Wi-Fi: Overview of the 802.11 Physical Layer and Transmitter Measurements
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AR2200 (Version 2) RF Module User Guide
AR2200 (Version 2) RF Module User Guide TransCore 8600 Jefferson Street NE Albuquerque, New Mexico 87113 February 2012 P/N 411947-007 Information in this document is subject to change and does not represent a commitment on the part of TC License, Ltd. © 2007 TC License, Ltd. All rights reserved. TRANSCORE and AMTECH are registered trademarks of TC License, Ltd. All other trademarks listed are the property of their respective owners. Contents subject to change. Printed in the U.S.A. For further information, contact: TransCore 3410 Midcourt Road, Suite 102 Carrollton, Texas 75006 USA Phone: (214) 461-4031 Fax: (214) 461-6478 Technical Support Web: transcore.com/rfidsupport Phone: (505) 856-8007 For comments or questions about this document, e-mail [email protected]. iii WARNING TO USERS IN THE UNITED STATES FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION (FCC) LOCATION AND MONITORING SERVICE STATEMENT 47 CFR §90.351 NOTE: The user is required to obtain a Part 90 site license from the FCC to operate this radio frequency identification (RFID) device in the United States. See product label for FCC ID number. Access the FCC Web site at www.fcc.gov/Forms/Form601/601.html or wireless.fcc.gov/index.htm?job=online_filing to obtain additional information concerning licensing requirements. NOTE: Users in all countries should check with the appropriate local authorities for licensing requirements. FCC RADIO FREQUENCY INTERFERENCE STATEMENT 47 CFR §15.105(a) NOTE: This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class A digital device pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC rules. -
Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) Technologies
CHAPTER21 Chapter Goals • Identify and discuss different types of digital subscriber line (DSL) technologies. • Discuss the benefits of using xDSL technologies. • Explain how ASDL works. • Explain the basic concepts of signaling and modulation. • Discuss additional DSL technologies (SDSL, HDSL, HDSL-2, G.SHDSL, IDSL, and VDSL). Digital Subscriber Line Introduction Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) technology is a modem technology that uses existing twisted-pair telephone lines to transport high-bandwidth data, such as multimedia and video, to service subscribers. The term xDSL covers a number of similar yet competing forms of DSL technologies, including ADSL, SDSL, HDSL, HDSL-2, G.SHDL, IDSL, and VDSL. xDSL is drawing significant attention from implementers and service providers because it promises to deliver high-bandwidth data rates to dispersed locations with relatively small changes to the existing telco infrastructure. xDSL services are dedicated, point-to-point, public network access over twisted-pair copper wire on the local loop (last mile) between a network service provider’s (NSP) central office and the customer site, or on local loops created either intrabuilding or intracampus. Currently, most DSL deployments are ADSL, mainly delivered to residential customers. This chapter focus mainly on defining ADSL. Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) technology is asymmetric. It allows more bandwidth downstream—from an NSP’s central office to the customer site—than upstream from the subscriber to the central office. This asymmetry, combined with always-on access (which eliminates call setup), makes ADSL ideal for Internet/intranet surfing, video-on-demand, and remote LAN access. Users of these applications typically download much more information than they send. -
A Technology Comparison Adopting Ultra-Wideband for Memsen’S File Sharing and Wireless Marketing Platform
A Technology Comparison Adopting Ultra-Wideband for Memsen’s file sharing and wireless marketing platform What is Ultra-Wideband Technology? Memsen Corporation 1 of 8 • Ultra-Wideband is a proposed standard for short-range wireless communications that aims to replace Bluetooth technology in near future. • It is an ideal solution for wireless connectivity in the range of 10 to 20 meters between consumer electronics (CE), mobile devices, and PC peripheral devices which provides very high data-rate while consuming very little battery power. It offers the best solution for bandwidth, cost, power consumption, and physical size requirements for next generation consumer electronic devices. • UWB radios can use frequencies from 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz, a band more than 7 GHz wide. Each radio channel can have a bandwidth of more than 500 MHz depending upon its center frequency. Due to such a large signal bandwidth, FCC has put severe broadcast power restrictions. By doing so UWB devices can make use of extremely wide frequency band while emitting very less amount of energy to get detected by other narrower band devices. Hence, a UWB device signal can not interfere with other narrower band device signals and because of this reason a UWB device can co-exist with other wireless devices. • UWB is considered as Wireless USB – replacement of standard USB and fire wire (IEEE 1394) solutions due to its higher data-rate compared to USB and fire wire. • UWB signals can co-exists with other short/large range wireless communications signals due to its own nature of being detected as noise to other signals. -
Logical Link Control and Channel Scheduling for Multichannel Underwater Sensor Networks
ICST Transactions on Mobile Communications and Applications Research Article Logical Link Control and Channel Scheduling for Multichannel Underwater Sensor Networks Jun Li ∗, Mylene` Toulgoat, Yifeng Zhou, and Louise Lamont Communications Research Centre Canada, 3701 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON. K2H 8S2 Canada Abstract With recent developments in terrestrial wireless networks and advances in acoustic communications, multichannel technologies have been proposed to be used in underwater networks to increase data transmission rate over bandwidth-limited underwater channels. Due to high bit error rates in underwater networks, an efficient error control technique is critical in the logical link control (LLC) sublayer to establish reliable data communications over intrinsically unreliable underwater channels. In this paper, we propose a novel protocol stack architecture featuring cross-layer design of LLC sublayer and more efficient packet- to-channel scheduling for multichannel underwater sensor networks. In the proposed stack architecture, a selective-repeat automatic repeat request (SR-ARQ) based error control protocol is combined with a dynamic channel scheduling policy at the LLC sublayer. The dynamic channel scheduling policy uses the channel state information provided via cross-layer design. It is demonstrated that the proposed protocol stack architecture leads to more efficient transmission of multiple packets over parallel channels. Simulation studies are conducted to evaluate the packet delay performance of the proposed cross-layer protocol stack architecture with two different scheduling policies: the proposed dynamic channel scheduling and a static channel scheduling. Simulation results show that the dynamic channel scheduling used in the cross-layer protocol stack outperforms the static channel scheduling. It is observed that, when the dynamic channel scheduling is used, the number of parallel channels has only an insignificant impact on the average packet delay. -
Physical Layer Overview
ELEC3030 (EL336) Computer Networks S Chen Physical Layer Overview • Physical layer forms the basis of all networks, and we will first revisit some of fundamental limits imposed on communication media by nature Recall a medium or physical channel has finite Spectrum bandwidth and is noisy, and this imposes a limit Channel bandwidth: on information rate over the channel → This H Hz is a fundamental consideration when designing f network speed or data rate 0 H Type of medium determines network technology → compare wireless network with optic network • Transmission media can be guided or unguided, and we will have a brief review of a variety of transmission media • Communication networks can be classified as switched and broadcast networks, and we will discuss a few examples • The term “physical layer protocol” as such is not used, but we will attempt to draw some common design considerations and exams a few “physical layer standards” 13 ELEC3030 (EL336) Computer Networks S Chen Rate Limit • A medium or channel is defined by its bandwidth H (Hz) and noise level which is specified by the signal-to-noise ratio S/N (dB) • Capability of a medium is determined by a physical quantity called channel capacity, defined as C = H log2(1 + S/N) bps • Network speed is usually given as data or information rate in bps, and every one wants a higher speed network: for example, with a 10 Mbps network, you may ask yourself why not 10 Gbps? • Given data rate fd (bps), the actual transmission or baud rate fb (Hz) over the medium is often different to fd • This is for -
Transmission Media Transmission Media Are Actually Located Below the Physical Layer and Are Directly Controlled by the Physical Layer
SYBScIT /Sem III / Computer networks UNIT II • MULTIPLEXING Multiplexing is the set of technique that allow the simultaneous transmission of multiple signals across a single data link.In a multiplexed system, n lines share the bandwidth of one link. The lines on the left direct their transmission streams to a multiplexer (MUX), which combines them into a single stream (many-to-one). At the receiving end, that stream is fed into a demultiplexer (DEMUX), which separates the stream back into its component transmissions (one- to-many) and directs them to their corresponding lines. In the figure, the word link refers to the physical path. The word channel refers to the portion of a link that carries a transmission between a given pair of lines. One link can have many (n) channels. There are three basic multiplexing techniques: frequency-division multiplexing, wavelength- division multiplexing, and time-division multiplexing. • Frequency-Division Multiplexing(FDM) Frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) is an analog technique that can be applied when the bandwidth of a link (in hertz) is greater than the combined bandwidths of the signals to be transmitted. In FDM, signals generated by each sending device modulate different carrier frequencies. These modulated signals are then combined into a single composite signal that can be transported by the link. Carrier frequencies are separated by sufficient bandwidth to accommodate the modulated signal. These bandwidth ranges are the channels through which the various signals travel chapter SYBScIT /Sem III / Computer networks Channels can be separated by strips of unused bandwidth—guard bands—to prevent signals from overlapping. FDM is an analog multiplexing technique that combines analog signals. -
Spread Spectrum and Wi-Fi Basics Syed Masud Mahmud, Ph.D
Spread Spectrum and Wi-Fi Basics Syed Masud Mahmud, Ph.D. Electrical and Computer Engineering Dept. Wayne State University Detroit MI 48202 Spread Spectrum and Wi-Fi Basics by Syed M. Mahmud 1 Spread Spectrum Spread Spectrum techniques are used to deliberately spread the frequency domain of a signal from its narrow band domain. These techniques are used for a variety of reasons such as: establishment of secure communications, increasing resistance to natural interference and jamming Spread Spectrum and Wi-Fi Basics by Syed M. Mahmud 2 Spread Spectrum Techniques Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) Direct -Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) Spread Spectrum and Wi-Fi Basics by Syed M. Mahmud 3 The FHSS Technology FHSS is a method of transmitting signals by rapidly switching channels, using a pseudorandom sequence known to both the transmitter and receiver. FHSS offers three main advantages over a fixed- frequency transmission: Resistant to narrowband interference. Difficult to intercept. An eavesdropper would only be able to intercept the transmission if they knew the pseudorandom sequence. Can share a frequency band with many types of conventional transmissions with minimal interference. Spread Spectrum and Wi-Fi Basics by Syed M. Mahmud 4 The FHSS Technology If the hop sequence of two transmitters are different and never transmit the same frequency at the same time, then there will be no interference among them. A hopping code determines the frequencies the radio will transmit and in which order. A set of hopping codes that never use the same frequencies at the same time are considered orthogonal . -
Price List/Order Terms
PRICE LIST/ORDER TERMS 575 SE ASHLEY PLACE • GRANTS PASS, OR 97526 PHONE: (800) 736-6677 • FAX: (541) 471-6251 WIRELESS MADE SIMPLE www.linxtechnologies.com RF MODULES Prices Effective 02/04/04 Linx RF modules make it easy and cost-effective to add wireless capabilities to any product. That’s because Linx modules contain all the components necessary for the transmission of RF. Since no external components (except an antenna) are needed, the modules are easily applied, even by persons lacking previous RF design experience. This conserves valuable engineering resources and greatly reduces the product's time to market. Once in production, Linx RF modules improve yields, reduce placement costs, and eliminate the need for testing or adjustment. LC Series - Low-Cost Ultra-Compact RF Data Module The LC Series is ideally suited for volume use in OEM applications, such as remote control, security, identification, and periodic data transfer. Packaged in a compact SMD package, the LC modules utilize a highly optimized SAW architecture to achieve an unmatched blend of performance, size, efficiency and cost. Quantity TX RX-P* RX-S • Complete RF TX/RX solution <200 $5.60 $11.80 $10.90 • Ultra-compact size • Low cost in volume 200-999 $4.90 $10.65 $9.85 • High-performance SAW 1,000-4,999 $4.38 $9.50 $8.90 architecture >5000 Call Call Call • Direct serial interface • Low power consumption Part #’s Description • 5kbps maximum data rate TXM-***-LC LC Series Transmitter • >300ft. range RXM-***-LC-P LC Series Receiver Pinned SMD • No production tuning RXM-***-LC-S LC Series Receiver Compact SMD • No external components =315, 418, 433MHz 418MHz Standard RX-S *** required (except antenna) * = -P version not recommended for new designs • Wide temperature range RX-P LR Series - Long Range, Low Cost RF Data Module NEW The LR Series provides a 5-10 times range improvement over previous discrete and modular solutions and establishes a new benchmark for range performance and cost effectiveness within our product line. -
An Analysis of IEEE 802.16 and Wimax Multicast Delivery
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Calhoun, Institutional Archive of the Naval Postgraduate School Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive Theses and Dissertations Thesis Collection 2007-09 An analysis of IEEE 802.16 and WiMAX multicast delivery Staub, Patrick A. Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School http://hdl.handle.net/10945/3203 NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA THESIS AN ANALYSIS OF IEEE 802.16 AND WIMAX MULTICAST DELIVERY by Patrick A. Staub September, 2007 Thesis Advisor: Bert Lundy Second Reader: George Dinolt Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188) Washington DC 20503. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED September 2007 Master’s Thesis 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE An Analysis of IEEE 802.16 and WiMAX 5. FUNDING NUMBERS Multicast Delivery 6. AUTHOR(S) Patrick A. Staub 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. -
Contents More Information
Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-51630-3 - Practical Digital Wireless Signals Earl McCune Table of Contents More information Contents Preface page xvii Definitions and acronyms xx Terminology and notation xxv 1 Keying, states, and block diagram construction 1 1.1 Radio communications: what really happens? 2 1.2 Modulation states: “keyed” 3 1.3 DWC signal representations 6 1.3.1 “Digital” modulations of an analog signal 6 1.3.2 Polar representation 6 1.3.3 Quadrature representation 7 1.3.4 Transformations between signal representations 9 1.4 Frequency domain representations 11 1.5 Implementing a DWC system 13 1.5.1 Symbol construction 13 1.5.2 Symbol-to-signal-state mapping 14 1.5.3 State transitions 15 1.5.4 Modulator 17 1.5.5 Power amplifier (PA) 17 1.5.6 Radio front-end 18 Simplex 18 Duplex 19 Duplexer vs. diplexer 20 References 22 For further reading 22 2 Common issues and signal characterization 23 2.1 Power spectral density (PSD) 23 2.2 Occupied bandwidth 28 2.2.1 Useful signal-bandwidth measures 29 Bounded power-spectral-density (B-PSD) bandwidth 29 Fractional power-containment bandwidth 31 Transmitter mask 33 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-51630-3 - Practical Digital Wireless Signals Earl McCune Table of Contents More information viii Contents 2.2.2 Bad signal-bandwidth measures 33 Null-to-null bandwidth 33 Equivalent white-noise signal bandwidth (ENSB) 34 2.3 Bandlimiting filtering 35 2.3.1 Exact vs. -
F. Circuit Switching
CSE 3461: Introduction to Computer Networking and Internet Technologies Circuit Switching Presentation F Study: 10.1, 10.2, 8 .1, 8.2 (without SONET/SDH), 8.4 10-02-2012 A Closer Look At Network Structure: • network edge: applications and hosts • network core: —routers —network of networks • access networks, physical media: communication links d. xuan 2 1 The Network Core • mesh of interconnected routers • the fundamental question: how is data transferred through net? —circuit switching: dedicated circuit per call: telephone net —packet-switching: data sent thru net in discrete “chunks” d. xuan 3 Network Layer Functions • transport packet from sending to receiving hosts application transport • network layer protocols in network data link network physical every host, router network data link network data link physical data link three important functions: physical physical network data link • path determination: route physical network data link taken by packets from source physical to dest. Routing algorithms network network data link • switching: move packets from data link physical physical router’s input to appropriate network data link application router output physical transport network data link • call setup: some network physical architectures require router call setup along path before data flows d. xuan 4 2 Network Core: Circuit Switching End-end resources reserved for “call” • link bandwidth, switch capacity • dedicated resources: no sharing • circuit-like (guaranteed) performance • call setup required d. xuan 5 Circuit Switching • Dedicated communication path between two stations • Three phases — Establish (set up connection) — Data Transfer — Disconnect • Must have switching capacity and channel capacity to establish connection • Must have intelligence to work out routing • Inefficient — Channel capacity dedicated for duration of connection — If no data, capacity wasted • Set up (connection) takes time • Once connected, transfer is transparent • Developed for voice traffic (phone) g. -
10BASE-T1S Learn to Run Supported by Embedded Software
10BASE-T1S Learn To Run Supported by Embedded Software V1.1 | 2021-06-11 Agenda 1. All IP Car 2. Extensions in AUTOSAR 3. Areas of Investigation 4. Evaluation SW Setup Based on the Infineon Evaluation Kit 2 All IP Car 10BASE-T1S as Replacement for Lower Bandwidth Networks IP as well-known common “language” proven in use technology enabler for E/E architecture trends and service-based communication and Ethernet is the naturally associated Network Access Layer 3 All IP Car Introducing an Additional Network Access Layer It’s more than just physical layer compliance The digital eco-system must be “ready” Tools, data models and databases SW AUTOSAR … 4 Extensions in AUTOSAR 10BASE-T1S Within AUTOSAR Classic Platform 10BASE-T1S was introduced as new concept in R20-11 Further refinement is currently ongoing within AUTOSAR It’s Ethernet the upper layer stack remains untouched Utilize the benefits of the strictly layered architecture Encapsulate the changes in the MCAL layer Ethernet Driver Ethernet Switch Driver Ethernet Transceiver Driver Eth EthSwt EthTrcv 5 Areas of Investigation Extension of the Existing MICROSAR Solution Ethernet Transceiver Driver Ethernet Driver 10BASE-T1S specific initializations Depending on actual Transceiver device Timeline is depending on documentation and device availability Diagnostic Interface Error and State Management Transmit Buffer Management 6 Evaluation SW Setup Based on the Infineon Evaluation Kit Specific SIP – Software Integration Package Fixed Compile Environment Infineon TriBoard