with tree, a as organicallyevolves Society metaphor. its as tree the of popularityliving the henceorganism,a as society picture considered“ is and unavoidable, is birth by given preference some but benefits and advantages other by long basicunit ofsociety, family.the Thehereditary transmission ofwealth securesand the property inheritanceinvaluablewithinthe form most theirin occur theseAll rights. hereditary of and ensured iscontinuity This provides. it continuity and security orderliness, the cherishes conservative the coercive, order social deemingthis of instead but choose, not did he context social individualsocialiseda withinis 1982) mission“ childrenwhereto thought are not is education This people. virtuous socialization infamily,Educationhistory theculture. a andinchurch vehicle is the the schoolor the this for theirfreedompersonalityand emergealready boundbywith those whom duties theyto share a humanindividualssocialseespersonalityartefact; a as inseparable are s the from - otniy n oit i wrh o priua epai, ic ti eeet f Burkean of element this since emphasis, particular of worthy is society in Continuity “ term maintenance of society. In society the hereditaryprincipleaccompaniedthe is society In society.maintenance of term . It is a partnership in all art; a partnership in every virtue, and in all perfection. As the As perfection. all in and virtue, every in partnership a art; all in partnership a is It The conservative is realistic to accept the fact given bygiven fact the accept to realisticis conservative The , neither unnatural, nor unjust, norimpolitic norunjust, unnatural, neither

hr cide ae hpd no ci into shaped are children where rtnership cannot be obtained in many generations, it becomes a partnershipa becomes it generations, many in obtained be cannotrtnership

by education as well as by the perpetuation of property property of perpetuation the by as well as education by think, survive, ply a trade, and enjoy leisureenjoy and trade, survive,a ply think, a mere intellectual training, it is an intricate but great great but intricate an is intellectualit training,mere 16

iie, self vilized,

than that, a partnership,a kindthanthe that, and not

” (Burke 1987 [1790]) 1987 (Burke - icpie and disciplined

(Vincent 2012; Weiss1990) 2012;(Vincent the nature of things that the that things of nature the . –

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Mni 2012) (Mándi f osraim oe ter rgnl cpiim f h cpcte o te human the of capacities the of scepticism original their cover conservatism of (Huntington1957)

o them, For - cl sca planning social scale Cnevtv atrplg se hmn niiul a rational as individuals human sees anthropology Conservative . []uh xss o i uiesl rpstos u i concrete in but propositions universal in not exists “[t]ruth ” o environmental or ecological philosophy. Though government,ecologicalphilosophy. Though environmental or o (Burke 1987 [1790]) 1987 (Burke .

pifies them as rational creatures, it acknowledges that man acknowledgesthat it pifies rationalcreatures, asthem rtn te ipstos f lsia, ‘Burkean’ classical, of dispositions the erstand r oil niern ses setal from essentially stems engineering social or 17

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- “ mentioned prudence, CEU eTD Collection knowledge everyone, for samemeaninglessthe or nonethelessmore andbearthey it manyto members but contributed achievem previous knowledge their added contributors manywhich to those are valuabletraditions its less the is consciousness common The participation. underpinningofidentity and practicingthe oftradition is affirmationthe of ofbelonging. enactments common by sealed traditions through summonedand preserved transcendent.” something to themselves relate to seek whereverindividuals respect command and arise Traditions power. just or power of perpetuation sustained the of assurance the merely not isTraditionin history. past, inthe found be to is reason thisand reason, certain a life institutional in participation as term definesthe Scruton guidance. and knowledge human’s to attitude role n the of intellectualhistory (Rriedrich Hayek and Michael By elucidatingOakeshott). mainthe elements limiteda discussion politicalphilosophy aseconomy and social relations, thesis current ofthe scope the allows only eoconservatism 3.1. Tradition is the isTradition indispensableanconservatism as of heart the lies at Tradition a Through

ein r formation or design

change ” Tradition Tradition Srtn 1980) (Scruton it can be stated that that stated be can it focused studyfocused

ht trans that ws t rva te nelig esn fr h cag in change the for reasons underlying the reveal to wish I ents. Because traditions could not have been invented by a single person, person, single a byinvented been have not could traditions Because ents. ofthe cultural brace of instof bracecultural

innature sebroader

can be attached to a person, the more it is powerful. The most The powerful. is it more the person, a to attached be can of ideology the into worldview conservative the formed

t ant e atrd by captured be cannot It of the of Srtn 1980) (Scruton ” .

(Scruton 1980) (Scruton

rdto i “ is tradition aspects two works of the most influentialmost the of of authors works two itutions and itutions .

where continuity and the sense of belongingare of sense the andcontinuity where 18 Te omn nweg o a omnt is community a of knowledge common The .

o a custom a not

which are enacted not unconsciously whichnot enacted forare but communities “all manner of custom, ceremony and ceremony custom, of manner “all one person or a group of people or or people of group a or person one “the trapping of the exercise of of exercise the of trapping “the ,

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vital for any concrete activity or the mastery of anyskill.mastery of two the Theseactivity any or concrete vitalfor ainls i Politics in Rationalism t is t andtacit dispersed Oksot 1962a) (Oakeshott uidance of a master or teacher. The same is true sametrue isThe teacher. or master a uidanceof 19

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en down in books. Such is the practice of practice the is Such books. in down en 16) Accordin (1962). ” Oksot 1962a) (Oakeshott .

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It is the title of a famous pamphlet by Lenin by pamphlet famous a of title the is It 3.2. FriedrichclearlymostHayekwas the marketfree the of order spontaneous the liberalismEconomicas understood mdts wd rne f cnmc iw, vn hois ht otait h market the contradict that theories even views, economic of range wide a mmodates

- Economy a m’ is not an ideology or a creed, but a certain dispositioncertain a but creed, a or ideologyan not ism’ scae wt cnevtv togt n ta cets ay omn tgs of stages common many creates that and thought conservative with ssociated 5 ad a nt presc not may and ’ and , (Oakeshott 1962b) (Oakeshott to attack or undermine or attack to s eeal labelled generally is

cetn te nihss o ainls cnrlzd economic centralized rationalist to antithesis the creating y .

ie n ata frua r ln o action. for plan or formula actual any ribe

ulse a esy ne te il ‘ title the under essay an published n en Conservative Being On

(Kirk1953)

influentialiconicmost figureandpost of liberal 21

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rm h peetto o a ytm hr te aiu eeet ae strictly are elements various the where system a of presentation the from

attitude. attitude. another breeding ground for Smith’s theory was the natural philosophynatural of the was Smith’stheory for breeding ground another

In order to understand the connectionfreemarketofeconomyunderstandthe to to order In ive forms of technoiveformsof

beneficial result not only for themselves but but themselves for only not beneficial result (DiemerGuilleminand 2012) - bureaucratic systems led to the revivalthe and systemsbureaucratic to led dd n w iprat intellectual important two on nded . Influenced . by (Hetherington - interest, - -

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nweg ta sm u t a ainl oil ucinn o scey is society of functioning social rational a to up sums that knowledge

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century, was the adoption of the results of the Newtonian the of results the of adoption the was century,

. Smith’s greatest innovationSmith’s greatest .

rsl o eooi ecag wih s n fr of form one is which exchange economic of result a . . These activitiesTheseare . According to Hayek, the spontaneous, self spontaneous, the Hayek, to According isl only itself s 23

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icbehaviour. xlie aoe fe mre lbrls i nt eesrl cnon wt modern with conjoint necessarily not is liberalism market free above, explained - economicvalues.offercan nature Whathumans simply becannot understood though Adro ad el 1991) Leal and (Anderson -

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regularities of conduct conducivconduct regularitiesof n tu Hyks eec o political of defence Hayek’s thus and bt t but , esigning and an often undue optimismundueesigningability oftenin thean and 24

u te rp niomna ast fo al of all from environmental assets rip they hus

h sbeto o hmn ens o these to beings human of subjection the “ sophisters

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CEU eTD Collection (2012), a study on the neoconservative shift. neoconservative (2012),the studyon a 7 evolution their of embodiments are market the by mobilisedknowl tacit are practical, dispersed, mechanisms market that (!) discovers only but prescribe or invent non market the arrangementstraditional other overrule lifeand of spheres other infest forces market the that is logic or market the reservation to conservatives traditionalist The of opposition tradition. beliefs: their of value cherished most the and mechanisms (OSHA)have all been introduced during Nixonthe administration. (E Agency Protection Environmental the (NEPA) Act Policy Environmental National the as embracedandconservation such majormovement.thenature, legislativeMoreover, landmarks position; resulted,among many other administratio al legislativemajorwerelandmarks the Moreover, movement. positionenvironmentalist exploitingits assetsand treating itsolely asmeans increasingfor wealth. human that recognition the to addition commitment,attac sentimentsof

In this paragraph I greatly rely on the excellent thread of thought in in thought of thread excellent the on rely greatly I paragraph this In A, h Cen i At f 90 n te cuainl aey n Hat Administration Health and Safety Occupational the and 1970 of Act Air Clean the PA), 3.3. Conservativesusually acknowledgetensionslie the that between dominationthe ofmarket anti an heldalways not has RepublicanAmericanParty the US, the In inabove, th Asrepeated

ni aon te 90s mrcn osraie hv be otih dfnes of defenders outright been have conservatives American 1970’s the around until Neoconservatism n. The followingThe sub - economic spheres of life. Defenders of Hayek argue that Hayek does not not does Hayek that argue Hayek of Defenders life. of spheres economic

and s , e US, the Americanthe US, e Republican always hasnot Partyheld an anti in

ni aon te 1970’s the around until edge in society, and traditional institutions, traditions and the and traditionsinstitutions,traditional and society, in edge the redefinitionthe ofman’s rolein nature hment, reverence, responsibility, etc. developed and these ( these responsibility,anddeveloped reverence,hment, etc.

- chapter willdefinitivechapter lightshedthe on ideological shift that

existence depends upon nature) prevent people from people prevent nature) upon dependsexistence Mni 2012) (Mándi 25

t rather it Ideology and Tradition and Ideology . 7

hs fr ae ad o most for and Hayek for Thus, l

ntroduced during the Nixon the during ntroduced (Scruton 1991) (Scruton

mrcd h conservation the embraced .

- environmentalist

by Tibor Mándi Mándi Tibor by

and push to to push and in - CEU eTD Collection e ae a t te ainls o ielg. aeht rightly Oakeshott aspirationcreationthefor of an ideology ideology.wasmanifestationthe ofpolitical Rationalism: of rationalism the to way gave he (Mándi2012) inf that planning economic centralised the of expansion the against hasgained popularity It inUK. political the and lifeUS the becauseargued hein both popular the in it elaborated he confront“constructivist Thus,in to rationalism”, order “ideologythe he created offre developments contemporary of direction, the not speed, the affect only can ow its of not path a along dragged be to conservatism of their fate the prevent been invariably reason, cannot this for has, it It continuance. direction, another indicate not does it since but, developments, to resistance its by succeed may It moving. temperament Conservative? in values,conservative traditional certain sympathiseswith Hayek againsttheminactiontaking further move followershisto andHayek engineering of ambitions constructivist the but ledrationalism. state strong Thisoverridingrepulsionthe threateningofforces andagainst the se, per state the not is market post the socialist the to reaction widespread interventi a by fuelled largely was 1970’s centuries traditi with consubstantialis it tradition, manifestationof one is market the conservatives contemporary The discrepancyThe stems from while factthe that Hayek rejected “constructivist rationalism’, - war era. It was recognized however that the enemy of the spontaneous order of the of order spontaneous the enemyof the that however recognized was It era. war onist economic policy that had been dominant even in the non the in evendominant been had that policyeconomic onist (Mándi2012) n cmaal t te Anglo the to comparable on, by its very nature it cannot offer an alternative to the direction in which weare which in direction the to alternative an offer cannot it nature very its by

andhampers individual, community and business aspirations. (1960) he distances himself from it, arguing that because of the rather passive rather the of because that arguinghimselfdistances it, he from (1960) . As I noted above,strengthening the noted AsI . ofnew market liberalism from the od o Serfdom to Road n choosing. The tug of war between conservatives and progressiveswarbetweenand conservatives of tug The choosing. n

- Saxon common law that has evolved through through evolved has that law common Saxon 17 [94) n wih eoe tremendously become which and [1944]) (1972

current tendencies in slowing down undesirable down slowing in tendencies current 26

his essayhis describes igs ua freedom human ringes (Mándi2012) - communist world in worldcommunist

.” .” Why I am not a not am I Why -

ye strongly type, (Hayek 1960) (Hayek o Hayek’s how edom”as . Though . - minde

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CEU eTD Collection order become because order erroneous they insensitiveare decisions. the minimum, those evenOtherwise, by framesguidingspontaneous the the of create regulations affected that are who people the and place the to affiliation and experieconnection through only acquired be cannot knowledge practical this Andwell. as knowledgepractical of deal good a technicalknowledge, from apart need, also man are order regulating besides that s of frames fact the the create that on institutions the “invisible” mechanisms, view spontaneous his blinded and changes organic and incremental slow, thoseresources.”considered be ideologystrengthening a of tradit alread society a in only And politics. of style same the to belongs it but opposite, its than better be may planning all resist Serfdom to Road politics respectable all of criterion Hisimpatiencethingsdisrespectingof hisled Hayekcourse ambitionchangeand to the to stylistic the become has and politics in style one merely be to ceased has “Rationalism oa rsucs f eitne to resistance of resources ional

–

not the cogency of his doctrine but the fact that it is a doctrine. A plan to plan A doctrine. a is it that fact the but doctrine his of cogency the not - made and those who establish the rules and laws of such an order order an such of laws and rules the establish who those and made del ifce wt Rtoaim il h cneso o the of conversion the will Rationalism with infected deeply y .

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h trny f ainls it a self a into Rationalism of tyranny the 27

perhaps

for localfor needs and specificities. ,

the main significance of Hayek’s of significance main the (Oakeshott 1962a) (Oakeshott c, hog personal through nce,

c a self a uch - conscious

- CEU eTD Collection long find thus heritage, cultural or natural valuable preserve or conserve to disposed are greens, similarlyspecific.Conservatives,something to of conservation statement the not ‘limp’is goal conservatives’ be would conserve to desire common their natural of functioning ecosystems. the with incompatible is which principle performance economic industrializationagend kind all of critical be should Greens capitalism. is industrialism so of ideology’ dramatically Porritt decreases. techno mostlywhichdeterminedare by conduct of codes and standards developmentregulations, control, requires technological by posed risks the of management the Moreover, machinery. connections world recognize eter the infaith (Pilbeam2003; Bliese 1980; Gray 1997; Scruton 1995; Rossiter 1982) moral ethics, environmental eager and noisycampaignsradicalismas loud, took and disguise, in socialism saw conservatives enviro In viewpoint. economic the from much so not environmentalists, although againstcriticism 4. - Concludingcommonfromthe etymological origins of‘conservation’ and ‘conservative’ to the of man, of Enlightenmentview the of suspicious are greens and conservatives Both expressed also conservatives classical spectrum, conservative the of end other the At term solutions, however conservativ however solutions, term

mnait siain fr titr tt cnrl n mngmn, traditionalist management, and control state stricter for aspirations nmentalist (Porritt 1984) (Porritt - ueurtc ytm ad hrfr, ih h epnin f oto, ua freedom human control, of expansion the with therefore, and systems bureaucratic Conservatism and Ecology

in the rationalisminthe scienceof technologyand

with objects and personal connections between human agents are interrupted by interrupted are agents humanbetween connectionspersonal and objects with t ad eea dsoiin wee osraie ad res hr ter views their share greens and conservatives where disposition, general and ity nal progress of humanityof progress nal . Industrialization . comeswith a a s . The fundamental principle of both types of economic system is the issystem economic of types both fundamentalprincipleof The . (Carter 2007) (Carter (1984)

warns that as much as socialismmuchas asgoal ais that warns . Nonetheless, there are various grounds, on the levelthe on variousof grounds, Nonetheless,are there . (Scruton 1980; Porritt 1984; Kirk 1953) Kirk 1984; Porritt 1980; (Scruton es do not wish to arrest change altogether, but seek but altogether, change arrest wishto not do es

lienation a

danger for th fordanger (Scruton 1980) (Scruton Srtn 1980) (Scruton . e humannaturale the and

becausedirectthe - driven‘super s

. They both They . f massive of because , - CEU eTD Collection environment was clearly not at the forefront of her politics. her of forefront the at not wasclearly environment initiatives environmental certain for way the easedshe term her of end the At problems. environmental other free the in belief besidesher saythatto suffices 8 descendants; thereforeour have inheritedwill andwe ancestorsland to the fromon itour pass Bible. the lease tenancy life a is have we All Earth. this on freehold a has generation lateryears born’hundred be to are who those and dead, are who those living, as words signif generation strengthen is Besidest better mayserveenvironmental,social,(economic,capital etc.) ofdifferent kinds inno drowning and precaution radical of insteadbusinesses. Thus, ofbehaviour the andexchange economic as life,such of spheres other account into take to vital is it viewpoint,conservative the from but causes, ecological principlesriskaversionof ofsystem elaborate establishedanhave greens view, of point conservative a from hazardous risk While stance. precautionary radical more a take greens sinceandhumanity goal balanced farfromtheisa drifted hasso n ecosystem whole that the of balance the is it greens For incrementaltransition. slow, and mean”“golden balanced boundaries the respect that solutions

Thatcher’s attitude to the environment is contradictory issue that I I issuethat contradictory is environment the Thatcher’sto attitude imagineda as increeds both ” icance of our respect for the for respect our icanceof (Thatcher 1990) (Thatcher (such as the creation of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)) though the though (IPCC)) Change Climate on Panel Intergovernmental the of creation asthe (such he ide he ‘

s All these conceptions emphasise the temporariness of our existence and warn that that warn and existence our of temporariness emphasisethe conceptions theseAll a partnership not only between those who are living, but between those who are who those between but living, are who those between only not partnership a the moral aspect of their argumentation, greens often appeal to the “rightsfuturethe of their argumentation, ofmoralappeal greensoften to theaspect wih s sae cnen ih osraie, lhuh h lte srs the stress latter the although conservatives, with concern shared a is which ” a

of horizontal cooperation of the differentthe(spatial spherescontinuity), societyof cooperation horizontalof a

politic

8 . It It

(Bliese1997) echoes al descendant of Burke rephrased Burke of descendantal

temporalcollaboration betweenthe

past, the ancestors the past, the o the

vation, Scruton Scruton vation, OSlia 1976) (O’Sullivan . A highA . level precaut of ther related ther - market, she acknowledged the threat of climate change and change climate of threat the acknowledged she market, 29

idea‘stewardship’hasitsof origins that in .

The continuity is expressed inBurke’s continuityexpressedis The (1980) . do not wish to elaborate on here. It It here. on elaborate to wish not do nie aias te lo fr the for look they radicals, Unlike -

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ionmay justifiedbe by various rgues Bre 1987 (Burke subsequent e se per that that –

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generations. [1790] in

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likely to support the environ the support likely to rvatives’ support of environmental protection in particular countries. C countries. particularin environmental protection of support rvatives’ mental conditionsmental

Further clarifications through examples of politi of through examples clarifications Further prime responsibility to be good tenants of it. Besides nice ideals, these thoughts thoughts these ideals, nice Besides it. of tenants good be responsibility to prime e), and are concerned with the conservation of natural landscapes.natural of conservation the with concerned are and e),

onservatives as well as greens admire natural and man and naturaladmire greens as well as onservatives (Scruton 1980, 2012) 1980, (Scruton (Nawrotzki 2012) (Nawrotzki ment in capitalist,higinment

are more are

In Central In 30

committedto

- hly developed countries, characterizhlycountries,developed talpolitical activities. Eastern Europe environmentalism Europe Eastern has

ts i psil ad a b a be may and possible is atism environmentalif theyprotection opment status and poor poor and status opment cal

practice

onservatives are onservatives generallyseen - made beauty made

Their llas ed CEU eTD Collection movements set a strong anti strong a set movements or Congress from either US conservationistclub members the in Conservationists the with sympathised greatly members Party Republican The nature. of discovery for passion a and leisure for gathered not been usually had These onwards. and sixties pre the from movements the These then goals differentsubstantially fraternity. and naturalness discovery, adventurousness, movement youth literatureRomantic intellectualandera highlywere the of thought inspired by Enlightenmentthe cult ofbeauty and Industrial the to reactions as being Europe continental and Britain USA, the early an sixties the of activitiesthe ofpre dispar growth economic and margin profit the impair might conservative discrimin environment environmentalhistoryof the groups, largelyto due socialist past, a without countriesin hand, the by caused destruction environmental the to mismanagwastefulnessand response a as 1980’s the in emerged n otat ih hs non these with contrast In environmentalismthe with usually associated is environmentalaltogether movementThe environmentalistmovements ity between inherent values of conservatism and actual preferences may also be due to to due be alsomay preferences actual andconservatism of valuesinherent between ity to aant unrbe rus evrnetl justice) environmental groups, vulnerable against ation -

ideology that favours the industrialthe favourscapitalistideology resists andchangessocial that that order of form another as interpreted often are valuesrelated svnis ae u b Nw et oeet, oee tee a emerged had there however movements, Left New by up taken seventies d

- politically r h Ser Cu wih endorse which Club Sierra the or - dominantlyLeftist environmentalist groups. (Scruton 2012) (Scruton ement of resources in the socialist economic system. On the other other the socialisteconomicsystem.On the in resources of ement - rvn n n and driven - capitalist tone tone capitalist (Drake 2010; Dunlap(Drake - oiia liue soitos te e Lfit environmental Leftist New the associations, leisurepolitical

in the late nineteenth and beginning of twentieth century incenturybeginning nineteenth twentiethand lateof the in . Such groups were for instance the Germaninstance the for were groups Such . eouin n ter das ee epy otd n the in rooted deeply were ideals their and Revolution on Srtn 2012) (Scruton - that spurred a strong counter response counter strong a spurred that fiitd soitos r lb wee members where clubs or associations affiliated 31

et al. et iel lk freedom, like ideals d

2001) MCih ad ulp 2010) Dunlap and (McCright . These early movements came to to came movements early These . .

ht r i opsto with opposition in are that leftistvalues - 95 rus had groups 1945 self - responsibility, Wandervogel

( rejection from th from The .

of as e

CEU eTD Collection 2003) environmentalistofinternatio global support perspectivethe and conservativeideology,whichlargelyis U.S. incompatibleof an focuscommitment the withto environmentallyrestriction. anybased to on based is imperative that environmentalanas role state’s management state impedebusiness regulationexpendituresthat and interests;including state off cut reducing the considerably to administrationaim Reaganwas whose the during exacerbated was opposition largebureaucracywreckingbusiness the andof opportunities environmentalism parties conservative .

is only another variant to socialism that promotes strong state intervention, state strong socialismpromotes that to variant another onlyis MCih ad ulp 2010) Dunlap and (McCright

the ever greater exploitation of natural resources is clearlyishostil resources natural exploitationof greater ever the Another point of opposition lies in the inlies opposition of point Another 32

(Drake 2010) (Drake .

hs fr ay cons many for Thus,

(Gray1993; Pilb nalregulatory bodies . The .

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Oikophilia and responsibility Oikophilia and

Introduction - aehtin osraim ta my e optbe o h evrnet is environment) the to hospitable be may (that conservatism Oakeshottian - ciit non activist, - te that for all the difficulties of such a return, persuasive arguments canargumentspersuasive return, a difficultiessuch the allof for that te driv

en political battles of the late 20 late the of politicalbattles en

- eouinr attd ws bnoe fr h rationally the for abandoned was attitude revolutionary - ng is fundamentally wrong with how we think about about think we how with fundamentally wrong is ng material values, a concern for absent generations, the generations, absent for concern a materialvalues, - t e t is mrc o te dooy f freedom, of ideology the of embrace its to led at conservatives) who is concerned with ecology andecology with concerned is who conservatives) András 33

(Dobson 2000) (Dobson Lányiand th

and early 21 earlyand

ted whether a classical,a maywe whether ted Roger , that the ecologicalproblemthe that ,

Scruton, however, I will I however, Scruton, f science and the ideasciencethe fand st

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will ronmental problems, greens all have a rather somber view on the state of the of state the on view somber rather a haveall greens problems,ronmental –

compare their conceptions of the ‘local’theirthecompare conceptionsof community. and willwith theirI start made), and he only gradually became attentive to the systemic problems (insystemicproblems the to attentivegradually becameonly he and made), y of the two works is that the authors started out theirphilosophical out started careers authors the that is works two the ofy ics,conditionthe ofculture,hence civilization. about temsand continue with their

by Lányi, his most recent journal article that appeared in appeared that articlejournal recent mostLányi, hisby 34

Ecology, as a Political Philosophy Political a as Ecology, yconservatism. theirend, Inthethrough epistemologicalstances

of his career, career, his of

(2012) s . CEU eTD Collection with describing his work and thoughts.and work his describing with 9 scientificresults, especially climate onesrelatedthe to change. natural He science. and psychology, science, political economics, as such areas, different various on and a philosophy years fifteen past the from writings Lányi’ epistemology and linkages. ar authors other the and Bliese Pilbeam, by presumed was what that reveal to discussed be to need creeds two the underpinnings of ecologicalworldviewsconservativeintertwine.and the of examination serious a not is Lányi less communityis individual’sto relation the where is that conservatism individual (2) and government strong or liberalism,conservatismsocialism. and besi worldviews of matrix the in element coherent fourth the consistent, as positioned be a can be that ideology to emerged has ecology that reasons and ideologies, political artic This

Since András Lányi’s works are not available yet in English, only in Hungarian, I may be slightly more slightly be may I Hungarian, in only English, in yet available not András Lányi’sare works Since 5.2. climatechangegiven.as The extensive works of Scruton and Lányichieflyand Scruton of works extensive The s 9

work

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(Lányi2010) 35 –

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Scruton omnt relation, community For this reason, some of the philosophicalthe of some reason, this For in a matrix defined by two axis: (1) weakaxis:matrix defined in(1) a bytwo ’s operate in operate

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ed by environmentalists’ constant scaremongering isscaremongeringenvironmentalists’ by constant ed cuo dvts a devotes Scruton throughout Lányiupholds that ecologicalproblems current the of picture“gloomy” This there are serious doubts about the required neutrality of the scienti the neutralityof required the about doubts serious are there s are founded upon a scientific method of assessment of data that is questionableisand that data assessmentofscientific of methoda upon founded are s – 4) H acps environment accepts He . at all at among regular. greens,rather but

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considerable portion (chapter 2) of the book to to book the of 2) (chapter portion considerable v te kpis hs rasrn wrs fe hp. The hope. offer words reassuring whose skeptics the eve

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In NGOs this is problem is usually formulated as ‘lack of ownership’, when local people are uninterested in the projects the in uninterested usuallyoflocal‘lackwhen formulatedproblem peopleare is as ownership’, In is NGOs this global and decision international Itthat means out from the decisionthe from out - Local communitiesLocal agenda of instead times, many emphasizes Scruton as Therefore, directed membershipeasilybedirectedcannot criticalpurpose the subjectedis to examinationthat ities in the decision the in ities rises as the decisions are transferred to higherdecisions risesthe levelsastransferredto are - ruet aant etaie ato, uh as such action, centralized against arguments the alltheir implications in their lives – . People generally have a sense of locality and as they are socialized in a socializedin are they as localityand of sense a generallyhave People . 90) ae f eiin ta afc ete positively either affect that decisions of case - making and implementation ofprojects.makingimplementation and the . Internal defects and contradictions must, for the sake of interest, of sake the for must, contradictions and defects Internal . bythemselves ional. - makingan process

friendshipneighbourliness.and -

leveldecisions addressing

- makingbureaucracy and generally are even more held difficultto be will act if needed for protecting or improvingwill or if protecting theiract neededforlocal d from implemenfrom d 39

- ietd raiain ta am t solving at aim that organizations directed which

localcommunities

the

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r n or , local , - rvn movements, driven

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have to haveto be CEU eTD Collection fet. A Srtn etos n a Lni lbrtl dsrbs iproa techno impersonal describes, elaborately Lányi as and mentions Scruton (As effects. possibility o the of calculations to addition in changed be cannot or solutions technical provides can what and ofassessment the through problems to ones) problemsregulatory or solutions(technological and risks the disaggregates management differencesqualitative 2 2012, (Scruton citi state, only liabilityinstitutionsresponsibilityinmoral but diminishes ask cannot (we b seldom can bureaucrats all, of First ma be conservativeandenvironmentalist critique argumentofenvironmentalthe that problems should 128 2012, s everyone’s are problems scale theyaffectvillage but many town localitiesor may trans beor problems solutionssensitiveare that localthe to needs develop to helpsknowledgepractical thiseffective because moreefficient andmore is action community their responsibilityofsense developsthe whatindividualis inthe will that motivateth socializationthis process but data, information asor on passedis technical that knowledgeof onlyexperiences,personal through mainteractions. through It learned frombebooks, cannot knowledgethat kindof practicaldescribedtheknowledgeis as The most obvious reason for using general agendas a agendas generalusing for reason obvious most The Oakeshott epistemology.What on description above the to back refers also thought This who is responsible is who ae b te tt ae intertwined are state the by naged zens are left out of the decision the of out left are zens would bewould – 129) , and in , casesmost environmentalistsfor this means managed byThe state. the . cuo’ an Scruton’s –

that many that suchproblemsstrictlyappear not defineddo the on ofaterritory 37)

. Third, universal solutions are insensible to local specificities (to (to specificities local to insensible are solutions universal Third, . ht ant e ujc t rtoait aclto) Then, calculation). rationalist to subject be cannot that ?). Second, with state management,“confiscated”problems are state by the with Second, ?). Lnis argumentation Lányi’s d te ne t b mngd n eaf f everyone of behalf on managed be to need they o hl acutbe Iproa isiuin ba legal bear institutions Impersonal accountable. held e - (Lányi 2012, 114; Scruton 2012, 88 2012, Scruton 114; 2012, (Lányi making process and the sense of ownership is lost isownership of sense the and process making

imply that this kind of adaptation or or adaptation of kind this imply that nd plans for solving environmentalsolvingfor plans nd - ybe complemented with sort the boundaryproblems. These large f adverse and beneficial and adverse f what is responsible is what – em to act for act to em 91,130 bureaucratic (Scruton (Scruton – 131) ? - . CEU eTD Collection 13 make we can know, we place importancerealizationfrompracticalstemsthe ofwhose itknowledge. of Only and that about 14) 2012, “ decideonlyessencethe andtheparties on way to o politicalsolutionsettlementisconflicts ofthe discussion through compromiseand betweenthe genuine a him, For discussion.political for open left be should public/socialgoals common/ th and affairs public that insistence an importantly, more even and, politics aswellnature asinterpersonal relations. the as philosophicaldevelop whicharguments,socialtheirtackleto foundations for addre without problems usually Thishelpsin us revealing realthe difference between environmentalists defined(aswho above) th to response in politics ecological defines responsibilityin privateboth and public life. responsibilityandin more of citizens ordinary the deprive consequencescitizensfor communities.and systemsAsthese burdenthe take ofdecisions they the Finally, control.) our from often quite slip also media the or companies transnational big state, the to specific not are systems bureaucratic Ecological politics is not environmental protection; it is the lore of coexistence of lore the is it protection; environmental not is politics Ecological

I will return to the criterion of right as Lányi defines it later. it defines asLányi right of criterion the to return will I The logicThel of inreclaimingparticipation essentiallyon based isphilosophy political ecologicalLányi’s Lányias justtechnical solutions, for support theirenvironmentalists rebukesfor Scruton

present age o a aaeil prah ht ek tcncl ouin t environmental to solutions technical seeks that approach managerial a for “argue .

ytm f vr increasing ever of system ocalizat

ssing underlying issues” underlying ssing ion more areas of life,of individualsareas more less and lessleft withopportunity are is

at at meaningful participation in public affairs. As the state takes takes state the Asaffairs. public in meaningful participation right the heart of both ecologicalofboth heart the politics and conservative politics 13

eiin. s áy age, h popcs o the for prospects the argues, Lányi As decisions. consump

opesv fre o iproa organizations. impersonal of forces oppressive e 41

(Pilbeam 2003, 491) (Pilbeam 2003, fright Ecology,and aswrong. Lányi it puts in n production and tion

cnicto” f rbes a crucial has problems of “confiscation” , te nrni vle of value intrinsic the , while

ecologists aspireecologists functioningsuch dfnto of definition e .” .” (Lányi CEU eTD Collection et noce. oee, n dsuso o cmuiain small communitarian, of discussion any However, untouched. left previ evoked also were identitycommitmentand as such knowledge, to elements Other interactions. social and politics to relation mainly in discussed was definedbrieflyit wasand ecology andconservatism both to central made was of discussion The Oakeshott. Michael by developed as knowledge comprehensivecritique ofmodernity. philo firmer on stands it and broader much from evolved environmentalism that of continuation direct a is Ecology areas. naturalrich of degradationsignificant and the loss i.e. time, our of atypicalecology.Environmentalism is not but to emergedin respo radicalinstitutionsclaimsthe and changeofis in conservative withopposition strikethe tenets b to considersheecologicalwhichpolitics and ecologyphilosophical of groundingthe develop to need justificationthe the isforThis ecology.voluntary will ofthe at changedbe cannot logic fulfillingthissincerole theseinstit calls he whyecological politicspoliticsthe responsibility.of reason institutionsfinds current He inadequate forour the is This process. political the through met be only can obligation avertingmoralgenerationsthe dutymakes environmentalof the our c ecologicalHansJonas politics. refers to He uncontrollablebodies farare who from their reach (Lányi 114). 2012: and bureaucratic) (financial or networks global by taken are people local affectingdecisions prot 5.4. e the politicsresponsibilityofthe e cin f h ‘ih iest’ n aue s well as nature in diversity’ ‘rich the of ection hs hss ral bid uo te icsin f ainls, n te w tps of types two the and rationalism, of discussion the upon builds greatly thesis This Loca

lization of decisions, the restitution of the humanthe lizationofrestitutiondecisions,scale affairs ofofthe preconditionisa for Responsibility and and Responsibility

utionsTheir designedwerepurposes. serve different other to and meeknessand(Lányi114 2012: O ikophilia (…) 42

ohcl rud a wl. t s n wy a way a in is It well. as grounds sophical

when he says that our responsibility whensaysheour that futurefor ously but the motivations behind them were behindmotivationsthem the but ously

s n utr rmi bek s og as long as bleak remain culture in as niomnaim u woe cp is scope whose environmentalism but nse to the pressingthe nseto problems ).

This opposition to current current Thisto opposition practical knowledge that that knowledge practical atastrophe and this atastrophe moral

- cl, esnl social personal scale, CEU eTD Collection as a principle of universal lawuniversal of principle a as imperativean whichact reason, of tells to us wellempiricalas an aspect and and reason, to obedientsameandtimefree the at isbeingwho a is empiricalanddesirejudgement moral itscritique interpretation Scruton and Lányi desires, and expressionofjudgements is preferencesdefied sheer to reduced are motives human the that justic and law price a put whichwedon’t on things and price a it“ puts anywhymoralguidanceon p with us provide not stillmotivation, but does smallof Altruism portion a actions.mayanswer non for individuals of motivation the about explanation meaningful any provide agree ecology emphasizesother, linkthe itself, communicativethe connection between subjects.the respon whom in agent the on put is emphasis the conservatism Whereasofinresponsibilitycase people. the determining most two connectionthebetween as the create that and individuals together the keep that forcesmotivating the elucidate to needs arrangements O Kantianbephilosophy cannot at look A r this of source the what is question The of sense the stands relationsinterpersonal of conception authors’ both of centre the At

e f h gets aheeet of achievement greatest the of ne ht h rdcins atrplg of anthropology reductionist the that moral reasoning is not economic reasoning...There are certain things on whicheconomicaremoralreasoningreasoning...Therecertainon thingsnot is we put may

e are clearly outside of the realm of tradable goods. The reductionismThe goods. tradable ofrealm the of clearlyoutside are e of Kantof firmgrounds leadto who , . Interestingly, as I will attempt to demonstrate, KantianInterestingly,demonstrate, will ethics. well as I to as as attempt

the samethe conclusion whole.the on

r ld to led are for eople should cooperate outside the economic the AsScruton sphere.outside shouldeoplecooperate . . Kantianm . cooperation. cooperation. D

etermined by etermined (Scruton 2012, 201) 2012, (Scruton

(Kant 2008; Scruton 2012, 201 2012, Scruton 2008; (Kant

elaborate

Kantian orality is founded upon oralityfoundedis

inaccordance with avoided in any discussion of morality, and so do do so morality,discussionanyinandavoidedof 43

esponsibility for others is. Lányi and Scruton Scruton and Lányi is. others esponsibility for self

nvra rationalityuniversal .” - philosophy moral on views their interested atomised individuals does not not does individuals atomised interested (Scruton 2012, 201) 2012, (Scruton .

s h systematic the is

the maximthe iiiy s eeoe fr the for developed sibility is the possess

one – categorical imperative categorical 204)

People, communities,People, cannot will anythwill cannot philosophy es a transcendentala es that . but T

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CEU eTD Collection 14 ( beings ethics,anthropocentric that ethicsan for pursuit a In Kant. of philosophy,critiqueresponsibility the on moral Kantian on responsibility of obligationshistorically rooted univ of morallaw.” rational the and force motivating the both underlies reasoning Y address I and Me address t other, to accountable as ourselves regard we Because pursuit Kantian the of principles universal re the on founded fol Scruton responsibility. of sense a by governed are People good. common the to apply can we that blamed ob as them situates that evaluation selfsheerby driven not are people realize helps that us moralagent the empirical the to cognitionof aspect avoid else anyone what than other ht e rus a been has argues he that

In David Abram’s that endows “a more Abram’sendowsthat“a David In a sons and not the not and sons Scruton Scruton t related controversies the of despite that out, points Scruton immoral 14

ra principlesersal

(Scruton 2012, 202 2012, (Scruton as well, well, as lows with Stephen Darwall’s reasoning that Kantian ethic of moral reason must bemust moralKantianreason ofethic Darwall’s reasoningthat Stephen with lows

partlyreviewsKantian the view o interest but also by their conception of their place in the world and by a habitof bya and world the inplacetheir of conception theirby also but interest (Scruton 2012, 204) 2012, (Scruton

behaviour,such aslying stealing. or ‘ second Lányi ”

impersonal evaluation impersonal

and one that that one - gets gets esn standpoint person – rather rather 203) at ou’ ou’ would will in a similarsituation a inwill would

(Scruton 2012, 208) 2012, (Scruton upse b de eooy r eco or ecology deep by surpassed

questioning takes into account account into takes .

Srtn 02 204) 2012, (Scruton

creates synthesis of the abstract right and of the concrete, concrete, the of and right abstract the ofsynthesis creates It is not because people are peoplebecause not is It - jects of judgement of jects than - human world” with intrinsic value value intrinsic with world” human s that appeal to appeal that s ‘ that the ethics the that bcue esn fr cin are action for reasons because , 44 fethical byview the constituted s

”

Srtn 02 203 2012, (Scruton

not justhumans not universally but

Whileneverthelesshe Lányi among

“ . he force for action derives as You You as derives action for force he

h itresnl aue f moral of nature interpersonal The o

f utilitarians nor utilitarians

salse hs conception his establishes modern European individualism European modern . others, who can be praised and praised be can who others, utilitariancalculatingmachines Reason alone motivates alone Reason utfcto of justification o Kant’s o

could replace could (Abram 1997) (Abram - – philosophy 0; awl 1996) Darwall 204;

establishes the ideaestablishes the

the abs the metaphysics,

‘ ‘abstract right’‘abstract agent

the Kantian the non

) the current current the

tract and tract - is re -

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the of ’ .

CEU eTD Collection exercises the compelling force on me, but that but me, oncompelling forcethe exercises preliminary my as it of preconditions the partne my of truth the to among engagement present not was it if dialogue, our others from Lévinas agents communicating constantly interdependent, organism(s) biological the or focusing various 73) 2010, w and interaction, social interdependence,mutual which within attained be of typenot ormay maya independence,but heteronomous a as qualify would this Kant, For challenges. modify they interplay this of course the activeinteractionwitharein theyin and theirenvironment.Instead, it, of independent not are they because just patterns) their renewing and maintaining (of sustenance autonomous livingsystems humanityofintermediating concept that fact the in humanity (Lányi73) of 2010, idea general the of representation occasional an as only Other the at aims is legislator moral determinants these of absence the in Consequently, generalized. be cannot they theirnature, By Self. the of identity whichthe constitute affections and goals specific of kinds “ Becausechoice. “anthropocentric”.

(1967) teps cud o b maigul apid n h non the on meaningfully applied be not could attempts, on the agent andestablishingagent the on theorya based differentthe on characteristics Selfofthe . The ethics of modern European philosophyanthropoce European modernwas of ethicsThe , “ ,

but help and devotion, as understanding each other cannot be the outcome of of outcome the be cannot other each understanding as devotion, and help but as developed by ecology (here, it is as biology as is it (here, ecologyby developed as

, Lányi that argues , moral position of the co the of positionmoral .

in the definition of the possib the of definition the in

Lányi sees the flaw of KantianflawLányiofphilosophy the sees in led only by abstract rationality, an impersonal fulfillment of duties, whichduties, of fulfillment impersonal an rationality, abstract by only led In the Kantianphilosophythe In ih s o possible not is hich , áy establ Lányi

. it is not understanding on the first place that humansneed firstplacethat the understandingon not is it

r In response, In

(Lányi78) 2010, hi inr tt i rsos t te environmental the to response in state inner their - subject, of the other other the of subject, se hs hoy on theory his ishes 45 the focus of criticismof isfocus the

le goals of good willgood of goals le the –

e aoe theoretically alone let Lányi . Other ad Other Following

. redefinesautonomy It is not primarily not is It discussionthe that dresses me and expects response, expects and me dresses ) moral agentmoral

h philosoph the the ” interaction behaviour...a

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- concept of autonomy, of concept organisms are capable of of capable are organisms ua wrd Ised of Instead world. human [Kant] ntric and despite of despiteand ntric the autonomy of moralof autonomy the – ,

is definedthe iswith

usd it outside - has to exclude all all exclude to has

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the h mutual the

Emma ... theory of theory .”

Kant’s (Lányi n and the uel ly ”

CEU eTD Collection ht cuo dsrbs ne ti tr i however, is term this under describes Scruton What o identity of sense a locality, the to commitment the home, the for love the the futurepeople in basicchildren,mostthe ancestors, our attachments to family and locality. about responsibility future for incentive create can debates justice’ ‘environmental the of normativity complexthe even not them, of none that isconcern Scruton’s received.is what equivalentof justice of theory contractarian Kantianreplacethe maxims to supposedhumanity. present ofway follows other TheRawlsian future the developed Jonas, considerations. moral our in account into people generations today, of ofspeculation but beings. Kantian the while non towards motive (Lányi2010 freedom. my this and because depend mutually others, the of convincedthat builtenvironment are This unsettlingethicalmost the of findone environmentalwe ethicsof focus the At that responsibilityis to ways two the differencebetween important most The h cnrt historically concrete the

Responsibilitytightlysensesb islinked to deny to either choose can I meaddresses Other thewhen thisof

direct experiencedirect the rights of rights the S fr to ah hv be offered been have paths two far, So . , 78) , (Scruton 2012, 20 2012, (Scruton

his/her concerns are mine, too mine,too are his/her concerns .

the factthe ofdirect experience. epniiiy s n xeso of extension an responsibility is - humanbeingsdirectly fromensues for future generations future for “ a wo s drse, h rsod. a te respons the am I responds. who addressed, is who am I comprehendednames indispositionScruton the that withfamily members, surroundings,own our people,andthe nature - . The principle of ‘ principleof The . ietd oa cmadet fr h peet age present the for commandments moral directed - ent and this is the hard necessity of the relation. But exactly But relation. the of necessity hard the is this and ent rooted obligations, Scruton seeks the motives for protecting protecting for motives the seeks Scruton obligations, rooted 7) . Thus, instead of abstract theories, followingtheories, abstract of instead Thus,

or with other words, the responsibilitythe words, future for other with or 46 (Levinas1967)

just savings’ prescribes to leave at least the least at leave to savings’prescribes just ecause responsibilityecause is The successo The

o te tia dlma f aig future taking of dilemma ethical the for h person the barely Lányi ’s interpretation of responsibilityof interpretation’s .

e. t opie the comprises It new. Human - r of Kantian moral law, Hans law, moralKantian of r to - p ro sympathy erson s

are reliant on the help the relianton are not the consequencethe not the meet or f the individual.the f Oikophilia

his reasoninghis - be one. able the moral the

cha - to other other to ht are that requests requests oriented various llenge ; it isit;

”

CEU eTD Collection economics 15 substantial a for paths desired certain formulate ecologists and environmentalist groups both ecologismradicala but take cannot position. severe could attitude moderate scale the destruction. of and problem ecological of perception different radically Lányi’s p been has extent certain a sympathy environmentalism significant many the itself hosti the that conservatismand crucialidentity conservatives:for such market. the “litt the arrangements, for the respect with starting accounted: been already have that philosophy conservative of elements

oikos 5.5. This is one of the most fundamentaldifferencebe most the of one is This haveWe

as piety,asecological socialand ba went through went : Greek word, means house or household. From oikos comes the En the oikoscomes From household. houseor meansword, Greek : n hi view, their in

tog poiin o urn isiuin. h rdcls o gen ses rm their from stems greens radicalism of The institutions. current to opposition strong

for theirmovement for number of conservativesnumberof fiiis ewe te two the between affinities

Further bet epcal preceding especially absent, Oikophil

M seen that there are manyare there naturaldispositions seenthat nr changes inor te agenda the , , rather than being than rather , ia

remarks le platoons” (Burke) of society of (Burke) platoons” le 15 n te ieto o sca changes social of direction the and

hardlysatisfy

involves erpetuated from environmentalism to ecology as we as ecology environmentalism fromto erpetuated

fromconservatives n niomna plc o ajsmns civd y more a by achieved adjustments or policy environmental in - lityto driven campaigning, and so on, on, so and campaigning, driven

the sensethe ofnationhood. many as ‘socialismas indisguise’.

lance,dehumanizingfordistaste technology environmentalists environmentalismthe in rooted is conservatism’s creeds dispositions

eeain, cultural generations,

47 evrnetls rmis o e seen be to remains environmentalism ,

(Scruton 2012) (Scruton that serve the sustenance of the ‘oikos’ the of sustenance the serve that : such as trusts, associations, clubs and clubsassociations, trusts, as such : natural opposition to it. Yet, despite of despite Yet, it. to opposition natural tween the two creeds. For this reason, this For creeds. two the tween , because the lossbecausethein , hasnature been so

that are sharedbyecologyare both and that is Because of the of Because

glish prefix eco eco prefix glish embededdness, . What is more, radicalism,isWhatmore, . to o un so res ant oe any hope cannot greens etig o te, t them, for settling

change f h ecological the of

– radicalof stance

for ecology and ecology for s

n te local the and , and another , conservatism have seen in seen y a by hat CEU eTD Collection o link to humanism Enlightenment of tenets the contempo free of proponents review literature society.many on drawbacks cautious more are conservatives traditionalist above, showed I As tenet. thisdivided veryupon conservativesare generalin that noted be to needs it However, environment the especiallysolutions market to relationinof many controversies alsoare vital functioningthe to ofnature fluctuationsclimaticinandspecies certain conditions ofextinction the that argues He nature. b development, lifeof modescertainin return of loss environmentalists thebemoan they as under benefitseventhe withfurtherpointing goes out ofeconomic and technological development to of creation the perspective,thisfrom and destroy than more humanbeings create 1983) Simon 1998; wellas marketfree benefits the the of businessbarriersto regulations create Thus, market). free the of expansion the to partly economicperformanceprove instrumentalrelationshipwith nature changethat and Similarly, conservatives’ belief in the free market does not seem to fade i fade to seem not does market free the Similarly, in belief conservatives’ a hand, other the On - eeoe countries developed

the rary resonance of green ideas is bound up with a more general antagonism towardsantagonism generalmore with a up bound is ideas green of resonancerary niomna polm wit problem environmental ut ut

wealth is rather a triumph than a problem a than triumph a rather is wealth change ol oe oe omn nes o e made be to needs comment more one only , he . Considering the last development of the last decades, Simon concludes,Simon decades, last the of developmentlast Consideringthe . - akt environmenta market also criticisesth also

is no lessis“ no than nti OHa 1997) (O’Hear Free

- the drastic increase in wealth and standard of livingofleast increasestandard drasticinat andwealth (due the niomnait rao ta dt fo te at eae on decades last the from data that reason environmentalists - mar ” e conception of greens of an ever an of greens of conception e ket environmentalism ket beenhasd ” (Pilbeam2003) the fundamental transformation of ouracquisitiveand of transformation fundamental the

(Pilbeam2003) te aaim f h tcnlgcl n scientific and technological the of paradigm the h (O’Hear1997) im al o eonz “ recognize to fail lism OHa atcs o ol te etmnaiy of sentimentality the only not attacks O’Hear . 48

niomnait wo ru fr stricter for argue environmentalists who

bu mre sltos and solutions market about

. .

Consequently, (Simon 1983) (Simon

here thus th . As Pilbeam points out out points Pilbeam As . etn t wih the which to extent e

iscussed population growth and growth population becauseoftheir - balanced,harmonious .

The argumentation The for (Neal and Daviesand(Neal

inlength unprecedented n spite of the of spite n elz its realize failure inthe

CEU eTD Collection iiin betwe division conservatismcriticismandtheir share techno of expansionecologyfound,furtherwas bureaucracy. inofthe results It regulationsthat because envi groups. environmentalist exacerbated was scepticism ecological wellasexplore their origins. confirmed. phi are authors, several by suggested were and conservatismthat ecology between affinities the about assertions the that demonstrate to wanted conservatismsees does Scruton justified.wholly so as culturalthanlandscape rather the of part as considered is landscape natural the and anthropocentric essentially natural of conservation the for concerned also future the to turn to prefer greens nostalgia), sentimental of accused often thus (and past the cherishing in interested transge classical husbanding to barriers all, of First of thoughts. green numberandconservatism a also are there Nevertheless trace. to easy technologicalsolution scientificenvironmentala often to answer problemstoo theiror everisdevelopment progress, ronmentalismespeciallyare and annoyed by environmentalist’s claim widerstricter andfor To sum up, ecology and conservatism were found to have a diverging perception of the of divergingperception a have to found were conservatismand ecology up, sum To in an With free limitations to The eainl ulo o te w creeds. two the of outlook nerational pro I also wanted to show where there are important dissimilarities in these areas as areas dissimilaritiesthese important in are there where show to wanted also I blemthat n niomnaim n eooy n epc o ter cp o issues. of scope their of respect in ecology environmentalism and en - depth enquiry into three areas of András Lányi’s and Roger Scruton’ work, I I work, Scruton’ Lányi’sRoger Andrásand of areas three enquiryinto depth

Nature (Thatcher1990; Pilbeam 2003)

is rooted in conservatism’s scepticism toward scientificTheirconservatism’sresults. inscepticism toward rooted is

assomething essentially ‘good’ methingintrinsicanwith value - osraie dsie h agenda the dislike Conservatives m

arket conservatism and green doctrines are quite significantquite and are doctrines green conservatismand arket eto the mention y distaste by

(Dobson 2000) (Dobson

nrni vle o nature to valueintrinsic 49 o te nes cmagig ciiis of activities campaigning intense the for there is a small but important difference to the difference to important small but a is there

osn rus that argues Dobson ie, Dobson sites, bureaucratic systemsbureaucratic . I .

n spite of the fact that fact the of spite n (Scruton 2012) (Scruton (Dobson 2000) (Dobson oohcly rudd n cn be can and grounded losophically -

driven/goal eid, osraim remains conservatismreminds,

. Thisfinding . reflectsthe osraie ae more are conservatives n h also he and .

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conservatives are conservatives

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CEU eTD Collection isconceptualized differingtheirmoralKant’sphilosophy,of ofbecause althoughresponsibilityaccounts creeds, in valuemoral central the as Finally,responsibilityfound was means.political through institutionssocial change to seek ecologists as revealed, is ecology radicalism of the Again, creeds the of understanding epistemological the in rooted is control discussion. public to open left be should goal common of a focused is philosophy political ecological solutions, managerial primarily seek environmentalists

and both of them of both and t

reclaiminga politicsinparticipation slightlydifferently; s ee local communities as the essentialindividuals.politicalthe communitiesrealmfor localas ee

nonetheless 50

nd, insists that public affairs and the definitionthe publicaffairsand insists that nd,

, responsibility , remains both central to The eua o wide of refusal osraie n ecological and conservative

bureaucratic

creeds

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CEU eTD Collection doctrine of the free market economy, from a stance, an attitude attitude an stance, economy,afrom market free the of doctrine order spontaneous the of doctrine the of creation the was Neoconservatism of emergence the of gist the that definitivethe on in conservativeturn thought viewtranscendentalthe to values foundwere importantmostthe links between them. a future), and (past generationabsent for concerncommunitarian the society,arrangementsin engineering social rationalist and progress of agenda modernist the for distaste a science, rationalism the towards scepticism the aspirations, human to limits certain non ca conservatism the only that reservation the with ecology, and been not unfolded implicationsitsconservatism andof to intellectualdefinitivethe inhistorya underlying turn of vein,the samereasons the lacking.In were account into problem ecological the take that philosophical works realm conservative potential the out lackingseriouscommitment environmental to concerns. a been time long a significantly Environmentalismfor is less.has latter the influence of the though general more environmentalismthe disciplines.bydriven other and science natural politics, ethics, philosophy, in enquiries of range wide a by supported been has evolution its and decades 6. Through an Through conservatismcontemporary for commonnumbergrounds of a are there that found was It philosophical worldviewor as Ecology,

ttached to the politicalLeftthe to ttached Conclusion

systemicproblems.Environmentalism ecologyandco

acmoae niomna apcs no hi ced Te cetne of acceptance The creed. their into aspects environmental accommodate n enquiry into the part of conservativeintellectualof history part the enquiryinto shared grounds for tra for grounds shared .

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