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Durham E-Theses Durham E-Theses Michael Oakeshott and the Traditionalists: Philosophy and Conservative Ideologies TSUI, LIN How to cite: TSUI, LIN (2021) Michael Oakeshott and the Traditionalists: Philosophy and Conservative Ideologies, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/13913/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 Michael Oakeshott and the Traditionalists: Philosophy and Conservative Ideologies Lin Tsui Abstract This thesis has two main objectives. The first is to provide a new understanding of Michael Oakeshott’s intellectual development, both political and philosophical. The second is to assess his place in post-war conservatism through using his works as a framework in which to interpret the political thought of various traditionalists associated with the Conservative Party. Part I analyses Oakeshott’s philosophy in its own right without considering whether he is a liberal or a conservative. I argue that his political philosophy and general philosophy must be treated separately because of their different implications for politics, and because of the different purposes and speed of their subsequent transformation. I contend further that Oakeshott’s political philosophy is more strictly philosophical in claiming that the political philosopher contributes most to society when he remains loyal to his calling and refuses to address current affairs. By contrast, Oakeshott’s general philosophy centred on the modes of experience was an offshoot from his early political philosophy, though it acquired a life of its own, and was for the most part polemical within the wider intellectual and political context in which it developed. It is only in Oakeshott’s late works that his general philosophy again became sensitive to the needs of his political philosophy, which had already undergone repeated revisions. Consequently, it is incorrect to argue, as the leading Oakeshott scholar Efraim Podoksik did, that as early as Experience and Its Modes Oakeshott’s general philosophy defended plurality and individuality by breaking with the tradition of holism and dialecticism in British Idealism, with his political philosophy following suit much later. Part II then considers three traditionalists, Kenneth Minogue, Roger Scruton, and Peregrine Worsthorne, to illustrate the fruitfulness of this framework. First, it shows that rejecting the interpretation of Oakeshott’s works as predominantly a form of liberal individualism does not, pace Andrew Gamble, entail regarding his political thought as unambiguously conservative instead. This becomes clear in both Minogue’s and Scruton’s versions of conservatism; the tensions between them elucidate the significant contrasts between Oakeshott’s late and early political philosophy, respectively. This makes it difficult to regard Oakeshott’s thought as straightforwardly conservative, and is less interesting than understanding Oakeshott by reference to conservative intellectuals, and vice versa. 1 Second, Part II evaluates the extent of Oakeshott’s influence on the development of conservatism. In keeping with Oakeshott’s late political philosophy, Minogue’s conservatism emphasises that the freedom of choice in the moral life of the individual should not be confused with impulse but focuses instead on the satisfaction of desires and the constitution of one’s moral identity. Though he became more concerned with the permissive society in his late years, which goes beyond the influence of the late Oakeshott, Minogue never went so far as Scruton who argued that it is social institutions which give freedom its meaning and the individual his moral identity. On the other hand, notwithstanding this similarity with the early Oakeshott’s Idealist theory of the State, Scruton’s conservatism is distinctive not in virtue of its Hegelianism but in its revival of the concept of corporate personality for which Oakeshott had no sympathy. In relation to public debates, both Minogue’s late and blatantly political works and Scruton’s political pamphlets concerning education policy further emphasise the limits of Oakeshott’s political thought. Finally, Part II shows that Worsthorne’s claim that his defence of the traditional ruling class and the notion of noblesse oblige was inspired by Oakeshott’s “Rationalism in Politics” and “The Masses in Representative Democracy” represents yet another distinctive reading of Oakeshott. This combines Oakeshott’s general and political philosophy, not to defend the New Right, whether neo-liberal or neo-conservative, but the aristocracy of One Nation Toryism. The example of Worsthorne emphasises that even focusing narrowly on Oakeshott’s more politically relevant writings and his later development of political philosophy does not result in a uniform sense in which he can be regarded as a conservative. Against the prominent commentators on Conservatism Mark Garnett and Kevin Hickson, the thesis concludes that while Oakeshott’s philosophical works appear aloof from practical politics and defy conventional ideological classifications, they are nevertheless essential to understanding the diverse forms of political thought associated with the Conservative Party in post-war Britain. 2 Michael Oakeshott and the Traditionalists: Philosophy and Conservative Ideologies Lin Tsui PhD Candidate School of Government and International Affairs Durham University 2020 3 Table of Contents List of Abbreviations-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------7 Statement of Copyright--------------------------------------------------------------------------------9 Acknowledgements-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------10 Chapter 1 Introduction I. Studying the Traditionalists in British Conservatism------------------11 II. Methodological Considerations-----------------------------------------15 Part I: Michael Oakeshott Chapter 2 Early Political Philosophy, 1924-39 I. Introduction-----------------------------------------------------------------25 II. An Idealist Theory of the State-------------------------------------------27 III. The Philosopher’s Role in Society-------------------------------------43 IV. Conclusion-----------------------------------------------------------------47 Chapter 3 Early General Philosophy, 1923-38 I. Introduction-----------------------------------------------------------------49 II. A Philosophy of Modes of Experience----------------------------------51 III. General Philosophy in Its Ideological Contexts----------------------70 IV. Conclusion-----------------------------------------------------------------75 Chapter 4 Mature Political Philosophy, 1938-83 I. Introduction-----------------------------------------------------------------79 II. Changing Conceptions of Political Philosophy 1. “The Concept of a Philosophical Jurisprudence”----------------80 2. “The Concept of a Philosophy of Politics”-----------------------86 3. “Political Philosophy”-----------------------------------------------94 4. Political Philosophy before On Human Conduct----------------99 III. The Ideological Image of On Human Conduct----------------------106 IV. Conclusion---------------------------------------------------------------118 Chapter 5 Mature General Philosophy, 1939-83 I. Introduction----------------------------------------------------------------123 II. The Critique of Rationalism in Politics 1. Rationalism as a Manner of Practical Reasoning---------------124 2. Critique of Rationalism in General-------------------------------129 3. A Positive Account of Rational Conduct-------------------------132 4 4. Ideological Application of the Critique--------------------------136 III. Belated Revisions of General Philosophy 1. The Remaining Task of Revising General Philosophy---------139 2. Where is the Absolute?---------------------------------------------141 3. Whither Ignoratio Elenchi?---------------------------------------145 4. The World of Practice----------------------------------------------147 5. The World of History-----------------------------------------------153 6. General Philosophy Catering to Political Philosophy----------155 IV. Conclusion---------------------------------------------------------------158 Part II: The Traditionalists Chapter 6 A Foreigner Explaining to the English What Their Freedom Was About: Kenneth Minogue and the Redefinition of British Conservatism I. Introduction----------------------------------------------------------------163 II. From an Academic to an Intellectual----------------------------------166 1. The Genre of Minogue’s Scholarly Writings--------------------167 2. Responding to the Student Revolt at LSE in the Late 1960s--170 III. Associating with Think-Tanks and Underpinning Thatcherism---173 1. The Moral Significance of Choice in Individualism-----------175
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